VOCABULARY.
=á la par=, at the same time =las Antillas=, the West Indies =atropellar por=, to infringe, to trample upon, also to run down (vehicles, etc.) =blando=, gentle, soft =chaconada=, jacconet =ciencia=, science, wisdom =corto=, short, brief =desarme=, disarmament =deseoso=, wishful, eager =dique=, dock =doctrina=, doctrine, knowledge =equivocarse=, to make a mistake =fletar=, to freight, to charter =forros estampados=, printed linings =hidalguía=, chivalry, nobleness, gentlemanly principles =imponerse á=, to command =inconveniencia=, unsuitability, impropriety =el inconveniente=, inconvenience =ladrillos refractarios=, firebricks =lástima=, pity, compassion =nivel=, level =principal=, principal, chief, leading =quejarse (de)=, to complain =responsable=, responsible =rizados, crespolinas=, crimps =tío=, uncle, also a coarse fellow[184] *=tropezar=, to stumble =ufano=, proud, full of dignity =velero=, sailing vessel, sailer
[Footnote 184: Also used before names instead of "Señor" among country folks.]
EXERCISE 1 (71).
Translate into English—
1. Gran lastima es, si lastima grande que las grandes naciones no se pongan de acuerdo para proclamar el desarme general.
2. Santa vida fué la de San Francisco de Asis.
3. Aun los racionalistas respetan a este Santo como también a la profunda doctrina de Santo Tom as de Aquino.
4. Ciertos nombres se imponen al respeto universal.
5. Es cosa cierta que la virtud puede ser patrimonio del hombre pobre como del rico.
6. Pobre excusa seria el pretender haberlo hecho por un simple favor pues esto no convencería a los hombres más simples.
7. El hombre más sabio del mundo puede equivocarse alguna vez, llegue á donde llegare su ciencia (however great, etc.)
8. Si V. me diera el doble, el triple, el quintuple, y aun seis, diez ó cien veces tanto, no cometería esa indelicadeza, atropellando por las leyes de la hidalguía y del honor.
9. El orador habla claro, metafórico, alto, bajo, fuerte, y blando según lo exija el argumento y las circunstancias pero se le demanda que tenga por bianco (to have for his aim) la virtud y el progreso.
10. Ande V. derecho y tenga fuerte que no vaya (lest you) á tropezar y á caerse.
11. Cortés y ufano á la par, repuso: "soy pobre mas soy honrado."
12. Justo lo que debía contestar.
13. Los estudiantes más agudos de ingenio son á veces un tantico alegres de cascos.
14. No importa (never mind), son todos deseosos de aprender y afables con su profesor que además de ser cojo de un pie ya está cercano á su fin.
15. Este tío es duro de cabeza aunque sea dotado de buenas partes.
EXERCISE 2 (72).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We are open (dispuestos) to charter a small steamer or a sailing vessel for St. Thomas in the West Indies.
2. We can offer you a small one for a voyage out and home (de ida y vuelta).
3. The heating surface (superficie de caldeo) is (es de) 20' X 15'.
4. These warehouses are 30' long, 20' wide (de ancho) and 15 feet high (de alto).
5. Some are built with stone and mortar (son de mampostería), others with firebricks, and they are the best in the docks.
6. Last week nothing was doing (no se hacía) on 'Change, but' to-day leading operators are distinctly bullish (trabajan distintamente por la alza) and have acquired a further large holding (y se han afianzado mucho más), being more convinced than ever that prices will climb[185] (subirán) to a much higher level.
7. Meanwhile the market is getting dangerously overbought (el exceso de compras en el mercado se hace peligroso).
8. He gave me too short a notice (aviso) and the consequence was 20 bales were short shipped (no se expidieron).
9. He now complains of being short of (que le faltan) printed linings, jacconets and crimps, also of short measure (de falta de medida) in some of the cloth invoiced.
10. Their orders fall short (son mucho menos) of what we expected.
11. We have run short of (se nos ha acabado) the raw material.
12. Our correspondents are short-staffed (no tienen bastante personal), hence their delaying often to send out (y por tanto a menudo retardan el envío de) our invoices, which is a great inconvenience.
[Footnote 185: To climb—Trepar.]
LESSON XXXVII.
(Lección trigésima séptima.)
THE PRONOUN.
The pronouns Nos and Vos are used for the 1st and 2nd person singular, respectively, in poetry and high-flown prose.
Nos is used in Royal decrees; and Vos often to translate the French "vous" and English "you" in novels. They require the verb in the plural and any occurring adjective in the singular, masculine or feminine according to the sex represented—
Nos el Rey somos justo: We the King are just.
Vos Doña Catalina sois generosa: You, Lady Catherine, are generous.
A subject pronoun following "to be" and preceding a relative may be followed by a verb in the 1st or 3rd person, as—
Soy yo quien giré or giró aquella letra: It is I who drew that bill.
Two or more personal pronouns used as subjects of one verb require the verb in the plural, and in the 1st person in preference to the 2nd and 3rd, and 2nd in preference to 3rd, as—
Yo y tú (or yo y él) vamos; tú y él vais.
A conjunctive pronoun should precede the verb in the Indic. Cond. and Subj. moods, but with the verb in the Indic. or Cond. mood a great latitude is allowed for the sake of euphony or emphasis. The principal idea is to give thereby more prominence to the verb, as—
Entreguéle los bultos, acordéle toda facilidad para el pago y quise acabarlo todo amistosamente.
The conjunctive pronouns lo, le, are both used for "him," "it" (m.), (direct object); the second is more generally used for a person, but no distinction is strictly observed.
Lo (not le) should however be used for "it," referring to a whole statement.
Lo translates often the English "so," as—
Lo digo: I say it, I say so.
Ya lo creo: I should think so.
The conjunctive dative (indirect object) should be le for both genders (sing.). La instead of le for the feminine is however permissible and is used by the best writers.
Les instead of los is often found in the accusative (direct object), masculine plural, but this should not be imitated.
When a conjunctive pers. pronoun follows the verb, the subject pronoun must also follow, as—
Dígolo yo (not yo dígolo): I say so.
Otherwise the position of the subject pronoun in relation to the verb is very arbitrary, the general practice being, of course, to put it before unless the sentence is interrogative.
The conj. pronouns nos and os following a verb in the Imperative mood require the elision of the s and d termination of the verb, as—
Escribámonos: Let us write to each other.
Escribíos: Write to each other.
Conjunctive pronouns are used to substitute the possessive adjective before parts of the body or articles of dress, as—
Me quebré el brazo: I broke my arm.
Se lastimó el dedo: He hurt his finger.
Se puso el sombrero: He put on his hat.
Also—
Me han impuesto una multa sobre los géneros: They have inflicted a fine on my goods.
And in all similar cases when by doing this the possessive may be avoided without creating confusion.
A somewhat similar use of these pronouns is the "ethical" dative, as—
Póngame aquí un clavo: Put me a nail here.
Castígueme este muchacho para que aprenda: Punish this boy (for me) so that he may learn.
Córteme el pelo á este muchacho: Cut this boy's hair.
This "ethical dative" shows the person _interested in the action. Its use is much more frequent in Spanish than in English.
=Conducir= (model verb for all ending in ducir; to conduct, to lead).
Pres. Indic., Conduzco—————
Pres. Subj., Conduzca, conduzcas, conduzca, conduzcamos, conduzcáis, conduzcan.
Past Def., Conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujisteis, condujeron.[186]
[Footnote 186: Not "condujieron." Imp. Subj., of course, Condujese, etc.]