FOOTNOTES:
[1] For fuller directions in many particulars, see "Structural Botany," pp. 370-374.
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX,
OR
DICTIONARY OF THE PRINCIPAL TERMS IN DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY, COMBINED WITH AN INDEX.
For the convenience of unclassical students, the commoner Latin and Greek words (or their equivalents in English form) which enter into the composition of botanical names, as well as of technical terms, are added to this Glossary. The numbers refer to pages.
A, at the beginning of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a negative, or the absence of something; as apetalous, without petals; aphyllous, leafless, &c. In words beginning with a vowel, the prefix is an; as anantherous, destitute of anther.
Abnormal, contrary to the usual or the natural structure.
Aboriginal, original in the strictest sense; same as indigenous.
Abortive, imperfectly formed, or rudimentary.
Abortion, the imperfect formation or the non-formation of some part.
Abrupt, suddenly terminating; as, for instance,
Abruptly pinnate, pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end, [58].
Acantho-, spiny.
Acaulescent (acaulis), apparently stemless; the proper stem, bearing the leaves and flowers, being very short or subterranean.
Accessory, something additional; as Accessory buds, [30], [31]; Accessory fruits, [118].
Accrescent, growing larger after flowering.
Accrete, grown to.
Accumbent, lying against a thing. The cotyledons are accumbent when they lie with their edges against the radicle, [128].
Acephalous, headless.
Acerose, needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines.
Acetabuliform, saucer-shaped.
Achænium, or Achenium (plural achenia), a one-seeded, seed-like fruit, [120].
Achlamydeous (flower), without floral envelopes, [86].
Acicular, needle-shaped; more slender than acerose.
Acinaciform, scimitar-shaped, like some bean-pods.
Acines, the separate grains of a fruit, such as the raspberry.
Acorn, the nut of the Oak, [122].
Acotyledonous, destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves.
Acrogenous, growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns and Mosses. Acrogens, or Acrogenous Plants, a name for the vascular cryptogamous plants, [156].
Aculeate, armed with prickles, i. e. aculei; as the Rose and Brier.
Aculeolate, armed with small prickles, or slightly prickly.
Acuminate, taper-pointed, [54].
Acute, merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right angle, [54].
Adelphous (stamens), joined in a fraternity (adelphia); see [monadelphous], &c.
Aden, Greek for gland. So Adenophorous, gland-bearing.
Adherent, sticking to, or more commonly, growing fast to another body.
Adnate, literally, growing fast to, born adherent, [95]. The anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament or its prolongation, [101].
Adnation, the state of being adnate, [94].
Adpressed or appressed, brought into contact with, but not united.
Adscendent, ascendent, or ascending, rising gradually upwards, [39].
Adsurgent, or assurgent, same as ascending, [39].
Adventitious, out of the proper or usual place; e. g. Adventitious buds, [30].
Adventive, applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly introduced into a country, but hardly to be called naturalized.
Æquilateral, equal-sided; opposed to oblique.
Aerial roots, &c., [36].
Æruginous, verdigris-colored.
Aestival, produced in summer.
Aestivation, the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud, [97].
Agamous, sexless.
Aggregate fruits, [118].
Agrestis, growing in fields.
Air-cells or Air-passages, spaces in the tissue of leaves and some stems, [131].
Air-Plants, [36].
Akene or Akenium, [120].
Ala (plural, alæ), a wing; the side-petals of a papilionaceous corolla, [92].
Alabastrum, a flower-bud.
Alar, situated in the forks of a stem.
Alate, winged.
Albescent, whitish, or turning white.
Albus, Latin for white.
Albumen of the seed, nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, [21], [127].
Albumen, a vegetable product, of four elements.
Albuminous (seeds), furnished with albumen, [21].
Alburnum, young wood, sap-wood, [142].
Alliaceous, with odor of garlic.
Allogamous, close fertilization.
Alpestrine, subalpine.
Alpine, belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests.
Alternate (leaves), one after another, [29], [67]. Petals are alternate with the sepals, or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals between them, [82].
Alveolate, honeycomb-like.
Ament, the scaly spike of trees like the Birch and Willow, [75].
Amentaceous, catkin-like, or catkin-bearing.
Amorphous, shapeless, without any definite form.
Amphicarpous, producing two kinds of fruit.
Amphigastrium (plural, amphigastria), a peculiar stipule-like leaf of Liverworts.
Amphitropous ovules or seeds, [111].
Amphora, a pitcher-shaped organ.
Amplectant, embracing. Amplexicaul (leaves), clasping the stem by the base.
Ampullaceous, swelling out like a bottle or bladder (ampulla).
Amylaceous, Amyloid, composed of starch (amylum), or starch-like.
Anandrous, without stamens.
Anantherous, without anthers.
Ananthous, destitute of flowers; flowerless.
Anastomosing, forming a net-work (anastomosis), as the veins of leaves, [50].
Anatropous ovules or seeds, [111].
Ancipital (anceps), two-edged.
Andrœcium, a name for the stamens taken together, [98].
Andro-diœcious, flowers staminate on one plant, perfect on another.
Androgynous, having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster.
Androphore, a column of united stamens, as in a Mallow.
Androus, or Ander, andra, andrum, Greek in compounds for male, or stamens.
Anemophilous, wind-loving, said of wind-fertilizable flowers, [113].
Anfractuose, bent hither and thither as the anthers of the Squash, &c.
Angiospermæ, Angiospermous, with seeds formed in an ovary or pericarp, [109].
Angular divergence of leaves, [69].
Anisos, unequal. Anisomerous, parts unequal in number. Anisopetalous, with unequal petals. Anisophyllous, the leaves unequal in the pairs.
Annual (plant), flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the seed, and then dying, [37].
Annular, in the form of a ring, or forming a circle.
Annulate, marked by rings; or furnished with an
Annulus, or ring, like that of the spore-case of most Ferns. In Mosses it is a ring of cells placed between the mouth of the spore-case and the lid in many species.
Annotinous, yearly, or in yearly growths.
Anterior, in the blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external; while the posterior side is that next the axis of inflorescence. Thus, in the Pea, &c., the keel is anterior, and the standard posterior, [96].
Anthela, an open paniculate cyme.
Anther, the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen, [14], [80], [101].
Antheridium (plural antheridia), the organ in Cryptogams which answers to the anther of Flowering Plants, [150].
Antheriferous, anther-bearing.
Anthesis, the period or the act of the expansion of a flower.
Anthocarpus (fruits), [118].
Anthophore, a stipe between calyx and corolla, [113].
Anthos, Greek for flower; in composition, Monanthous, one-flowered, &c.
Anticous, same as anterior.
Antrorse, directed upwards or forwards.
Apetalous, destitute of petals, [86].
Aphyllous, leafless.
Apical, belonging to the apex or point.
Apiculate, pointleted; tipped with a small point.
Apocarpous (pistils), when the several pistils of the same flower are separate.
Apophysis, any irregular swelling; the enlargement at the base of the spore-case of the Umbrella-Moss.
Apothecium, the fructification of Lichens, [171].
Appendage, any superadded part. Appendiculate, provided with appendages.
Appressed, close pressed to the stem, &c.
Apricus, growing in dry and sunny places.
Apterous, wingless.
Aquatic (Aquatilis), living or growing in water; applied to plants whether growing under water, or with all but the base raised out of it.
Arachnoid, Araneose, cobwebby; clothed with, or consisting of, soft downy fibres.
Arboreous, Arborescent, tree-like, in size or form, [39].
Arboretum, a collection of trees.
Archegonium (plural archegonia), the organ in Mosses, &c., which is analogous to the pistil of Flowering Plants.
Arcuate, bent or curved like a bow.
Arenose (Arenarius), growing in sand.
Areolate, marked out into little spaces or areolæ.
Argenteous, or Argentate, silvery-like.
Argillose, growing in clay.
Argos, Greek for pure white; Argophyllous or Argyrophyllous, white-leaved, &c.
Argutus, acutely dentate.
Arillate (seeds) furnished with an aril.
Arilliform, aril-like.
Arillus, or Aril, a fleshy growth from base of a seed, [126].
Aristate, awned, i. e. furnished with an arista, like the beard of Barley, &c., [54].
Aristulate, diminutive of the last; short-awned.
Arrect, brought into upright position.
Arrow-shaped or Arrow-headed, same as sagittate, [53].
Articulated, jointed; furnished with joints or articulations, where it separates or inclines to do so. Articulated leaves, [57].
Artificial Classification, [181].
Ascending (stems, &c.), [39]; (seeds or ovules), [110].
Ascidium, a pitcher-shaped body, like leaves of Sarracenia.
Ascus (asci), a sac, the spore-case of Lichens and some Fungi.
Aspergilliform, shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy water; as the stigmas of many Grasses.
Asperous, rough to touch.
Assurgent, same as ascending, [39].
Atropous or Atropal (ovules), same as orthotropous.
Aurantiacous, orange-colored.
Aureous, golden.
Auriculate, furnished with auricles or ear-like appendages, [53].
Autogamy, self-fertilization, [115].
Awl-shaped, sharp-pointed from a broader base, [61].
Awn, the bristle or beard of Barley, Oats, &c.; or any similar appendage.
Awned or Awn-pointed, furnished with an awn or long bristle-shaped tip, [54].
Axil, the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem, [13].
Axile, belonging to the axis, or occupying the axis.
Axillary (buds, &c.), occurring in an axil, [27].
Axis, the central line of any body; the organ round which others are attached; the root and stem. Ascending and Descending Axis, [38].
Baccate, berried, berry-like, of a pulpy nature like a berry (bacca).
Badius, chestnut-colored.
Banner, see [Standard], [92].
Barbate, bearded; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs.
Barbed, furnished with a barb or double hook; as the apex of the bristle on the fruit of Echinospermum (Stickseed), &c.
Barbellate, said of the bristles of the pappus of some Compositæ when beset with short, stiff hairs, longer than when denticulate, but shorter than when plumose.
Barbellulate, diminutive of barbellate.
Bark, the covering of a stem outside of the wood, [138], [140].
Basal, belonging or attached to the
Base, that extremity of any organ by which it is attached to its support.
Basifixed, attached by its base.
Bast, Bast-fibres, [134].
Beaked, ending in a prolonged narrow tip.
Bearded, see [barbate]. Beard is sometimes used for awn, more commonly for long or stiff hairs of any sort.
Bell-shaped, of the shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell, [90].
Berry, a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape, [119].
Bi- (or Bis), in compound words, twice; as
Biarticulate, twice-jointed, or two-jointed; separating into two pieces.
Biauriculate, having two ears, as the leaf in fig. [126].
Bicallose, having two callosities or harder spots.
Bicarinate, two-keeled.
Bicipital (Biceps), two-headed; dividing into two parts.
Biconjugate, twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice.
Bidentate, having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate).
Biennial, of two years' continuance; springing from the seed one season, flowering and dying the next, [38].
Bifarious, two-ranked; arranged in two rows.
Bifid, two-cleft to about the middle.
Bifoliolate, a compound leaf of two leaflets, [59].
Bifurcate, twice forked; or more commonly, forked into two branches.
Bijugate, bearing two pairs (of leaflets, &c.).
Bilabiate, two-lipped, as the corolla of Labiatæ.
Bilamellate, of two plates (lamellæ), as the stigma of Mimulus.
Bilobed, the same as two-lobed.
Bilocellate, when a cell is divided into two locelli.
Bilocular, two-celled; as most anthers, the pod of Foxglove, &c.
Binary, in twos.
Binate, in couples, two together. Bipartite, the Latin form of two-parted.
Binodal, of two nodes.
Binomial, of two words, as the name of genus and species taken together, [180].
Bipalmate, twice palmately divided.
Biparous, bearing two.
Bipinnate (leaf), twice pinnate, [58]. Bipinnatifid, twice pinnatifid, [57].
Bipinnatisect, twice pinnately divided.
Biplicate, twice folded together.
Biserial, or Biseriate, occupying two rows, one within the other.
Biserrate, doubly serrate, as when the teeth of a leaf are themselves serrate.
Bisexual, having both stamens and pistil.
Biternate, twice ternate; i. e. principal divisions three, each bearing three leaflets, [59].
Bladdery, thin and inflated.
Blade of a leaf, its expanded portion, [49].
Bloom, the whitish powder on some fruits, leaves, &c.
Boat-shaped, concave within and keeled without, in shape like a small boat.
Border of corolla, &c., [89].
Brachiate, with opposite branches at right angles to each other.
Brachy-, short, as Brachycarpous, short-fruited, &c.
Bract (Bractea), the leaf of an inflorescence. Specially, the bract is the small leaf or scale from the axil of which a flower or its pedicel proceeds, [73].
Bracteate, furnished with bracts.
Bracteolate, furnished with bractlets.
Bracteose, with numerous or conspicuous bracts.
Bractlet (Bracteola), or Bracteole, is a bract seated on the pedicel or flower-stalk, [73].
Branch, Branching, [27].
Breathing-pores, [144].
Bristles, stiff, sharp hairs, or any very slender bodies of similar appearance.
Bristly, beset with bristles. Bristle-pointed, [54].
Brunneous, brown.
Brush-shaped, see [aspergilliform].
Bryology, that part of botany which relates to Mosses.
Bryophyta, Bryophytes, [163].
Bud, a branch in its earliest or undeveloped state, [27]. Bud-scales, [63].
Bulb, a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean, [46].
Bulbils, diminutive bulbs.
Bulbiferous, bearing or producing bulbs. Bulbose or bulbous, bulb-like in shape, &c.
Bulblets, small bulbs, borne above ground, [46].
Bulb-scales, [46].
Bullate, appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from bulla, a bubble).
Byssaceous, composed of fine flax-like threads.
Caducous, dropping off very early, compared with other parts; as the calyx in the Poppy, falling when the flower opens.
Cæruleous, blue. Cærulescent, becoming bluish.
Cæspitose, or Cespitose, growing in turf-like patches or tufts.
Calathiform, cup-shaped.
Calcarate, furnished with a spur (calcar), [86], [87].
Calceolate or Calceiform, slipper-shaped, like one petal of the Lady's Slipper.
Callose, hardened; or furnished with callosities or thickened spots.
Calvous, bald or naked of hairs.
Calyciflorus, when petals and stamens are adnate to calyx.
Calycine, belonging to the calyx.
Calyculate, furnished with an outer accessory calyx (calyculus) or set of bracts looking like a calyx, as in true Pinks.
Calyptra, the hood or veil of the capsule of a Moss, [163].
Calyptrate, having a calyptra.
Calyptriform, shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher.
Calyx, the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower, [14], [79].
Cambium, Cambium-layer, [140].
Campanulate, bell-shaped, [90].
Campylotropous, or Campylotropal, curved ovules and seeds, [111]. Campylospermous, applied to fruits of Umbelliferæ when the seed is curved in at the edges, forming a groove down the inner face; as in Sweet Cicely.
Canaliculate, channelled, or with a deep longitudinal groove.
Cancellate, latticed, resembling lattice-work.
Candidus, Latin for pure white.
Canescent, grayish-white; hoary, usually because the surface is covered with fine white hairs. Incanous is whiter still.
Canous, whitened with pubescence; see [incanous].
Capillaceous, Capillary, hair-like in shape; as fine as hair or slender bristles.
Capitate, having a globular apex, like the head on a pin.
Capitellate, diminutive of capitate.
Capitulum, a close rounded dense cluster or head of sessile flowers, [74].
Capreolate, bearing tendrils (from capreolus, a tendril).
Capsule, a dry dehiscent seed-vessel of a compound pistil, [122].
Capsular, relating to, or like a capsule.
Capture of insects, [154].
Carina, a keel; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, [92].
Carinate, keeled, furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the lower side.
Cariopsis, or Caryopsis, the one-seeded fruit or grain of Grasses, [121].
Carneous, flesh-colored; pale red. Carnose, fleshy in texture.
Carpel, or Carpidium, a simple pistil or a pistil-leaf, [106].
Carpellary, pertaining to a carpel.
Carpology, that department of botany which relates to fruits.
Carpophore, the stalk or support of a pistil extending between its carpels, [113].
Carpos, Greek for fruit.
Cartilaginous, or Cartilagineous, firm and tough in texture, like cartilage.
Caruncle, an excrescence at the scar of some seeds, [126].
Carunculate, furnished with a caruncle.
Caryophyllaceous, pink-like: applied to a corolla of 5 long-clawed petals.
Cassideous, helmet-shaped.
Cassus, empty and sterile.
Catenate, or Catenulate, end to end as in a chain.
Caudate, tailed, or tail-pointed.
Caudex, a sort of trunk, such as that of Palms; an upright rootstock, [39], [44].
Caudicle, the stalk of a pollen-mass, &c.
Caulescent, having an obvious stem, [36].
Caulicle, a little stem, or rudimentary stem (of a seedling), [11], [127].
Cauline, of or belonging to a stem, [36]. Caulis, Latin name of stem.
Caulocarpic, equivalent to perennial.
Caulome, the cauline parts of a plant.
Cell (diminutive, Cellule), the cavity of an anther, ovary, &c.; one of the anatomical elements, [131].
Cellular Cryptogams, [162].
Cellular tissue, [131].
Cellulose, [131].
Cell-walls, [130].
Centrifugal (inflorescence), produced or expanding in succession from the centre outwards, [77].
Centripetal, the opposite of centrifugal, [74].
Cephala, Greek for head. In compounds, Monocephalous, with one head, Microcephalous, small-headed, &c.
Cereal, belonging to corn, or corn-plants.
Cernuous, nodding; the summit more or less inclining.
Chæta, Greek for bristle.
Chaff, small membranous scales or bracts on the receptacle of Compositæ; the glumes, &c., of grasses.
Chaffy, furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff.
Chalaza, that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together, [110], [126].
Channelled, hollowed out like a gutter; same as canaliculate.
Character, a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, &c., [181].
Chartaceous, of the texture of paper or parchment.
Chloros, Greek for green, whence Chloranthous, green-flowered; Chlorocarpous, green-fruited, &c.
Chlorophyll, leaf green, [136].
Chlorosis, a condition in which naturally colored parts turn green.
Choripetalous, same as polypetalous.
Chorisis, separation of the normally united parts, or where two or more parts take the place of one.
Chromule, coloring matter in plants, especially when not green, or when liquid.
Chrysos, Greek for golden yellow, whence Chrysanthous, yellow-flowered, &c.
Cicatrix, the scar left by the fall of a leaf or other organ.
Ciliate, beset on the margin with a fringe of cilia, i. e. of hairs or bristles, like the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name.
Cinereous, or Cineraceous, ash-grayish; of the color of ashes.
Circinate, rolled inwards from the top, [72].
Circumscissile, or Circumcissile, divided by a circular line round the sides, as the pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c., [124].
Circumscription, general outline.
Cirrhiferous, or Cirrhose, furnished with a tendril (Latin, Cirrhus); as the Grape-vine. Cirrhose also means resembling or coiling like tendrils, as the leaf-stalks of Virgin's-bower. More properly Cirrus and Cirrose.
Citreous, lemon-yellow.
Clados, Greek for branch. Cladophylla, [64].
Clathrate, latticed; same as cancellate.
Clavate, club-shaped; slender below and thickened upwards.
Clavellate, diminutive of clavate.
Claviculate, having Claviculæ, or little tendrils or hooks.
Claw, the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks, [91].
Cleistogamous (Cleistogamy), fertilized in closed bud, [115].
Cleft, cut into lobes, [55].
Close fertilization, [115].
Climbing, rising by clinging to other objects, [39], [151].
Club shaped, see [clavate].
Clustered, leaves, flowers, &c., aggregated or collected into a bunch.
Clypeate, buckler-shaped.
Coadunate, same as connate, i. e. united.
Coalescent, growing together. Coalescence, [88].
Coarctate, contracted or brought close together.
Coated, having an integument, or covered in layers. Coated bulb, [46].
Cobwebby, same as arachnoid; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer.
Coccineous, scarlet-red.
Coccus (plural cocci), anciently a berry; now mostly used to denote the separable carpels or nutlets of a dry fruit.
Cochleariform, spoon-shaped.
Cochleate, coiled or shaped like a snail-shell.
Cœlospermous, applied to those fruits of Umbelliferæ which have the seed hollowed on the inner face, by incurving of top and bottom; as in Coriander.
Coherent, usually the same as connate.
Cohort, name sometimes used for groups between order and class, [178].
Coleorhiza, a root-sheath.
Collateral, side by side.
Collective fruits, [118].
Collum or Collar, the neck or junction of stem and root.
Colored, parts of a plant which are other-colored than green.
Columella, the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often attached, as in Geranium ([112]), or which is left when a pod opens, as in Azalea.
Column, the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils united into one body, as in the Orchis family.
Columnar, shaped like a column or pillar.
Coma, a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair), [125].
Comose, tufted; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed, [126].
Commissure, the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbelliferæ.
Complanate, flattened.
Compound leaf, [54], [57]. Compound pistil, [107]. Compound umbel, [75], &c.
Complete (flower), [81].
Complicate, folded upon itself.
Compressed, flattened on opposite sides.
Conceptacle, [168].
Concinnous, neat.
Concolor, all of one color.
Conchiform, shell- or half-shell-shaped.
Conduplicate, folded upon itself lengthwise, [71].
Cone, the fruit of the Pine family, [124]. Coniferous, cone-bearing.
Confertus, much crowded.
Conferruminate, stuck together, as the cotyledons in a horse-chestnut.
Confluent, blended together; or the same as coherent.
Conformed, similar to another thing it is associated with or compared to; or closely fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed.
Congested, Conglomerate, crowded together.
Conglomerate, crowded into a glomerule.
Conjugate, coupled; in single pairs. Conjugation, [170].
Connate, united or grown together from the first formation, [96].
Connate-perfoliate, when a pair of leaves are connate round a stem, [60].
Connective, Connectivum, the part of the anther connecting its two cells, [101].
Connivent, converging, or brought close together.
Consolidation (floral), [94].
Consolidated forms of vegetation, [47].
Contents of cells, [136].
Continuous, the reverse of interrupted or articulated.
Contorted, twisted together. Contorted æstivation, same as convolute, [97].
Contortuplicate, twisted back upon itself.
Contracted, either narrowed or shortened.
Contrary, turned in opposite direction to the ordinary.
Convolute, rolled up lengthwise, as the leaves of the Plum in vernation, [72]. In æstivation, same as contorted, [97].
Cordate, heart-shaped, [53].
Coriaceous, resembling leather in texture.
Corky, of the texture of cork. Corky layer of bark, [141].
Corm, a solid bulb, like that of Crocus, [45].
Corneous, of the consistence or appearance of horn.
Corniculate, furnished with a small horn or spur.
Cornute, horned; bearing a horn-like projection or appendage.
Corolla, the leaves of the flower within the calyx, [14], [79].
Corollaceous, Corolline, like or belonging to a corolla.
Corona, a coronet or crown; an appendage at the top of the claw of some petals, [91].
Coronate, crowned; furnished with a crown.
Cortex, bark. Cortical, belonging to the bark (cortex).
Corticate, coated with bark or bark-like covering.
Corymb, a flat or convex indeterminate flower-cluster, [74].
Corymbiferous, bearing corymbs.
Corymbose, in corymbs, approaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way.
Costa, a rib; the midrib of a leaf, &c. Costate, ribbed.
Cotyledons, the proper leaves of the embryo, [11], [127].
Crateriform, goblet-shaped or deep saucer-shaped.
Creeping (stems), growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting, [39].
Cremocarp, a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbelliferæ, [121].
Crenate, or Crenelled, the edge scalloped into rounded teeth, [55].
Crenulate, minutely or slightly crenate.
Crested, or Cristate, bearing any elevated appendage like a crest.
Cretaceous, chalky or chalk-like.
Cribrose, or cribriform, pierced like a sieve with small apertures.
Crinite, bearing long hairs.
Crispate, curled or crispy.
Croceous, saffron-color, deep reddish-yellow.
Cross-breeds, the progeny of interbred varieties, [176].
Cross fertilization, [115].
Crown, see [corona]. Crowned, see [coronate].
Cruciate, or Cruciform, cross-shaped. Cruciform Corolla, [86].
Crustaceous, hard and brittle in texture; crust-like.
Cryptogamous Plants, Cryptogams, [10], [156].
Cryptos, concealed, as Cryptopetalous, with concealed petals, &c.
Crystals in plants, [137].
Cucullate, hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled up like a cornet of paper, or a hood (cucullus), as the spathe of Indian Turnip, [75].
Culm, a straw; the stem of Grasses and Sedges, [39].
Cultrate, shaped like a trowel or broad knife.
Cuneate, Cuneiform, wedge-shaped, [53].
Cup-shaped, same as cyathiform or near it.
Cupule, a little cup; the cup to the acorn of the Oak, [122].
Cupular, or Cupulate, provided with a cupule.
Cupuliferous, cupule-bearing.
Curviveined, with curved ribs or veins.
Curviserial, in oblique or spiral ranks.
Cushion, the enlargement at the insertion or base of a petiole.
Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and stiff point or cusp, [54].
Cut, same as incised, or applied generally to any sharp and deep division, [55].
Cuticle, the skin of plants, or more strictly its external pellicle.
Cyaneous, bright blue.
Cyathiform, in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass.
Cycle, one complete turn of a spire, or a circle, [70].
Cyclical, rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle.
Cyclosis, circulation in closed cells, [149].
Cylindraceous, approaching to the Cylindrical form, terete and not tapering.
Cymbæform, or Cymbiform, same as boat-shaped.
Cyme, a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence, [77].
Cymose, furnished with cymes, or like a cyme.
Cymule, a partial or diminutive cyme, [77].
Deca- (in words of Greek derivation), ten; as
Decagynous, with 10 pistils or styles, Decamerous, of 10 parts, Decandrous, with 10 stamens, &c.
Deciduous, falling off, or subject to fall; said of leaves which fall in autumn, and of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms.
Declinate, declined, turned to one side, or downwards.
Decompound, several times compounded or divided, [59].
Decumbent, reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise, [39].
Decurrent (leaves), prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in Thistles.
Decussate, arranged in pairs which successively cross each other, [71].
Deduplication, same as chorisis.
Definite, when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so.
Definite Inflorescence, [72].
Deflexed, bent downwards.
Deflorate, past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged its pollen.
Dehiscence, the regular splitting open of capsule or anther, [103], [119].
Dehiscent, opening by regular dehiscence, [119], [123].
Deliquescent, branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches, [32].
Deltoid, of a triangular shape, like the Greek capital Δ.
Demersed, growing below the surface of water.
Dendroid, Dendritic, tree-like in form or appearance.
Dendron, Greek for tree.
Deni, ten together.
Dens, Latin for tooth.
Dentate, toothed, [55]. Denticulate, furnished with denticulations, or little teeth.
Depauperate, impoverished or starved, and so below the natural size.
Depressed, flattened or as if pressed down from above.
Derma, Greek for skin.
Descending, tending gradually downwards. Descending axis, the root.
Desmos, Greek for things connected or bound together.
Determinate Inflorescence, [72].
Dextrorse, turned to the right hand.
Di- Dis (in Greek compounds) two, as
Diadelphous (stamens), united by their filaments in two sets, [99].
Diagnosis, a short distinguishing character or descriptive phrase.
Dialypetalous, same as polypetalous.
Diandrous, having two stamens, &c.
Diaphanous, transparent or translucent.
Dicarpellary, of two carpels.
Dichlamydeous (flower), having both calyx and corolla.
Dichogamous, Dichogamy, [116].
Dichotomous, two-forked.
Diclinous, having the stamens in one flower, the pistils in another, [85].
Dicoccous (fruit), splitting into two cocci or closed carpels.
Dicotyls, [23].
Dicotyledonous (embryo), having a pair of cotyledons, [23]. Dicotyledonous Plants, [23], [182].
Didymous, twin.
Didynamous (stamens), having four stamens in two pairs, [100].
Diffuse, spreading widely and irregularly.
Digitate (fingered), where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne on the apex of the petiole, [58].
Digynous (flower), having two pistils or styles, [105].
Dimerous, made up of two parts, or its organs in twos.
Dimidiate, halved; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side developed.
Dimorphism, [117]. Dimorphous, Dimorphic, of two forms, [117].
Diœcious, or Dioicous, with stamens and pistils on different plants, [85].
Dipetalous, of two petals.
Diphyllous, two-leaved.
Dipterous, two-winged.
Diplo-, Greek for double, as Diplostemonous, with two sets of stamens.
Disciform or Disk-shaped, flat and circular, like a disk or quoit.
Discoidal, or Discoid, belonging to or like a disk.
Discolor, of two different colors or hues.
Discrete, separate, opposite of concrete.
Disepalous, of two sepals.
Disk, the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of flowers, like the Sunflower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or margin; a fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower, [113].
Disk-flowers, those of the disk in Compositæ.
Dissected, cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.
Dissepiments, the partitions of a compound ovary or a fruit, [108].
Dissilient, bursting in pieces.
Distichous, two-ranked.
Distinct, uncombined with each other, [95].
Dithecous, of two thecæ or anther-cells.
Divaricate, straddling; very widely divergent.
Divided (leaves, &c.), cut into divisions down to the base or midrib, [55].
Dodeca, Greek for twelve; as Dodecagynous, with twelve pistils or styles, Dodecandrous, with twelve stamens.
Dodrans, span-long.
Dolabriform, axe-shaped.
Dorsal, pertaining to the back (dorsum) of an organ. Dorsal Suture, [106].
Dotted Ducts, [148].
Double Flowers, where the petals are multiplied unduly, [79].
Downy, clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs.
Drupaceous, like or pertaining to a drupe.
Drupe, a stone-fruit, [120]. Drupelet or Drupel, a little drupe.
Ducts, the so-called vessels of plants, [134].
Dumose, bushy, or relating to bushes.
Duramen, the heart-wood, [142].
Dwarf, remarkably low in stature.
E-, as a prefix of Latin compound words, means destitute of; as ecostate, without a rib or midrib; exalbuminous, without albumen, &c.
Eared, see [auriculate], [53].
Ebracteate, destitute of bracts. Ebracteolate, destitute of bractlets.
Eburneous, ivory-white.
Echinate, armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). Echinulate, a diminutive of it.
Edentate, toothless.
Effete, past bearing, &c.; said of anthers which have discharged their pollen.
Effuse, very loosely branched and spreading.
Eglandulose, destitute of glands.
Elaters, threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts, [165].
Ellipsoidal, approaching an elliptical figure.
Elliptical, oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded, [52].
Emarginate, notched at the summit, [54].
Embryo, the rudimentary plantlet in a seed, [11], [127].
Embryonal, belonging or relating to the embryo.
Embryo-sac, [117].
Emersed, raised out of water.
Endecagynous, with eleven pistils or styles.
Endecandrous, with eleven stamens.
Endemic, peculiar to the country geographically.
Endocarp, the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit, [120].
Endochrome, the coloring matter of Algæ and the like.
Endogenous Stems, [138]. Endogenous plants, an old name for monocotyledons.
Endopleura, inner seed-coat.
Endorhizal, radicle or root sheathed in germination.
Endosperm, the albumen of a seed, [21].
Endostome, the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule.
Ennea-, nine. Enneagynous, with nine petals or styles. Enneandrous, nine-stamened.
Ensate, Ensiform, sword-shaped.
Entire, the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even, [55].
Entomophilous, said of flowers frequented and fertilized by insects, [113].
Ephemeral, lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, &c.
Epi-, Greek for upon.
Epicalyx, such an involucel as that of Malvaceæ.
Epicarp, the outermost layer of a fruit, [120].
Epidermal, relating to the Epidermis, or skin of a plant, [50], [141], [143].
Epigæous, growing on the earth, or close to the ground.
Epigynous, upon the ovary, [95], [99].
Epipetalous, borne on the petals or the corolla, [99].
Epiphyllous, borne on a leaf.
Epiphyte, a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it, [36].
Epiphytic or Epiphytal, relating to Epiphytes.
Epipterous, winged at top.
Episperm, the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat.
Equal, alike in number or length.
Equally pinnate, same as abruptly pinnate, [57].
Equitant (riding straddle), [60].
Erion, Greek for wool. Erianthous, woolly-flowered. Eriophorous, wool-bearing, &c.
Erose, eroded, as if gnawed.
Erostrate, not beaked.
Erythros, Greek for red. Erythrocarpous, red-fruited, &c.
Essential Organs of the flower, [80].
Estivation, see [æstivation].
Etiolated, blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery.
Eu, Greek prefix, meaning very, or much.
Evergreen, holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear, or longer.
Ex, Latin prefix; privative in place of "e" when next letter is a vowel. So Exalate, wingless; Exalbuminous (seed), without albumen, [21].
Excurrent, running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of a leaf, or a trunk is continued to the very top of a tree, [32].
Exiguous, puny.
Exilis, lank or meagre.
Eximius, distinguished for size or beauty.
Exo-, in Greek compounds, outward, as in
Exocarp, outer layer of a pericarp, [120].
Exogenous, outward growing. Exogenous stems, [139].
Exorhizal, radicle in germination not sheathed.
Exostome, the orifice in the outer coat of the ovule.
Explanate, spread or flattened out.
Exserted, protruding out of, as the stamens out of the corolla.
Exstipulate, destitute of stipules.
Extine, outer coat of a pollen-grain.
Extra-axillary, said of a branch or bud somewhat out of the axil, [31].
Extrorse, turned outwards; the anther is extrorse when fastened to the filament on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side, [101].
Falcate, scythe-shaped; a flat body curved, its edges parallel.
False Racemes, [78].
Family, in botany same as Order, [177].
Farina, meal or starchy matter, [136].
Farinaceous, mealy in texture. Farinose, covered with a mealy powder.
Fasciate, banded; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat.
Fascicle, a close cluster, [77].
Fascicled, Fasciculated, growing in a bundle or tuft, as the leaves of Larch, [68], and roots of Peony, [35].
Fastigiate, close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy Poplar.
Faux (plural, fauces), the throat of a calyx, corolla, &c., [89].
Faveolate, Favose, honeycombed; same as alveolate.
Feather-veined, with veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of a midrib, [51].
Fecula or Fæcula, starch, [136].
Female flower or plant, one bearing pistils only.
Fenestrate, pierced with one or more large holes, like windows.
Ferrugineous, or Ferruginous, resembling iron-rust; red-grayish.
Fertile, fruit-bearing, or capable of it; also said of anthers producing good pollen.
Fertilization, the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be formed, [114].
Fibre (woody), [133]. Fibrous, containing much fibre, or composed of fibres.
Fibrillose, formed of small fibres, or Fibrillæ.
Fibro-vascular bundle or tissue, formed of fibres and vessels.
Fiddle-shaped, obovate with a deep recess on each side.
Fidus, Latin suffix for cleft, as Bifid, two-cleft.
Filament, the stalk of a stamen, [14], [80], [101]; also any slender thread-shaped body.
Filamentose, or Filamentous, bearing or formed of slender threads.
Filiform, thread-shaped; long, slender, and cylindrical.
Fimbriate, fringed; furnished with fringes (fimbriæ).
Fimbrillate, Fimbrilliferous, bearing small fimbriæ, i. e. fimbrillæ.
Fissiparous, multiplying by division of one body into two.
Fissus, Latin for split or divided.
Fistular, or Fistulose, hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion.
Flabelliform, or Flabellate, fan-shaped.
Flagellate, or Flagelliform, long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a whip; or like the runners (flagellæ) of the Strawberry.
Flavescent, yellowish, or turning yellow.
Flavus, Latin for yellow.
Fleshy, composed of firm pulp or flesh.
Flexuose, or Flexuous, bending in opposite directions, in a zigzag way.
Floating, swimming on the surface of water.
Floccose, composed of or bearing tufts of woolly or long and soft hairs.
Flora (the goddess of flowers), the plants of a country or district, taken together, or a work systematically describing them, [9].
Floral Envelopes, or Flower-leaves, [79].
Floret, a diminutive flower, one of a mass or cluster.
Floribund, abundantly floriferous.
Florula, the flora of a small district.
Flos, floris, Latin for flower.
Flosculus, diminutive, same as floret.
Flower, the whole organs of reproduction of Phænogamous plants, [14], [72].
Flower-bud, an unopened flower.
Flowering Plants, [10], [156]. Flowerless Plants, [10], [156].
Fly-trap leaves, [65].
Fluitans, Latin for floating. Fluviatile, belonging to a river or stream.
Foliaceous, belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf (folium).
Foliate, provided with leaves. Latin prefixes denote the number of leaves, as bifoliate, trifoliate, &c. Foliose, leafy; abounding in leaves.
Foliolate, relating to or bearing leaflets (foliola); trifoliolate, with three leaflets, &c.
Folium (plural, folia), Latin for leaf.
Follicle, a simple pod, opening down the inner suture, [122].
Follicular, resembling or belonging to a follicle.
Food of Plants, [144].
Foot-stalk, either petiole or peduncle, [49].
Foramen, a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule, [110].
Foraminose, Foraminulose, pierced with holes.
Forked, branched in two or three or more.
Fornicate, bearing fornices.
Fornix, little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey.
Foveate, deeply pitted. Foveolate, diminutive of foveate.
Free, not united with any other parts of a different sort, [95].
Fringed, the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, &c.
Frond, what answers to leaves in Ferns, &c., [157]; or to the stem and leaves fused into one, as in Liverwort.
Frondescence, the bursting into leaf.
Frondose, frond-bearing; like a frond, or sometimes used for leafy.
Fructification, the state or result of fruiting.
Fructus, Latin for fruit.
Fruit, the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with, [117].
Fruit-dots in Ferns; see [Sorus].
Frustulose, consisting of a chain of similar pieces, or Frustules.
Frutescent, somewhat shrubby; becoming a shrub (Frutex), [39].
Fruticulose, like a small shrub, or Fruticulus. Fruticose, shrubby, [39].
Fugacious, soon falling off or perishing.
Fulcrate, having accessory organs or fulcra, i. e. props.
Fulvous, tawny; dull yellow with gray.
Fungus, Fungi, [172].
Funicle, Funiculus, the stalk of a seed or ovule, [110].
Funnelform, or funnel-shaped, expanding gradually upwards into an open mouth, like a funnel or tunnel, [90].
Furcate, forked.
Furfuraceous, covered with bran-like fine scurf.
Furrowed, marked by longitudinal channels or grooves.
Fuscous, deep gray-brown.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped, [36].
Galbalus, the fleshy or at length woody cone of Juniper and Cypress.
Galea, a helmet-shaped body, as the upper sepal of the Monkshood, [87].
Galeate, shaped like a helmet.
Gamopetalous, of united petals, [89].
Gamophyllous, formed of united leaves.
Gamosepalous, formed of united sepals, [89].
Geminate, twin; in pairs.
Gemma, Latin for a bud.
Gemmation, the state of budding; budding growth.
Gemmule, a small bud; the plumule, [13].
Genera, plural of genus.
Geniculate, bent abruptly, like a knee (genu), as many stems.
Generic Names, [179].
Genus, a kind of a rank above species, [177].
Germ, a growing point; a young bud; sometimes the same as embryo, [127].
Germen, the old name for ovary.
Germination, the development of a plantlet from the seed, [12].
Gerontogæous, inhabiting the Old World.
Gibbous, more tumid at one place or on one side than the other.
Gilvous, dirty reddish-yellow.
Glabrate, becoming glabrous with age, or almost glabrous.
Glabrous, smooth, in the sense of having no hairs, bristles, or other pubescence.
Gladiate, sword-shaped, as the leaves of Iris.
Glands, small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other products; they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange, Prickly Ash, &c.; sometimes on the surface as small projections; sometimes raised on hairs or bristles (glandular hairs, &c.), as in the Sweetbrier and Sundew. The name is also given to any small swellings, &c., whether they secrete anything or not; so that the word is loosely used.
Glandular, Glandulose, furnished with glands, or gland-like.
Glans (Gland), the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits.
Glareose, growing in gravel.
Glaucescent, slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray.
Glaucous, covered with a bloom, viz. with a fine white powder of wax that rubs off, like that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage-leaf.
Globose, spherical in form, or nearly so. Globular, nearly globose.
Glochidiate, or Glochideous, (bristles) barbed; tipped with barbs, or with a double hooked point.
Glomerate, closely aggregated into a dense cluster.
Glomerule, a dense head-like cluster, [77].
Glossology, the department of botany in which technical terms are explained.
Glumaceous, glume-like, or glume-bearing.
Glume; Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, particularly, the outer husks or bracts of each spikelet.
Glumelles, the inner husks of Grasses.
Gonophore, a stipe below stamens, [113].
Gossypine, cottony, flocculent.
Gracilis, Latin for slender.
Grain, see [Caryopsis], [121].
Gramineous, grass-like.
Granular, composed of grains. Granule, a small grain.
Graveolent, heavy-scented.
Griseous, gray or bluish-gray.
Growth, [129].
Grumous, or Grumose, formed of coarse clustered grains.
Guttate, spotted, as if by drops of something colored.
Gymnos, Greek for naked, as
Gymnocarpous, naked-fruited.
Gymnospermous, naked-seeded, [109].
Gymnospermous gynœcium, [109].
Gymnospermæ, or Gymnospermous Plants, [183].
Gynandrous, with stamens borne on, i. e. united with, the pistil, [99].
Gynœcium, a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether, [105].
Gynobase, a depressed receptacle or support of the pistil or carpels, [114].
Gynophore, a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens, [113].
Gynostegium, a sheath around pistils, of whatever nature.
Gynostemium, name of the column in Orchids, &c., consisting of style and stigma with stamens combined.
Gyrate, coiled or moving circularly.
Gyrose, strongly bent to and fro.
Habit, the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth.
Habitat, the situation or country in which a plant grows in a wild state.
Hairs, hair-like growths on the surface of plants.
Hairy, beset with hairs, especially longish ones.
Halberd-shaped, see [hastate], [53].
Halved, when appearing as if one half of the body were cut away.
Hamate, or Hamose, hooked; the end of a slender body bent round.
Hamulose, bearing a small hook; a diminutive of the last.
Haplo-, in Greek compounds, single; as Haplostemonous, having only one series of stamens.
Hastate, or Hastile, shaped like a halberd; furnished with a spreading lobe on each side at the base, [53].
Head, capitulum, a form of inflorescence, [74].
Heart-shaped, of the shape of a heart as painted on cards, [53].
Heart-wood, the older or matured wood of exogenous trees, [142].
Helicoid, coiled like a helix or snail-shell, [77].
Helmet, the upper sepal of Monkshood is so called.
Helvolous, grayish-yellow.
Hemi- in compounds from the Greek, half; e. g. Hemispherical, &c.
Hemicarp, half-fruit, one carpel of an Umbelliferous plant, [121].
Hemitropous (ovule or seed), nearly same as amphitropous, [123].
Hepta- (in words of Greek origin), seven; as Heptagynous, with seven pistils or styles. Heptamerous, its parts in sevens. Heptandrous, having seven stamens.
Herb, plant not woody, at least above ground.
Herbaceous, of the texture of an herb; not woody, [39].
Herbarium, the botanist's arranged collection of dried plants, [186].
Herborization, [184].
Hermaphrodite (flower), having stamens and pistils in the same blossom, [81].
Hesperidium, orange-fruit, a hard-rinded berry.
Hetero-, in Greek compounds, means of two or more sorts, as
Heterocarpous, bearing fruit of two kinds or shapes.
Heterogamous, bearing two or more sorts of flowers in one cluster.
Heterogony, Heterogone, or Heterogonous, with stamens and pistil reciprocally of two sorts, [116]. Heterostyled is same.
Heteromorphous, of two or more shapes.
Heterophyllous, with two sorts of leaves.
Heterotropous (ovule), the same as amphitropous, [123].
Hexa- (in Greek compounds), six; as Hexagonal, six-angled. Hexagynous, with six pistils or styles. Hexamerous, its parts in sixes. Hexandrous, with six stamens. Hexapterous, six-winged.
Hibernaculum, a winter bud.
Hilar, belonging to the hilum.
Hilum, the scar of the seed; its place of attachment, [110], [126].
Hippocrepiform, horseshoe-shaped.
Hirsute, clothed with stiffish or beard-like hairs.
Hirtellous, minutely hirsute.
Hispid, bristly, beset with stiff hairs. Hispidulous, diminutive of hispid.
Histology, [9].
Hoary, grayish-white; see [canescent], &c.
Holosericeous, all over sericeous or silky.
Homo-, in Greek compounds, all alike or of one sort.
Homodromous, running in one direction.
Homogamous, a head or cluster with flowers all of one kind.
Homogeneous, uniform in nature; all of one kind.
Homogone, or Homogonous, counterpart of Heterogone or Homostyled.
Homologous, of same type; thus petals and sepals are the homologues of leaves.
Homomallous (leaves, &c.), originating all round an axis, but all bent or curved to one side.
Homorphous, all of one shape.
Homotropous (embryo), curved with the seed; curved only one way.
Hood, same as helmet or galea. Hooded, hood-shaped; see [cucullate].
Hooked, same as hamate.
Horn, a spur or some similar appendage. Horny, of the texture of horn.
Hortensis, pertaining to the garden.
Hortus Siccus, an herbarium, or collection of dried plants, [186].
Humifuse, Humistrate, spread over the surface of the ground.
Humilis, low in stature.
Hyaline, transparent, or partly so.
Hybrid, a cross-breed between two allied species, [176].
Hydrophytes, water-plants.
Hyemal, see [hiemal].
Hymenium of a Mushroom, [172].
Hypanthium, a hollow flower-receptacle, such as that of Rose.
Hypo-, Greek prefix for under, or underneath.
Hypocotyle, or Hypocotyl, part of stem below the cotyledons, [11].
Hypocrateriform, properly Hypocraterimorphous, salver-shaped.
Hypogæan, or Hypogæous, produced under ground, [19].
Hypogynous, inserted under the pistil, [95], [99].
Hysteranthous, with the blossoms developed earlier than the leaves.
Icosandrous, having 20 (or 12 or more) stamens inserted on the calyx.
Imberbis, Latin for beardless.
Imbricate, Imbricated, Imbricative, overlapping one another, like tiles or shingles on a roof, as the bud-scales of Horse-chestnut and Hickory, [27]. In æstivation, where some leaves of the calyx or corolla are overlapped on both sides by others, [98].
Immarginate, destitute of a rim or border.
Immersed, growing wholly under water.
Impari-pinnate, pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex, [57].
Imperfect flowers, wanting either stamens or pistils, [85].
Inæquilateral, unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia.
Inane, empty, said of an anther which produces no pollen, &c.
Inappendiculate, not appendaged.
Incanous, Incanescent, hoary with soft white pubescence.
Incarnate, flesh-colored.
Incised, cut rather deeply and irregularly, [58].
Included, enclosed; when the part in question does not project beyond another.
Incomplete Flower, wanting calyx or corolla, [86].
Incrassated, thickened.
Incubous, with tip of one leaf lying flat over the base of the next above.
Incumbent, leaning or resting upon; the cotyledons are incumbent when the back of one of them lies against the radicle, [128]; the anthers are incumbent when turned or looking inwards.
Incurved, gradually curving inwards.
Indefinite, not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention (over 12).
Indefinite or Indeterminate Inflorescence, [72].
Indehiscent, not splitting open; i. e. not dehiscent, [119].
Indigenous, native to the country.
Individuals, [175].
Indumentum, any hairy coating or pubescence.
Induplicate, with the edges turned inwards, [97].
Induviate, clothed with old and withered parts or induviæ.
Indusium, the shield or covering of a fruit-dot of a Fern, [159].
Inermis, Latin for unarmed, not prickly.
Inferior, growing below some other organ, [96].
Infertile, not producing seed, or pollen, as the case may be.
Inflated, turgid and bladdery.
Inflexed, bent inwards.
Inflorescence, the arrangement of flowers on the stem, [72].
Infra-axillary, situated beneath the axil.
Infundibuliform or Infundibular, funnel-shaped, [90].
Innate (anther), attached by its base to the very apex of the filament, [101].
Innovation, a young shoot, or new growth.
Insertion, the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its support, [95], [99].
Integer, entire, not lobed. Integerrimus, quite entire, not serrate.
Intercellular Passages or Spaces, [131], [143].
Interfoliaceous, between the leaves of a pair or whorl.
Internode, the part of a stem between two nodes, [13].
Interpetiolar, between petioles.
Interruptedly pinnate, pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with larger.
Intine, inner coat of a pollen grain.
Intrafoliaceous (stipules, &c.), placed between the leaf or petiole and the stem.
Introrse, turned or facing inwards; i. e. towards the axis of the flower, [101].
Intruse, as it were pushed inwards.
Inversed or Inverted, where the apex is in the direction opposite to that of the organ it is compared with.
Involucel, a partial or small involucre, [76].
Involucellate, furnished with an involucel. Involucrate, furnished with an involucre.
Involucre, a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head, &c., [74], [75].
Involute, in vernation, [72]; rolled inwards from the edges, [97].
Irregular Flowers, [86], [91].
Isos, Greek for equal in number. Isomerous, the same number in the successive circles or sets. Isostemonous, the stamens equal in number to the sepals or petals.
Jointed, separate or separable at one or more places into pieces, [64], &c.
Jugum (plural Juga), Latin for a pair, as of leaflets,—thus Unijugate, of a single pair; Bijugate, of two pairs, &c.
Julaceus, like a catkin or Julus.
Keel, a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous corolla, [92].
Keeled, furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge.
Kermesine, Carmine-red.
Kernel of the ovule and seed, [110].
Key, or Key-fruit, a Samara, [122].
Kidney-shaped, resembling the outline of a kidney, [53].
Labellum, the odd petal in the Orchis Family.
Labiate, same as bilabiate or two-lipped, [92].
Labiatiflorous, having flowers with bilabiate corolla.
Labium (plural, Labia), Latin for lip.
Lacerate, with margin appearing as if torn.
Laciniate, slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes or Laciniæ.
Lactescent, producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, &c.
Lacteus, Latin for milk-white.
Lacunose, full of holes or gaps.
Lacustrine, belonging to lakes.
Lævigate, smooth as if polished. Latin, Lævis, smooth, as opposed to rough.
Lageniform, gourd-shaped.
Lagopous, Latin, hare-footed; densely clothed with long soft hairs.
Lamellar or Lamellate, consisting of flat plates, Lamellæ.
Lamina, a plate or blade, the blade of a leaf, &c., [49].
Lanate, Lanose, woolly; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs.
Lanceolate, lance-shaped, [52].
Lanuginous, cottony or woolly.
Latent buds, concealed or undeveloped buds, [30].
Lateral, belonging to the side.
Latex, the milky juice, &c., of plants, [135].
Lax (Laxus), loose in texture, or sparse; the opposite of crowded.
Leaflet, one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf, [57].
Leaf-like, same as foliaceous.
Leathery, of about the consistence of leather; coriaceous.
Legume, a simple pod which dehisces in two pieces, like that of the Pea, [122].
Leguminous, belonging to legumes, or to the Leguminous Family.
Lenticular, lens-shaped; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides.
Lappaceous, bur-like.
Lasio, Greek for woolly or hairy, as Lasianthus, woolly-flowered.
Lateritious, brick-colored.
Laticiferous, containing latex, [135].
Latus, Latin for broad, as Latifolius, broad-leaved.
Leaf-scar, Leaf-stalk, petiole.
Lenticels, lenticular dots on young bark.
Lentiginose, as if freckled.
Lepal, a made-up word for a staminode.
Lepis, Greek for a scale, whence Lepidote, leprous; covered with scurfy scales.
Leptos, Greek for slender; so Leptophyllous, slender-leaved.
Leukos, Greek for white; whence Leucanthous, white-flowered, &c.
Liber, the inner bark of Exogenous stems, [140].
Lid, see [operculum].
Ligneous, or Lignose, woody in texture.
Ligulate, furnished with a ligule, [93].
Ligule, Ligula, the strap-shaped corolla in many Compositæ, [93]; the membranous appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most Grasses, [67].
Limb, the border of a corolla, &c., [89].
Limbate, bordered (Latin, Limbus, a border).
Line, the twelfth of an inch; or French lines, the tenth.
Linear, narrow and flat, the margins parallel, [52].
Lineate, marked with parallel lines. Lineolate, marked with minute lines.
Lingulate, Linguiform, tongue-shaped.
Lip, the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, [92].
Litoral or Littoral, belonging to the shore.
Livid, pale lead-colored.
Lobe, any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, &c.
Lobed or Lobate, cut into lobes, [55], [56]; Lobulate, into small lobes.
Locellate, having Locelli, i. e. compartments in a cell: thus an anther-cell is often bilocellate.
Loculament, same as loculus.
Locular, relating to the cell or compartment (Loculus) of an ovary, &c.
Loculicidal (dehiscence), splitting down through the back of each cell, [123].
Locusta, a name for the spikelet of Grasses.
Lodicule, one of the scales answering to perianth-leaves in Grass-flowers.
Loment, a pod which separates transversely into joints, [122].
Lomentaceous, pertaining to or resembling a loment.
Lorate, thong-shaped.
Lunate, crescent-shaped. Lunulate, diminutive of lunate.
Lupuline, like hops.
Lusus, Latin for a sport or abnormal variation.
Luteolus, yellowish; diminutive of
Luteus, Latin for yellow. Lutescent, verging to yellow.
Lyrate, lyre-shaped; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate outline, the end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in fig. [149].
Macros, Greek for long, sometimes also used for large: thus Macrophyllous, long or large-leaved, &c.
Macrospore, the large kind of spore, when there are two kinds, [160], [161].
Maculate, spotted or blotched.
Male (flowers or plants), having stamens but no pistil.
Mammose, breast-shaped.
Marcescent, withering without falling off.
Marginal, belonging to margin.
Marginate, margined with an edge different from the rest.
Marginicidal dehiscence, [123].
Maritime, belonging to sea-coasts.
Marmorate, marbled.
Mas., Masc., Masculine, male.
Masked, see [personate].
Mealy, see [farinaceous].
Median, Medial, belonging to the middle.
Medifixed, attached by the middle.
Medullary, belonging to, or of the nature of, pith (Medulla); pithy.
Medullary Rays, the silver-grain of wood, [140], [141].
Medullary Sheath, a set of ducts just around the pith, [140].
Meiostemonous, having fewer stamens than petals.
Membranaceous or Membranous, of the texture of membrane; thin and soft.
Meniscoid, crescent-shaped.
Mericarp, one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant, [121].
Merismatic, separating into parts by the formation of partitions across.
Merous, from the Greek for part; used with numeral prefix to denote the number of pieces in a set or circle: as Monomerous, of only one, Dimerous, with two, Trimerous, with three parts (sepals, petals, stamens, &c.) in each circle.
Mesocarp, the middle part of a pericarp, when that is distinguishable into three layers, [120].
Mesophlœum, the middle or green bark.
Micropyle, the closed orifice of the seed, [110], [126].
Microspore, the smaller kind of spore when there are two kinds, [161].
Midrib, the middle or main rib of a leaf, [50].
Milk-vessels, [135].
Miniate, vermilion-colored.
Mitriform, mitre-shaped: in the form of a peaked cap, or one cleft at the top.
Moniliform, necklace-shaped; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals.
Monocarpic (duration), flowering and seeding but once, [38].
Monochlamydeous, having only one floral envelope.
Monocotyledonous (embryo), with only one cotyledon, [24].
Monocotyledonous Plants, [24]. Monocotyls, [24].
Monœcious, or Monoicous (flower), having stamens or pistils only, [85].
Monogynous (flower), having only one pistil, or one style, [105].
Monopetalous (flower), with the corolla of one piece, [89].
Monophyllous, one-leaved, or of one piece.
Monos, Greek for solitary or only one; thus Monadelphous, stamens united by their filaments into one set, [99]; Monandrous (flower), having only one stamen, [100].
Monosepalous, a calyx of one piece; i. e. with the sepals united into one body.
Monospermous, one-seeded.
Monstrosity, an unnatural deviation from the usual structure or form.
Morphology, Morphological Botany, [9]; the department of botany which treats of the forms which an organ may assume.
Moschate, Musk-like in odor.
Movements, [149].
Mucronate, tipped with an abrupt short point (Mucro), [54].
Mucronulate, tipped with a minute abrupt point; a diminutive of the last.
Multi-, in composition, many; as Multangular, many-angled; Multicipital, many-headed, &c.; Multifarious, in many rows or ranks; Multifid, many-cleft; Multilocular, many-celled; Multiserial, in many rows.
Multiple Fruits, [118], [124].
Muricate, beset with short and hard or prickly points.
Muriform, wall-like; resembling courses of bricks in a wall.
Muticous, pointless, blunt, unarmed.
Mycelium, the spawn of Fungi; i. e. the filaments from which Mushrooms, &c., originate, [172].
Naked, wanting some usual covering, as achlamydeous flowers, [86]; gymnospermous seeds, [109], [125], &c.
Names in botany, [179].
Nanus, Latin for dwarf.
Napiform, turnip-shaped, [35].
Natural System, [182].
Naturalized, introduced from a foreign country, and flourishing wild.
Navicular, boat-shaped, like the glumes of most Grasses.
Necklace-shaped, looking like a string of beads; see [moniliform].
Nectar, the sweet secretion in flowers from which bees make honey, &c.
Nectariferous, honey-bearing; or having a nectary.
Nectary, the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of unusual shape, especially when honey-bearing. So the hollow spur-shaped petals of Columbine were called nectaries; also the curious long-clawed petals of Monkshood, [87], &c.
Needle-shaped, long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines.
Nemorose or Nemoral, inhabiting groves.
Nerve, a name for the ribs or veins of leaves when simple and parallel, [50].
Nerved, furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins, [50].
Nervose, conspicuously nerved. Nervulose, minutely nervose.
Netted-veined, furnished with branching veins forming network, [50], [51].
Neuter, Neutral, sexless. Neutral flower, [79].
Niger, Latin for black. Nigricans, Latin for verging to black.
Nitid, shining.
Nival, living in or near snow. Niveus, snow-white.
Nodding, bending so that the summit hangs downward.
Node, a knot; the "joints" of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a pair of leaves springs, [13].
Nodose, knotty or knobby. Nodulose, furnished with little knobs or knots.
Normal, according to rule, natural.
Notate, marked with spots or lines of a different color.
Nucamentaceous, relating to or resembling a small nut.
Nuciform, nut-shaped or nut-like.
Nucleus, the kernel of an ovule ([110]) or seed ([127]) of a cell.
Nucule, same as nutlet.
Nude, (Latin, Nudus), naked. So Nudicaulis, naked-stemmed, &c.
Nut, Latin Nux, a hard, mostly one-seeded indehiscent fruit; as a chestnut, butternut, acorn, [121].
Nutant, nodding.
Nutlet, a little nut; or the stone of a drupe.
Ob- (meaning over against), when prefixed to words signifies inversion; as, Obcompressed, flattened the opposite of the usual way; Obcordate, heart-shaped, with the broad and notched end at the apex instead of the base, [54]; Oblanceolate, lance-shaped with the tapering point downwards, [52].
Oblique, applied to leaves, &c., means unequal-sided.
Oblong, from two to four times as long as broad, [52].
Obovate, inversely ovate, the broad end upward, [53]. Obovoid, solid obovate.
Obtuse, blunt or round at the end, [54].
Obverse, same as inverse.
Obvolute (in the bud), when the margins of one piece or leaf alternately overlap those of the opposite one.
Ocellate, with a circular colored patch, like an eye.
Ochroleucous, yellowish-white; dull cream-color.
Ocreate, furnished with Ocreæ (boots), or stipules in the form of sheaths, [67].
Octo-, Latin for eight, enters into the composition of Octagynous, with eight pistils or styles; Octamerous, its parts in eights; Octandrous, with eight stamens, &c.
Oculate, with eye-shaped marking.
Officinal, used in medicine, therefore kept in the shops.
Offset, short branches next the ground which take root, [40].
Oides, termination, from the Greek, to denote likeness; so Dianthoides, Pink-like.
Oleraceous, esculent, as a pot-herb.
Oligos, Greek for few; thus Oliganthous, few-flowered, &c.
Olivaceous, olive-green.
Oophoridium, a name for spore-case containing macrospores.
Opaque, applied to a surface, means dull, not shining.
Operculate, furnished with a lid (Operculum), as the spore-case of Mosses, [163].
Opposite, said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the stem from each other (i. e. in pairs), [29], [68]. Stamens are opposite the petals, &c., when they stand before them.
Oppositifolius, situated opposite a leaf.
Orbicular, Orbiculate, circular in outline, or nearly so, [52].
Order, group below class, [178]. Ordinal names, [180].
Organ, any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, &c.
Organography, study of organs, [9]. Organogenesis, that of the development of organs.
Orgyalis, of the height of a man.
Orthos, Greek for straight; thus, Orthocarpous, with straight fruit; Orthostichous, straight-ranked.
Orthotropous (ovule or seed), [111].
Osseous, of a bony texture.
Outgrowths, growths from the surface of a leaf, petal, &c.
Oval, broadly elliptical, [52].
Ovary, that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds, [14], [80], [105].
Ovate, shaped like an egg, with the broader end downwards; or, in plain surfaces, such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise, [52].
Ovoid, ovate or oval in a solid form.
Ovule, the body which is destined to become a seed, [14], [80], [105], [110].
Ovuliferous, ovule-bearing.
Palate, a projection of the lower lip of a labiate corolla into the throat, as in Snapdragon, &c.
Palea (plural paleæ), chaff; the inner husks of Grasses; the chaff or bracts on the receptacle of many Compositæ, as Coreopsis, and Sunflower.
Paleaceous, furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture.
Paleolate, having Paleolæ or paleæ of a second order, or narrow paleæ.
Palet, English term for palea.
Palmate, when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex of the petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers, [57], [58].
Palmately (veined, lobed, &c.), in a palmate manner, [51], [56].
Palmatifid, -lobed, -sect, palmately cleft, or lobed, or divided.
Paludose, inhabiting marshes. Palustrine, same.
Panduriform, or Pandurate, [fiddle-shaped] (which see).
Panicle, an open and branched cluster, [81].
Panicled, Paniculate, arranged in panicles, or like a panicle.
Pannose, covered with a felt of woolly hairs.
Papery, of about the consistence of letter-paper.
Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped; applied to such a corolla as that of the Pea, [91].
Papilla (plural papillæ), little nipple-shaped protuberances.
Papillate, Papillose, covered with papillæ.
Pappus, thistle-down. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle, Groundsel, &c., and whatever in Compositæ answers to calyx, whether hairs, teeth, or scales, [121].
Papyraceous, like parchment in texture.
Parallel-veined or nerved (leaves), [50].
Paraphyses, jointed filaments mixed with the antheridia of Mosses.
Parasitic, living as a parasite, i. e. on another plant or animal, [37].
Parenchemytous, composed of parenchyma.
Parenchyma, soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves, [132].
Parietal (placentæ, &c.), attached to the walls (parietes) of the ovary.
Paripinnate, pinnate with an even number of leaflets.
Parted, separated or cleft into parts almost to the base, [55].
Parthenogenesis, producing seed without fertilization.
Partial involucre, same as an involucel; partial petiole, a division of a main leaf-stalk or the stalk of a leaflet; partial peduncle, a branch of a peduncle; partial umbel, an umbellet, [76].
Partition, a segment of a parted leaf; or an internal wall in an ovary, anther, &c.
Patelliform, disk-shaped, like the patella or kneepan.
Patent, spreading, open. Patulous, moderately spreading.
Pauci-, in composition, few; as pauciflorous, few-flowered, &c.
Pear-shaped, solid obovate, the shape of a pear.
Pectinate, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close divisions, like the teeth of a comb.
Pedate, like a bird's foot; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divisions again cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c.
Pedicel, the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster, [73].
Pedicellate, Pedicelled, borne on a pedicel.
Pedalis, Latin for a foot high or long.
Peduncle, a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a flower-cluster, [73].
Peduncled, Pedunculate, furnished with a peduncle.
Peloria, an abnormal return to regularity and symmetry in an irregular flower; commonest in Snapdragon.
Peltate, shield-shaped; said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the petiole is attached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin, [53].
Pelviform, basin-shaped.
Pendent, hanging. Pendulous, somewhat hanging or drooping.
Penicillate, Penicilliform, tipped with a tuft of fine hairs, like a painter's pencil; as the stigmas of some Grasses.
Pennate, same as pinnate. Penninerved and Penniveined, pinnately veined, [51].
Penta- (in words of Greek composition), five; as Pentadelphous, [99]; Pentagynous, with five pistils or styles; Pentamerous, with its parts in fives, or on the plan of five; Pentandrous, having five stamens, [112]; Pentastichous, in five ranks, &c.
Pepo, a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber, [119].
Perennial, lasting from year to year, [38].
Perfect (flower), having both stamens and pistils, [81].
Perfoliate, passing through the leaf, in appearance, [60].
Perforate, pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling holes, as an Orange-leaf.
Peri-, Greek for around; from which are such terms as
Perianth, the leaves of the flower collectively, [79].
Pericarp, the ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit, [117].
Pericarpic, belonging to the pericarp.
Perigonium, Perigone, same as perianth.
Perigynium, bodies around the pistil; applied to the closed cup or bottle-shaped body (of bracts) which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bristles, little scales, &c., of the flowers of some other Cyperaceæ.
Perigynous, the petals and stamens borne on the calyx, [95], [99].
Peripheric, around the outside, or periphery, of any organ.
Perisperm, a name for the albumen of a seed.
Peristome, the fringe of teeth to the spore-case of Mosses, [163].
Persistent, remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall, as the leaves of evergreens, and the calyx of such flowers as persist during the growth of the fruit.
Personate, masked; a bilabiate corolla with a palate in the throat, [92].
Pertuse, perforated with a hole or slit.
Perulate, having scales (Perulæ), such as bud-scales.
Pes, pedis, Latin for the foot or support, whence Longipes, long-stalked, &c.
Petal, a leaf of the corolla, [14], [79].
Petalody, metamorphosis of stamens, &c., into petals.
Petaloid, Petaline, petal-like; resembling or colored like petals.
Petiole, a footstalk of a leaf; a leaf-stalk, [49].
Petioled, Petiolate, furnished with a petiole.
Petiolulate, said of a leaflet when raised on its own partial leaf-stalk.
Petræus, Latin for growing on rocks.
Phalanx, phalanges, bundles of stamens.
Phænogamous, or Phanerogamous, plants bearing flowers and producing seeds; same as Flowering Plants. Phænogams, Phanerogams, [10].
Phlœum, Greek name for bark, whence Endophlœum, inner bark, &c.
Phœniceous, deep red verging to scarlet.
Phycology, the botany of Algæ.
Phyllocladia, branches assuming the form and function of leaves.
Phyllodium (plural, phyllodia), a leaf where the seeming blade is a dilated petiole, as in New Holland Acacias, [61].
Phyllome, foliar parts, those answering to leaves in their nature.
Phyllon (plural, phylla), Greek for leaf and leaves; used in many compound terms and names.
Phyllotaxis, or Phyllotaxy, the arrangement of leaves on the stem, [67].
Physiological Botany, [9].
Phytography, relates to characterizing and describing plants.
Phyton, or Phytomer, a name used to designate the pieces which by their repetition make up a plant, theoretically, viz. a joint of stem with its leaf or pair of leaves.
Pileus of a mushroom, [172].
Piliferous, bearing a slender bristle or hair (pilum), or beset with hairs.
Pilose, hairy; clothed with soft slender hairs.
Pinna, a primary division with its leaflets of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.
Pinnule, a secondary division of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf, [66].
Pinnate (leaf), when leaflets are arranged along the sides of a common petiole, [57].
Pinnately lobed, cleft, parted, divided, veined, [56].
Pinnatifid, Pinnatisect, same as pinnately cleft and pinnately parted, [56].
Pisiform, pea-shaped.
Pistil, the seed-bearing organ of the flower, [14], [80], [105].
Pistillate, having a pistil, [85].
Pistillidium, the body which in Mosses answers to the pistil, [159], [164].
Pitchers, [64].
Pith, the cellular centre of an exogenous stem, [138].
Placenta, the surface or part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached, [107].
Placentiform, nearly same as quoit-shaped.
Plaited (in the bud), or Plicate, folded, [72], [98].
Platy-, Greek for broad, in compounds, such as Platyphyllous, broad-leaved, &c.
Pleio-, Greek for full or abounding, used in compounds, such as Pleiopetalous, of many petals, &c.
Plumbeus, lead-colored.
Plumose, feathery; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pappus or a style) is beset with hairs along its sides, like the plume of a feather.
Plumule, the bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above the cotyledons, [13].
Pluri-, in composition, many or several; as Plurifoliolate, with several leaflets.
Pod, specially a legume, [122]; also may be applied to any sort of capsule.
Podium, a footstalk or stipe, used only in Greek compounds, as (suffixed) Leptopodus, slender-stalked, or (prefixed) Podocephalus, with a stalked head, and in Podosperm, a seed stalk or funiculus.
Pogon, Greek for beard, comes into various compounds.
Pointless, destitute of any pointed tip, such as a mucro, awn, acumination, &c.
Pollen, the fertilizing powder contained in the anther, [14], [80], [103].
Pollen-growth, [117]. Polleniferous, pollen-bearing.
Pollen-mass, Pollinium, the united mass of pollen, [104], as in Milkweed and Orchis.
Pollicaris, Latin for an inch long.
Pollination, the application of pollen to the stigma, [114].
Poly-, in compound words of Greek origin, same as multi- in those of Latin origin viz. many, as
Polyadelphous, stamens united by their filaments into several bundles, [100].
Polyandrous, with numerous stamens (inserted on the receptacle), [100].
Polycarpic, term used by DeCandolle in the sense of perennial.
Polycotyledonous, having many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines, [23].
Polygamous, having some perfect and some unisexual flowers, [85].
Polygonal, many-angled.
Polygynous, with many pistils or styles, [105].
Polymerous, formed of many parts of each set.
Polymorphous, of several or varying forms.
Polypetalous, when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or many), [89].
Polyphyllous, many-leaved; formed of several distinct pieces.
Polysepalous, same as the last when applied to the calyx, [89].
Polyspermous, many-seeded.
Pome, the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits, [119].
Pomiferous, pome-bearing.
Porrect, outstretched.
Posterior side or portion of a flower (when axillary) is that toward the axis, [96].
Pouch, the silicle or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse, [123].
Præcocious (Latin, præcox), unusually early in development.
Præfloration, same as æstivation, [97].
Præfoliation, same as vernation, [71].
Præmorse, ending abruptly, as if bitten off.
Pratensis, Latin for growing in meadows.
Prickles, sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose.
Prickly, bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them.
Primine, the outer coat of the covering of the ovule, [110].
Primordial, earliest formed; primordial leaves are the first after the cotyledons.
Prismatic, prism-shaped; having three or more angles bounding flat sides.
Procerous, tall, or tall and slim.
Process, any projection from the surface or edge of a body.
Procumbent, trailing on the ground, [39].
Procurrent, running through but not projecting.
Produced, extended or projecting; the upper sepal of a Larkspur is produced above into a spur, [87].
Proliferous (literally, bearing offspring), where a new branch rises from an older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another.
Propaculum or Propagulum, a shoot for propagation.
Prosenchyma, a tissue of wood-cells.
Prostrate, lying flat on the ground, [39].
Protandrous or Proterandrous, the anthers first maturing, [116].
Proteranthous, flowering before leafing.
Proterogynous or Protogynous, the stigmas first to mature, [116].
Prothallium or Prothallus, [160].
Protoplasm, the soft nitrogenous lining or contents, or living part, of cells, [129].
Protos, Greek for first; in various compounds.
Pruinose, Pruinate, frosted; covered with a powder like hoar-frost.
Pseudo-, Greek for false. Pseudo-bulb, the aerial corms of epiphytic Orchids, &c.
Psilos, Greek for bare or naked, used in many compounds.
Pteridophyta, Pteridophytes, [156].
Pteris, Greek for wing, and general name for Fern, enters into many compounds.
Puberulent, covered with fine and short or almost imperceptible down.
Pubescent, hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs or pubescence.
Pulverulent or Pulveraceous, as if dusted with fine powder.
Pulvinate, cushioned, or shaped like a cushion.
Pumilus, low or little.
Punctate, dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such.
Puncticulate, minutely punctate.
Pungent, prickly-tipped.
Puniceous, carmine-red.
Purpureus, originally red or crimson, more used for duller or bluish-red.
Pusillus, weak and small, tiny.
Putamen, the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut, [120].
Pygmæus, Latin for dwarf.
Pyramidal, shaped like a pyramid.
Pyrene, Pyrena, a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe.
Pyriform, pear-shaped.
Pyxidate, furnished with a lid.
Pyxis, Pyxidium, a pod opening round horizontally by a lid, [124].
Quadri-, in words of Latin origin, four; as Quadrangular, four-angled; Quadrifoliate, four-leaved; Quadrifid, four-cleft. Quaternate in fours.
Quinate, in fives. Quinque, five.
Quincuncial, in a quincunx; when the parts in æstivation are five, two of them outside, two inside, and one half out and half in.
Quintuple, five-fold.
Race, a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed, [176].
Raceme, a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the sides of a general peduncle, [73].
Racemose, bearing racemes, or raceme-like.
Rachis, see [rhachis].
Radial, belonging to the ray.
Radiate, or Radiant, furnished with ray-flowers, [94].
Radiate-veined, [52].
Radical, belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root.
Radicant, rooting, taking root on or above the ground.
Radicels, little roots or rootlets.
Radicle, the stem part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root, [11], [127].
Rameal, belonging to a branch. Ramose, full of branches (rami).
Ramentaceous, beset with thin chaffy scales (Ramenta), as the stalks of many Ferns.
Ramification, branching, [27].
Ramulose, full of branchlets (ramuli).
Raphe, see [rhaphe].
Ray, parts diverging from a centre, the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis, [94]), or cluster, as of Hydrangea ([78]), when different from the rest, especially when ligulate and diverging (like rays or sunbeams); also the branches of an umbel, [74].
Ray-flowers, [94].
Receptacle, the axis or support of a flower, [81], [112]; also the common axis or support of a head of flowers, [73].
Reclined, turned or curved downwards; nearly recumbent.
Rectinerved, with straight nerves or veins.
Recurved, curved outwards or backwards.
Reduplicate (in æstivation), valvate with the margins turned outwards, [97].
Reflexed, bent outwards or backwards.
Refracted, bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend.
Regular, all the parts similar in shape, [82].
Reniform, kidney-shaped, [53].
Repand, wavy-margined, [55].
Repent, creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath.
Replum, the frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress), persistent after the valves fall away.
Reptant, same as repent.
Resupinate, inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed.
Reticulated, the veins forming network, [50]. Retiform, in network.
Retinerved, reticulate-veined.
Retroflexed, bent backwards; same as reflexed.
Retuse, blunted; the apex not only obtuse but somewhat indented, [54].
Revolute, rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves, [72].
Rhachis (the backbone), the axis of a spike or other body, [73].
Rhaphe, the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule or seed, [112], [126].
Rhaphides, crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants, [137].
Rhizanthous, flowering from the root.
Rhizoma, Rhizome, a rootstock, [42]-[44].
Rhombic, in the shape of a rhomb. Rhomboidal, approaching that shape.
Rib, the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces of the framework of a leaf, or any similar elevated line along a body, [49], [50].
Rimose, having chinks or cracks.
Ring, an elastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns, [159].
Ringent, grinning; gaping open, [92].
Riparious, on river-banks.
Rivalis, Latin for growing along brooks; or Rivularis, in rivulets.
Root, [33].
Root-hairs, [35].
Rootlets, small roots, or root-branches, [33].
Rootstock, root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground, [42].
Roridus, dewy.
Rosaceous, arranged like the petals of a rose.
Rostellate, bearing a small beak (Rostellum).
Rostrate, bearing a beak (Rostrum) or a prolonged appendage.
Rosulate, in a rosette or cluster of spreading leaves.
Rotate, wheel-shaped, [89].
Rotund, rounded or roundish in outline.
Ruber, Latin for red in general. Rubescent, Rubicund, reddish or blushing.
Rudimentary, imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development.
Rufous, Rufescent, brownish-red or reddish-brown.
Rugose, wrinkled; roughened with wrinkles.
Ruminated (albumen), penetrated with irregular channels or portions, as a nutmeg, looking as if chewed.
Runcinate, coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion.
Runner, a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints, [40].
Sabulose, growing in sand.
Sac, any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity.
Saccate, sac-shaped.
Sagittate, arrowhead-shaped, [53].
Salsuginous, growing in brackish soil.
Salver-shaped, or Salver-form, with a border spreading at right angles to a slender tube, [89].
Samara, a wing-fruit, or key, [122].
Samaroid, like a samara or key-fruit.
Sap, the juices of plants generally, [136]. Sapwood, [142].
Saprophytes, [37].
Sarcocarp, the fleshy part of a stone-fruit, [120].
Sarmentaceous, Sarmentose, bearing long and flexible twigs (Sarments), either spreading or procumbent.
Saw-toothed, see [serrate], [55].
Scabrous, rough or harsh to the touch.
Scalariform, with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder, [134].
Scales, of buds, [28]; of bulbs, &c., [46].
Scalloped, same as crenate, [55].
Scaly, furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture.
Scandent, climbing, [39].
Scape, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it, as in many Violets.
Scapiform, scape-like.
Scapigerous, scape-bearing.
Scar of the seed, [126]. Leaf-scars, [27], [28].
Scarious or Scariose, thin, dry, and membranous.
Scion, a shoot or slip used for grafting.
Scleros, Greek for hard, hence Sclerocarpous, hard-fruited.
Scobiform, resembling sawdust.
Scorpioid or Scorpioidal, curved or circinate at the end, [77].
Scrobiculate, pitted; excavated into shallow pits.
Scurf, Scurfiness, minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot.
Scutate, Scutiform, buckler-shaped.
Scutellate, or Scutelliform, saucer-shaped or platter-shaped.
Secund, one-sided; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c., are all turned to one side.
Secundine, the inner coat of the ovule, [110].
Seed, [125]. Seed-leaves, see [cotyledons]. Seed-vessel, [127].
Segment, a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body.
Segregate, separated from each other.
Semi-, in compound words of Latin origin, half; as
Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane; Semicordate, half-heart-shaped; Semilunar, like a half-moon; Semiovate, half-ovate, &c.
Seminal, relating to the seed (Semen). Seminiferous, seed-bearing.
Sempervirent, evergreen.
Sensitiveness in plants, [149], [152].
Senary, in sixes.
Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx, [14], [79].
Sepaloid, sepal-like. Sepaline, relating to the sepals.
Separated Flowers, those having stamens or pistils only, [85].
Septate, divided by partitions.
Septenate, with parts in sevens.
Septicidal, where dehiscence is through the partitions, [123].
Septiferous, bearing the partition.
Septifragal, where the valves in dehiscence break away from the partitions, [123].
Septum (plural septa), a partition or dissepiment.
Serial, or Seriate, in rows; as biserial, in two rows, &c.
Sericeous, silky; clothed with satiny pubescence.
Serotinous, late in the season.
Serrate, the margin cut into teeth (Serratures) pointing forwards, [55].
Serrulate, same as the last, but with fine teeth.
Sessile, sitting; without any stalk.
Sesqui-, Latin for one and a half; so Sesquipedalis, a foot and a half long.
Seta, a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle.
Setaceous, bristle-like. Setiform, bristle-shaped.
Setigerous, bearing bristles. Setose, beset with bristles or bristly hairs.
Setula, a diminutive bristle. Setulose, provided with such.
Sex, six. Sexangular, six-angled. Sexfarious, six-faced.
Sheath, the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are
Sheathing, wrapped round the stem.
Shield-shaped, same as scutate, or as peltate, [53].
Shrub, Shrubby, [39].
Sieve-cells, [140].
Sigmoid, curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek sigma.
Silicle, a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family, [123].
Siliculose, bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it.
Silique, capsule of the Cress Family, [123].
Siliquose, bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques.
Silky, glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs.
Silver-grain, the medullary rays of wood, [139].
Silvery, shining white or bluish-gray, usually from a silky pubescence.
Simple, of one piece; opposed to compound.
Sinistrorse, turned to the left.
Sinuate, with margin alternately bowed inwards and outwards, [55].
Sinus, a recess or bay; the re-entering angle between two lobes or projections.
Sleep of Plants (so called), [151].
Smooth, properly speaking not rough, but often used for glabrous, i. e. not pubescent.
Soboliferous, bearing shoots (Soboles) from near the ground.
Solitary, single; not associated with others.
Sordid, dull or dirty in hue.
Sorediate, bearing patches on the surface.
Sorosis, name of a multiple fruit, like a pine-apple.
Sorus, a fruit-dot of Ferns, [159].
Spadiceous, chestnut-colored. Also spadix-bearing.
Spadix, a fleshy spike of flowers, [75].
Span, the distance between the tip of the thumb and of little finger outstretched, six or seven inches.
Spathaceous, resembling or furnished with a
Spathe, a bract which inwraps an inflorescence, [75].
Spatulate, or Spathulate, shaped like a spatula, [52].
Species, [175].
Specific Names, [179].
Specimens, [184].
Spermaphore, or Spermophore, one of the names of the placenta.
Spermum, Latin form of Greek word for seed; much used in composition.
Spica, Latin for spike; hence Spicate, in a spike, Spiciform, in shape resembling a spike.
Spike, an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile, [74].
Spikelet, a small or a secondary spike; the inflorescence of Grasses.
Spindle-shaped, tapering to each end, like a radish, [36].
Spinescent, tipped by or degenerating into a thorn.
Spinose, or Spiniferous, thorny.
Spiral Vessels or ducts, [135].
Spithameous, span-high.
Spora, Greek name for seed, used in compound words.
Sporadic, widely dispersed.
Sporangium, a spore-case in Ferns, &c., [158].
Spore, a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in them the analogue of a seed.
Spore-case (Sporangium), [158].
Sporocarp, [162].
Sport, a newly appeared variation, [176].
Sporule, same as a spore, or a small spore.
Spumescent, appearing like froth.
Spur, any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur but hollow, as that of Larkspur, fig. [239].
Squamate, Squamose, or Squamaceous, furnished with scales (squamæ).
Squamellate, or Squamulose, furnished with little scales (Squamellæ, or Squamulæ).
Squamiform, shaped like a scale.
Squarrose, where scales, leaves, or any appendages spread widely from the axis on which they are thickly set.
Squarrulose, diminutive of squarrose; slightly squarrose.
Stachys, Greek for spike.
Stalk, the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be.
Staminate, furnished with stamens, [86]. Stamineal, relating to the stamens.
Staminodium, an abortive stamen, or other body in place of a stamem.
Standard, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla, [92].
Station, the particular kind of situation in which a plant naturally occurs.
Stellate, Stellular, starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread out from a common centre, like a star.
Stem, [39]. Stemlet, diminutive stem.
Stemless, destitute or apparently destitute of stem.
Stenos, Greek for narrow; hence Stenophyllous, narrow-leaved, &c.
Sterile, barren or imperfect.
Stigma, the part of the pistil which receives the pollen, [14], [80], [105].
Stigmatic, or Stigmatose, belonging to the stigma.
Stipe (Latin Stipes), the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any, [112]; also of a Fern, [158], and of a Mushroom, [172].
Stipel, a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, &c.
Stipellate, furnished with stipels, as in the Bean tribe.
Stipitate, furnished with a stipe.
Stipulaceous, belonging to stipules. Stipulate, furnished with stipules.
Stipules, the appendages on each side of the base of certain leaves, [66].
Stirps (plural, stirpes), Latin for race.
Stock, used for race or source. Also for any root-like base from which the herb grows up.
Stole, or Stolon, a trailing or reclined and rooting shoot, [40].
Stoloniferous, producing stolons.
Stomate (Latin Stoma, plural Stomata), the breathing-pores of leaves, [144].
Stone-fruit, [119].
Storage-leaves, [62].
Stramineous, straw-like, or straw-colored.
Strap-shaped, long, flat, and narrow.
Striate, or Striated, marked with slender longitudinal grooves or stripes.
Strict, close and narrow; straight and narrow.
Strigillose, Strigose, beset with stout and appressed, stiff or rigid bristles.
Strobilaceous, relating to or resembling a
Strobile, a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, [124].
Strombuliform, twisted, like a spiral shell.
Strophiole, same as caruncle, [126]. Strophiolate, furnished with a strophiole.
Struma, a wen; a swelling or protuberance of any organ.
Strumose, bearing a struma.
Stupose, like tow.
Style, a stalk between ovary and stigma, [14], [80], [105].
Styliferous, Stylose, bearing styles or conspicuous ones.
Stylopodium, an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style.
Sub-, as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat; as Subcordate, slightly cordate; Subserrate, slightly serrate; Subaxillary, just beneath the axil, &c.
Subclass, Suborder, Subtribe, [178].
Suberose, corky or cork-like in texture.
Subulate, awl-shaped; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp point.
Succise, as if cut off at lower end.
Succubous, when crowded leaves are each covered by base of next above.
Suckers, shoots from subterranean branches, [39].
Suffrutescent, slightly shrubby or woody at the base only, [39].
Suffruticose, rather more than suffrutescent, [37], [39].
Sulcate, grooved longitudinally with deep furrows.
Superior, above, [96]; sometimes equivalent to posterior, [96].
Supernumerary Buds, [30], [31].
Supervolute, plaited and convolute in bud, [97].
Supine, lying flat, with face upward.
Supra-axillary, borne above the axil, as some buds, [31].
Supra-decompound, many times compounded or divided.
Surculose, producing suckers (Surculi) or shoots resembling them.
Suspended, hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very summit of the cell which contains them.
Sutural, belonging or relating to a suture.
Suture, the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together, [106].
Sword-shaped, applied to narrow leaves, with acute parallel edges, tapering above.
Syconium, the fig-fruit, [124].
Sylvestrine, growing in woods.
Symmetrical Flower, similar in the number of parts of each set, [82].
Sympetalous, same as gamopetalous.
Sympode, Sympodium, a stem composed of a series of superposed branches in such a way as to imitate a simple axis, as in Grape-vine.
Synantherous or Syngenesious, where stamens are united by their anthers, [100].
Syncarpous (fruit or pistil), composed of several carpels consolidated into one.
Synonym, an equivalent superseded name.
Synsepalous, same as gamosepalous.
System (artificial and natural), [182], [183].
Systematic Botany, the study of plants after their kinds, [9].
Tabescent, wasting or shrivelling.
Tail, any long and slender prolongation of an organ.
Taper-pointed, same as acuminate, [54].
Tap-root, a root with a stout tapering body, [32]-[35].
Tawny, dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown.
Taxonomy, the part of botany which treats of classification.
Tegmen, a name for the inner seed-coat.
Tendril, a thread-shaped organ used for climbing, [40].
Terete, long and round; same as cylindrical, only it may taper.
Terminal, borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit.
Terminology treats of technical terms; same as Glossology, [181].
Ternate, Ternately, in threes.
Tessellate, in checker-work.
Testa, the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed, [125].
Testaceous, the color of unglazed pottery.
Tetra- (in words of Greek composition), four; as, Tetracoccous, of four cocci.
Tetradynamous, where a flower has six stamens, two shorter than the four, [101].
Tetragonal, four-angled. Tetragynous, with four pistils or styles. Tetramerous, with its parts or sets in fours. Tetrandrous, with four stamens, [100].
Tetraspore, a quadruple spore, [169].
Thalamaflorous, with petals and stamens inserted on the torus or Thalamus.
Thallophyta, Thallophytes, [165].
Thallus, a stratum, in place of stem and leaves, [165].
Theca, a case; the cells or lobes of the anther.
Thecaphore, the stipe of a carpel, [113].
Thorn, an indurated pointed branch, [41], [42].
Thread-shaped, slender and round or roundish, like a thread.
Throat, the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the border and the tube join, and a little below, [89].
Thyrse or Thyrsus, a compact and pyramidal panicle of cymes or cymules, [79].
Tomentose, clothed with matted woolly hairs (tomentum).
Tongue-shaped, long and flat, but thickish and blunt.
Toothed, furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the margin; used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do not point forwards, [55].
Top-shaped, shaped like a top, or a cone with apex downwards.
Torose, Torulose, knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals.
Torus, the receptacle of the flower, [81], [112].
Trachea, a spiral duct.
Trachys, Greek for rough; used in compounds, as, Trachyspermous, rough-seeded.
Transverse, across, standing right and left instead of fore and aft.
Tri- (in composition), three; as,
Triadelphous, stamens united by their filaments into three bundles, [99].
Triandrous, where the flower has three stamens, [112].
Tribe, [178].
Trichome, of the nature of hair or pubescence.
Trichotomous, three-forked.
Tricoccous, of three cocci or roundish carpels.
Tricolor, having three colors.
Tricostate, having three ribs.
Tricuspidate, three-pointed.
Tridentate, three-toothed.
Triennial, lasting for three years.
Trifarious, in three vertical rows; looking three ways.
Trifid, three-cleft, [56].
Trifoliate, three-leaved. Trifoliolate, of three leaflets.
Trifurcate, three-forked.
Trigonous, three-angled, or triangular.
Trigynous, with three pistils or styles, [116].
Trijugate, in three pairs (jugi).
Trilobed or Trilobate, three-lobed, [55].
Trilocular, three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. [328-330].
Trimerous, with its parts in threes.
Trimorphism, [117]. Trimorphic or Trimorphous, in three forms.
Trinervate, three-nerved, or with three slender ribs.
Triœcious, where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different individuals, as in Red Maple. A form of Polygamous.
Tripartible, separable into three pieces. Tripartite, three-parted, [55].
Tripetalous, having three petals.
Triphyllous, three-leaved; composed of three pieces.
Tripinnate, thrice pinnate, [59]. Tripinnatifid, thrice pinnately cleft, [57].
Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, &c., where a midrib branches into three, near the base of the leaf.
Triquetrous, sharply three-angled; and especially with the sides concave, like a bayonet.
Triserial, or Triseriate, in three rows, under each other.
Tristichous, in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.
Tristigmatic, or Tristigmatose, having three stigmas.
Trisulcate, three-grooved.
Triternate, three times ternate, [59].
Trivial Name, the specific name.
Trochlear, pulley-shaped.
Trumpet-shaped, tubular; enlarged at or towards the summit.
Truncate, as if cut off at the top.
Trunk, the main stem or general body of a stem or tree.
Tube (of corolla, &c.), [89].
Tuber, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with eyes (buds) on the sides, [44].
Tubercle, a small excrescence.
Tubercled, or Tuberculate, bearing excrescences or pimples.
Tubæform, trumpet-shaped.
Tuberous, resembling a tuber. Tuberiferous, bearing tubers.
Tubular, hollow and of an elongated form; hollowed like a pipe, [91].
Tubuliflorous, bearing only tubular flowers.
Tunicate, coated; invested with layers, as an onion, [46].
Turbinate, top-shaped.
Turio (plural turiones), strong young shoots or suckers springing out of the ground; as Asparagus-shoots.
Turnip-shaped, broader than high, abruptly narrowed below, [35].
Twining, ascending by coiling round a support, [39].
Type, the ideal pattern, [10].
Typical, well exemplifying the characteristics of a species, genus, &c.
Uliginose, growing in swamps.
Umbel, the umbrella-like form of inflorescence, [74].
Umbellate, in umbels. Umbelliferous, bearing umbels.
Umbellet (umbellula), a secondary or partial umbel, [76].
Umbilicate, depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple; with a navel.
Umbonate, bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss (umbo).
Umbraculiform, umbrella-shaped.
Unarmed, destitute of spines, prickles, and the like.
Uncial, an inch (uncia) in length.
Uncinate, or Uncate, hook-shaped; hooked over at the end.
Under-shrub, partially shrubby, or a very low shrub.
Undulate or Undate, wavy, or wavy-margined, [55].
Unequally pinnate, pinnate with an odd number of leaflets, [65].
Unguiculate, furnished with a claw (unguis), [91].
Uni-, in compound words, one; as Unicellular, one-celled.
Uniflorous, one-flowered.
Unifoliate, one-leaved. Unifoliolate, of one leaflet, [59].
Unijugate, of one pair.
Unilabiate, one-lipped.
Unilateral, one-sided.
Unilocular, one-celled.
Uniovulate, having only one ovule.
Uniserial, in one horizontal row.
Unisexual, having stamens or pistils only, [85].
Univalved, a pod of only one piece after dehiscence.
Unsymmetrical Flowers, [86].
Urceolate, urn-shaped.
Utricle, a small thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot, [121].
Utricular, like a small bladder.
Vaginate, sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina).
Valve, one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any similar body, splits, [122], [123].
Valvate, Valvular, opening by valves. Valvate, in æstivation, [97].
Variety, [176].
Vascular, containing vessels, or consisting of vessels or ducts, [134].
Vascular Cryptogams, [156].
Vaulted, arched; same as fornicate.
Vegetable Life, &c., [128]. Vegetable anatomy, [129].
Veins, the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c., [49], [50].
Veined, Veiny, furnished with evident veins. Veinless, destitute of veins.
Veinlets, the smaller ramifications of veins, [50].
Velate, furnished with a veil.
Velutinous, velvety to the touch.
Venation, the veining of leaves, &c., [50].
Venenate, poisonous.
Venose, veiny; furnished with conspicuous veins.
Ventral, belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which looks towards the axis or centre of the flower; the opposite of dorsal; as the
Ventral Suture, [106].
Ventricose, inflated or swelled out on one side.
Venulose, furnished with veinlets.
Vermicular, worm-like, shaped like worms.
Vernal, belonging to spring.
Vernation, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud, [71].
Vernicose, the surface appearing as if varnished.
Verrucose, warty; beset with little projections like warts.
Versatile, attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro, [101].
Vertex, same as apex.
Vertical, upright, perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise.
Verticil, a whorl, [68]. Verticillate, whorled, [68].
Verticillaster, a false whorl, formed of a pair of opposite cymes.
Vesicular, bladdery.
Vespertine, appearing or expanding at evening.
Vessels, ducts, &c., [134].
Vexillary, Vexillar, relating to the
Vexillum, the standard of a papilionaceous flower, [92].
Villose, shaggy with long and soft hairs (Villosity).
Vimineous, producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work.
Vine, in the American use, any trailing or climbing stem; as a Grape-vine.
Virescent, Viridescent, greenish; turning green.
Virgate, wand-shape; as a long, straight, and slender twig.
Viscous, Viscid, having a glutinous surface.
Vitta (plural vittæ), the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferæ.
Vitelline, yellow, of the hue of yolk of egg.
Viviparous, sprouting or germinating while attached to the parent plant.
Voluble, twining; as the stem of Hops and Beans, [39].
Volute, rolled up in any way.
Wavy, the surface or margin alternately convex and concave, [55].
Waxy, resembling beeswax in texture or appearance.
Wedge-shaped, broad above, tapering by straight lines to a narrow base, [53].
Wheel-shaped, [89].
Whorl, an arrangement of leaves, &c., in circles around the stem.
Whorled, arranged in whorls, [68].
Wing, any membranous expansion. Wings of papilionaceous flowers, [92].
Winged, furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm, fig. [300, 301].
Wood, [133], [142]. Woody, of the texture or consisting of wood.
Woody Fibre, or Wood-Cells, [134].
Woolly, clothed with long and entangled soft hairs.
Xanthos, Greek for yellow, used in compounds; as Xanthocarpus, yellow-fruited.
Zygomorphous, said of a flower which can be bisected only in one plane into similar halves.