VOCABULARY.
=abrigar=, to shelter, to nourish (the hope) =acciones preferentes=, preference shares =agudo=, sharp, keen =aplazar=, to postpone =asistir=, to assist, to attend =atendible=, plausible =atrasado=, overdue =caldos=, wines and oils (collectively) =consabido=, in question, aforesaid =cuenta de venta=, account sale =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =dejar sin efecto=, to cancel =delicado de salud=, in indifferent health =desfavorable, contrario=, unfavourable, adverse =*deshacerse de=, to part with =domicilio=, registered office of a company, also residence =en este momento=, at the present moment =ensayo=, trial, venture =equidad=, fair dealing =*haber menester=, to need =indemnización=, indemnity =junta de acreedores=, meeting of creditors =liquidar=, to liquidate, to settle, to clear off goods, etc. =mediería, artículos de punto=, hosiery =pagaré=, promissory note, note of hand =palacio=, palace =plazo=, term =respiro=, breath, breathing time, days of grace for payment, delay =retirar=, to withdraw (los) =reunidos=, those present =*tener en cuenta=, to take into consideration =trabajar, *ir, á porfía=, to vie with each other =trámites de la ley=, legal means =viaje de ida=, outward voyage =viaje de vuelta=, inward voyage
EXERCISE 1 (53).
Translate into English—
1. Tengo que hacer hoy y no podré dedicarme á la correspondencia.
2. Si V. no quiere liquidar el consabido asunto tendré de apelar á los trámites de la ley.
3. V. no habrá menester de tanto pues abrigo las mejores intenciones y lo que pido es sólo unas pocas semanas de respiro.
4. He aquí pues lo que se ha de hacer, V. me firmará un pagaré para fin de Febrero y queda entendido que no concederé después ninguna extensión del plazo.
5. Si entonces V. no satisface su deuda mi abogado dará los pasos necesarios y V. será responsable de (liable for) los gastos y perjuicios habidos y por haber (damages accrued and to accrue).
6. La Compañía Nacional de Transportes (carriage) ha instalado su domicilio en el nuevo Palacio de la Libertad.
7. Dicha Sociedad tiene un capital de un millón de pesetas; la mitad en acciones preferentes y la mitad en ordinarias.
8. Se ha verificado la junta de acreedores del Sr…. á la cual no asistió el principal interesado por encontrarse delicado de salud.
9. Los reunidos han decidido aplazar dicha junta hasta el 20 del corriente.
10. Fundándose en atendibles razones nuestro corresponsal deja sin efecto el pedido que nos había confiado.
EXERCISE 2 (54).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We shall have to take in the hosiery although it is slightly (un poquito) overdue.
2. We have to give the example of fair dealing ourselves.
3. Who is to decide on the subject of the indemnity due to the captain of the ship?
4. If we want to withdraw the goods without producing (presentar) a B/L. we shall have to sign an indemnity (indemnidad).
5. We have received the account sale for our wines and oils and regret the venture has not turned out as well as we expected.
6. We found a great difficulty in parting with our surplus (excesivas) stock, of which we had to dispose (disponer) at prices very much reduced.
7. We are unable to inform you to what extent (hasta qué punto) you may calculate on (contar con) our remittance, as much will depend on circumstances over which we have no control (independientes de nuestra voluntad).
8. The rate (el tipo) of the insurance premium is 6/-per cent. on the outward and 5/-per cent. on the homeward voyage.
9. I very much question the advisability (dudo mucho la ventaja) of putting prices up at the present moment when so many adverse circumstances have to be taken into consideration.
10. As a matter of fact (en efecto) most of us (la mayor parte de nosotros) think it would be better to reduce them somewhat (algo) now that competition is so keen.
11. They vie with each other in cutting prices down (reducir) with the result that profits are ridiculously low (irrisorios).
LESSON XXVIII.
(Lección vigésima octava.)
THE ADVERBS.
Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
The following are the principal Spanish adverbs—
Abajo (below)
Además (besides)
Adelante, delante (before, in point of place)
Ahora (now)
*Alrededor, *entorno (around)
Amenudo, á menudo (often)
*Antes (before, in point of time)
Antes, antes bien (rather)
Anoche (last night)
Anteanoche (the night before last)
Apenas, así que (as soon as)
Aquí, acá (here, hither)
Allí, allá (there, thither)
De aquí, de allí (hence, thence)
Aun, todavía (still, yet)
Ayer (yesterday)
Anteayer (the day before yesterday)
Bastante (sufficiently)
Bien (well)
*Cerca (near)
*Debajo (under)
*Por debajo (underneath)
Demasiado (too, too much)
*Dentro (within)
*Después (after, afterwards)
*Detrás (behind)
Donde[160] (where)
En breve (shortly)
*Encima (upon, above)
*Enfrente (opposite)
Entonces (then)
*Fuera (outside)
Hacia (towards)
Hacia adelante (forwards)
Hacia abajo (downwards)
Hasta (till, until)
Hoy (to-day)
*Junto (next)
*Lejos (far)
Luego (presently, soon, then)
Mañana (to-morrow)
Mal (badly)
Más (more)
Mejor (better)
Menos (less)
Mientras (whilst)
Mientras tanto (in the meantime)
Mucho (much)
Muy[161] (very)
Nunca, jamás (never)
Ni … ni … (neither … nor …)
Ni tampoco (not either)
Peor (worse)
Pronto (soon)
Tal vez, acaso, quizá, quizás (perhaps)
Tan, así (so)
Tanto (so much)
Tarde (late)
Temprano (early)
Ya[162] (already)
[Footnote 160: After verbs of motion also "á donde." After verbs of rest also "en donde.">[
[Footnote 161: Used as in English, but always muy before a past part., as: Muy apreciado (much esteemed). Such phrases as "He is rich but not very" are translated "Es rico pero no mucho or tanto.">[
[Footnote 162: Ya is also used for "now." "Ya no"—no longer.]
Those marked with an asterisk may govern a noun or pronoun through the preposition de with the exception of junto, which governs these words through á.
Adverbs may be formed from adjectives as in English.
The English termination ly is rendered by =mente= added to the feminine form of the adjective, when this changes for the feminine.
Adverbs are compared like the adjectives, but the superlative relative of adverbs is formed with lo más, and lo menos, as—
Es el más rico: He is the richest.
Esta adornado lo más ricamente posible: It is ornamented in the richest manner possible.
Es el menos exacto: He is the least exact.
Cotice lo menos que pueda: Quote the least you can.
Besides the primitive adverbs given in our list, there are many adverbial locutions—
á toda prisa (with all speed). á la española (in the Spanish fashion). á troche y moche, á trochimoche (in a slipshod way). con blandura (gently). de mala gana (unwillingly). de vez (or de cuando) en cuando (from time to time). tal cual vez (once in a while). un si es, no es (ever so little).
When an adverb is followed by a verb in English que must be inserted in Spanish before a finite mood and de before an infinitive, as—
Después de venir (after coming).
Después que vino (after he came).
The phrases "I say so," " I think it is (so)," "I do not think so," are rendered "Digo que si" (or "lo digo"), "Creo que sí" (or "lo creo"), "Creo que no" (or "no lo creo").
Some adjectives are used adverbially, as in English, without the addition of mente, as—
Vender barato, caro (to sell cheap, dear).
Hablar alto, bajo (to speak loud, low).
When two or more adverbs ending in mente occur in the same sentence, the termination is added only to the last, as—
Escribe clara,[163] concisa[163] y elegantemente: He writes clearly, concisely and elegantly.
[Footnote 163: Notice "clara" and "concisa" in the feminine.]
=Caer= (to fall).
Pres. Ind., Caigo — — — — — Pres. Subj., Caiga, caigas, caiga, caigamos, caigáis, caigan.