VOCABULARY.

=abogar=, to plead =acceder=, to accede =afanarse=, to exert oneself, to take much trouble =ahorrar=, to save =ajuste=, adjustment =á la verdad=, really =altos hornos=, blast furnaces, foundries =amarillo=, yellow, buff =amistad=, friendship =aparentar=, to show outwardly =aprovecharse=, to take advantage of, to avail oneself =aproximarse=, to approach, to draw near =automóvil=, motor-car =azadas=, hoes =azadones=, pick-axes =azuelas=, adzes =bultos=, packages =cizallas=, shears =croquis=, sketch =diseñador=, draughtsman =*disponer=, to dispose, to arrange =echar al correo=, to (throw into the) post =empeoramiento=, deterioration =en blanco=, blank =estancia=, stay =(un) fardín, un cuarto=, a farthing, a trifling amount =*forzar=, to force, to strain =hachuelas=, hatchets =hilar=, to spin =largo de talle=, full, complete =lingotes de hierro=, pig-iron =martillo=, hammer =molestia=, trouble =moratoria=, extension of time (for payment) =palas=, shovels =para= (=estar=), (to be) on the point of … =picos=, picks =plomo=, slate, lead colour =por= (=estar por escribir=), to be (yet) unwritten =previsión=, foresight =los síntomas=, the symptoms =suspender los pagos=, to stop payments =tejer=, to weave =tenazas=, tongs =textil=, textile =*trocar=, to barter, to exchange =yerno, hijo político=, son-in-law

EXERCISE 1. (57)

Translate into English—

1. De España nos vienen las ricas uvas y las jugosas (juicy) naranjas, además de minerales—de hierro y cobre.

2. El viaje por mar desde España á Inglaterra tarda de cuatro á seis días.

3. Desde el año 1900 hasta el 1910 aumentó mucho la población del Reino Unido.

4. Los Altos Hornos de Bilbao se han construido para la producción de lingotes de hierro.

5. La Sociedad reúne poderosos elementos (commands great resources) para la fabricación de toda clase de maquinaria para la hiladura y la tejeduría del algodón.

6. Los bultos se embarcaron directamente por los fabricantes mismos.

7. El empaque y el transporte cuestan lo mismo y precio por precio preferimos ahorrarnos molestias.

8. Por un falso sentido de honor aquella casa forzó su crédito para no tener que pedir moratorias, dando esto por resultado el empeoramiento de su posición.

9. Compré un automóvil por £1,000 mas lo troqué con este que vale á la verdad £1,500 dando sólo £200 por la diferencia.

10. Disponga V. las piezas tantas por parte.

11. Á una veintena por vez colocámos aquellos picos, palas, azadas, azadones, hachuelas, azuelas, martillos, cizallas, y tenazas.

12. Se presentó por su yerno, abogó por él por una hora larga de talle, todo por su hija, pues por el chico (young man, lit., child) maldita la gana que tendría (he would not have liked the idea) de afanarse tanto por él.

13. Haré por colocar sus driles blancos, plomo, y amarillos (buff) para los cuales me dió orden verbal su Sr. hijo durante su estancia aquí y que se despacharán por (or por la vía de) Burdeos y Cartagena.

14. Nuestro mercado sigue muy encalmado sin que por el momento presente síntomas de mejora.

15. La primera carta está para echarse al correo pero la segunda y la tercera quedan aun por escribir.

EXERCISE 2 (58).

Translate into Spanish—

1. He offers a loan to avoid all risk that the house should fall.

2. It would not be possible for it to fall unless the Textile Bank should stop payments.

3. His office is opposite ours and we have him thus under our eyes.

4. With all the weight of the evidence (las pruebas) you have collected (recogido), it would be very risky to proceed against him from such a distance.

5. Between one thing and the other I did not know what to choose, so I left them to settle the matter between themselves.

6. These sketches have been made by our draughtsman for our customers, the owners of the Sugar Mill in Parahyba.

7. He did the work for the pleasure of it but would not (no quiso) charge a farthing for it.

8. The packets arrived two by two.

9. I accede willingly for the sake of old friendship (por la antigua amistad que nos une).

10. As the time of the year is drawing near when your firms effect their purchases in this country, we beg to address you to renew the offer of our services.

11. We shall be extremely glad if you will avail yourselves of our offers and send us orders for some of your requirements.

12. The adjustment of the average per S.S. "Nile" is still hanging fire (todavía pendiente), but we are pushing the Insurance Co. to our utmost (todo lo posible) for a speedy settlement.

13. For a (para) foreigner he understands English methods very well indeed.

14. Being (por ser) so young he shows a good deal of (mucho) tact and foresight.

LESSON XXX.
(Lección trigésima.)

THE CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.

Conjunctions join sentences together; also independent words.

The principal conjunctions are—

*Á menos que (unless)
Á pesar de (in spite of)
Así como (just as)
Así que, de suerte que (so that)
*Afín de que, *Para que (that—in order that)
Aunque, bien que, si bien (although, even if)
*Bien … bien (whether … or)
Como (as)
*Con tal que (provided)
Con que (so)
*Cuando (if)
Mas, pero, empero[166] (but)
Sino (but—after a negative[167])
Ni … ni (neither … nor)
No sea que* (lest, also perhaps)
No obstante (nevertheless)
Ó … ó[168] (either … or)
Ora … ora[168] (now … now—with indic. mood)
Porqué, porque (why, because)
Portanto (therefore)
Puesto que[169] (seeing that)
Pues (since)
Que (that)
Si (if, whether)
Sin embargo (however, notwithstanding)
Según (according)
Siquiera (at least, even)
Y[170] (and)
Ya … ya[171] (whether … or—with subj. mood)
Ya que (since, seeing that)

[Footnote 166: Empero is used same as pero at the beginning of a sentence.]

[Footnote 167: Unless a finite verb follows, as: No tengo dinero pero gozo de buena reputación (I have no money but I enjoy a good reputation).]

[Footnote 168: Before words commencing with o or ho, it changes into ú.]

[Footnote 169: In old Spanish it had the meaning of "even if.">[

[Footnote 170: Before words commencing with i, also hi not followed by a vowel, use é, as: "Padre é hijo," but "Nieve y hielo.">[

[Footnote 171: "Ora … ora" and "ya … ya" both mean "now … now" (with indic. mood), and "whether … or" (with subj. mood).]

The conjunctions marked with an asterisk are always followed by a verb in the Subjunctive Mood.

The English "either" is generally left understood, as—

Exportaciones ó importaciones: Either exports or imports.

"Either" following a negative—tampoco, as—

No quiero comprar Títulos de Gobierno ni Obligaciones de Ferrocarriles tampoco: I do not wish to buy Government Stock, nor Railway Stocks either.

=Interjections=, being mere exclamations, do not stand in grammatical relation to any other word in the sentence.

They are elliptical sentences, as—

¡Oh! (I am surprised, etc.).

The principal Interjections in Spanish are the following—

caramba, cáspita (these express practically all kinds of emotions) ay[172] (oh! grief or threat) bah, ca, quiá (humph!) ce, hola, ola (I say!) chito, chitón (shut up!) cuidado, ¡ojo! (attention! look out!) ea (come!) he (hey) húy (oh! physical pain) ojalá (oh, that) por Dios (for heaven's sake) tate, zape (what! (surprise)) tonterías (nonsense!) uf (oh! weariness or fatigue)

[Footnote 172: This can govern a noun or pronoun, as—¡Ay de mí! Woe to me! ¡Ay de Pedro! Woe to Peter!]

As well as Ah or Ha, Oh or O as in English, and many words used as exclamations, as—

¡Silencio! ¡calle! ¡calle la boca (silence! hush! shut your mouth!) ¡vamos! (much used), (come! come now!) ¡que lástima! (what a pity!) ¡poco á poco! (gently, Sir!) ¡héteme[173] aquí! (here I am!) ¡hételos[173] aquí! (here they are, etc.)

[Footnote 173: Te—ethical dative.]