The discovery and decipherment of the trilingual cuneiform inscriptions

by Arthur John Booth

APPENDICES

A.—TABLE SHOWING VALUES ASSIGNED TO THE LETTERS OF THE OLD PERSIAN ALPHABET.

B.—TABLE SHOWING THE TRUE VALUES OF OLD PERSIAN LETTERS, AND THE AUTHOR AND DATE OF THEIR DECIPHERMENT.

C.—TABLE SHOWING THE VALUES GIVEN TO EACH SIGN OF THE SUSIAN (MEDIAN) SYLLABARY.

APPENDIX A
TABLE SHOWING VALUES ASSIGNED TO THE LETTERS OF THE OLD PERSIAN ALPHABET

Niebuhr Alphabet		Tychsen, 1798	Münter, 1800	Grotefend, 1803-1815	St. Martin, 1823-1832	Rask, 1826	Burnouf, 1836	Lassen, 1836	Grotefend, 1837	Beer, 1838	Jacquet, 1838	Lassen, 1844	Hincks, June 1846	Rawlinson, before August 1846	Rawlinson, after August 1846	Hincks, Dec. 1846
1				Defective													1
2	𐏐		Sign of Separation	Sign of Separation													2
3		ě	r	e	e												3
4	𐎣	l, ě	p	e	e		k	k	e			k	k	k	k before a & i	k	4
5	𐎿	ê, t, n		s	s‛		ç	ç	ç			ç	s	s	s before a, i, u?	s	5
6	𐎿			Defective													6
7	𐎲	l, s	b	v	r		b	b	b			b	b	b	b before a, i, u	b	7
8	𐎼			r													8
9	𐎼	l, ê		r	r		r	r	r			r	r	r	r before a & i	r	9
10	𐎺	ê i(u)		e	i		i	w	i		v	w	w	w	v before a & u	w?	10
11	𐎭		kh	d	d		d	d	d			d	d	d	d before a	d	11
12	𐎡	m, ǎ, ä	o (vocal)	o	y		ô	y, medial	ô			i	i	i		i	12
13		m		n	n			t	th			thr	tr	tř	tř	thr	13
14	𐎱	a, ǒ		p or b	p		p	p	p			p	p	p	p before a, i, u	p	14
15	𐎻	ä		g	v		g	v, initial	g			v	w before i	v	v before i	w(i)	15
16	𐎨	ǎ, ä, r	r (fort)	o	e		v	î y,	è(n) medial		ch or c	k’	ch	ch	ch before a &	ch	16
17		ä		uncertain					w								17
18	𐏀	ǎ		gh	e		z	z	gh			z	zh	z	z before a, u?	zh	18
19	𐎮	l		uncertain			l?	kʹ	w			k’h	d (before i)	t with i	d before i	d(i)	19
20		a		Defective													20
21	𐎠	a	e or a	e or a	a		â	â	â			â	a	a	a	a	21
22	𐎬	a		th			dh	t‘	m			d’h	t before u	t’h	t before u	t(u)	22
23	𐎶		a	o	â	m	m	m	ǒ			ʹm	m	m	m before a	m	23
24	𐎫	i(u)		t	t		t	t	t			t	t	t	t before a & i	t	24
25	𐎤	d		z, changed to k, 1815	h	q	q	with u 36 equal ô	k		th	q	k before u	kh	k before u	k(u)	25
26	𐎰	n, s		i	h		y	z	i			θ	z	th	th before a, i, u	th	26
27	𐎹	b, k, r		h	e		h	h with 12 equal ê	h	y	y	j for y	y	y	y before a, i, u	y	27
28	𐎩	r		ng			h?	ñ	ng		z	z’	j	jh	j before a	j	28
29	𐎷	b, r		h	e		î	‘m?	hh			‘m	m before i	m (with i)	m before i	m(i)	29
30		k		Defective													30
31	𐎴	b, x, y		tsch	b, changed to m after 1826	n	n	n	s			n	n	n	n before a & i	n	31
32	𐎪	x		dj			gh? uncertain	gʹ	dsh			g’	zh before i	j	j before i	j(i)	32
33	𐎸	x		k			gh? uncertain	g‛	s s			ψ	kh before u	m (with u)	m before u	m(u)	33
34	𐎯	d, y		z			gh	d‛	z?			dh	d before u	dh	d before u	d(u)	34
35	𐎥	u⁽ᵘ⁾		u			û	g	y			g	g	g	g before a	g	35
36	𐎢	u, uᵘ		u	ou		u	u with 10 equal q	u			u	u	u	u	u	36
37				Defective													37
38	𐏁	s	ou, w, ii, y	sch, sh	ch		ch	s‛	sh			s	sh	sh	sh before a, i, u	sh	38
39	𐎳	ǒ		f			f	f	f			f	p before r	f	f before a?	ph(r)	39
40	𐎽	s		sch, changed to sr, 1815	ch		l	s‛	rk (h?)		r before u	‘r	r before u	r (with u)	r before u	r(u)	40
41	𐏃	j, y		a	ou		a	a, initial n̆g, medial	ǎ	h	h	h	h	h	h before a, i, u	h	41
42	𐎧	ô		kh	kh		kh	k‛	kh			kh	kh	kʹh	kh before a & u	kh	42
	Later Additions
43	𐎵													n (with u)	n before u	n(u)	43
44	𐎦						gh? uncertain	g‛	gʹ			gh	g before u	gh	g before u	g(u)	44
45												rp	rp	q?	doubtful final		45
46	𐎾													ñ	ñ	ñ	46
47	𐏋			King													47
48	𐏍								v			dᵃh		dah?			48
49	𐏏											bumi		bumʹi			49
	Defective Signs
		x	i
		n		v
		n
		t	kh
		sʹ
			s
			o
				r
				m
					h
								t
								v, û, medial

APPENDIX B
TABLE SHOWING THE TRUE VALUES OF OLD PERSIAN LETTERS; AND THE AUTHOR AND DATE OF THEIR DECIPHERMENT

Persian Cuneiform Signs		Correct Values Spiegel, 1881	Name of Decipherer and Date
1		Defective
2	𐏐	Sign of Separation	Münter, 1800
3		Defective
4	𐎣	k before a	Burnouf and Lassen independently, 1836, k
5	𐎿	s before a, i, u	Grotefend, 1802, s
6	𐎿	Defective
7	𐎲	b before a, i, u	Münter, 1800, b
8	𐎾	Defective
9	𐎼	r before a & i	Grotefend, 1802, r
10	𐎺	v before a & u	Lassen, 1836, w? Jacquet, 1838, v
11	𐎭	d before a	Grotefend, 1802, d
12	𐎡	i	St. Martin, 1823, y. Lassen, 1836, i
13		tř	Lassen, 1836, t? Grotefend, 1837, thr? th Rawlinson, 1836, tř
14	𐎱	p before a, i, u	Grotefend, 1802, p
15	𐎻	v before i	St. Martin, 1823, v
16	𐎨	c before a	Jacquet, 1838, ch or c
17		Defective
18	𐏀	z before a, i, u	Burnouf and Lassen independently, 1836, z
19	𐎮	d before i	Holtzmann, 1846, d before i
20		Defective
21	𐎠	a	Tychsen, 1798, a. Münter, 1800, e or a
22	𐎬	t before u	Lassen, 1836
23	𐎶	m before a	Rask, 1826, m
24	𐎫	t before a & i	Grotefend, 1802, t
25	𐎤	k before u	Grotefend, 1815, k
26	𐎰	th before a, i, u	Jacquet, 1838, th
27	𐎹	y before a, i, u	Beer and Jacquet independently, 1838, y
28	𐎩	j before a	Hincks and Rawlinson independently, 1846, j before a
29	𐎷	m before i	Lassen, 1836, m before i
30		Defective
31	𐎴	n before a & i	Rask, 1826, n
32	𐎪	j before i	Rawlinson, 1838, j
33	𐎸	m before u	Rawlinson, 1838, m before u
34	𐎯	d before u	Tychsen, 1798, d. Lassen, 1836, d
35	𐎥	g before a	Lassen, 1836, g
36	𐎢	u	Tychsen, 1798. Grotefend, 1802, u
37		Defective
38	𐏁	s (sh) before a, i, u	Tychsen, 1798, s. Grotefend, 1802, sch, sh
39	𐎳	f before a	Grotefend, 1803, f
40	𐎽	r before u	Grotefend, 1815, sr
41	𐏃	h before a, i, u	Grotefend, 1803, a
42	𐎧	kh before u	Grotefend, 1802, kh
43	𐎵	n before u	Rawlinson, 1846, n before u
44	𐎦	g before u	Lassen, 1836, g
		Part of a contraction
	𐎾	l?	Oppert, 1847, l?
	𐏋	k h s	Grotefend, 1802, king
	𐏏	bumi	Lassen, 1844, bumi
	𐏍	dah	Lassen, 1844, dah
		nâma (name)	} Oppert, 1874. Weissbach considers these signs of doubtful authority (‘Altpers. Keil.,’ p. 1).
		putřa (son)
		Pârsa (Persia)
		Auramazda
		Franâ?

APPENDIX C
TABLE SHOWING THE VALUES GIVEN TO EACH SIGN OF THE SUSIAN (MEDIAN) SYLLABARY

Vowels and consonants are indicated by capital letters.

The number given to each sign by				Cuneiform Signs[899]	Correct Values[900]	Westergaard,[901] 1844-53	Hincks, 1846-7[902]	De Saulcy, 1849-50[903]	Norris, 1852-55[904]	Oppert, 1859[905]	Oppert, 1879[906]
Westergaard and Hincks	Norris	Oppert	Weisbach
1		111	1		Determin.	Aussonderungs Zeichen	Det.	Ha	Det.	Det.	Det.	1
2	14	68	2		al; city	?		He, E?	af	up	hal; city	2
3	65	42	3		an; det.	A	an; det.	A	an; det.	an; God		3
a	35	89	4		tak				tak	tak	tak, dak	a
4	61	38	7		na	na, N	na	n (a)	na	na		4
a	60	ideog.	6		month				month	month		a
5	85	56	8		še	sa	si	s (a)	si	s‛i (ḥi?)	šē, sē	5
6	9	28	9		pu	?			pu	bu	pu, bu	6
7		86	10		muš	?				mus, vus	mis, vis	7
8	88	104	11		šir, zir	as, ars	ersa	ç (a)	sar	ṣir	sar	8
9					Defective	?						9
a	81	51	13		la		rus		lu	la	lu	a
10					Defective	ar, A	ar	Ar				10
a	47	61	12		su				thu	ṣu	çu	a
11	26	16	15		ak	k	K	K	ak	ak		11
a	59	7	16		H				ven	A‛, aḥ	Ah, Ih	a
b	18	14	17		gau; sea				gau	kam, kav	ko, go; sea	b
12	34	23	18		tu	thu	tu	t, (o, ou)	u	u	to, do	12
a	77	67	19		ar; window				ar	ḥar	har, ar; arch, window	a
13	71	45	20		ra	R	ra	rr (a)	ra	ra		13
14	10	78	22		par	pha	per	p (a)	par	bar	par, bar	14
15	33	21	23		ti	ti	ti	t (e, i)	ti	ti	ti, di	15
a	57	84	24		maz				vach	maś, vaś	maç, vaç, mać, vać	a
16	63	40	59		ne	?	ser	N	nǐ	ni	nē	16
a	15	60	26		si				pe		çi	a
17	19	15	27		gi	?	su, sa	Aï	ga	gi		17
18					Defective	?						18
19	27	17	28		ik, K	KH	K	KH	ik	k		19
20	31	105	29		kup?	?			kwe		?	20
21		rejects	25		ziš?	?				kam, kav	Omits	21
22	99	10	30		hu	ju [yu*]	yu, u	Hou	yu	ḥu	hu	22
23	78	48	61		ir, R	ra	ER	r or l (a)	R	ir	ir, ar, ur	23
a	22	70	68		kan				kan	kan	kan, gan	a
b	50	ideog.	31		Ship				he	nun	Ship	b
24	72	46	32		ri	ri	ri	r or l (e, i)	ri	ri		24
25	6	76, 29	21		pe, pat	tu	tu	dè	pa	bi, bat	pē, bē, pat, bat	25
26	54	80, 81	35		man	ve, we	wi		van	man, van		26
a	25	75	36		kaš				kas	kas	kas, gas	a
27	13	31	37		ap	P	ap, pu	GH	ap	ap		27
a	64	97	38		nap				nabu	nap		a
28	28	18, 69	39		uk	Q	wa, K		uk	uk		28
29		65	40		az	pu	va			asʹ	aç, az	29
a	29	ideog.	41		Horse, Donkey				ke	Horse	Horse	a
30	43	24	42		at	T	ta, T	TH	T	at		30
31	17	11	34		ka	ka, kha	ku	G (hard) k (a)	ka	ḳa	ka, ga	31
32	38	25	50		ut, T	T	ta, T	t (a)	T	ut		32
33	8	72	51		pi	pi	pi, pu	b or p (e, i)	pi	pi	pi, bi	33
34	39	20	53		te	phi	pu, pi	f or ph (e, i)	ṭa	ta	tē, dē	34
a	24	71	54		kar				gar	ḳar, gar		a
35	45	72	52		am?	?			tye, am?		git	35
36	55	82	56		mar; road	pe	ner, pi	b or p (e, i)	var	mar, var; road	mar, var; head (compound ideog.)	36
37	58	36	57		um, M	M	M	M or W	M	im	im, M	37
a	44	106	58		sak				te		sak (ideog.)	a
38	49	2	60		U	jo [yo*]	yu, U	M or W, Oû	hu	U	U, yu	38
39	73	47	65		ru	ru	ru		ru	ru		39
a	79	90	67		tik				ro	sik	tik, dik	a
b	40	92	66		tup				ṭi	lu, tip	tip, dip	b
c	69	85	46		muk				no		mak, vak	c
d	12	79	47		pan				pat	pat	pan, ban	d
e	102	102	48		zik				passan?	sik	sik, zik	e
f	70	87	49		tum				nos		mun	f
40	11	77	55		pir	PH	P	F or PH, f or ph (a)	far	pir	pir, bir (par, bar)	40
41	4	4	62		E			n (o, ou)	E	I	Ē	41
42	67	44	68		un	?	na, N	Ô	un	un		42
a	103	88	64		tan				tin	tan	tan, dan, tin	a
43	23	73	43		kur; mountain	khu	ker		kar	kur	kar, gar; mountain	43
44	41	22	44		tú	?			tu	du	tu, du	44
45	90	58	45		iš, S	S	S	CH	S	is	is, us, S	45
46	2	1	69		I		I	I	I	I		46
47	98	6	70		ya	ja, J [y, ya*]	ya	Ya	ya	ya	Ya	47
48	66	43	71		in, N	I	N	Y	in	in		48
49	5	26	72		pá	pa	pa	b or p (a)	ba	ba	pa, ba	49
50	96	63	73		zi	?	ta?	kch (e, i)	chi	ṣi	ći, ǵi, źi, zi	50
51	32	19	74		ta	ta	ta	d or t (a)	ta	da	ta, da	51
52	86	55	76		šu	su	su	s (o, ou)	su	su	šu, su	52
a	74	99	77		rap				rab	rab	rap	a
53	36	95	78		tur	T.H.	ter	th (a)	tar	tur	tur, dur	53
54	93	64	79		zu	?	si	DT	su	sʹu	ću, ǵu, źu, zu	54
55	101	108	75		Man	wo		m, w (o, ou)	yo	Man		55
56		110	89		Det.	Aussonderungs Zeichen	Det.		Det.	Det.		56
57	56	83	90, 91		me, maš	Z	sh, wash	Z	vas	mas, vas		57
58	46	59	98		sa	?			tha	sʹa	ça	58
59	42	93	92		tar	?			tar	tar	tar, dar	59
60	16	30	93		pa	phu, pu [po*]	pu	q (e, i)	po	pa	po, bo	60
a	68	98	94		tin				ne		tin, din	a
61	75	100	95		rak	?			rak	rak		61
62	80	37	96		ur?	?			re	ur	um, perhaps ur	62
63	7	32	97		ip, P	T’H	ut, tu	MW, Ou	fa	ip	ip, P	63
64	89	57	99		aš	S	as	S	as	as	as	64
65					Defective	?						65
66	94	112	100		Det.	thi		th (e, i)	Ṣ	Det.		66
67	51	33	101		ma	wa, W	wa	m, w (a)	va	ma, va		67
68	76	101, 91	102		tuk, raš	ro, r‛u	rus	Ç	ras	tuk, ras	ras	68
69	21	13	104		ku	qu	ku	q (o, ou)	ku	ku	ku, gu	69
70	37	96	103		taš	? [qa*]	tas	Q	tas	das	tas, das	70
71	30	ideog.	107		King[907]	ku	ku	k (e, i)	ko	ga	King	71
a	97	41	108		?				cho	um?	nu	a
b	95	74	109		en				sen	ṭu	kin, gin	b
72	48	5	106		yi; water	H	I	A, Ha	hi	A; water	Yi; water	72
73	84	53	105		sǎ	s‛a	sa	ch (a)	sa	ša	ša, sa	73
74	91	62	110		za	za	sha	z (a)	ṣa	ṣa	ća, ǵa, źa, za	74
75	1	8	111		A	O	A	A	A	ḥa	ha, a	75
76	3	3	80		U	U	O, U	Ou (short)	U	U‛	O	76
77	62	39	81		ni	ni	ni	n (e, i)	ni	nu	ni	77
78	82	52	83		ul, L; house	?	ER	dh (e, i)	al	ul	al, il, ul, L; house	78
a	83	50	84		li?	?			el	li		a
79	52	34	85		mi	vi (wi)	wi	m, w (e, i), oui	vi	mi, vi		79
80	92	54	87		ši	s‛i	si	ch (e, i)	ṣi	si	ši, s	80
81	20	12	88		ki	kha (ka) [kho*]	ku	kh (o, ou)	ki	k		81
82	87	103	86		šin	as‛ ars‛	ersa	Sign for plural	san	sin	san	82

The preceding are the 110 signs given by Menant. The five other signs are

Westergaard	Norris	Oppert	Weisbach	Cuneiform Signs	Correct Values, Weisbach	Oppert
	53	35	5		mu	mu, vu
		66	33		iz, Z; det.	ić, iz, iç
		107	82		race	race
		49				la (found once only)
		109				Ideog. for animal