VOCABULARY.
=alemán=[19], German =beber=, to drink =bien=, well =café=, coffee =cerveza=, beer =clavel=, carnation =cliente=, client, customer =comer=, to eat =escribir=[20], to write =estudiar=, to study =exportar=, to export =extranjero=, foreigner =ferretería=, ironware =grande= (pl. =grandes=), large =hijo=, son =hija=, daughter =italiano=, Italian =jardinero=, gardener =leer=, to read =mañana=, morning, to-morrow =manzana=, apple =máquina=, machine =mesa=, table =mi=, my =mucho= (m.), much =mucha= (f.), much =muy=, very =pera=, pear =pero=, but =pobre=, poor =¿qué?= what? =que=, that, who, which =rosa=, rose =su=, his, her, their =su … de V=., your =té=, tea =el … de V=., your =vino=, wine =violeta=, violet
[Footnote 19: Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters.]
[Footnote 20: Past Participle is "Escrito," otherwise regular.]
EXERCISE 1 (3).
Translate into English—
1. Mi hermano habla español (or castellano).
2. V. no habla francés.
3. ¿Habla bien el alemán el primo de su amigo de V. (your friend)?
4. No, Señor, el primo de mi amigo no habla bien el alemán pero habla muy bien el inglés.
5. ¿Cómo está (how is) su hermana de V.?
6. Está muy bien, gracias (thank you).
7. ¿Compra V. papel y tinta?
8. Sí, Señor, y compro lápices y plumas.
9. ¿Quién (who) compra zarazas (prints) y géneros blancos (whites)?
10. El comerciante (merchant) que vino (came) de la Habana.
11. ¿Quién vende máquinas y ferretería?
12. Nosotros exportamos máquinas muy buenas al extranjero (abroad).
13. Estos géneros son para los clientes de V. que parten mañana.
14. ¿Ha hablado V. con Don Francisco?
15. Sí, Señor, le hablé en la ciudad (in town).
16. Las rosas, los claveles y las violetas del jardinero.
17. El amor y respeto de mi hijo y de mi hija.
18. Juan es francés y yo soy inglés.
19. Le han elegido miembro de esta (this) sociedad.
20. Las hermosas rosas sobre la mesa.
21. V. tiene mil libras (£1,000) y yo tengo ciento.
EXERCISE 2 (4).
Translate into Spanish—
1. Do you speak Spanish?
2. No, but I speak Italian well.
3. Do your customers buy (any) goods?
4. They buy machines and ironware, but my correspondent in Havana buys prints in very large quantities (cantidades).
5. Who sells paper and ink?
6. The old man sells them (los vende).
7. Who writes a letter?
8. I write letters.
9. Who drinks wine?
10. I do not drink wine.
11. Do you drink beer?
12. I do not drink beer but I like (me gustan) coffee and tea.
13. Poor John is my friend.
14. What a beautiful (hermosa) rose!
15. Do your brothers study French?
16. Yes, and they study German.
17. Who studies Italian?
18. My sister-in-law studies Italian and French.
19. The merchant (comerciante) was elected a member of your society.
20. Mr. Brown is a captain.
21. John set out for America.
22. I like (me gusta) to study foreign languages (lenguas extranjeras).
LESSON III.
(Lección tercera.)
THE NOUN.
The noun in Spanish has only two genders.
=Nouns= denoting =male= beings are =Masculine=.
" " =female= " " =Feminine=.
When there is no real gender, nouns are called masculine or feminine according to their terminations.
GENERAL RULE.—All nouns that terminate in a, ión, d, also abstract nouns ending in ez, are feminine, as—
La villa: The town. La nación[21]: The nation.
La ciudad: The city or large town. La honradez: Honesty.
The other terminations are masculine.
There are many exceptions to the above rule, principally in nouns ending in E.[22]
[Footnote 21: English words ending in "tion" end in ción in Spanish.
(Note the accent.)]
[Footnote 22: Appendix I—for reference only at this stage.]
=Formation of the Plural of Nouns=.
Nouns ending in a vowel which is not stressed and also nouns ending in E bearing the stress, add =S= to form the plural.
All others add =Es=.
EXCEPTIONS—
1. Nouns ending in Z in the sing. change it into =Ces=. 2. Nouns ending in S do not change unless the last syllable is stressed.
EXAMPLES—
El amo: The master. Los amos: The masters.
El cuñado: The brother-in-law. Los cuñados: The brothers-in-law.
La cuñada: The sister-in-law. Las cuñadas: The sisters-in-law.
El yerno: The son-in-law. Los yernos: The sons-in-law.
La nuera: The daughter-in-law. Las nueras: The daughters-in-law.
El árbol: The tree. Los árboles: The trees.
El examen: The examination. Los exámenes: The examinations.
El lápiz: The pencil. Los lápices: The pencils.
El ómnibus: The omnibus. Los ómnibus: The omnibuses.
El jabalí: The boar. Los jabalíes: The boars.
3. Nouns ending in Y add =Es=, as—
El rey: The king. Los reyes: The kings.
La ley: The law. Las leyes: The laws.
4. The following add only =S= to form the plural—
Papá, Mamá, Bajá (a pasha), Sofá (sofa).[23]
[Footnote 23: Words ending in accented vowels are very few and the rule for those ending in á, ó, ú is not very strict.]
=Compound Nouns= form their plural according to sense, as—
Hijodalgo (a gentleman by birth), literally, "son of something"; Plu.,
Hijosdalgo (literally, "sons of something ").
Ferrocarril (railway), literally, "iron railroad"; Plu., Ferrocarriles
(literally, "iron railroads").
Such nouns are rare.[24]
[Footnote 24: A verb as a component part does not change, as El portabandera (the standard-bearer), Los portabanderas (the standard-bearers).]
=Haber= (to have), auxiliary.[25] =Tener= (to have, to possess).
[Footnote 25: Viz. used only before the past participle of another verb, as (Yo) he hablado (I have spoken).]
Pres. Part., Habiendo. Pres. Part., Teniendo. Past Part., Habido. Past Part., Tenido.
Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood. Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood.
He (I have), etc. Tengo (I have, I possess), etc.
Has Tienes
Ha Tiene
Hemos Tenemos
Habéis Tenéis
Han Tienen
Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood. Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood.
Había (I had), etc. Tenía (I had, I possessed, etc.)
Habías Tenías
Había Tenía
Habíamos Teníamos
Habíais Teníais
Habían Tenían
Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood. Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood.
Hube (I had), etc. Tuve (I had, I possessed), etc.
Hubiste Tuviste
Hubo Tuvo
Hubimos Tuvimos
Hubisteis Tuvisteis
Hubieron Tuvieron