VOCABULARY.

=abordar=, to board, to accost, to approach =*abrir agua=, to spring a leak =ajeno=, belonging to others, outward *=andar en cuestiones=, to dispute =barrica=, cask =cabo=, corporal =¿cómo no?= yes, of course I will *=cubrir (p.p. cubierto)=, to cover *=dar dos pasos=, to take a stroll *=dar la lengua=, to chat, to parley =despejar=, to clear =devanarse los sesos=, to rack one's brains =difunto=, late, deceased =estallar=, to burst, to explode, to break out =formal=, formal, respectable *=ir repitiendo, etc=., to keep repeating, etc. =jefe del despacho=, manager =llevarse bien=, to get on well together =lograr=, to contrive, to attain =machacar=, to hammer, to insist =mandato=, order, injunction =melindroso=, squeamish, very particular =multa=, fine, penalty =Noruego=, Norwegian =peligro=, danger =remolcar=, to tow =sacar en limpio=, to make out ¡=santo y bueno=! that is all very well =sargento=, sergeant =transportar=, to transport, to convey =tul bordado=, embroidered tulle =vender gato por liebre=, to cheat ¡=vaya=! come (exclam.)

EXERCISE 1 (73)

Translate into English—

1. ¿Vió V. á la Señora (the wife) del Coronel?

2. Víla ayer y la dí el recado del Sr. Mayor.

3. ¿Este cabo se lleva bien con sus soldados?

4. Lo creo, me lo ha dicho el sargento.

5. Bueno fuera írselo repitiendo al jefe para que abrevie, si puede ser.

6. Á mi no me cuente para nada (do not take me into account), valdríale mejor verse con (see) el jefe del despacho.

7. Á él le gusta dar la lengua, vaya á hablarle.

8. No le conozco, V. se hace cargo (you understand) que me resulta dificultoso el abordarle, y lo mismo da (it is the same) hablar con V.

9. V. se equivoca, va mucho de Pedro á Pedro (there is a great difference between the two) y en cuanto á su timidez no sea V. melindroso y tenga presente que el que no se atreve no pasa la mar (nothing venture, nothing have).

10. Para no andar en más cuestiones seguiré su mandato (I shall do as you tell me).

11. ¡Que tenga V. buena suerte!

12. Me devané los sesos procurando sacar en limpio lo que quería decir la carta pero no me fué posible y dí al diablo con el hato y el garabato (I gave up the whole confounded thing) como se suele decir.

13. Me puse el sombrero y me fuí para dar dos pasos y despejarme la cabeza.

14. Sr. Juan, V. machaca desde muchos días sobre que le debo dar alguna orden á Don José, pues para darles gusto á ambos salúdemele V. mucho (give him my kind regards), en su primera carta y dígale que me envíe luego 500 piezas de tul bordado repetición de mi pedido anterior, mismos matices.

EXERCISE 2 (74).

Translate into Spanish—

1. It is I who conveyed (trasmitir) that information to him.

2. The goods were conveyed by the Ship Canal (el canal marítimo).

3. Have you made it clear (lo ha explicado claramente) that the risk will be covered whether the casks travel by steamer or other conveyance (medio de trasporte)?

4. Our agent contrived to get the fine refunded (hacerse refundir); he wrote us so.

5. The vessel sprang a leak and was in danger but she spoke (habló con la bocina á) a Norwegian steamer, who gave her assistance and towed her to (al) Havre.

6. The conditions you have put forth (presentado) are altogether unacceptable.

7. Put him in the way (muéstrele V. el modo) of conducting his business without depending on (de) outward assistance.

8. He conducted his late employer's (jefe) business quite satisfactorily.

9. Had I feared he would not conduct his own affairs properly (bien) I should not have financed (comanditado) him.

10. He puts a wrong construction to my words (interpreta mal).

11. He owes us some money and keeps putting us off (y nos va dando largas).

12. He has put off his journey (diferido, aplazado).

13. If you wish me to do business with your goodselves (su estimada casa) you must put me on (concederme) the best possible terms.

14. The alarming news from India has put our market out of gear (descompuesto).

15. Mr. Núñez was dreadfully put out (terriblemente desconcertado) by the news that the revolution had broken out in Ecuador.

16. We must put up with (soportar) some inconvenience.

17. We shall put an end to (acabaremos) this exercise.

LESSON XXXVIII.
(Lección trigésima octava.)

THE PRONOUN. (contd.).

Such expressions as "I did it myself," "You write it yourself," "we spoke to him himself," are translated "Yo mismo lo hice," "V. mismo lo escribe," "Le hablamos á él mismo."

Notice the following idiomatic uses of Lo, La, Los, Las with the verbs haber and hacer—

¿Hay dinero? Is there money?—Sí, lo hay: Yes, there is some.

¿Hay pasividades? Are there any liabilities?—Sí, las hay: Yes, there are some.

¿Hace dos días? Is it two days ago?—No, no los hace: No, it is not.

¿Hace una semana? Is it a week ago?—Sí, la hace: Yes, it is.

¿Hace falta escribir? Is it necessary to write?—La hace, mucho: Yes, very necessary.

In the case of two verbs governing each other as "ir á ver" (to go and see), "mandar hacer" (to have made), etc., a conjunctive pronoun, occurring, may be taken by either verb, as—

Irle á ver or ir á verle: To go and see him.

Mandarlo hacer or Mandar hacerlo: To have it made.

An object pronoun after a preposition may often be either ordinary or reflexive as in English, as—

Los abogados han zanjado el asunto entre sí or entre ellos: The lawyers compromised the matter amongst themselves (or them).

Of course él, ella, ellos, ellas, cannot be used with reference to
"V." "Vs."—

Vs. lo han arreglado entre sí or entre Vs. (but not entre ellos):
You have arranged it between yourselves.

=Demonstrative Pronouns=.

Old Spanish forms now obsolete or seldom used—

Aqueste, etc., aquese, etc., for este, ese, etc.

Estotro, esotro, etc., for este otro, ese otro, etc.

The English expressions "I have not seen him these three months," etc., should be translated "Hace or ha tres meses que no le veo," "Hace or ha tres meses que no le he visto," "No le he visto (or no le veo) desde hace tres meses," "Hace (or ha) tres meses desde que le ví la última vez."

"I have been writing these three hours," is translated "Hace tres horas que escribo (estoy escribiendo)," "Escribo" (estoy escribiendo) desde hace tres horas.

=Relative Pronouns=.

Cuyo in reality a relative possessive pronoun is often used as a pure relative instead of el cual followed by a noun, as—

Lo dí a un cliente, cuyo cliente lo pasó á un amigo de él:

I gave it to a customer which customer handed it to a friend of his.

The correct grammatical construction would be "el cual cliente"; but however much some grammarians disclaim this employment of cuyo, it is in the language and found in the best books and therefore must be accepted.

=Indefinite Pronouns=.

The Indefinite Pronouns algo and nada followed by an adjective, generally (but not necessarily) take =de= before the adjective, as—

Tengo algo (de) bueno: I have something good.
No tengo nada (de) bueno: I have nothing good.

Un nada is used as a noun, as—

Un nada le asusta: A nothing frightens him.

La nada—nothingness.

[Footnote 187: "Morir" is conjugated like "dormir," but has its past part. "muerto." N.B.—"Muerto" is also a double form of the past part. of "matar" (to kill), as—Le han muerto: They have killed him.]