Footnotes
“Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 52.
Erroneous statements concerning the time of the formation of the County of Illinois have been made by Winsor, “Westward Movement,” 122; Poole, in Winsor, “Narrative and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 729; Thwaites, “How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest,” 64; Boyd, in “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 623; Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 286; Pirtle, “Clark's Campaign in the Ill.,” 5; Moore, “The Northwest Under Three Flags,” 220; Wallace, “Hist, of Ill. and La. Under French Rule,” 402; Butler, “Hist. of Ky.,” 1836 ed., 64; and others. Roosevelt's indefinite statement that the county was formed “in the fall of 1778”—“Winning of the West,” II., 168—is technically correct. Kate Mason Rowland truthfully says—“George Mason,” I., 307, 308—that a committee was ordered to prepare a bill for the formation of the county, on November 19, 1778, and that such a bill was presented on November 30. Butterfield says—“George Rogers Clark's Conquest of the Ill.,” 681-6—that the Act was passed between the 10th of November and the 12th of December, 1778. It is true that the bill in its final amended form passed both houses on December 9, was signed by the Speaker of the Senate on December 17, and subsequently, if at all, by the Speaker of the House of Delegates. On the 12th of December, Governor Patrick Henry issued three important sets of instructions in accordance with the provisions of the Act creating the County of Illinois. As the signing of the bill by the Speakers was mandatory after its passage, it is easy to understand the issuance of these instructions previous to the signing. It is almost impossible to conceive that Governor Henry, who showed marked interest in the Western frontier, should first have begun to issue orders at least six weeks after the county was formed, as is implied by the date commonly given for its formation. For the legislative history of the act, see “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 65, 72, 79-80, 91, 96, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70-1.
“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 312-14.
Col. John Todd, jr., was born March 27, 1750, in Pennsylvania. He was well educated by his uncle in Virginia, in which state young Todd practised law for some years. In 1775, he was one of the representatives chosen at the call of the proprietors of Transylvania to form an ultra-constitutional government for that new settlement. In 1777, he was one of the first two burgesses from the county of Kentucky. He was killed at the Battle of the Blue Licks, August 19, 1782. For biographical sketches see John Mason Brown, “Oration at the Centennial of the Battle of the Blue Licks,” 27-31; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 285-8; Green, “Historic Families of Ky.,” 211; White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 56; “Filson Club Pub.” VI., 27-8; Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,” 174. Morehead's facts were from R. Wickliffe, Todd's son-in-law, but this fact loses its significance from the circumstance that Todd's only living child was of posthumous birth.
“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 294-6, 418; “Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 498.
A Mr. Winston, probably Richard, was in Illinois in 1770, and was regarded as an authority on the prices of cattle, as is shown by the court records. In 1773, upon the occasion of the purchase of land from the Kaskaskia Indians, by the Illinois Land Company, Richard Winston was at Kaskaskia, and interpreted in French to the illiterate Indian interpreter of His Majesty what the company desired to say to the Indians—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 435; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1796, 14. Richard Winston was one of the original Indiana Company—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” VI., 18, 35.
Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 302; Todd to Judges at Kaskaskia, July 31, 1779—Ibid., 304; McCarty to Todd, from Cahokia, July 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 72, original MS.; McCarty to Montgomery, from Cahokia, Sept. 19, 1779,—Ibid., XLIX., 71, original MS.
Richard McCarty had been a resident of Cahokia under British rule and had warned the British against American encroachments. He was licensed to trade by the county government upon the recommendation of the court of the District of Cahokia, June 5, 1779—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 368, 383; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 296-7-8.
Capt. John Williams to Col. Wm. Preston, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Sept. 20, 1779—“Draper Coll., Preston Papers.” V., 9, original MS.
Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1779—Ibid., “Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 78, original MS.
Montgomery to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Feb. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,” L., 9, original MS.; Clark to Todd, from Louisville, March, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 338-9; John McArthur from Ste. Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 22, 1883—“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,” VIII., 27.
I have been unable to determine just when Col. Todd left Illinois, whether he resigned as county-lieutenant, and whether he again returned. Boyd in his article in the “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., says that he left in 1780, resigned in the same year, and apparently did not return. Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 287, says that he seems to have left in 1779, seems not to have resigned, and not to have returned. Wickliffe, in Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,” 174, implies that he did not resign, and says that he several times revisited the county. No one of these writers gives any authority for his statement and I have found none. It is certain that Todd was at the Falls of Ohio on December 23, 1779; that he then wrote to the governor of Virginia expressing his intention of resigning; that the governor, Jefferson, strongly opposed his resigning—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 359; that he left some peltry in the joint care of his subordinates, Montgomery and Winston, in November, 1779; that goods were said to be consigned to him as county-lieutenant of Illinois in November, 1780; that he wrote “I still receive complaints from the Illinois,” on April 15, 1781; that on April 29, 1781, Winston was referred to as “Deputy County-Lieutenant for the Illinois County;” and that Thimothé Demunbrunt signed as “Lt. Comd. par interim, &c.” in February and again in March, 1782—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16, 335, 343, 359; “Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 40-4.
Clark to Todd from Louisville, Mar., 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 338-9; see also pp. 358, 360.
Unsigned and unaddressed official letter, from Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 5, original MS.
Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, April 13, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7. At the time fees as above were being charged, prices current in Vincennes were:
Corn, per bu. $ 2.00
Flour, per cwt. 7.00
Pork, per lb. .30
Beef, per lb. .15
Bordeaux wine, per bottle 2.00
Spirits, per gal. 12.00
Whisky, per gal. $ 8.00
Butter, per lb. 1.00
Eggs, per doz. 1.00
Loaf sugar, per lb. 1.00
Brown sugar, per lb. .60
Coffee, per lb. 1.45
A dunghill fowl $ 1.00
Potatoes, per bu. 2.00
Onions, per bu. 5.00
Cabbage, per head .15
Turnips, per bu. 1.00
See Ibid., 388-9.
Beef was probably buffalo beef, as that was then the common meat for garrisons and settlers in the West.
“Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 62, 86).
(For each of the following officials, their Nativity and County are listed.)
Legislative Council.
Pierre Menard, Canada, Randolph.
Wm. Biggs, Md. St. Clair.
Sam'l Judy, Swiss or Md., Madison.
Thos. Ferguson, Johnson.
Benjamin Talbott, Gallatin.
House of Reps.
Dr. George Fisher, Va., Randolph.
Rev. Joshua Oglesby, St. Clair.
Jacob Short, St. Clair.
Rev. Wm. Jones, N. C., Madison.
Philip Trammell, Gallatin.
Alex. Wilson, Va., Gallatin.
John Grammar, Johnson.
Territorial Judges.
Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland.
Alexander Stuart, Virginia.
William Sprigg, Maryland.
Territorial Secretaries.
Nathaniel Pope, Kentucky.
Joseph Philips, Tennessee.
Delegates in Congress and Term.
Shadrach Bond, Md, Dec. 3, 1812-14.
Benj. Stephenson, Ky, Nov. 14, 1814-16.
Nathan'l Pope, Ky, Dec. 2, 1816-18.
Governor.
Ninian Edwards, Md., 1809-1818.
Officers other than members are added to the above in order to emphasize the southern origin of Illinois territorial officials. New England was not yet a factor in Illinois politics.
De Bow, “Industrial Resources of the U. S.,” I., 122-3. Millions of pounds of cotton raised in the U. S.:
1808, 75.
1809, 82.
1810, 85.
1811, 80.
1812, 75.
1813, 75.
1814, 70.
1815, 100.
1816, 124.
1817, 130.
1818, 125.
1819, 167.
1820, 160.
1821, 180.
1822, 210.
In Ga. 1811, 20, 1821, 45.
In Tenn. 1811, 3., 1821, 20.
Senators from Illinois:
Ninian Edwards, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 4, 1824
Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1829
John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 20, 1824-Mar. 3, 1825
and Dec. 7, 1829-Oct. 14, 1830
Elias K. Kane, New York, Dec. 5, 1825-Dec. 11, 1835
David J. Baker, Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1830-Jan. 4, 1831
Representatives from Illinois:
John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1819
Daniel P. Cook, Kentucky, Dec. 6, 1819-Mar. 3, 1827
Joseph Duncan, Kentucky, Dec. 3, 1827-Nov. 1834
Governors of Illinois:
1809-1818: Ninian Edwards, Maryland
1818-1822: Shadrach Bond, Maryland
1822-1826: Edward Coles, Virginia
1826-1830: Ninian Edwards, Maryland
1830-1834: John Reynolds, Pennsylvania
The governors from 1834-1842 were from Kentucky, 1842-1861 from the North, 1861-1873 from Kentucky. During the period 1846-1853, Illinois had a Democratic governor (Augustus C. French), from New Hampshire, this being the only instance of an Illinois governor from New England.
Ibid., 183, et seq., 203, 209.
In general, on the subject of religion in early Illinois, see: Peck, in Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 253-75, and the above mentioned works.
“House Journal” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 64. The corrected official vote (Aug. 2, 1824), by counties, is as follows:
For. Against.
Alexander, 75, 51
Bond, 63, 240
Clark, 31, 116
Crawford, 134, 262
Edgar, 3, 234
Edwards, 189, 391
Fayette, 125, 121
Franklin, 170, 113
Fulton, 5, 60
Gallatin, 597, 133
Greene, 164, 379
Hamilton, 173, 85
Jackson, 180, 93
Jefferson, 99, 43
Johnson, 74, 74
Lawrence, 158, 261
Madison, 351, 563
Marion, 45, 52
Montgomery, 74, 90
Monroe, 141, 196
Morgan, 42, 432
Pike, 19, 165
Pope, 273, 124
Randolph, 357, 284
Sangamon, 153, 722
St. Clair, 408, 506
Union, 213, 240
Washington, 112, 173
Wayne, 189, 111
White, 355, 326
Totals, 4972, 6640
The vote as here given is from Moses, “Illinois,” I., 324. It is also given in Harris, “Negro Servitude in Illinois,” 48. It differs to a slight degree from that given by William H. Brown in his “Historical Sketch of the Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” read at the annual meeting of the Chicago Hist. Soc., Dec. 5, 1864 (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No. 4), and in Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 191. Brown was one of the leaders in the struggle and his work is of especial value. It is probable that the vote appended to his address was prepared by some one else. The work of Moses is of later date and his figures correspond to the official report in respect to the majority against the convention, as the others do not.
Thomas S. Hinde, writing over the signature of “Theophilus Arminius,” in “Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The identity of the writer is shown by a note on p. 33 of the same volume.
Among the many writings concerning Peter Cartwright, the best are Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright”; Cartwright, “Fifty Years as a Presiding Elder,” and the obituary notice in “Minutes of the Annual Conferences of the M. E. Church,” 1873, 115-7. See also Moses, “Illinois,” I., 348, 379, 395, 506, 1166.
For the character of John M. Peck, also a noted pioneer preacher and founder of Rock Spring Seminary in Illinois, see “Memoir of John Mason Peck, D. D.,” edited by Rufus Babcock.
“Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The remarks of Hinde recall the difficulty which was experienced by the men who governed the Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787 when they attempted to use only such laws as had been adopted by some state. The attempt was early and finally abandoned. Hinde gives the following in a foot-note: “A gentleman, a Virginian, a physician of eminence who was educated in Paris, visited a western state many years ago [written in 1827], and lost all his money by gambling, (playing at cards). Meeting a friend on the mountains on his return, he was thus addressed: ‘Well, doctor, you have been to see the new country.’ ‘Yes,’ replied the doctor, biting his lips, ‘it is a new country, it is true; but there are some of the oldest people in it that I ever saw.’ ”—See above reference, p. 155.
On Mt. Carmel and its founders, in general, see: “Articles of Association for the City of Mount Carmel”; Bangs, “Hist. of the M. E. Church,” IV., appendix, 3, 25; III., 230, 308-14; “Minutes of Conferences” Annual, M. E., I., 347, 474, 516; “American Pioneer,” I., 327; II., 363-8; “Laws of Ill., 1824-25,” 72-5; Simpson, “Cyclopedia of Methodism,” 97-S; “Methodist Magazine,” VIII., 17, 49, 86. Less reliable data is given in “Hist. of Edwards, Lawrence, and Wabash Counties, Ill.,” 85, 162, 189-90, 236, 238, 239. Mount Carmel is now (1908) the county seat of Wabash county. The “Hinde MSS.” in the “Draper Coll.” are large in volume, but have slight historic value, being chiefly musings of the author's later years.