VOCABULARY.
=á=, to, at =amar=[10], to love =el árbol=, the tree =las botas=, the boots =el capitán=, the captain =la camisa=, the shirt =la casaca=[11], the coat =comprar=, to buy =la flor=, the flower =el hombre=, the man =el hermano=, the brother =la hermana=, the sister =el joven=, the young man =la joven=, the young woman =el lápiz=, the pencil =el libro=, the book =la madre=, the mother =mas=, but =más=, more =la mujer=, the woman =nosotros tenemos=, we have =el oro=, gold =el padre=, the father =los pantalones=, the trousers =el papel=, the paper =para=, for =la plata=, silver =la pluma=, the pen =el sombrero=, the hat =él tiene=, he has =V. tiene=, you (sing.) have =Vs. tienen=, you (pl.) have =la tinta=, the ink =el tintero=, the inkstand =*tener=,[10] to have, to possess =yo tengo=, I have =el viejo=, the old man =la vieja=, the old woman =la virtud=, virtue
[Footnote 10: The verbs given in this vocabulary and the following are regular (i.e., they are conjugated respectively as the model verbs given) unless they are marked with an asterisk.]
[Footnote 11: Or americana, more used now.]
EXERCISE 1 (1).
Translate into English—
1. El hombre tiene una pluma.
2. La mujer tiene un libro.
3. ¿Tiene el padre un sombrero?
4. Nosotros tenemos el tintero del (of the) joven.
5. V. tiene el papel y (and) el lápiz de la madre.
6. Vs. tienen la tinta y el papel.
7. Las hermanas aman.
8. El oro y la plata son preciosos (are precious) mas la virtud es (is) más preciosa.
9. La vieja y la joven compran flores (flowers).
10. V. vende sombreros.
11. Vs. tienen las cartas.
12. ¿Compra[12] V. los pantalones?
13. El Señor (Mr.) Brown es hermano de Juan (John).
14. El sombrero, la americana, y las botas son míos (mine).
15. ¿Habla V.?
16. ¿Teme ella?
17. Ellos parten.
18. V. parte.
19. Nosotros compramos géneros (goods) y vendemos flores.
[Footnote 12: The auxiliary "Do" and "Did," used in English in interrogative and negative sentences, are not translated in Spanish.]
EXERCISE 2 (2).
Translate into Spanish—
1. The father, the mother, and the brother.
2. A pencil, a pen, and an inkstand.
3. The old man and the old woman.
4. A hat and some boots.
5. The shirt and the trousers.
6. I buy the tree.
7. He sells some flowers (flores).
8. I fear.
9. He fears.
10. We sell.
11. We set out.
12. You (sing.) set out.
13. I buy.
14. He sells.
15. The brother and the sister sell.
16. They speak to the (al) man.
17. We set out for London (Londres).
18. The old woman has the hat.
19. The old man has the flower.
20. Who (quién) has the ink and a pen?
21. The father has the coat.
22. Gold is precious (es precioso) but virtue is more precious (preciosa).
23. I sell paper to the woman.
24. You (sing.) fear.
25. You (plu.) buy some flowers.
26. She speaks to the sister.
27. The father and the mother of the captain.
LESSON II.
(Lección segunda.)
THE ARTICLE (contd.).
The definite article El is contracted with the preposition de (of or from) into =Del= and with the preposition A, into al as—
Del extranjero: Of or from the foreigner.
Al caballero español: To the Spanish gentleman.
These are the only contractions that occur in Spanish; with the other prepositions the article simply follows, as—
By, for, with, in, on, without, behind, the father:
Por, Para, Con, En, Sobre, Sin, Tras, el padre.
The following are the principal cases in which the definite article is used in Spanish and not in English—
1. Before nouns taken in a general sense, as—
El oro y la plata: Gold and silver.
Los hombres ó las mujeres: Men or women.
2. Before titles denoting dignity and profession,[13] as—
El Señor Fulano: Mr. So-and-So.
El Rey Jorge V.: King George V.
El Profesor Rosales: Professor Rosales.
The only exception is "Don" (Mr.), only used before Christian names, as
Don Francisco (Mr. Francis).
3. Generally before each of several nouns following each other when they are material possessions, as—
La casa y el jardín de mi hijo: My son's[14] house and garden. Las puertas y las ventanas de mi casa: The doors and windows of my house.
But—
La diligencia, devoción, y virtud de mi primo: the diligence, devotion and virtue of my cousin.
4. Before a proper noun qualified by an adjective, as—
El valiente Juan: Brave John.[15]
The following are the principal cases in which the indefinite article is used in English and not in Spanish—
1. Before a noun following the verb "to be," or other similar verbs, as—
Es capitán[16]: He is a captain.
Soy francés: I am a Frenchman.
Se hizo actor: He became an actor.
Le elegimos miembro de esta sociedad: We elect him a member of this
society.
Fué elegido miembro: He was elected a member.
2. After "what" used in exclamations, as: Qué hermosa vista: What a fine view!
3. Before "hundred" and "thousand": 100—ciento, 1,000—mil.
[Footnote 13: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an exclamation.]
[Footnote 14: The 's = possessive does not exist in Spanish. "My son's house" must always be translated as "the house of my son.">[
[Footnote 15: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an exclamation.]
[Footnote 16: Except, of course, when we particularize, as—Es un capitán que conocí en Paris: He is a captain I knew in Paris.]
Imperfect Tense,[17] Indicative Mood.
+———————————————————————————————————+ | =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. | +———————————————————————————————————+ |Yo hablaba | Yo temía | Yo partía | | (I spoke), etc. | (I feared), etc. | (I departed),etc. | |Tú hablabas | Tú temías | Tú partías | |Él or Ella | Él or Ella | Él or Ella | | hablaba | temía | partía | |Nosotros) hablábamos | Nosotros) temíamos | Nosotros) partíamos | |Nosotras) | Nosotras) | Nosotras) | |Vosotros) hablabais | Vosotros) temíais | Vosotros) partíais | |Vosotras) | Vosotras) | Vosotras) | |Ellos) hablaban | Ellos) temían | Ellos) partían | |Ellas) | Ellas) | Ellas) | |V. hablaba (you | V. temía (you | V. partía (you | | (s.) spoke) | (s.) feared) | (s.) parted) | |Vs. hablaban (you | Vs. temían (you | Vs. partían (you | | (pl.) spoke) | (pl.) feared) | (pl.) parted) | +———————————————————————————————————+
Past Definite,[17] Indicative Mood.
+———————————————————————————————————+ | =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. | +———————————————————————————————————+ |Hablé[18] | Temí[18] | Partí[18] | | (I spoke), etc. | (I feared), etc. | (I departed), etc.| |Hablaste | Temiste | Partiste | |Habló | Temió | Partió | |Hablamos | Temimos | Partimos | |Hablasteis | Temisteis | Partisteis | |Hablaron | Temieron | Partieron | | | | | |V. habló | V. temió | V. partió | |Vs. hablaron | Vs. temieron | Vs. partieron | +———————————————————————————————————+
[Footnote 17: The Imperfect tense describes a past action or state in progress; the Past Definite narrates an event. Ex.: I met (past def.)] Charles, who wore (imp.) a black hat: Encontré á Carlos quien llevaba sombrero negro.]
[Footnote 18: The Subject-Pronoun may be left understood, and is generally omitted unless special stress is laid upon it.]