VOCABULARY.
=apuro=, straits, embarrassment =armas blancas=, side arms =armas de fuego=, fire-arms =*atravesar=, to traverse, to cross =campos=, fields =cierre=, lock-out =compensar=, to compensate, to make good =*darse a partido=, to yield, to submit =disturbio=, disturbance =enfurecido, furioso=, furious (enfuriated) =enseñanza=, teaching =*escarmentar=, to take warning =fracaso=, failure =la fuente=, the fountain, source =fuerza motriz=, motive power =fundarse en=, to base upon =huelga=, strike (of workmen) =huerta=, orchard =infinidad (una)=, an infinite number =interior=, interior, inland =limitar=, to confine, to limit =mejorar=, to improve =minero=, miner =obrero=, workman =orillas=, banks of a river =palmera=, date palm =población=, villa, town =póliza de seguro=, insurance policy =prescindir de=, to dispense with =regadío=, irrigation =rieles=, rails =tal cual= (of goods), as they are, as they were =tomar en consideración=, to take into consideration, to entertain =turba=, crowd (motley) =virtualmente=, practically, virtually
EXERCISE 1 (63).
Translate into English—
1. La palmera., el pistacho, y la higuera crecen en Andalucía pero los dátiles, los pistachos y los higos que se venden en el mercado inglés provienen principalmente de Berberia, de Grecia y Esmirna (Smyrna).
2. En los recientes disturbios en la provincia de Champaña muchas viñas se han destruido por las turbas enfurecidas.
3. Explíqueme V. el cómo y el cuando del asunto (all about the affair) y luego (then) considerare yo el pro y el contra.
4. Á mi no me importa el que dirán (what people will say).
5. La industria del hierro es una de las principales fuentes de riqueza del Reino Unido.
6. Las máquinas de toda especie, los buques de vapor, los rieles de ferrocarriles, las herramientas mecánicas y agrícolas, las armas blancas y de fuego y una infinidad de otros objetos se deben á esa industria.
7. En el norte de Espana, especialmente en Bilbao se trabaja el hierro en grande escala.
8. El río que atraviesa dicha población presta (gives) fuerza motriz á varias fábricas situadas en sus orillas, y sirve también al regadío de los campos y huertas.
9. Escarmentados por el fracaso de la huelga de los mineros, los obreros hiladores se dieron á partido admitiendo las condiciones ofrecidas por los patronos, evitando así el cierre.
10. Patronos y obreros deberían trabajar armoniosamente y fundados en la justicia; el capital y el trabajo no pueden prescindir el uno del otro.
EXERCISE 2 (64).
Translate into Spanish—
1. The steamer ran aground on the Spanish coast but the crew were saved.
2. People are apt to forget (se olvida facilmente de) the teachings of history (historia).
3. His action has put me in a serious embarrassment.
4. I put it as a condition that the bills be drawn against delivery of B/L and insurance policy.
5. They placed all their trust in their agent.
6. I do not mean to say that they wanted to deceive him.
7. When prices improve we shall be willing (estaremos dispuestos) to sell.
8. I do not know what effect this had on the market.
9. If I knew, I should be able to act accordingly (de conformidad).
10. I do not think he knows (subj.) what suits him best.
11. The Directors are not in the least (absolutamente) disposed to launch upon (lanzarse a) a large foreign trade, so that the operations of the concern (compañía or casa) remain confined practically to the inland market.
12. We received a claim on our last shipment but we refused to (rehusamos de) entertain it as the goods were jobs (géneros imperfectos) and were sold as they were with all faults (imperfecciones).
13. We are sorry our customers should have suffered any loss, but we cannot make it good, and we shall stand our ground (insistiremos en eso).
LESSON XXXIII.
(Lección trigésima tercera.)
AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE TERMINATIONS
(see also Appendix IV).
Examples in English—
Ball, balloon
Book, booklet
Lad, laddie
Man, manikin
These terminations are frequent in Spanish, especially the diminutive.
On (m.), ona (f.)[177] denote augmentation, as—
Libro, book
Librón, large book
[Footnote 177: Feminine nouns, however, generally take =on= and become masculine, as—
Un mujerón: A tall woman.
Except when ambiguity might arise, as:
Un muchachón: A tall or big boy Una muchachona: A tall or big girl.]
ito (m.), ita (f.), ico (m.), ica (f.)
Denote diminution (to which an idea of endearment is always attached which is natural in Spanish when speaking of little objects in the ordinary way.)
If for any reason disparagement or insignificance is suggested then illo, illa, uelo, uela, are used instead.
Other terminations less used are azo, acho, onazo, achón, ote, astro, aco, and a few others (augmentative, suggesting (generally) disparagement); ete, in, ino, itito, itico, itillo, and a few others (diminutive). If a noun ends in a vowel, this is elided[178] before adding the termination.
[Footnote 178: If a noun ends in n (except proper names like "Juan") or r, ito, ico, illo, uelo, change into =cito, cico, cillo, zuelo=. If a noun of one syllable ends in a consonant, or a noun of two syllables ends in e or ío, or contains a diphthong, ito, ico, etc., change into =ecito, ecico=, etc. If a noun of one syllable ends in a vowel, ito, ico, etc., become =ececito, ececico=, etc. Other slight changes occur also.]
The Augmentative and Diminutive terminations have no determinate meaning: they are vague and indefinite and consequently when preciseness is required we must use the adjectives "grande," "pequeño," etc. (which can be employed conjointly with the terminations), as—
Me dió dos librones gruesos y tres libritos delgados: He gave me two heavy big books and three small ones.
Students should use the terminations on and ito but no others until they become familiar with them with reading, as they cannot be used indiscriminately with all nouns.
The termination azo serves also to indicate an injury or explosion from a weapon, as—
Un sablazo (a sabre-cut)
Un puñetazo (a blow with the fist)
Un navajazo (a stab with a knife)
Un cañonazo (a cannon-shot)
With some weapons some other terminations are used—
Una cuchillada (same as navajazo)
Una paliza (a thrashing with a stick)
=Traer= (to bring).
Pres. Part., Trayendo (i unstressed between two vowels always changes into y). Pres. Indic., Traigo. Past Def., Traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron.