EXERCISE 2 (62).
Translate into Spanish—
1. An "iron framing" is a framing made of iron, but a "steam engine" (máquina a vapor) is an engine moved by steam.
2. I had the intention of giving more such examples but I believe one is enough.
3. In the construction of this building the architect had in view both the beautiful and the practical.
4. Yes, see how (cuán) elegant and at the same time how solid these columns are!
5. Business conducted through us (por nuestro medio) is different from the many advertised systems and promised short cuts to wealth which are dangled before the eyes of the (con que se deslumbra al) public.
6. Our plan is a plain (sencillo), straightforward method of operating by which we undertake to implicitly carry out (cumplir con) the instructions of our customers.
7. Our best advice and service are always at your command (a su disposición).
8. "Kaffirs" have resorted to (han llegado) a state of idleness (inercia) coupled with steadily (más y más) sagging (aflojados) prices.
9. Holders of spot cotton have again experienced quite a brisk inquiry (una demanda muy activa) from spinners, who have freely (abundantemente) covered forward sales (para sus entregas futuras) of yarn.
10. They also took up large lines (grandes cantidades) of cotton previously contracted for (contratadas).
11. The total turnover (las ventas totales) was not quite as good as expected.
LESSON XXXII.
(Lección trigéima segunda.)
THE NOUN.
1. The gender of names of countries, provinces, and towns is according to their termination (Lesson III), but those ending in d are generally masculine.
Exceptions are found, the names "ciudad" or "pueblo" being then understood.
2. Names of trees are masculine, those of fruits are feminine.
EXCEPTIONS—
+————————————————+——————————————+
|La higuera (the fig-tree) |El melocotón (the peach) |
|La palma (the palm-tree) |El albérchigo (the peach) |
|La viña (the vine-tree) |El durazno (the apricot) |
|El dátil (the date) |El albaricoque (the apricot)|
|El pistacho (the pistachio-nut) |El mango (the mango) |
|El higo (the fig) | |
+————————————————+——————————————+
And a few more.
3. A masculine article is used with other parts of speech whole sentences used substantively, as—
Quiero un sí ó un no claro: I want a clear (decisive) yes or no.
El aprender es útil: Learning is useful.
El que lo haya hecho sin consultarme no puede serme de grande gusto:
That he did it without consulting me is certainly not pleasing to me.
A list of principal exceptions to the rule given on Spanish gender by termination is given in Appendix I.
To the rules for the formation of the plural (Lesson III) we shall add—
1. Family names ending in z unstressed do not change—
Juan Fernández But—El Sr. Ruiz
Los Señores Fernández Los Señores Ruices
2. The names of the vowels pluralize in es— Las aes, las ees, las íes, las oes, las úes.
3. Some Latin words used in Spanish, as—Accessit, déficit, fiat, ultimatum, agnus dei, etc., do not change for the plural, except—Album—álbumes.
For other peculiarities of number see Appendix II. Collective nouns in Spanish are generally followed by the verb in the singular, as—La gente piensa: People think.
But after a collective noun, indefinite in its meaning, the verb may follow in the plural, as—Una cantidad de géneros se vendió, or vendieron en subasta: A quantity of goods was or were sold by auction.
N.B.—The tendency of the language is in favour of the singular.
=Poner= (to put, to place).
Past Part., Puesto. Pres. Indic., Pongo.[174] Imper. Mood, Pon … poned …[175] Past Def., Puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron. Future Indic., Pondré, pondras, pondrá, pondremos, pondéis, pondrán.
=Querer= (to want a thing or person, to love a person, to be willing).
Pres. Indic., Quiero, quieres, quiere,—,—, quieren. [176] Past Def., Quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron. _Fut. Indic., _Querré, querrás, querrá, querremos, querréis, querrán.
[Footnote 174: Verbs which are irregular in the Pres. Indic. 1st person singular only, have the same irregularity in the present subj. all through.]
[Footnote 175: The 1st person pi. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. of the
Imperative Mood are taken from the Subj. Mood.]
[Footnote 176: Verbs which in the pres. indic. are irregular in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd pers. sing. and 3rd pers. pl. have the same irregularities in the pres. subj. in the same persons.]
=Saber= (to know).
_Pres. Indic., _Sé, . . . _Pres. Subj., _Sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan. _Past Def., _Supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron. _Fut. Indic., _Sabré, sabrás, sabrá, sabremos, sabréis, sabrán.