SELECTIONS FOR READING.
[ VI. EXTRACTS FROM BEOWULF.]
The Banquet in Heorot. [Lines 612-662.]
[The Heyne-Socin text has been closely followed. I have attempted no original emendations, but have deviated from the Heyne-Socin edition in a few cases where the Grein-Wülker text seemed to give the better reading.
The argument preceding the first selection is as follows: Hrothgar, king of the Danes, or Scyldings, elated by prosperity, builds a magnificent hall in which to feast his retainers; but a monster, Grendel by name, issues from his fen-haunts, and night after night carries off thane after thane from the banqueting hall. For twelve years these ravages continue. At last Beowulf, nephew of Hygelac, king of the Geats (a people of South Sweden), sails with fourteen chosen companions to Dane-land, and offers his services to the aged Hrothgar. “Leave me alone in the hall to-night,” says Beowulf. Hrothgar accepts Beowulf’s proffered aid, and before the dread hour of visitation comes, the time is spent in wassail. The banquet scene follows.]
Þǣr wæs hæleþa hleahtor, hlyn swynsode,
word wǣron wynsume. Ēode Wealhþēow forð,
cwēn Hrōðgāres, cynna gemyndig;
615 grētte gold-hroden guman on healle,
ǫnd þā frēolīc wīf ful gesealde
ǣrest Ēast-Dęna ēþel-wearde,
bæd hine blīðne æt þǣre bēor-þęge,
lēodum lēofne; hē on lust geþeah
620 symbel ǫnd sęle-ful, sige-rōf kyning.
Ymb-ēode þā ides Helminga
duguðe ǫnd geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne,
sinc-fato [sealde], oð þæt sǣl ālamp
þæt hīo[1] Bēowulfe, bēag-hroden cwēn,
625 mōde geþungen, medo[2]-ful ætbær;
grētte Gēata lēod, Gode þancode
wīs-fæst wordum, þæs þe hire se willa gelamp,
þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde
fyrena frōfre. Hē þæt ful geþeah,
[630] wæl-rēow wiga, æt Wealhþēon,
Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:
“Ic þæt hogode, þā ic on holm gestāh,
sǣ-bāt gesæt mid mīnra sęcga gedriht,
635 þæt ic ānunga ēowra lēoda
willan geworhte, oððe on wæl crunge
fēond-grāpum fæst. Ic gefręmman sceal
eorlīc ęllen, oððe [ęnde-dæg]
[on þisse meodu][2][-healle mīnne] gebīdan.”
640 Þām wīfe þā word wel līcodon,
gilp-cwide Gēates; [ēode] gold-hroden
frēolicu folc-cwēn tō hire frēan [sittan].
Þā wæs eft swā ǣr inne on healle
þrȳð-word sprecen,[3] þēod on sǣlum,
645 sige-folca swēg, oþ þæt sęmninga
sunu Healfdęnes sēcean wolde
ǣfen-ræste; [wiste] þǣm āhlǣcan[4]
tō þǣm hēah-sęle hilde geþinged,
siððan hīe sunnan lēoht gesēon ne meahton
650 oððe nīpende niht ofer ealle,
scadu-helma gesceapu scrīðan [cwōman],[5]
wan under wolcnum. Werod eall ārās;
grētte þā giddum guma ōðerne
Hrōðgār Bēowulf, ǫnd him hǣl ābēad,
655 wīn-ærnes geweald, ǫnd þæt word ācwæð:
“Nǣfre ic ǣnegum[6] męn ǣr ālȳfde,
siððan ic hǫnd ǫnd rǫnd hębban mihte,
Hafa nū ǫnd geheald hūsa sēlest,
[660] gemyne mǣrþo,[7] mægen-ęllen cȳð,
waca wið wrāðum. Ne bið þē wilna gād,
gif þū þæt ęllen-weorc aldre[8] gedīgest.”
[623.] sinc-fato sealde. Banning (Die epischen Formeln im Beowulf) shows that the usual translation, gave costly gifts, must be given up; or, at least, that the costly gifts are nothing more than beakers of mead. The expression is an epic formula for passing the cup.
[638-39.] ęnde-ðæg ... mīnne. This unnatural separation of noun and possessive is frequent in O.E. poetry, but almost unknown in prose.
[641-42.] ēode ... sittan. The poet might have employed tō sittanne ([§ 108, (1)]); but in poetry the infinitive is often used for the gerund. Alfred himself uses the infinitive or the gerund to express purpose after gān, gǫngan, cuman, and sęndan.
[647-51.] wiste ... cwōman. A difficult passage, even with Thorpe’s inserted ne; but there is no need of putting a period after geþinged, or of translating oððe by and: He (Hrothgar) knew that battle was in store (geþinged) for the monster in the high hall, after [= as soon as] they could no longer see the sun’s light, or [= that is] after night came darkening over all, and shadowy figures stalking. The subject of cwōman [= cwōmon] is niht and gesceapu.
The student will note that the infinitive (scrīðan) is here employed as a present participle after a verb of motion (cwōman). This construction with cuman is frequent in prose and poetry. The infinitive expresses the kind of motion: ic cōm drīfan = I came driving.
[1] = hēo.
[2] = medu-.
[3] = gesprecen.
[4] = āglǣcan.
[5] = cwōmon.
[6] = ǣnigum.
[7] = mǣrþe (acc. sing.).
[8] = ealdre (instr. sing.).
The Fight Between Beowulf and Grendel. [Lines 740-837.]
[The warriors all retire to rest except Beowulf. Grendel stealthily enters the hall. From his eyes gleams “a luster unlovely, likest to fire.” The combat begins at once.]
[740] Ne [þæt] se āglǣca yldan þōhte,
ac hē gefēng hraðe forman sīðe
slǣpendne rinc, slāt unwearnum,
bāt bān-locan, blōd ēdrum dranc,
syn-snǣdum swealh; sōna hæfde
745 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod
fēt ǫnd folma. Forð nēar [ætstōp],
nam þā mid handa hige-þihtigne
rinc on ræste; rǣhte ongēan
fēond mid folme; hē onfēng hraþe
[750] inwit-þancum ǫnd wið earm gesæt.
[Sōna þæt onfunde] fyrena hyrde,
þæt hē ne mētte [middan-geardes],
mund-gripe māran; hē on mōde wearð
[755] forht, on ferhðe; [nō þȳ ǣr fram meahte].
Hyge wæs him hin-fūs, wolde on heolster flēon,
sēcan dēofla gedræg; ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr,
swylce hē on ealder[1]-dagum ǣr gemētte.
Gemunde þā se gōda mǣg Higelāces
760 ǣfen-sprǣce, ūp-lang āstōd
ǫnd him fæste wiðfēng; fingras burston;
eoten wæs ūt-weard; eorl furþur stōp.
Mynte se mǣra, hwǣr hē meahte swā,
wīdre gewindan ǫnd on weg þanon
765 flēon on fęn-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald
on grames grāpum. Þæt wæs gēocor sīð,
þæt se hearm-scaþa tō Heorute[2] ātēah.
[Dryht-sęle dynede]; Dęnum eallum wearð
ceaster-būendum, [cēnra gehwylcum],
770 eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre wǣron bēgen
rēþe rēn-weardas. Ręced hlynsode;
þā wæs wundor micel, þæt se wīn-sęle
wiðhæfde heaþo-dēorum, þæt hē on hrūsan ne fēol,
fǣger fold-bold; ac hē þæs fæste wæs
775 innan ǫnd ūtan īren-bęndum
searo-þǫncum besmiðod. Þǣr fram sylle ābēag
medu-bęnc mǫnig, mīne gefrǣge,
golde geregnad, þǣr þā graman wunnon;
þæs ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga,
[780] þæt [hit] ā mid gemete manna ǣnig,
betlīc ǫnd bān-fāg, tōbrecan meahte,
listum tōlūcan, nymþe līges fæðm
swulge on swaþule. Swēg ūp āstāg
nīwe geneahhe; Norð-Dęnum stōd
[785] atelīc ęgesa, ānra gehwylcum,
þāra þe of wealle wōp gehȳrdon,
[gryre-lēoð] galan Godes ǫndsacan,
sige-lēasne sang, sār wānigean
hęlle [hæfton].[3] Hēold hine fæste,
790 sē þe manna wæs mægene stręngest
on þǣm dæge þysses līfes.
þone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlǣtan,
nē his līf-dagas lēoda ǣnigum
[795] nytte tealde. [Þǣr] genehost brǣgd
eorl Bēowulfes ealde [lāfe],
wolde frēa-drihtnes feorh ealgian,
mǣres þēodnes, ðǣr hīe meahton swā.
[Hīe ðæt ne wiston, þā hīe gewin drugon],
800 heard-hicgende hilde-męcgas,
ǫnd on healfa gehwone hēawan þōhton,
sāwle sēcan: þone syn-scaðan
gūþ-billa nān, grētan nolde;
805 ac hē sige-wǣpnum forsworen hæfde,
ęcga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor[4]-gedāl
on ðǣm dæge þysses līfes
earmlīc wurðan[5] ǫnd se ęllor-gāst
on fēonda geweald feor sīðian.
810 Þā þæt onfunde, sē þe fela ǣror
fyrene gefręmede (hē wǣs fāg wið God),
þæt him se līc-hǫma lǣstan nolde,
ac hine se mōdega[6] mǣg Hygelāces
815 hæfde be hǫnda; wæs gehwæþer ōðrum
lifigende lāð. Līc-sār gebād
atol ǣglǣca[7]; him on eaxle wearð
syn-dolh sweotol; seonowe onsprungon;
burston bān-locan. Bēowulfe wearð
820 gūð-hrēð gyfeðe. Scolde Gręndel þǫnan
feorh-sēoc flēon under fęn-hleoðu,[8]
sēcean wyn-lēas wīc; wiste þē geornor,
þæt his aldres[9] wæs ęnde gegǫngen,
dōgera dæg-rīm. Dęnum eallum wearð
825 æfter þām wæl-rǣse willa gelumpen.
Hæfde þā gefǣlsod, sē þe ǣr feorran cōm,
snotor ǫnd swȳð-ferhð, sęle Hrōðgāres,
genęred wið nīðe. Niht-weorce gefeh,
ęllen-mǣrþum; hæfde Ēast-Dęnum
830 Gēat-męcga lēod gilp gelǣsted;
swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte,
inwid-sorge, þe hīe ǣr drugon
ǫnd for þrēa-nȳdum þolian scoldon,
torn unlȳtel. Þæt wæs tācen sweotol,
835 syððan hilde-dēor hǫnd ālęgde,
earm ǫnd eaxle (þǣr wæs eal geador
Gręndles [grāpe]) under gēapne hrōf.
[740.] þæt, the direct object of yldan, refers to the contest about to ensue. Beowulf, in the preceding lines, was wondering how it would result.
[746.] ætstōp. The subject of this verb and of nam is Grendel; the subject of the three succeeding verbs (rǣhte, onfēng, gesæt) is Beowulf.
[751-52.] The O.E. poets are fond of securing emphasis or of stimulating interest by indirect methods of statement, by suggesting more than they affirm. This device often appears in their use of negatives (ne, [l. 13]; [p. 140, l. 3]; nō, [p. 140, l. 1]), and in the unexpected prominence that they give to some minor detail usually suppressed because understood; as where the narrator, wishing to describe the terror produced by Grendel’s midnight visits to Heorot, says (ll. 138-139), “Then was it easy to find one who elsewhere, more commodiously, sought rest for himself.” It is hard to believe that the poet saw nothing humorous in this point of view.
[755.] nō ... meahte, none the sooner could he away. The omission of a verb of motion after the auxiliaries magan, mōtan, sculan, and willan is very frequent. Cf. Beowulf’s last utterance, [p. 147, l. 17].
[768.] The lines that immediately follow constitute a fine bit of description by indication of effects. The two contestants are withdrawn from our sight; but we hear the sound of the fray crashing through the massive old hall, which trembles as in a blast; we see the terror depicted on the faces of the Danes as they listen to the strange sounds that issue from their former banqueting hall; by these sounds we, too, measure the progress and alternations of the combat. At last we hear only the “terror-lay” of Grendel, “lay of the beaten,” and know that Beowulf has made good his promise at the banquet (gilp gelǣsted).
[769.] cēnra gehwylcum. The indefinite pronouns ([§ 77]) may be used as adjectives, agreeing in case with their nouns; but they frequently, as here, take a partitive genitive: ānra gehwylcum, to each one (= to each of ones); ǣnige (instrumental) þinga, for any thing (= for any of things); on healfa gehwone, into halves (= into each of halves); ealra dōgra gehwām, every day (= on each of all days); ūhtna gehwylce, every morning (= on each of mornings).
[780.] Notice that hit, the object of tōbrecan, stands for wīn-sęle, which is masculine. See [p. 39, Note 2]. Manna is genitive after gemete, not after ǣnig.
[787-89.] gryre-lēoð ... hæfton [= hæftan]. Note that verbs of hearing and seeing, as in Mn.E., may be followed by the infinitive. They heard God’s adversary sing (galan) ... hell’s captive bewail (wānigean). Had the present participle been used, the effect would have been, as in Mn.E., to emphasize the agent (the subject of the infinitive) rather than the action (the infinitive itself).
[795-96.] þǣr ... lāfe. Beowulf’s followers now seem to have seized their swords and come to his aid, not knowing that Grendel, having forsworn war-weapons himself, is proof against the best of swords. Then many an earl of Beowulf’s (= an earl of B. very often) brandished his sword. That no definite earl is meant is shown by the succeeding hīe meahton instead of hē meahte. See [p. 110, Note].
[799.] They did not know this (ðæt), while they were fighting; but the first Hīe refers to the warriors who proffered help; the second hīe, to the combatants, Beowulf and Grendel. In apposition with ðǣt, stands the whole clause, þone synscaðan (object of grētan) ... nolde. The second, or conjunctional, ðæt is here omitted before þone. See [p. 112, note on ll. 18-19].
[837.] grāpe = genitive singular, feminine, after eal.
[1] = ealdor-.
[2] = Heorote.
[3] = hæftan.
[4] = ealdor-.
[5] = weorðan.
[6] = mōdiga.
[7] = āglǣca.
[8] = -hliðu.
[9] = ealdres.
Beowulf Fatally Wounded. [Lines 2712-2752.]
[Hrothgar, in his gratitude for the great victory, lavishes gifts upon Beowulf; but Grendel’s mother must be reckoned with. Beowulf finds her at the sea-bottom, and after a desperate struggle slays her. Hrothgar again pours treasures into Beowulf’s lap. Beowulf, having now accomplished his mission, returns to Sweden. After a reign of fifty years, he goes forth to meet a fire-spewing dragon that is ravaging his kingdom. In the struggle Beowulf is fatally wounded. Wiglaf, a loyal thane, is with him.]
Þā sīo[1] wund ongǫn,
þe him se eorð-draca ǣr geworhte,
swēlan ǫnd swellan. Hē þǣt sōna onfand,
2715 þǣt him on brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll
āttor on innan. Þā [se æðeling] gīong,[2]
þæt hē bī wealle, wīs-hycgende,
gesæt on sesse; seah on [ęnta geweorc],
hū þā stān-bogan stapulum fæste
[2720] ēce eorð-ręced innan [healde].
Hyne þā mid handa heoro-drēorigne,
þēoden mǣrne, [þegn ungemete till],
wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede,
hilde-sædne, ǫnd his helm onspēon.
[2725] Bīowulf[3] maðelode; [hē ofer bęnne spræc],
wunde wæl-blēate; wisse hē gearwe,
þæt hē dæg-hwīla gedrogen hæfde
eorðan wynne; þā wæs eall sceacen
dōgor-gerīmes, dēað ungemete nēah:
2730 “Nū ic suna mīnum syllan wolde
gūð-gewǣdu, [þǣr mē] gifeðe swā
ǣnig yrfe-weard æfter wurde
līce [gelęnge]. Ic ðās lēode hēold
fīftig wintra; næs se folc-cyning
2735 ymbe-sittendra ænig þāra,
þe mec gūð-winum grētan dorste,
ęgesan ðēon. Ic on earde bād
mǣl-gesceafta, hēold mīn tela,
nē sōhte searo-nīðas, nē mē swōr fela
[2740] āða on unriht. Ic ðæs ealles mæg,
feorh-bęnnum sēoc, gefēan habban;
for-þām mē wītan ne ðearf Waldend[4] fīra
morðor-bealo[5] māga, þonne mīn sceaceð
līf of līce. Nū ðū lungre [geong][6]
2745 [hord scēawian] under hārne stān,
Wīglāf lēofa, nū se wyrm ligeð,
swefeð sāre wund, since berēafod.
Bīo[7] nū on ofoste, þæt ic ǣr-welan,
gold-ǣht ongite, gearo scēawige
2750 swegle searo-gimmas, þæt ic ðȳ sēft mæge
æfter māððum-welan [mīn ālǣtan]
[līf] ǫnd lēod-scipe, þone ic lǫnge hēold.”
[2716.] se æðeling is Beowulf.
[2718.] ęnta geweorc is a stereotyped phrase for anything that occasions wonder by its size or strangeness.
[2720.] healde. Heyne, following Ettmüller, reads hēoldon, thus arbitrarily changing mood, tense, and number of the original. Either mood, indicative or subjunctive, would be legitimate. As to the tense, the narrator is identifying himself in time with the hero, whose wonder was “how the stone-arches ... sustain the ever-during earth-hall”: the construction is a form of oratio recta, a sort of miratio recta. The singular healde, instead of healden, has many parallels in the dependent clauses of Beowulf, most of these being relative clauses introduced by þāra þe (= of those that ... + a singular predicate). In the present instance, the predicate has doubtless been influenced by the proximity of eorð-ręced, a quasi-subject; and we have no more right to alter to healden or hēoldon than we have to change Shakespeare’s gives to give in
“Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives.”
(Macbeth, II, I, 61.)
[2722.] The þegn ungemete till is Wiglaf, the bravest of Beowulf’s retainers.
[2725.] hē ofer bęnne spræc. The editors and translators of Beowulf invariably render ofer in this passage by about; but Beowulf says not a word about his wound. The context seems to me to show plainly that ofer (cf. Latin supra) denotes here opposition = in spite of. We read in Genesis, l. 594, that Eve took the forbidden fruit ofer Drihtenes word. Beowulf fears (l. 2331) that he may have ruled unjustly = ofer ealde riht; and he goes forth (l. 2409) ofer willan to confront the dragon.
[2731-33.] þǣr mē ... gelęnge, if so be that (þǣr ... swā) any heir had afterwards been given me (mē gifeðe ... æfter wurde) belonging to my body.
[2744-45.] geong [= gǫng] ... scēawian. See note on ēode ... sittan, [p. 137, ll. 19-20]. In Mn.E. Go see, Go fetch, etc., is the second verb imperative (coördinate with the first), or subjunctive (that you may see), or infinitive without to?
[2751-52.] mīn ... līf. See note on ęnde-dæg ... mīnne, [p. 137, ll. 16-17].
[1] = sēo.
[2] = gēong.
[3] = Bēowulf.
[4] = Wealdend.
[5] = morðor-bealu.
[6] = gǫng (gang).
[7] = Bēo.
Beowulf’s Last Words. [Lines 2793-2821.]
[Wiglaf brings the jewels, the tokens of Beowulf’s triumph. Beowulf, rejoicing to see them, reviews his career, and gives advice and final directions to Wiglaf.]
Bīowulf[1] maðelode,
gǫmel on giohðe (gold scēawode):
[2795] “Ic þāra frætwa Frēan ealles [ðanc],
Wuldur-cyninge, wordum [sęcge]
ęcum Dryhtne, þe ic hēr on starie,
þæs þe ic mōste mīnum lēodum
ǣr swylt-dæge swylc gestrȳnan.
[2800] [Nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte]
frōde feorh-lęge, [fręmmað gē] nū
lēoda þearfe; ne mæg ic hēr lęng wesan.
Hātað heaðo-mǣre hlǣw gewyrcean,
beorhtne æfter bǣle æt brimes nosan;
[2805] sē scel[2] tō gemyndum mīnum lēodum
[hēah hlīfian] on Hrǫnes næsse,
þæt [hit] sǣ-līðend syððan hātan[3]
Bīowulfes[1] biorh[1] þā þe brentingas
ofer flōda genipu feorran drīfað.”
[2810] Dyde [him] of healse hring gyldenne
[þīoden][1] þrīst-hȳdig; þegne gesealde,
geongum gār-wigan, gold-fāhne helm,
bēah ǫnd byrnan, hēt hyne brūcan well.
“Þū eart ęnde-lāf ūsses cynnes,
2815 Wǣgmundinga; ealle wyrd forswēop
mīne māgas tō metod-sceafte,
eorlas on ęlne; [ic him æfter sceal].”
Þæt wæs þām gǫmelan gingeste word
brēost-gehygdum, ǣr hē bǣl cure,
[2820] hāte heaðo-wylmas; [him of hreðre] [gewāt]
sāwol [sēcean] sōð-fæstra dōm.
[2795-99.] The expression sęcgan þanc takes the same construction as þancian; i.e., the dative of the person (Frēan) and the genitive (a genitive of cause) of the thing (þāra frætwa). Cf. note on biddan, [p. 45]. The antecedent of þe is frætwa. For the position of on, see [§ 94, (5)]. The clause introduced by þæs þe (because) is parallel in construction with frætwa, both being causal modifiers of sęcge þanc. The Christian coloring in these lines betrays the influence of priestly transcribers.
[2800.] Now that I, in exchange for (on) a hoard of treasures, have bartered (bebohte) the laying down (-lęge > licgan) of my old life. The ethical codes of the early Germanic races make frequent mention of blood-payments, or life-barters. There seems to be here a suggestion of the “wergild.”
[2801.] fręmmað gē. The plural imperative (as also in Hātað) shows that Beowulf is here speaking not so much to Wiglaf in particular as, through Wiglaf, to his retainers in general,—to his comitatus.
[2806.] The desire for conspicuous burial places finds frequent expression in early literatures. The tomb of Achilles was situated “high on a jutting headland over wide Hellespont that it might be seen from off the sea.” Elpenor asks Ulysses to bury him in the same way. Æneas places the ashes of Misenus beneath a high mound on a headland of the sea.
[2807.] hit = hlǣw, which is masculine. See [p. 39, Note 2].
[2810-11.] him ... þīoden. The reference in both cases is to Beowulf, who is disarming himself (do-of
> doff) for the last time; þegne = to Wiglaf.
Note, where the personal element is strong, the use of the dative instead of the more colorless possessive; him of healse, not of his healse.
[2817.] ic ... sceal. See note on nō ... meahte, [p. 140, l. 1].
[2820.] him of hreðre. Cf. note on him ... þīoden, [p. 147, ll. 10-11].
[2820-21.] For construction of gewāt ... sēcean, see note on ēode ... sittan, [p. 137, ll. 19-20].
[1] = īo, io = ēo, eo.
[2] = sceal.
[3] = hāten.
[ VII. THE WANDERER.]
[Exeter MS. “The epic character of the ancient lyric appears especially in this: that the song is less the utterance of a momentary feeling than the portrayal of a lasting state, perhaps the reflection of an entire life, generally that of one isolated, or bereft by death or exile of protectors and friends.” (Ten Brink, Early Eng. Lit., I.) I adopt Brooke’s threefold division (Early Eng. Lit., p. 356): “It opens with a Christian prologue, and closes with a Christian epilogue, but the whole body of the poem was written, it seems to me, by a person who thought more of the goddess Wyrd than of God, whose life and way of thinking were uninfluenced by any distinctive Christian doctrine.”
The author is unknown.]
Prologue.
Metudes[1] miltse, þēah þe hē mōdcearig
geond lagulāde lǫnge sceolde
hrēran mid hǫndum hrīmcealde sǣ,
5 wadan wræclǣstas: wyrd bið ful ārǣd!
Swā cwæð eardstapa earfeþa[2] gemyndig,
wrāþra wælsleahta, winemǣga [hryres]:
Plaint of the Wanderer.
“Oft ic sceolde āna [ūhtna gehwylce]
mīne ceare cwīþan; nis nū cwicra nān,
[10] [þe ic him] mōdsefan mīnne durre
sweotule[3] āsęcgan. Ic tō sōþe wāt
þæt biþ in eorle indryhten þēaw,
þæt hē his ferðlocan fæste binde,
healde his hordcofan, hycge swā hē wille;
15 ne mæg wērig mōd wyrde wiðstǫndan
nē sē hrēo hyge helpe gefręmman:
for ðon dōmgeorne drēorigne oft
in hyra brēostcofan bindað fæste.
Swā ic mōdsefan mīnne sceolde
20 oft earmcearig ēðle bidǣled,
frēomǣgum feor feterum sǣlan,
siþþan gēara iū goldwine mīnne
hrūsan heolster biwrāh, and ic hēan þǫnan
wōd wintercearig ofer waþema gebind,
25 sōhte sęle drēorig sinces bryttan,
hwǣr ic feor oþþe nēah findan meahte
þone þe in meoduhealle[4] [miltse] wisse
oþþe mec frēondlēasne frēfran wolde,
węnian mid wynnum. Wāt sē þe cunnað
30 hū slīþen bið sorg tō gefēran
þām þe him lȳt hafað lēofra geholena:
warað hine wræclāst, nāles wunden gold,
ferðloca frēorig, nālæs foldan blǣd;
gemǫn hē sęlesęcgas and sincþęge,
35 hū hine on geoguðe his goldwine
węnede tō wiste: wyn eal gedrēas!
For þon [wāt] sē þe sceal his winedryhtnes
lēofes lārcwidum lǫnge forþolian,
ðonne sorg and slǣp sǫmod ætgædre
40 earmne ānhagan oft gebindað:
[þinceð him on mōde] þæt hē his mǫndryhten
clyppe and cysse, and on cnēo lęcge
hǫnda and hēafod, swā hē hwīlum ǣr
in gēardagum giefstōles brēac;
45 ðonne onwæcneð eft winelēas guma,
gesihð him biforan fealwe wǣgas,
baþian brimfuglas, brǣdan feþra,
hrēosan hrīm and snāw hagle gemęnged.
Þonne bēoð þȳ hęfigran heortan bęnne,
50 sāre æfter swǣsne; sorg bið genīwad;
þonne māga gemynd mōd geondhweorfeð,
grēteð glīwstafum, georne geondscēawað.
[Sęcga] geseldan swimmað eft on weg;
flēotendra ferð[5] nō þǣr fela bringeð
55 cūðra [cwidegiedda]; cearo[6] bið genīwad
þām þe sęndan sceal swīþe geneahhe
ofer waþema gebind wērigne sefan.
For þon ic geþęncan ne mæg geond þās woruld
for hwan mōdsefa mīn ne gesweorce,
60 þonne ic eorla līf eal geondþęnce,
hū hī fǣrlīce flęt ofgēafon,
mōdge maguþegnas. Swā þēs middangeard
ealra dōgra gehwām drēoseð and fealleþ;
for þon ne mæg weorþan wīs wer, ǣr hē āge
[65] wintra dǣl in woruldrīce. [Wita sceal geþyldig],
ne sceal nō tō hātheort nē tō hrædwyrde,
nē tō wāc wiga nē tō wanhȳdig,
nē tō forht nē tō fægen nē tō feohgīfre,
nē nǣfre gielpes tō georn, ǣr hē geare cunne.
70 Beorn sceal gebīdan, þonne hē bēot spriceð,
oþ þæt collenferð cunne gearwe
hwider hreþra gehygd hweorfan wille.
Ongietan sceal glēaw hæle hū gǣstlīc bið,
þonne eall þisse worulde wela wēste stǫndeð,
[75] [swā nū] missenlīce geond þisne middangeard
winde biwāune[7] weallas stǫndaþ,
hrīme bihrorene,[8] hryðge þā ederas.
Wōriað þā wīnsalo,[9] waldend licgað
drēame bidrorene[10]; duguð eal gecrǫng
80 wlǫnc bī wealle: sume wīg fornōm,
fęrede in forðwege; sumne fugel[11] oþbær
ofer hēanne holm; sumne sē hāra wulf
dēaðe gedǣlde; sumne drēorighlēor
in eorðscræfe eorl gehȳdde:
85 ȳþde swā þisne eardgeard ælda Scyppend,
oþ þæt burgwara breahtma lēase
eald ęnta geweorc īdlu stōdon.
Sē þonne þisne wealsteal wīse geþōhte,
and þis deorce līf dēope geondþęnceð,
90 frōd in ferðe[12] feor oft gemǫn
wælsleahta worn, and þās word ācwið:
‘Hwǣr cwōm mearg? hwǣr cwōm mago[13]? hwǣr cwōm māþþumgyfa?
hwǣr [cwōm symbla gesetu]? hwǣr sindon sęledrēamas?
Ēalā beorht bune! ēalā byrnwiga!
95 ēalā þēodnes þrym! hū sēo þrāg gewāt,
genāp under nihthelm, swā hēo nō wǣre!
Stǫndeð nū on lāste lēofre duguþe
weal wundrum hēah, wyrmlīcum fāh:
100 wǣpen wælgīfru, wyrd sēo mǣre;
and þās stānhleoþu[14] stormas cnyssað;
hrīð hrēosende hrūsan bindeð,
wintres wōma, þonne wǫn cymeð,
nīpeð nihtscūa, norþan onsęndeð
[105] hrēo hæglfare hæleþum on andan.
Eall is earfoðlīc eorþan rīce,
onwęndeð wyrda gesceaft weoruld under heofonum:
hēr bið feoh lǣne, hēr bið frēond lǣne,
hēr bið mǫn lǣne, hēr bið mǣg lǣne;
110 eal þis eorþan gesteal īdel weorþeð!’”
Epilogue.
Swā cwæð snottor on mōde, [gesæt him sundor æt rune].
Til biþ sē þe his trēowe gehealdeð; ne sceal nǣfre his torn tō rycene
beorn of his brēostum ācȳþan, nemþe hē ǣr þā bōte cunne;
[eorl mid ęlne gefręmman]. Wel bið þām þe him āre sēceð,
115 frōfre tō Fæder on heofonum, þǣr ūs eal sēo fæstnung stǫndeð.
[7.] The MS. reading is hryre (nominative), which is meaningless.
[8.] For ūhtna gehwylce, see note on cēnra gehwylcum, [p. 140].
[10.] þe ... him. See [§ 75 (4)]. Cf. Merchant of Venice, II, v, 50-51.
[27.] For mine (MS. in), which does not satisfy metrical requirements, I adopt Kluge’s plausible substitution of miltse; miltse witan = to show (know, feel), pity. The myne wisse of Beowulf (l. 169) is metrically admissible.
[37.] The object of wāt is þinceð him on mōde; but the construction is unusual, inasmuch as both þæt’s (þæt pronominal before wāt and þæt conjunctional before þinceð) are omitted. See [p. 112, ll. 18-19].
[41.] þinceð him on mōde (see note on him ... þīoden, [p. 147]). “No more sympathetic picture has been drawn by an Anglo-Saxon poet than where the wanderer in exile falls asleep at his oar and dreams again of his dead lord and the old hall and revelry and joy and gifts,—then wakes to look once more upon the waste of ocean, snow and hail falling all around him, and sea-birds dipping in the spray.” (Gummere, Germanic Origins, p. 221.)
[53-55.] Sęcga ... cwidegiedda = But these comrades of warriors [= those seen in vision] again swim away [= fade away]; the ghost of these fleeting ones brings not there many familiar words; i.e. he sees in dream and vision the old familiar faces, but no voice is heard: they bring neither greetings to him nor tidings of themselves.
[65.] Wita sceal geþyldig. Either bēon (wesan) is here to be understood after sceal, or sceal alone means ought to be. Neither construction is to be found in Alfredian prose, though the omission of a verb of motion after sculan is common in all periods of Old English. See note on nō ... meahte, [p. 140].
[75.] swā nū. “The Old English lyrical feeling,” says Ten Brink, citing the lines that immediately follow swā nū, “is fond of the image of physical destruction”; but I do not think these lines have a merely figurative import. The reference is to a period of real devastation, antedating the Danish incursions. “We might fairly find such a time in that parenthesis of bad government and of national tumult which filled the years between the death of Aldfrith in 705 and the renewed peace of Northumbria under Ceolwulf in the years that followed 729.” (Brooke, Early Eng. Lit., p. 355.)
[93.] cwōm ... gesetu. Ettmüller reads cwōmon; but see [p. 107], note on wæs ... þā īgland. The occurrence of hwǣr cwōm three times in the preceding line tends also to hold cwōm in the singular when its plural subject follows. Note the influence of a somewhat similar structural parallelism in seas hides of these lines (Winter’s Tale, IV, IV, 500-502):
“Not for ... all the sun sees or
The close earth wombs or the profound seas hides
In unknown fathoms, will I break my oath.”
[111.] gesæt ... rūne, sat apart to himself in silent meditation.
[114.] eorl ... gefręmman. Supply sceal after eorl.
[1] = Metodes.
[2] = earfoþa.
[3] = sweotole.
[4] = medu-.
[5] = ferhð.
[6] = cearu.
[7] = See bewāwan.
[8] = See behrēosan.
[9] = wīnsalu.
[10] = See bedrēosan.
[11] = fugol.
[12] = ferhðe.
[13] = magu.
[14] = -hliðu.
[ I. GLOSSARY.]
OLD ENGLISH—MODERN ENGLISH.
[The order of words is strictly alphabetical, except that ð follows t. The combination æ follows ad.
Gender is indicated by the abbreviations, m. (= masculine), f. (= feminine), n. (= neuter). The usual abbreviations are employed for the cases, nom., gen., dat., acc., and instr. Other abbreviations are sing. (= singular), pl. (= plural), ind. (= indicative mood), sub. (= subjunctive mood), pres. (= present tense), pret. (= preterit tense), prep. (= preposition), adj. (= adjective), adv. (= adverb), part. (= participle), conj. (= conjunction), pron. (= pronoun), intrans. (= intransitive), trans. (= transitive).
Figures not preceded by § refer to page and line of the texts.
[ A ] [ B ] [ C ] [ D ] [ E ] [ F ] [ G ] [ H ] [ I ] [ K ] [ L ]
[ M ] [ N ] [ O ] [ P ] [ R ] [ S ] [ T ] [ Ð ] [ U ] [ W ] [ Y ]
[A.]
ā, ever, always, aye.
abbudisse, f., abbess [Lat. abbatissa].
ābēodan ([§ 109]), bid, offer;
him hǣl ābēad [138, 9] = bade him hail, wished him health.
ābrecan ([§ 120, Note 2]), break down, destroy.
ābūgan ([§ 109, Note1]), give way, start [bow away].
ac, conj., but.
ācweðan ([§ 115]), say, speak.
ācȳðan ([§ 126]), reveal, proclaim [cūð].
ād, m., funeral pile.
adesa, m., adze, hatchet.
ǣ (ǣw), f., law.
ǣdre (ēdre), f., stream, canal, vein;
blōd ēdrum dranc [139, 4] = drank blood in streams (instr.).
ǣfæstnis, f., piety.
ǣfen-ræst, f., evening rest.
ǣfen-sprǣc, f., evening speech.
ǣfęst (ǣwfęst), law-abiding, pious.
ǣfęstnis, see ǣfæstnis.
ǣfre, ever, always.
ǣfter, prep. ([§ 94, (1)]), after;
ǣfter ðǣm, after that, thereafter;
æfter ðǣm ðe, conj., after.
æfter, adv., after, afterwards.
ǣghwā ([§ 77, Note]), each, every.
ǣghwilc ([§ 77, Note]), each, any.
ǣglǣca, see āglǣca.
ǣgðer (ǣghwæðer, āðer) ([§ 77, Note]), each, either;
ǣgðer ... ōðer ... ōðer, either ... or ... or;
ǣgðer ge ... ge ([§ 95, (2)]), both ... and;
ǣgðer ge ... ge ... ge, both ... and ... and.
ǣht, f., property, possession [āgan].
ǣlc ([§ 77]), each.
ælde (ielde) ([§ 47]), m. pl., men; gen. pl., ælda.
ælmihtig, almighty.
ǣmetta, m., leisure [empti-ness].
ǣnig ([§ 77]), any;
ǣnige ðinga [141, 22] = for anything.
(See [140, 15, Note].)
ǣr, adv., before, formerly, sooner;
nō þȳ ǣr [140, 1] = none the sooner;
ǣror, comparative, before, formerly;
ǣrest, superlative, first.
ǣr, conj. ([§ 105], 2), ere, before = ǣr ðǣm ðe.
ǣr, prep, with dat., before (time);
ǣr ðǣm ðe, conj. ([§ 105], 2), before.
ærcebisceop, m., archbishop [Lat. archiepiscopus].
ǣrendgewrit, n., message, letter.
ǣrendwreca (-raca), m., messenger.
ǣrest, adj. ([§ 96, (4)]), first.
ærnan ([§ 127]), ride, gallop [iernan].
ǣrra, adj. ([§ 96, (4)]), former.
ǣrwela, m., ancient wealth.
æsc, m., ash, spear; gen. pl., asca.
Æscesdūn, f., Ashdown (in Berkshire).
æstel, m., book-mark [Lat. hastula].
æt ([§ 94, (1)]), at, in;
with leornian, to learn, geðicgan, to receive, and other verbs of similar import,
æt = from: [115, 18]; [137, 8], etc.
ætberan ([§ 114]), bear to, hand.
ætgæd(e)re, adv., together.
ætsteppan ([§ 116]), step up, advance; pret. sing., ætstōp.
æðele, noble, excellent.
æðeling, m., a noble, prince.
Æðelwulfing, m., son of Ethelwulf.
Æðered, m., Ethelred.
āfeallan ([§ 117]), fall.
āfierran ([§ 127]), remove [feor].
āgan ([§ 136]), to own, possess.
āgen, adj.-part., own; dat. sing., āgnum [āgan].
āgiefan ([§ 115]), give back.
āglǣca (ǣglǣca), m., monster, champion.
āhton, see āgan.
ālǣtan ([§ 117]), let go, leave.
aldor, see ealdor.
ālęcgan ([§ 125, Note]), lay down [licgan]; past part., ālēd.
Ālīesend, m., Redeemer [ālīesan = release, ransom].
ālimpan ([§ 110]), befall, occur.
ālȳfan ([§ 126]), entrust, permit.
ambor, m., measure; gen. pl., ambra ([§ 27, (4)]).
ambyre, favorable.
ān ([§ 89]), one;
āna, alone, only;
ānra gehwylcum [141, 15] = to each one.
(See [140, 15, Note].)
anda, m., zeal, injury, indignation;
hæleðum on andan [153, 6] = harmful to men.
andēfn, f., proportion, amount.
andgiet (-git), n., sense, meaning.
andgitfullīce, intelligibly;
-gitfullīcost, superlative.
andswaru, f., answer.
andwyrdan ([§ 127]), to answer; pret., andwyrde.
Angel, n., Anglen (in Denmark); dat. sing., Angle ([§ 27 (4)]).
Angelcynn, n., English kin, English people, England.
ānhaga (-hoga), m., a solitary, wanderer [ān + hogian, to meditate].
ānlīpig, single, individual.
ānunga ([§ 93, (2)]), once for all [ān].
apostol, m., apostle [Gr. ἀπόστολος].
ār, f., honor, property, favor;
āre gebīdeð [148, 3] = waits for divine favor (gen.).
ārǣd, adj., inexorable.
ārǣdan ([§ 126]), read.
āręcc(e)an ([§ 128]), translate, expound.
ārfæstnis, f., virtue.
ārīsan ([§ 102]), arise.
asca, see aesc.
āsęcgan ([§ 132]), say, relate.
āsęttan ([§ 127]), set, place.
āsingan ([§ 110]), sing.
āspęndan ([§ 127]), spend, expend.
āstīgan ([§ 102]), ascend, arise.
āstǫndan ([§ 116]), stand up.
ātēah, see ātēon.
atelīc, horrible, dire.
ātēon ([§ 118]), draw, draw away, take (as a journey).
atol, horrible, dire.
āttor, n., poison.
ātuge, see ātēon.
āð, m., oath.
āðer, see ǣgðer.
āwęccan ([§ 128]), awake, arouse; pret. sing., āweahte, āwęhte.
aweg, away.
āwęndan ([§ 127]), turn, translate.
āwrītan ([§ 102]), write, compose.
āwyrcan ([§ 128]), work, do, perform.
[B.]
Bāchsęcg, m., Bagsac.
bæcbord, n., larboard, left side of a ship.
bǣl, n., funeral fire, funeral pile.
bān, n., bone.
bān-fāg, adorned with bones or antlers.
bān-loca, m., flesh [bone-locker].
Basengas, m. pl., Basing (in Hantshire).
be (bī) ([§ 94, (1)]), by, about, concerning, near, along, according to;
be norðan þǣm wēstenne ([§ 94, (4)]), north of the waste (desert);
be fullan, fully, perfectly.
bēag, see būgan.
bēag-hroden, ring-adorned.
bēah (bēag), m., ring, bracelet, collar [būgan].
bealo-nīð, m., dire hatred, poison, venom.
bearn, n., child, son [bairn].
bebēodan ([§ 109]), command, bid, entrust (with dat.).
bebīo-, see bebēo-.
bebohte, see bebycgan.
bebycgan ([§ 128]), sell.
bēc, see bōc.
becuman ([§ 114]), come, arrive, befall.
bedǣlan ([§ 126]), separate, deprive.
bedrēosan ([§ 109]), deprive; past part. pl., bedrorene (bidrorene) [dross, dreary].
befǣstan ([§ 127]), fasten, implant.
befēolan ([§ 110]), apply one’s self;
ðāra ðe ðā spēda hæbben ðǣt hīe ðǣm befēolan mægen [119, 20] = of those who have the means by which they may apply themselves to it.
beforan, prep. with dat., before.
bēgen (declined like twēgen, [§ 89]), both.
begeondan (begiondan), prep. with dat., beyond.
begietan ([§ 115]), get, obtain, find.
beginnan ([§ 110]), begin.
beheonan (behionan), prep. with dat., on this side of.
behreōsan ([§ 109]), fall upon, cover; past part. pl., behrorene (bihrorene).
belimpan ([§ 110]), pertain, belong.
beniman ([§ 114]), take, derive.
bęnn, f., wound [bana = murderer].
bēon (bīon) ([§ 134]), be, consist.
beorh (beorg, biorh), m., mound [barrow].
beorht, bright, glorious.
Beormas, m. pl., Permians.
beorn, m., man, hero, chief.
bēor-þęgu, f., beer-drinking [þicgan = receive].
bēot, n., boast.
beran ([§ 114]), bear.
berēafian ([§ 130]), bereave;
since berēafod [145, 22] = bereft of treasure.
beren, adj., of a bear, bear.
berstan ([§ 110]), burst, crack.
besmiðian ([§ 130]), make hard (as at the forge of a smith).
bęt, see wel ([§ 97, (2)]).
bētan ([§ 126]), make good, requite; past part. pl., gebētte.
bętera (bętra), see gōd ([§ 96, (3)]).
betlīc, excellent.
bętsta, see gōd ([§ 96, (3)]).
betuh (betux) ([§ 94, (1)]), between.
betwēonan ([§ 94, (1)]), between.
betȳnan ([§ 126]), close, end [tūn = enclosure].
bewāwan ([§ 117]), blow upon; past part. pl., bewāune (biwāune, bewāwene).
bewrēon ([§ 118], 1), enwrap; pret. 3d sing., bewrāh (biwrāh).
bī, see be.
bi-, see be-.
bīdan ([§ 102]), bide, await, expect, endure (with gen.).
biddan ([§ 115, Note 2]), bid, pray, request ([§ 65, Note 3]);
bæd hine blīðne [136, 7] = bade him be blithe.
bindan ([§ 110]), bind.
bīo, see bēo (imperative sing.).
bisceop (biscep), m., bishop [Lat. episcopus].
bisceop-stōl, m., episcopal seat, bishopric.
bisigu, f., business, occupation; dat. pl., bisgum.
bītan ([§ 102]), bite, cut.
biwrāh, see bewrēon.
blǣd, m., glory, prosperity [blāwan = blow, inflate].
Blēcinga-ēg, f., Blekingen.
bliss, f., bliss [blīðe].
blīðe, blithe, happy.
blōd, n., blood.
bōc ([§ 68, (1), Note 1]), f., book.
bōcere, m., scribe [bōc].
bǫna (bana), m., murderer [bane].
bōt, f., boot, remedy, help, compensation.
brād ([§ 96, (1)]), broad.
brǣdan ([§ 126]), extend, spread [brād].
brǣdra, see brād.
brægd, see bregdan.
brēac, see brūcan.
breahtm, m., noise, revelry;
burgwara breahtma lēase [152, 10] = bereft of the revelries of citizens.
bregdan ([§ 110]), brandish, draw [braid]; pret. ind. 3d sing., brægd.
brenting, m., high ship.
brēost, n., breast (the pl. has the same meaning as the sing.).
brēost-cofa, m., breast-chamber, heart, mind.
brēost-gehygd, n., breast-thought, thought of the heart, emotion.
brim, n., sea, ocean.
brimfugol, m., sea-fowl.
bringan ([§ 128]), bring.
brōhte, brōhton, see bringan.
brōðor (brōður) ([§ 68, (2)]), m., brother.
brūcan ([§ 109, Note 1]), use, enjoy ([§ 62, Note 1]; but Alfred frequently employs the acc. with brūcan).
brycg, f., bridge.
brȳcð, see brūcan.
brytta, m., distributor, dispenser [brēotan = break in pieces].
būan ([§ 126, Note 2]), dwell, cultivate [bower].
būde, see būan.
bufan, prep. with dat. and acc., above.
būgan ([§ 109, Note 1]), bow, bend, turn.
bune, f., cup.
burg (burh) ([§ 68, (1), Note]), f., city, borough; dat. sing., byrig.
Burgenda, m. gen. pl., of the Burgundians;
Burgenda land, Bornholm.
burgware ([§ 47]), m. pl., burghers, citizens.
burh, see burg.
būtan (būton), prep. ([§ 94, (1)]), without, except, except for, but.
būtan (būton), conj., except that, unless.
būtū, both (= both—two.
The word is compounded of the combined neuters of bēgen and twēgen, but is m. and f. as well as n.).
bȳn ([§ 126, Note 2]), cultivated.
byrde, adj., of high rank, aristocratic.
byrig, see burg.
byrne, f., byrnie, corselet, coat of mail.
byrnwiga, m., byrnie-warrior, mailed soldier.
byrð, see beran.
[C.]
canōn, m., sacred canon, Bible [Lat. canon, Gr. κανών].
cearu (cearo), f., care.
ceaster-būend, m., castle-dweller.
cēne, keen, bold, brave.
cēosan ([§ 109]), choose, accept, encounter.
cild, n., child.
cirice, f., church; nom. pl., ciricean.
cirr (cierr), m., turn, time, occasion [char, chore, ajar = on char, on the turn].
cirran ([§ 127]), turn.
clǣne, clean, pure.
clǣne, adv., entirely [“clean out of the way,” Shaks.].
clūdig, rocky [having boulders or masses like clouds].
clyppan ([§ 127]), embrace, accept [clip = clasp for letters, papers, etc.].
cnapa, m., boy [knave].
cnēo (cnēow), n., knee; acc. pl., cnēo.
cniht, m., knight, warrior.
cnyssan ([§ 125]), beat.
collenferð (-ferhð), proud-minded, fierce.
costnung, f., temptation.
Crēcas (Crēacas), m. pl., Greeks.
cringan ([§ 110]), cringe, fall.
Crīst, m., Christ.
Crīsten, Christian; nom. pl. m., Crīstene, Crīstne.
cuma, m., new-comer, stranger.
cuman ([§ 114]), come. (See [p. 138, Note on ll. 2-6].)
cunnan ([§ 137]), know, can, understand.
cunnian ([§ 130]), make trial of, experience [cunnan].
cure, see cēosan.
cūð, well-known, familiar [past part. of cunnan: cf. uncouth].
cūðe, cūðen, cūðon, see cunnan.
cwǣden, cwǣdon, see cweðan.
cwalu, f., death, murder [cwelan].
cwealm-cuma, m., murderous comer.
cwelan ([§ 114]), die [to quail].
cwēn, f., queen.
Cwēnas, m. pl., a Finnish tribe.
cweðan ([§ 115]), say, speak [quoth, bequeath].
cwic, living, alive [quicksilver; the quick and the dead].
cwidegiedd, n., word, utterance [cweðan and gieddian, both meaning to speak].
cwīðan ([§ 126]), bewail (trans.).
cwōm, see cuman.
cyle (ciele), m., cold [chill];
cyle gewyrcan [110, 7] = produce cold, freeze.
cyme, m., coming [cuman].
cyn(n), n., kin, race.
cyn(n), adj. (used only in pl.), fitting things, etiquette, proprieties, courtesies;
cynna gemyndig [136, 3] = mindful of courtesies.
cynerīce, n., kingdom.
cyning, m., king.
cyssan ([§ 125]), kiss.
cyst, f., the choice, the pick, the best [cēosan].
cȳðan ([§ 126]), make known, display, [cūð];
2d sing. imperative, cȳð.
[D.]
dǣd, f., deed.
dæg, m., day.
dæg-hwīl, f., day-while, day;
hē dæg-hwīla gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne [145, 2] = he had spent his days of earth’s joy.
dæg-rīm, n., number of days [day-rime];
dōgera daeg-rīm [143, 7] = the number of his days.
dæl, n., dale.
dǣl, m., part, deal, division.
dēad, dead.
dēað, m., death.
dēman ([§ 126]), deem, judge.
Dęnamearc, see Dęnemearc.
Dęne ([§ 47]), m. pl., Danes.
Dęnemearc (Dęnemearce), f., Denmark; dat. sing., Dęnemearce (strong), Dęnemearcan (weak).
Dęnisc, Danish;
ðā Dęniscan, the Danes.
dēofol, m., n., devil; gen. sing., dēofles ([§ 27, (4)]).
dēope, deeply, profoundly [dēop].
dēor, n., wild animal [deer].
deorc, dark, gloomy.
dōgor, n., day; gen. pl., dōgora, dōgera, dōgra.
dōgor-gerīm, n., number of days, lifetime.
dōm, m., doom, judgment, glory.
dōmgeorn, adj., eager for glory [doom-yearning].
dōn ([§ 135]), do, cause, place, promote, remove.
dorste, dorston, see durran.
drēam, m., joy, mirth [dream].
drēogan ([§ 109]), endure, enjoy, spend [Scotch dree].
drēorig, dreary, sad.
drēorighlēor, adj., with sad face [hlēor = cheek, face, leer].
drēosan ([§ 109]), fall, perish [dross].
drīfan ([§ 102]), drive.
drihten, see dryhten.
drincan ([§ 110]), drink.
drohtoð (-að), m., mode of living, occupation [drēogan].
drugon, see drēogan.
dryhten (drihten), m., lord, Lord; dat. sing., dryhtne.
dryht-sęle, m., lordly hall.
duguð, f., warrior-band, host, retainers [doughtiness].
In duguð and geogoð, the higher (older) and lower (younger) ranks are represented, the distinction corresponding roughly to the mediæval distinction between knights and squires.
durran ([§ 137]), dare.
duru, f., door.
dyde, see dōn.
dynnan ([§ 125]), resound [din].
dȳre (dīere, dēore, dīore), dear, costly.
[E.]
ēa, f., river; gen. sing., ēas; dat. and acc. sing., ēa.
ēac, also, likewise [§ 65, Note 2]];
ēac swilce (swelce) [112, 3] = also.
ēaca, m., addition [ēac];
tō ēacan = in addition to ([§ 94, (4)]).
ēage, n., eye.
eahta, eight.
ēalā, oh! alas!
ealað, see ealu.
eald ([§ 96, (2)]), old.
ealdor (aldor), n., life;
gif ðū ðæt ęllenweorc aldre gedīgest [138, 17] = if thou survivest that feat with thy life (instr.).
ealdor-dæg (aldor-, ealder-), m., day of life.
ealdor-gedāl (aldor-), n., death [life-deal].
ealdormǫn, m., alderman, chief, magistrate.
ealgian, ([§ 130]), protect, defend.
eall (eal), all;
ealne weg, all the way ([§ 98, (1)]);
ealneg (< ealne weg), always;
ealles ([§ 98, (3)]), adv., altogether, entirely.
Eall (eal) is frequently used with partitive gen. = all of: [143, 19]; [145, 3].
ealu (ealo) ([§ 68]), n., ale; gen. sing., ealað.
ealu-scerwen, f., mortal panic [ale-spilling].
eard, m., country, home [eorðe].
eardgeard, m. earth [earth-yard].
eardian ([§ 130]), dwell [eard].
eardstapa, m., wanderer [earth-stepper].
ēare, n., ear.
earfoð (earfeð), n. hardship, toil; gen. pl., earfeða.
earfoðlīc, adj., full of hardship, arduous.
earm, m., arm.
earm, adj., poor, wretched.
earmcearig, wretched, miserable.
earmlīc, wretched, miserable.
earnung, f., merit [earning].
ēast, east.
ēastan ([§ 93, (5)]), from the east.
Ēast-Dęne ([§ 47]), East-Danes.
ēasteweard, eastward.
ēastrihte (ēastryhte) ([§ 93, (6)]), eastward.
Ēastron, pl., Easter.
ēaðe, easily.
ēaðmōdlīce, humbly.
eaxl, f., shoulder [axle].
Ebrēisc, adj., Hebrew.
ēce, eternal, everlasting.
ęcg, f., sword [edge].
edor, m., enclosure, dwelling; nom. pl., ederas.
ēdrum, see ǣdre.
efne, adv., just, only [evenly].
eft, adv., again, afterwards [aft].
ęgesa, m., fear, terror [awe].
ęllen, n., strength, courage;
mid ęlne = boldly;
on ęlne [147, 17] = mightily, suddenly, or in their (earls’) strength (prime).
ęllen-mǣrðu, f. fame for strength, feat of strength.
ęllen-weorc, n., feat of strength.
ęllenwōdnis, f., zeal, fervor.
ęllor-gāst, m., inhuman monster [alien ghost].
ęln, f., ell [el-bow].
ęlne, see ęllen.
ęlra, adj. comparative, another [*ęle cognate with Lat. alius];
on ęlran męn [139, 14] = in another man.
emnlong (-lang), equally long;
on emnlange = along ([§ 94, (4)]).
ęnde, m., end.
ęndebyrdnes, f., order.
ęnde-dæg, m., end-day, day of death.
ęnde-lāf, f., last remnant [end-leaving].
ęngel, m., angel [Lat. angelus].
Ęnglafeld ([§ 51]), m., Englefield (in Berkshire).
Ęngle ([§ 47]), m. pl., Angles.
Ęnglisc, adj., English;
on Ęnglisc [117, 18] and 19 = in English, into English.
Ęngliscgereord, n., English language.
ęnt, m., giant.
ēode, see gān.
eodorcan ([§ 130]), ruminate.
eorl, m., earl, warrior, chieftain.
eorlīc, earl-like, noble.
eorð-draca, m., dragon [earth-drake].
eorðe, f., earth.
eorð-ręced, n., earth-hall.
eorðscræf, n., earth-cave, grave.
eoten, m., giant, monster.
ēow, see ðū.
Ēowland, n., Öland (an island in the Baltic Sea).
ęrian ([§ 125]), plow [to ear].
Estland, n., land of the Estas (on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea).
Estmęre, m., Frische Haff.
Estum, dat. pl., the Estas.
etan ([§ 115]), eat [ort].
ęttan ([§ 127]), graze [etan].
ēðel, m., territory, native land [allodial].
ēðel-weard, m., guardian of his country.
[F.]
fæc, n., interval, space.
fæder ([§ 68, (2)]), m., father.
fægen, fain, glad, exultant.
fæger (fǣger), fair, beautiful.
fǣlsian ([§ 130]), cleanse.
fǣrlīce, suddenly [fǣr = fear].
fæst, fast, held fast.
fæste, adv., fast, firmly.
fæstnung, f., security, safety.
fæt, n., vessel [wine-fat, vat].
fǣtels, m., vessel; acc. pl., fǣtels.
fæðm, m., embrace, bosom [fathom = the space embraced by the extended arms].
fāg (fāh), hostile;
hē wæs fāg wið God [142, 18] = he was hostile to God.
fāh (fāg), variegated, ornamented.
Falster, Falster (island in the Baltic Sea).
fandian ([§ 130]), try, investigate [findan].
faran ([§ 116]), go [fare].
feallan ([§ 117]), fall, flow.
fealu, fallow, pale, dark; nom. pl. m., fealwe.
fēawe (fēa, fēawa), pl., few.
fela (indeclinable), much, many (with gen.).
feld ([§ 51]), m., field.
fell (fel), n., fell, skin, hide.
fēng, see fōn.
fęn-hlið, n., fen-slope.
fęn-hop, n., fen-retreat.
feoh, n., cattle, property [fee]; gen. and dat. sing., fēos, fēo.
feohgīfre, greedy of property, avaricious.
feohtan ([§ 110]), fight.
fēol, see feallan.
fēond ([§ 68, (3)]), m., enemy, fiend.
fēond-grāp, f., fiend-grip.
feor ([§ 96, (4)]), adj., far, far from (with dat.).
feor, adv., far, far back (time).
feorh, m., n., life.
feorh-bęnn, f., life-wound, mortal wound.
feorh-lęgu, f., laying down of life. (See [p. 146, Note on l. 13.])
feorh-sēoc, life-sick, mortally wounded.
feorm (fiorm), f., use, benefit (food, provisions) [farm].
feormian ([§ 130]), eat, devour.
feorran, from afar.
fēowertig, forty; gen., fēowertiges ([§ 91, Note 1]).
ferhð (ferð), m., heart, mind, spirit.
fęrian ([§ 125]), carry, transport [to ferry];
fęrede in forðwege [152, 5] = carried away.
fers, n., verse [Lat. versus].
fersc, fresh.
ferðloca (ferhð-), m., heart, mind, spirit [heart-locker].
fēt, see fōt.
fetor, f., fetter [fōt]; instr. pl., feterum.
feðer, f., feather; acc. pl., feðra.
fierd, f., English army [faran].
fīf, five.
fīftīene, fifteen.
fīftig, fifty; gen. sing., fīftiges ([§ 91, Note 1]); dat. pl., fīftegum ([§ 91, Note 3]).
findan ([§ 110]), find.
finger, m., finger.
Finnas, m. pl., Fins.
fiorm, see feorm.
fīras, m. pl., men [feorh]; gen. pl., fīra; dat. pl., fīrum.
firrest (fierrest), see feor ([§ 96, (4)]).
first, m., time, period.
fiscað (fiscnað), m., fishing.
fiscere, m., fisherman.
fiscnað, see fiscað.
flēon ([§ 118], II.), flee.
flēotan ([§ 109]), float.
flęt, n., floor of the hall.
flōd, m., flood, wave.
folc, n., folk, people.
folc-cwēn, f., folk-queen.
folc-cyning, m., folk-king.
folcgefeoht, n., folk-fight, battle, general engagement.
fold-bold, n., earth-building, hall.
folde, f., earth, land, country [feld].
folm, f., hand [fēlan = feel].
fōn ([§ 118]), seize, capture, take [fang];
tō rīce fōn = come to (ascend) the throne.
for ([§ 94, (1)]), for, on account of;
for ðǣm (ðe), for ðon (ðe), because;
for ðon, for ðȳ, for ðǣm (for-ðām), therefore.
fōr, see faran.
forbærnan ([§ 127]), burn thoroughly [for is intensive, like Lat. per].
forgiefan (-gifan) ([§ 115]), give, grant.
forhęrgian ([§ 130]), harry, lay waste.
forhogdnis, f., contempt.
forht, fearful, afraid.
forhwæga, about, at least.
forlǣtan ([§ 117]), abandon, leave.
forlēt, forlēton, see forlǣtan.
forma, first;
forman sīðe, the first time (instr.).
forniman ([§ 114]), take off, destroy.
forspęndan ([§ 127]), spend, squander.
forstǫndan (-standan) ([§ 116]), understand.
forswāpan ([§ 117]), sweep away; pret. 3d sing. indic., forswēop.
forswęrian ([§ 116]), forswear (with dat.); past part., forsworen.
forð, forth, forward.
forðolian ([§ 130]), miss, go without (with dat.) [not to thole or experience].
forðweg, m., way forth;
in forðwege, away.
fōt ([§ 68, (1)]), m. foot.
Frǣna, m., Frene.
frætwe, f. pl., fretted armor, jewels [fret].
fram, see frǫm.
frēa, m., lord, Lord.
frēa-drihten, m., lord, master.
frēfran ([§ 130]), console, cheer [frōfor].
fręmde, strange, foreign;
ðā fręmdan, the strangers.
fręmman ([§ 125]), accomplish, perform, support [to frame].
fręmsumnes (-nis), f., kindness, benefit.
frēo (frīo), free; gen. pl., frēora (frīora).
frēodōm, m., freedom.
frēolīc, noble [free-like].
frēomǣg, m., free kinsman.
frēond ([§ 68, (3)]), m., friend.
frēondlēas, friendless.
frēondlīce, in a friendly manner.
frēorig, cold, chill [frēoran].
frīora, see frēo.
frið, m., n., peace, security [bel-fry].
frōd, old, sage, prudent.
frōfor, f., comfort, consolation, alleviation;
fyrena frōfre [137, 7] = as an alleviation of outrages (dat.).
frǫm (fram) ([§ 94, (1)]), from, by.
frǫm, adv., away, forth.
fruma, m., origin, beginning [frǫm].
frumsceaft, f., creation.
fugela, see fugol.
fugelere, m., fowler.
fugol (fugel), m., fowl, bird; gen. pl., fugela.
ful, n., cup, beaker.
fūl, foul.
fūlian ([§ 130]), grow foul, decompose.
full (ful), adj., full (with gen.);
be fullan, fully, perfectly.
full (ful) adv., fully, very.
fultum, m., help.
furðor (furður), adv., further.
furðum, adv., even.
fylð, see feallan.
fyren (firen), f., crime, violence, outrage.
fyrhtu, f., fright, terror; dat. sing., fyrhtu.
fyrst, adj., superlative, first, chief.
fȳsan ([§ 126]), make ready, prepare [fūs = ready];
gūðe gefȳsed [137, 9] = ready for battle.
[G.]
gād, n., lack.
gǣst, see gāst.
gafol, n., tax, tribute.
galan ([§ 116]), sing [nightingale].
gālnes, f., lust, impurity.
gān ([§ 134]), go.
gār, m., spear [gore, gar-fish].
gār-wiga, m., spear-warrior.
gāst (gǣst), m., spirit, ghost.
gāstlīc (gǣstlīc), ghastly, terrible.
ge, and; see ǣgðer.
gē, ye; see ðū.
geador, together.
geǣmetigian ([§ 130]), disengage from (with acc. of person and gen. of thing) [empty].
geærnan ([§ 127]), gain by running [iernan].
gēap, spacious.
gēar, n., year; gen. pl., gēara, is used adverbially = of yore, formerly.
gēardæg, m., day of yore.
geare (gearo, gearwe), readily, well, clearly [yarely].
Gēat, m., a Geat, the Geat (i.e. Beowulf).
Gēatas, m. pl., the Geats (a people of South Sweden).
Gēat-mecgas, m. pl., Geat men (= the fourteen who accompanied Beowulf to Heorot).
gebēorscipe, m., banquet, entertainment.
gebētan ([§ 126]), make amends for [bōt].
gebīdan ([§ 102]), wait, bide one’s time (intrans.); endure, experience (trans., with acc.).
gebind, n., commingling.
gebindan ([§ 110]), bind.
gebrēowan ([§ 109]), brew.
gebrowen, see gebrēowan.
gebūd, gebūn, see būan ([§ 126, Note 2]).
gebyrd, n., rank, social distinction.
gecēosan ([§ 109]), choose, decide.
gecnāwan ([§ 117]), know, understand.
gecoren, see gecēosan.
gecringan ([§ 110]), fall, die [cringe].
gedǣlan ([§ 126]), deal out, give;
dēaðe gedǣlde [152, 7] = apportioned to death (dat.), or, tore (?) in death (instr.).
gedafenian ([§ 130]), become, befit, suit (impersonal, usually with dat., but with acc. [112, 10]).
gedīgan ([§ 126]), endure, survive.
gedōn ([§ 135]), do, cause, effect.
gedræg, n., company.
gedrēosan ([§ 109]), fall, fail.
gedriht (gedryht), n., band, troop.
gedrogen, see drēogan.
gedrync, n., drinking.
geęndian ([§ 130]), end, finish.
gefaran ([§ 116]), go, die.
gefēa, m., joy.
gefeaht, see gefeohtan.
gefeh, see gefēon.
gefēng, see gefōn.
gefeoht, n., fight, battle.
gefeohtan ([§ 110]), fight.
gefēon ([§ 118], v.), rejoice at (with dat.); pret. 3d sing., gefeah, gefeh.
gefēra, m., companion, comrade [co-farer].
geflīeman ([§ 126]), put to flight [flēon].
gefohten, see gefeohtan.
gefōn ([§ 118], vii.), seize.
gefōr, see gefaran.
gefrǣge, n., hearsay, report;
mīne gefrǣge (instr.) [141, 7] = as I have heard say, according to my information.
gefręmman ([§ 125]), perform, accomplish, effect.
gefultumian ([§ 130]), help [fultum].
gefylce, n., troop, division [folc]; dat. pl., gefylcum, gefylcium.
gefyllan ([§ 127]), fill (with gen.); past part. pl., f., gefylda.
geglęngan ([§ 127]), adorn.
gehātland, n., promised land [gehātan = to promise].
gehealdan ([§ 117]), hold, maintain.
gehīeran (gehȳran) ([§ 126]), hear.
gehīersumnes, f., obedience.
gehola, m., protector [helan].
gehwā ([§ 77, Note]), each;
on healfa gehwone [142, 7] (see [Note 140, 15]. Observe that the pron. may, as here, be masc. and the gen. fem.).
gehwæðer ([§ 77, Note]), each, either, both.
gehwylc (gehwilc) ([§ 77, Note]), each (with gen. pl. See [Note 140, 15]).
gehwyrfan ([§ 127]), convert, change.
gehȳdan ([§ 126]), hide, conceal, consign.
gehygd, f., n., thought, purpose.
gehȳran, see gehīeran.
gehȳrnes, f., hearing;
eal ðā hē in gehȳrnesse geleornian meahte [115, 14] = all things that he could learn by hearing.
gelǣdan ([§ 126]), lead.
gelǣred, part.-adj., learned; superlative, gelǣredest.
gelafian ([§ 130]), lave.
gelęnge, along of, belonging to (with dat.).
geleornian (-liornian) ([§ 130]), learn.
gelīce, likewise; in like manner to (with dat.).
gelīefan (gelȳfan) ([§ 126]), believe;
ðæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde [137, 6] = that she believed in any earl.
gelimpan ([§ 110]), happen, be fulfilled.
gelimplīc, proper, fitting.
gelȳfan, see gelīefan.
gelȳfed, weak, infirm [left (hand)].
gēmde, see gīeman.
gemet, n., meter, measure, ability.
gemētan ([§ 126]), meet.
gemǫn, see gemunan.
gemunan ([§ 136]), remember; indic. pres. 1st and 3d sing., gemǫn; pret. sing., gemunde.
gemynd, n., memory, memorial;
tō gemyndum [147, 5] = as a memorial.
gemyndgian (-mynian) ([§ 130]), remember;
mid hine gemyndgade [115, 15] = he treasured in his memory;
gemyne mǣrðo [138, 15] = be mindful of glory (imperative 2d sing.).
gemyndig, mindful of (with gen.).
genāp, see genīpan.
geneahhe, enough, often;
genehost, superlative, very often.
genip, n., mist, darkness.
genīpan ([§ 102]), grow dark.
genīwian ([§ 130]), renew.
genōh, enough.
genumen, see niman.
geoc, n., yoke.
gēocor, dire, sad.
geogoð, f., youth, young people, young warriors. (See duguð.)
geond (giond) ([§ 94, (2)]), throughout [yond].
geondhweorfan ([§ 110]), pass over, traverse, recall;
ðonne māga gemynd mōd geondhweorfeð [150, 15] = then his mind recalls the memory of kinsmen.
geondscēawian ([§ 130]), survey, review;
georne geondscēawað [150, 16] = eagerly surveys them.
geondðęnc(e)an ([§ 128]), think over, consider.
geong ([§ 96, (2)]), young;
giengest, (gingest), superlative, youngest, latest, last.
geong = gǫng, see gǫngan (imperative 2d sing.).
gēong (gīong), see gǫngan (pret. 3d sing.).
georn (giorn), eager, desirous, zealous, sure [yearn].
georne, eagerly, certainly;
wiste ðē geornor [143, 5] = knew the more certainly.
geornfulnes, f., eagerness, zeal.
geornlīce, eagerly, attentively.
geornor, see georne.
geręcednes, f., narration [ręccan].
gerisenlīc, suitable, becoming.
gerȳman ([§ 126]), extend, (trans.) [rūm].
gesǣliglīc, happy, blessed [silly].
gesamnode, see gesǫmnian.
gesceaft, f., creature, creation, destiny [scieppan].
gesceap, n., shape, creation, destiny [scieppan].
gescieldan ([§ 127]), shield, defend.
gesealde, see gesęllan.
geseglian ([§ 130]), sail.
geselda, m., comrade.
gesęllan ([§ 128]), give.
gesēon (gesīon) ([§ 118]), see, observe; pres. indic. 3d sing., gesihð.
geset, n., habitation, seat.
gesęttan ([§ 127]), set, place, establish.
gesewen, see sēon, gesēon (past part.).
gesewenlīc, seen, visible [seen-like].
gesiglan ([§ 127]), sail.
gesihð, see gesēon.
gesittan ([§ 115, Note 2]), sit (trans., as to sit a horse, to sit a boat, etc.); sit, sit down (intrans.).
geslægen, see slēan ([§ 118]).
gesǫmnian ([§ 130]), assemble, collect.
gesǫmnung, f., collection, assembly.
gestāh, see gestīgan.
gestaðelian ([§ 130]), establish, restore [standan].
gesteal, n., establishment, foundation [stall].
gestīgan ([§ 102]), ascend, go [stile, stirrup, sty (= a rising on the eye)].
gestrangian ([§ 130]), strengthen.
gestrēon, n., property.
gestrȳnan ([§ 126]), obtain, acquire [gestrēon].
gesweorcan ([§ 110]), grow dark, become sad;
For ðon ic geðęncan ne mæg geond ðās woruld for hwan mōdsefa mīn ne gesweorce [151, 3-4] = Therefore in this world I may not understand wherefore my mind does not grow “black as night.” (Brooke.)
geswīcan ([§ 102]), cease, cease from (with gen.).
getæl, n., something told, narrative.
getruma, m., troop, division.
geðanc, m., n., thought.
geðeah, see geðicgan.
geðęnc(e)an ([§ 128]), think, remember, understand, consider.
geðēodan ([§ 126]), join.
geðēode (-ðīode), n., language, tribe.
geðēodnis, f., association;
but in [112, 2] this word is used to render the Lat. appetitus = desire.
geðicg(e)an ([§ 115, Note 2]), take, receive; pret. indic. 3d sing., geðeah.
geðungen, part.-adj., distinguished, excellent [ðēon, to thrive].
geðyldig, patient [ðolian].
geweald (gewald), n., control, possession, power [wield].
geweorc, n., work, labor.
geweorðian ([§ 130]), honor [to attribute worth to].
gewīcian ([§ 130]), dwell.
gewin(n), n., strife, struggle.
gewindan ([§ 110]), flee [wend].
gewissian ([§ 130]), guide, direct.
gewītan ([§ 102]), go, depart.
geworht, see gewyrcan.
gewrit, n., writing, Scripture.
gewunian ([§ 130]), be accustomed, be wont.
gewyrc(e)an ([§ 128]), work, create, make, produce.
gid(d), n., word, speech.
giefan ([§ 115]), give.
giefstōl, m., gift-stool, throne.
giefu (gifu), f., gift.
gielp (gilp), m., n., boast [yelp].
gīeman (gēman) ([§ 126]), endeavor, strive.
gīet (gīt, gȳt), yet, still.
gif (gyf), if [not related to give].
gifeðe (gyfeðe), given, granted.
gilp, see gielp.
gilp-cwide, m., boasting speech [yelp-speech].
gingest, see geong (adj.).
giohðo (gehðu), f., care, sorrow, grief.
giū (iū), formerly, of old.
glæd (glǣd), glad.
glēaw, wise, prudent.
glīwstæf, m., glee, joy; instr. pl. (used adverbially), glīwstafum [150, 16] = joyfully.
God, m., God.
gōd ([§ 96, (3)]), good;
mid his gōdum [115, 12] = with his possessions (goods).
godcund, divine [God].
godcundlīce, divinely.
gold, n., gold.
gold-ǣht, f., gold treasure.
gold-fāh, gold-adorned.
gold-hroden, part.-adj., gold-adorned.
goldwine, m., prince, giver of gold, lord [gold-friend].
gomel (gomol), old, old man.
gǫngan (gangan) ([§ 117]), go [gang]; imperative 2d sing., geong; pret. sing., gēong, gīong, gēng; past part., gegǫngen, gegangen.
The most commonly used pret. is ēode, which belongs to gān ([§ 134]).
Gotland, n., Jutland (in Ohthere’s Second Voyage), Gothland (in Wulfstan’s Voyage).
gram, grim, angry, fierce, the angry one.
grāp, f., grasp, clutch, claw.
grētan ([§ 126]), greet, attack, touch.
grōwan ([§ 117, (2)]), grow.
gryre-lēoð, n., terrible song [grisly lay].
guma, m., man, hero [groom; see [§ 65, Note 1]].
gūð, f., war, battle.
gūð-bill, n., sword [war-bill].
gūð-gewǣde, n., armor [war-weeds].
gūð-hrēð, f., war-fame.
gūð-wine, m., sword [war-friend].
gyddian ([§ 130]), speak formally, chant [giddy; the original meaning of giddy was mirthful, as when one sings].
gyf, see gif.
gyfeðe, see gifeðe.
gyldan (gieldan) ([§ 110]), pay; indic. 3d sing., gylt.
gylden, golden [gold].
[H.]
habban ([§ 133]), have.
hād, m., order, rank, office, degree [-hood, -head].
hæfta, m., captive.
hægel (hagol), m., hail; instr. sing., hagle.
hæglfaru, f., hail-storm [hail-faring].
hæle, see hæleð.
hǣl, f., hail, health, good luck.
hæleð (hæle), m., hero, warrior.
hǣt, see hātan.
hǣðen, heathen.
Hǣðum (æt Hǣðum), Haddeby (= Schleswig).
hāl, hale, whole.
hālettan ([§ 127]), greet, salute [to hail].
Halfdęne, Halfdane (proper name).
hālga, m., saint.
Hālgoland, Halgoland (in ancient Norway).
hālig, holy.
hālignes, f., holiness.
hām, m., home; dat. sing., hāme, hām (p. 104, Note);
used adverbially in hām ēode [112, 18] = went home.
hand, see hǫnd.
hār, hoary, gray.
hāt, hot.
hātan ([§ 117, Note 2]), call, name, command; pret. sing., heht, hēt.
hātheort, hot-hearted.
hātte, see hātan.
hē, hēo, hit ([§ 53]), he, she, it.
hēafod, n., head.
hēah ([§ 96, (2)]), high; acc. sing, m., hēanne.
hēah-sęle, m., high hall.
hēahðungen, highly prosperous, aristocratic [hēah + past part. of ðēon ([§ 118])].
healdan ([§ 117]), hold, govern, possess;
[144, 9] = hold up, sustain.
healf, adj., half.
healf, f., half, side, shore.
heall, f., hall.
heals, m., neck.
hēan, abject, miserable.
hēanne, see hēah.
heard, hard.
heard-hicgende, brave-minded [hard-thinking].
hearm-scaða, m., harmful foe [harm-scather].
hearpe, f., harp.
heaðo-dēor, battle-brave.
heaðo-mǣre, famous in battle.
heaðo-wylm, m., flame-surge, surging of fire [battle-welling].
hēawan ([§ 117]), hew, cut.
hębban, hōf, hōfon, gehafen ([§ 117]), heave, lift, raise.
hęfig, heavy, oppressive.
heht, see hātan.
helan ([§ 114]), conceal.
hęll, f., hell.
helm, m., helmet.
Helmingas, m. pl., Helmings (Wealtheow, Hrothgar’s queen, is a Helming).
help, f., help.
helpan ([§ 110]), help (with dat.).
heofon, m., heaven.
heofonlīc, heavenly.
heofonrīce, n., kingdom of heaven.
hēold, see healdan.
heolstor (-ster), n., darkness, concealment, cover [holster].
heora (hiera), see hē.
heord, f., care, guardianship [hoard].
heoro-drēorig, bloody [sword-dreary].
Heorot, Heorot, Hart (the famous hall which Hrothgar built).
heorte, f., heart.
hēr, here, hither;
in the Chronicle the meaning frequently is at this date, in this year: [99, 1].
hęre, m., Danish army.
hęrenis, f., praise.
hęrgian ([§ 130]), raid, harry, ravage [hęre].
hęrgung, f., harrying, plundering.
hęrian (hęrigean) ([§ 125]), praise.
hērsumedon, see hīersumian.
hēt, see hātan.
hider (hieder), hither.
hiera, see hē.
hīeran (hȳran) ([§ 126]), hear, belong.
hierde, m., shepherd, instigator [keeper of a herd].
hierdebōc, f., pastoral treatise [shepherd-book, a translation of Lat. Cura Pastoralis].
hīerra, see hēah.
hīersumian (hȳr-, hēr-) ([§ 130]), obey (with dat.).
hige (hyge), m., mind, heart.
hige-ðihtig, bold-hearted.
hild, f., battle.
hilde-dēor, battle-brave.
hilde-mecg, m., warrior.
hilde-sæd, battle-sated.
hin-fūs, eager to be gone [hence-ready].
hira, see hē.
hlǣw (hlāw), m., mound, burial mound [Ludlow and other place-names, low meaning hill].
hlāford, m., lord, master [loaf-ward?].
hleahtor, m., laughter.
hlēo, m., refuge, protector [lee].
hlīfian ([§ 130]), rise, tower.
hlyn, m., din, noise.
hlynsian ([§ 130]), resound.
hof, n., court, abode.
hogode, see hycgan.
holm, m., sea, ocean.
hǫnd (hand), f., hand;
on gehwæðre hǫnd, on both sides.
hord, m., n., hoard, treasure.
hordcofa, m., breast, heart [hoard-chamber]
hors, n., horse.
horshwæl, m., walrus.
hrædwyrde, hasty of speech [hræd = quick].
hrægel, n., garment; dat. sing., hrægle.
hrān, m., reindeer.
hraðe, quickly, soon [rath-er].
hrēo (hrēoh), rough, cruel, sad.
hrēosan ([§ 109]), fall.
hrēran (§ 126), stir.
hreðer, m., n., breast, purpose; dat. sing., hreðre.
hrīm, m., rime, hoarfrost.
hrīmceald, rime-cold.
hring, m., ring, ring-mail.
hrīð, f. (?), snow-storm.
hrōf, m., roof.
Hrones næss, literally Whale’s Ness, whale’s promontory;
see næss.
hrūse, f., earth [hrēosan: deposit].
hryre, m., fall, death [hrēosan].
hrȳðer, n., cattle [rinder-pest].
hryðig, ruined (?), storm-beaten; nom. pl. m., hryðge.
hū, how.
Humbre, f., river Humber.
hund, hundred.
hunig, n., honey.
hunta, m., hunter.
huntoð (-tað), m., hunting.
hūru, adv., about.
hūs, n., house.
hwā, hwæt ([§ 74]), who? what? swā hwæt swā ([§ 77, Note]), whatsoever;
indefinite, any one, anything;
for hwan (instr.), wherefore.
hwæl, m., whale.
hwælhunta, m., whale-hunter.
hwælhuntað, m., whale-fishing.
hwǣr, where? hwǣr ... swā, wheresoever;
wel hwǣr, nearly everywhere.
hwæthwugu, something.
hwæðer, whether, which of two?
hwæðre, however, nevertheless.
hwēne, see hwōn.
hweorfan ([§ 110]), turn, go.
hwider, whither.
hwīl, f., while, time;
ealle ðā hwīle ðe, all the while that;
hwīlum (instr. pl.), sometimes.
hwilc (hwylc, hwelc) ([§ 74, Note 1]), which? what?
hwōn, n., a trifle;
hwēne (instr. sing.), somewhat, a little.
hwǫnan, when.
hȳ, see hīe.
hycgan ([§ 132]), think, resolve; pret. 3d sing., hogode.
hȳd, f., hide, skin.
hyge, see hige.
hyra (hiera), see hē.
hȳran, see hīeran.
hyrde, see hierde.
hys (his), see hē.
hyt (hit), see hē.
[I.]
ic ([§ 72]), I.
īdel, idle, useless, desolate.
ides, f., woman, lady.
ieldra, adj., see eald.
ieldra, m., an elder, parent, ancestor.
iernan (yrnan) ([§ 112]), run.
īglǫnd (īgland), n., island.
ilca (ylca), the same [of that ilk].
Ilfing, the Elbing.
in, in, into (with dat. and acc.);
in on, in on, to, toward.
inbryrdnis (-nes), f., inspiration, ardor.
indryhten, very noble.
ingǫng, m., entrance.
innan, adv., within, inside;
on innan, within.
innanbordes, adv.-gen., within borders, at home.
inne, adv., within, inside.
intinga, m., cause, sake.
inweardlīce, inwardly, fervently.
inwid-sorg (inwit-sorh), f., sorrow caused by an enemy.
inwit-ðanc, m., hostile intent.
Īraland, n., Ireland (but in Ohthere’s Second Voyage, Iceland is probably meant).
īren, n., iron, sword; gen. pl., īrenna, īrena.
īren-bęnd, m., f., iron-band.
īu, see gīu.
[K.]
kynerīce, see cynerīce.
kyning, see cyning.
kyrtel, m., kirtle, coat.
[L.]
Lǣden, Latin.
Lǣdengeðēode (-ðīode), n., Latin language.
Lǣdenware ([§ 47]), m. pl., Latin people, Romans.
lǣfan ([§ 126]), leave.
lǣge, see licgan.
Lǣland, n., Laaland (in Denmark).
lǣn, n., loan;
tō lǣne [121, 2] = as a loan.
lǣne, adj., as a loan, transitory, perishable.
lǣran ([§ 126]), teach, advise, exhort [lār].
lǣssa, lǣsta, see lȳtel.
lǣstan ([§ 127]), last, hold out (intrans.); perform, achieve (trans.).
lǣtan ([§ 117]), let, leave.
lāf, f., something left, remnant, heirloom (often a sword);
tō lāfe, as a remnant, remaining.
lagulād, f., sea [lake-way, lād = leading, direction, way].
land, see lǫnd.
lang, see lǫng.
Langaland, n., Langeland (in Denmark).
lār, f., lore, teaching.
lārcwide, m., precept, instruction, [cwide < cweðan].
lārēow, m., teacher [lār + ðēow].
lāst, m., track, footprint [shoemaker’s last];
on lāst(e), in the track of, behind (with dat.).
lāð, loathsome, hateful.
lēas, loose, free from, bereft of (with gen.).
lēasung, f., leasing, deception, falsehood.
lęcgan ([§ 125, Note]), lay.
lēfdon, see līefan.
leger, n., lying in, illness [licgan].
lęng, see lǫnge.
lęngra, see lǫng.
lēod, m., prince, chief.
lēod, f., people, nation (the plural has the same meaning).
lēod-scipe, m., nation [people-ship].
lēof, dear [lief].
leoht, adj., light.
lēoht, n., light, brightness.
leornere, m., learner, disciple.
leornian ([§ 130]), learn.
leornung (liornung), f., learning.
lēoð, n., song [lay?].
lēoðcræft, m., poetic skill [lay-craft].
lēoðsǫng, n., song, poem.
lēt, see lǣtan.
libban ([§ 133]), live; pres. part., lifigende, living, alive.
līc, n., body, corpse [lich-gate, Lichfield].
licgan ([§ 115, Note 2]), lie, extend, flow, lie dead;
3d sing. indic. pres., ligeð, līð.
līchama (-hǫma), m., body [body-covering].
līcian ([§ 130]), please (with dat.) [like].
līc-sār, n., body-sore, wound in the body.
līefan (lēfan) ([§ 126]), permit, allow (with dat.) [grant leave to].
līf, n., life.
līf-dagas, m. pl., life-days.
lifigende, see libban.
līg, m., flame, fire.
ligeð, see licgan.
lim, n., limb.
list, f., cunning; dat. pl., listum, is used adverbially = cunningly.
līð, see licgan.
lof, m., praise, glory.
lǫnd (land), n., land, country.
lǫng (lang) ([§ 96, (2)]), long.
lǫnge (lange) ([§ 97, (2)]), long;
lǫnge on dæg, late in the day.
lufan, see lufu.
lufian (lufigean) ([§ 131]), love.
luflīce, lovingly.
lufu, f., love; dat. sing. (weak), lufan.
lungre, quickly.
lust, m., joy [lust];
on lust, joyfully.
lȳt, indeclinable, little, few (with partitive gen.).
lȳtel (lītel) ([§ 96, (2)]), little, small.
[M.]
mā, see micle ([§ 97, (2)]).
mæg, see magan.
mǣg, m., kinsman; nom. pl., māgas ([§ 27, (2)]).
mægen n., strength, power [might and main].
mægen-ęllen, n., main strength, mighty courage.
mǣgð, f., tribe.
mægðhād, m., maidenhood, virginity.
mǣl-gesceaft, f., appointed time [mǣl = meal, time].
mǣran ([§ 126]), make famous, honor.
mǣre, famous, glorious, notorious.
mǣrðo (mǣrðo, mǣrð), f., glory, fame.
mæsseprēost, m., mass-priest.
mǣst, see micel.
magan ([§ 137]), be able, may.
māgas, see mǣg.
magu (mago), m., son, man.
maguðegn, m., vassal, retainer.
man(n), see mǫn(n).
mancus, m., mancus, half-crown; gen. pl., mancessa.
māndǣd, f., evil deed.
manig, see mǫnig.
manigfeald, see mǫnigfeald.
māra, see micel.
maðelian ([§ 130]), harangue, speak.
māðum (māððum), m., gift, treasure, jewel; gen. pl., māðma.
māððumgyfa, m., treasure-giver, lord.
māððum-wela, m., wealth of treasure.
mē, see ic.
meaht, f., might, power.
meahte, see magan.
mearc, f., boundary, limit [mark, march].
mearg (mearh), m., horse; nom. pl., mēaras.
mearð, m., marten.
mec, see ic.
medmicel, moderately large, short, brief.
medu (medo), m., mead.
medu-bęnc, f., mead-bench.
medu-ful, n., mead-cup.
medu-heall, f., mead-hall.
męn, see mǫn(n).
męngan ([§ 127]), mingle, mix.
męnigu (męnigeo), f., multitude [many].
męnniscnes, f., humanity, incarnation [man].
meolc, f., milk.
Mēore, Möre (in Sweden).
męre, m., lake, mere, sea [mermaid].
Meretūn, m., Merton (in Surrey).
mētan ([§ 126]), meet, find.
Metod (Meotod, Metud), m., Creator, God.
metod-sceaft, f., appointed doom, eternity.
micel ([§ 96, (3)]), great, mighty, strong, large [mickle];
māra, more, stronger, larger.
micle (micele), greatly, much.
miclum, ([§ 93, (4)]), greatly.
mid, with, amid, among (with dat. and acc.).
middangeard, m., earth, world [middle-yard].
middeweard, midward, toward the middle.
Mierce, m. pl., Mercians.
mihte, see magan.
mīl, f., mile [Lat. mille].
mildheortnes, f., mild-heartedness, mercy.
milts, f., mildness, mercy.
mīn ([§ 76]), my, mine.
mislīc, various.
missenlīc, various.
mōd, n., mood, mind, courage.
mōdcearig, sorrowful of mind.
mōdega, mōdga, see mōdig.
mōdgeðanc, m., purpose of mind.
mōdig, moody, brave, proud.
mōdor, f., mother.
mōdsefa, m., mind, heart.
mǫn(n) (man, mann) ([§ 68]; [§ 70, Note]), m., man, one, person, they.
mōna, m., moon.
mōnað ([§ 68, (1), Note]), m., month [mōna]; dat. sing., mōnðe.
mǫn(n)cynn, n., mankind.
mǫndryhten, m., liege lord.
mǫnian (manian) ([§ 130]), admonish.
mǫnig (manig, mǫneg, mænig), many.
mǫnigfeald (manig-), manifold, various.
mōnðe, see mōnað.
mōr, m., moor.
morgen, m., morning; dat. sing., morgen(n)e.
morðor-bealu (-bealo), n., murder [murder-bale];
see ðurfan.
mōste, see mōtan.
mōtan ([§ 137]), may, be permitted, must.
mund-gripe, m., hand-grip.
munuc, m., monk [Lat. monachus].
munuchād, m., monkhood, monastic rank.
mūð, m., mouth.
myntan ([§ 127]), be minded, intend; pret. indic. 3d sing., mynte.
mynster, n., monastery [Lat. monasterium]; dat. sing., mynstre.
mȳre, f., mare [mearh].
myrð, f., joy, mirth;
mōdes myrðe [142, 17] = with joy of heart.
[N.]
nā (nō), not [ne ā = n-ever];
nā ne, not, not at all.
nabban (p. 32, Note), not to have.
nǣdre, f., serpent, adder.
næfde, see nabban.
nǣfre, never.
nǣnig ([§ 77]), no one, no, none.
nǣre, nǣren, nǣron, see [§ 40, Note 2].
næs = ne wæs, see [§ 40, Note 2].
næss, m., ness, headland.
nāht, see nōht.
nālæs (nāles), not at all [nā ealles].
nam, see niman.
nama, see nǫma.
nāmon, see niman.
nān, not one, no, none [ne ān].
nānwuht, n., nothing [no whit].
ne, not.
nē, nor;
nē ... nē, neither ... nor.
nēah ([§ 96, (4)]), near.
nēah, adv., nigh, near, nearly, almost; comparative, nēar, nearer.
neaht, see niht.
nēalēcan (-lǣcan) ([§ 126]), draw near to, approach (with dat.).
nēar, see nēah, adv.
nēat, n., neat, cattle.
nęmnan ([§ 127]), name.
nemðe, (nymðe), except, unless.
nęrian ([§ 125]), save, preserve.
nēten, see nīeten.
nīedbeðearf, needful, necessary.
nīehst, see nēah ([§ 96, (4)]).
nīeten (nēten), n., neat, beast, cattle.
nigontīene, nineteen.
niht (neaht) ([§ 68, (1), Note]), night.
nihthelm, m., night-helm, shade of night.
nihtscūa, m., shadow of night.
niht-weorc, n., night-work.
niman ([§ 114]), take, gain [nimble, numb].
nīpan ([§ 102]), grow dark, darken.
nis, see [§ 40, Note 2].
nīð, m., malice, violence.
nīwe, new, novel, startling.
nō, see nā.
nōht (nāht, nā-wiht), n., not a whit, naught, nothing; not, not at all.
nōhwæðer (nāhwæðer), neither;
nōhwæðer nē ... ne ... nē ... ne [118, 8] = neither ... nor.
nolde, noldon = ne wolde, ne woldon, see willan.
nǫma (nama), m., name.
norð ([§ 97, (1)]), north, in the north, northwards.
norðan ([§ 93], (5)), from the north;
be norðan, see [§ 94, (4)].
Norð-Dęne, m. pl., North-Danes.
norðeweard, northward.
Norðhymbre, m. pl., Northumbrians.
Norðmanna, see Norðmǫn.
Norðmęn, see Norðmǫn.
norðmest, see norð.
Norðmǫn (-man) ([§ 68, (1)]), Norwegian.
norðor, see norð.
norðryhte, northward.
norðweard, northward.
Norðweg, Norway.
nose, f., cape, naze [ness, nose].
notu, f., office, employment.
nū, now; now that, seeing that;
nū ðā [138, 13] = now then.
nȳhst (nīehst), see nēah.
nymðe, see nemðe.
nysse, see nytan.
nyste, see nytan.
nyt(t), useful, profitable.
nytan (nitan < ne witan, [§ 136]), not to know;
3d sing. pret., nysse, nyste.
[O.]
of ([§ 94, (1)]), of, from, concerning.
ofer ([§ 94, (2)]), over, across, after, in spite of (see [144, 14]);
ofer eorðan [142, 9] = on earth.
ofer, adv., over, across.
oferfēran ([§ 126]), go over, traverse.
oferfrēosan ([§ 109]), freeze over.
oferfroren, see oferfrēosan.
ofgiefan ([§ 115]), give up, relinquish.
ofost, f., haste.
ofslægen, see ofslēan.
ofslēan ([§ 118]), slay off, slay.
ofslōge, see ofslēan.
oft, oft, often; superlative, oftost.
on ([§ 94, (3)]), in, into, on, against, to, among, during;
on fīf oððe syx [109, 6] = into five or six parts;
on weg [140, 10] = away;
on innan [144, 5] = within;
on unriht [145, 15] = falsely.
onbærnan ([§ 126]), kindle, inspire.
oncȳðð, f., distress, suffering.
ǫnd (and), and.
ǫndsaca, m., adversary.
ǫndswarian ([§ 130]), answer.
ǫndweard, adj., present.
onfēng, see onfōn.
onfeohtan ([§ 110]), fight.
onfindan ([§ 110]), find out, discover; pret. indic. 3d sing., onfunde.
onfōn ([§ 118]), receive, seize violently.
onfunde, see onfindan.
ongēan, prep., against, towards (with dat. and acc.).
ongēan, adv., just across, opposite.
Ǫngelcynn (Angel-), n., Angle kin, English people, England.
Ǫngelðēod (Angel-), f., the English people or nation.
ongemang (-mǫng), among (with dat.).
ongietan (-gitan) ([§ 115]), perceive, see, understand.
onginnan ([§ 110]), begin, attempt.
onlūtan ([§ 109]), bow, incline (intrans.) [lout = a stooper].
onrīdan ([§ 102]), ride against, make a raid on.
onsęndan ([§ 127]), send.
onslǣpan (onslēpan) ([§ 126]), fall asleep, sleep.
onspǫnnan ([§ 117]), loosen [unspan]; pret. 3d sing. indic., onspēon.
onspringan ([§ 110]), spring apart, unspring.
onstāl, m., institution, supply.
onstęllan ([§ 128]), establish; pret. 3d sing. indic., onstealde.
onwæcnan ([§ 127]), awake (intrans.).
onweald (-wald), m., power, authority [wield].
onwęndan ([§ 127]), change, overturn [to wind].
ōr, n., beginning.
oð ([§ 94, (2)]), until, as far as (of time and place);
oð ðæt, oð ðe, until.
oðberan ([§ 114]), bear away.
ōðer, other, second;
ōðer ... ōðer, the one ... the other.
oðfæstan ([§ 127]), set to (a task).
oðfeallan ([§ 117]) fall off, decline.
oððe, or;
oððe ... oððe, either ... or.
[P.]
plega, m., play, festivity.
port, m., port [Lat. portus].
[R.]
rād, f., raid.
rǣcan ([§ 126]), reach; pret. 3d sing., rǣhte.
ræst, see ręst.
Rēadingas, m. pl., Reading (in Berkshire).
ręccan ([§ 128]), narrate, tell; pret. pl. indic., ręhton, reahton.
ręccelēas, reckless, careless.
ręced, n., house, hall.
regnian (rēnian) ([§ 130]), adorn, prepare; past part., geregnad.
regollīc (-lec), according to rule, regular.
rēn-weard, m., mighty warden, guard, champion.
ręst (ræst), f., rest, resting-place, bed.
rēðe, fierce, furious.
rīce, rich, powerful, aristocratic.
rīce, n., realm, kingdom [bishopric].
rīcsian ([§ 130]), rule.
rīdan ([§ 102]), ride.
rīman ([§ 126]), count [rime].
rinc, m., man, warrior.
rōd, f., rood, cross;
rōde tācen, sign of the cross.
Rōmware, m. pl., Romans.
rǫnd (rand), m., shield.
rūn, f., rune, secret meditation [to round = to whisper].
rycene (ricene), quickly, rashly.
ryhtnorðanwind, m., straight north-wind.
[S.]
sǣ, f., sea.
sǣ-bāt, m., sea-boat.
sǣd, n., seed.
sǣde, see sęcgan.
sǣl, m., f., time, happiness [sil-ly];
on sǣlum [137, 22] = joyous, merry.
sǣlan ([§ 126]), bind.
sǣ-līðend ([§ 68, (3)]), m., seafarer (nom. and acc. pl. same as nom. and acc. sing.).
sam ... sam, whether ... or.
same, similarly;
swā same, just the same, in like manner.
samod, see sǫmod.
sanct, m., f., saint [Lat. sanctus]; gen. sing., sanctæ, f., sancti, m.
sang, see sǫng.
sār, f., n., sore, pain, wound.
sār, adj., sore, grievous.
sāre, sorely.
sāwan ([§ 117],) sow.
sāwol, f., soul; oblique cases, sing., sāwle ([§ 39, Note]).
scacan (sceacan) ([§ 116]), shake, go, depart; past part., scacen, sceacen.
scadu-helm, m., cover of night, shadow-covering [shadow-helm];
scadu-helma gesceapu, see [Note on 138, 2-6].
sceal, see sculan.
scēap, n., sheep.
scēat, m., corner, region, quarter [sheet];
eorðan scēatta [139, 14] = in the regions of earth (gen. used as locative).
scēawi(g)an ([§ 130]), view, see [shew].
scēawung, f., seeing.
sceolde, see sculan.
scēop (scōp), see scieppan.
scēowyrhta, m., shoe-maker.
scęððan ([§ 116]), injure, scathe (with dat.).
scieppan ([§ 116]), create.
Scieppend, m., Creator.
scīnan ([§ 102]), shine.
scip (scyp), n., ship.
scipen, n., stall.
sciprāp, m., ship-rope, cable.
scīr, f., shire, district.
Sciringeshēal, m., Sciringesheal (in Norway).
scolde, see sculan.
scǫmu, f., shame, dishonor.
Scōnēg, f., Skaane (southern district of the Scandinavian peninsula).
scopgereord, n., poetic language.
scrīðan ([§ 102]), stride, stalk.
sculan ([§ 136]; [§ 137, Note 2]), shall, have to, ought.
Scyldingas, m. pl., Scyldings, Danes.
scyp, see scip.
Scyppend, see Scieppend.
sē, sēo, ðæt ([§ 28]; [§ 28, Note 3]), the; that; he, she, it; who, which, that;
ðæs, from then, afterwards, therefore;
ðæs ðe ([p. 110, l. 2]), with what;
ðȳ ... ðæt ([p. 110, ll. 7-8]), for this reason ... because;
tō ðǣm ... swā, to such an extent ... as;
ðy (ðē), the (adverbial, with comparatives);
ðȳ ... ðȳ, the ... the.
seah, see sēon.
sealde, see sęllan.
searo-gimm, m., artistic gem, jewel.
searo-nīð, m., cunning hatred, plot.
searo-ðǫnc, m., cunning thought, device.
Seaxe, m. pl., Saxons, Saxony.
sēc(e)an ([§ 128]), to seek, visit, meet.
sęcg, m., man, warrior.
sęcgan ([§ 132]), say, tell.
sefa, m., mind, spirit.
sēfte, more easily (comparative of sōfte).
segel, m., n., sail; dat. sing. = segle.
seglian ([§ 130]), sail.
sęle, m., hall.
sęledrēam, m., hall joy, festivity.
sęle-ful, n., hall cup.
sęlesęcg, m., hall warrior, retainer.
sēlest, best (no positive).
self (sylf), self, himself (declined as strong or weak adjective).
sęllan (syllan) ([§ 128]), give [sell, han(d)sel].
sęmninga, forthwith, straightway.
sęndan ([§ 127]), send.
sēo, see sē.
sēoc, sick.
seofon (syfan), seven.
seolh, m., seal; gen. sing. = sēoles ([§ 27, (3)]).
sēon ([§ 118]), see, look.
seonu, f., sinew; nom. pl., seonowe.
sess, m., seat.
sibb, f., friendship, peace [gossip].
sidu (siodu), m., custom, morality, good conduct.
sīe, see bēon.
siex, six;
syxa (siexa) sum, see sum.
siextig, sixty.
sige, m., victory.
sige-folc, n., victorious people.
sige-lēas, victory-less, of defeat.
sige-rōf, victory-famed, victorious.
sige-wǣpen, n., victory-weapon.
siglan ([§ 127]), sail.
Sillende, Zealand.
sinc, n., treasure, prize.
sinc-fǣt, n., see [137, 1] [treasure-vat].
sinc-ðęgu, f., receiving of treasure [ðicgan].
sind, sint, sindon, see bēon.
singan ([§ 110]), sing.
sittan ([§ 115, Note 2]), sit, take position.
sīð, m., journey, time;
forman sīðe [139, 2] = the first time (instr. sing.).
sīðian ([§ 130]), journey.
siððan, after that, afterwards, after.
slǣp, m., sleep.
slǣpan ([§ 117]), sleep.
slēan ([§ 118]), slay [slow-worm].
slītan ([§ 102]), slit, tear to pieces.
slīðen, savage, perilous.
smæl, narrow.
smalost, see smæl.
snāw, m., snow.
snot(t)or, wise, prudent.
sōhte, see sēcan.
sǫmod (samod), together.
sōna, soon.
sǫng, m., n., song, poem.
sǫngcræft, m., art of song and poetry.
sorg (sorh), f., sorrow.
sōð, true.
sōð, n., truth;
tō sōðe, for a truth, truly, verily.
sōð-fæst, truthful, just.
sōðlīce, truly.
spēd, f., possessions, success, riches [speed].
spēdig, rich, prosperous.
spell, n., story, tale [gospel].
spēow, see spōwan.
spere, n., spear.
spor, n., track, footprint.
spōwan ([§ 117]), succeed (impersonal with dat.).
sprǣc, f., speech, language.
sprecan ([§ 115]), speak.
spyrian (spyrigean) ([§ 130]), follow (intrans.) [spor].
stæf, staff, rod; pl. = literature, learning.
stælhrān, m., decoy-reindeer.
stælwierðe, serviceable (see p. 56, Note 2).
stǣr, n., story, narrative [Lat. historia].
stæð, n., shore.
stān, m., stone, rock.
stān-boga, m., stone-arch [stone-bow].
standan, see stǫndan.
stānhlið (-hleoð), n., stone-cliff.
stapol, m., column [staple].
starian ([§ 125]), stare, gaze.
stęde, m., place.
stelan ([§ 114]), steal.
stęnt, see stǫndan.
stēorbord, n., starboard, right side of a ship.
stęppan ([§ 116]), step, advance; pret. indic. 3d sing., stōp.
stilnes, f., stillness, quiet.
stǫndan ([§ 116]), stand.
stōp, see stęppan.
storm, m., storm.
stōw, f., place [stow, and in names of places].
strang, see strǫng.
stręngest, see strǫng.
strǫng ([§ 96, (2)]), strong.
styccemǣlum, here and there.
sum ([§ 91, Note 2]), some, certain, a certain one;
hē syxa sum [104, 25] = he with five others.
sumera, see sumor.
sumor, m., summer; dat. sing. = sumera.
sumorlida, m., summer-army.
sundor, apart.
sunne, f., sun.
sunu, m., son.
sūð, south, southwards.
sūðan ([§ 93, (5)]), from the south;
be sūðan, south of ([§ 94, (4)]).
sūðeweard, southward.
sūðryhte, southward.
swā (swǣ), so, as, how, as if;
swā swā, just as, as far as;
swā ... swā, the ... the, as ... as;
swā hwæt swā, whatsoever ([§ 77, Note]).
swǣs, beloved, own.
swæð, n., track, footprint [swath].
swaðul, m.? n.?, smoke.
swealh, see swelgan.
swefan ([§ 115]), sleep, sleep the sleep of death.
swefn, n., sleep, dream.
swēg, m., sound, noise.
swegle, bright, clear.
swēlan ([§ 126]), burn [sweal].
swelgan ([§ 110]), swallow; pret. indic. 3d sing., swealh; subj., swulge.
swellan ([§ 110]), swell.
Swēoland, n., Sweden.
Swēom, m., dat. pl., the Swedes.
sweotol, clear.
sweotole, clearly.
swęrian ([§ 116]), swear.
swēte, sweet.
swētnes (-nis), f., sweetness.
swift (swyft), swift.
swilc (swylc) ([§ 77]), such.
swilce, in such manner, as, likewise; as if, as though (with subj.).
swimman ([§ 110]), swim.
swīn (swȳn), n., swine, hog.
swīnsung, f., melody, harmony.
swīðe (swȳðe), very, exceedingly, greatly.
swīðost, chiefly, almost.
swōr, see swęrian.
swulge, see swelgan.
swuster ([§ 68, (2)]), f., sister.
swylce (swelce), see swilce.
swȳn, see swīn.
swynsian ([§ 130]), resound.
swȳðe, see swīðe.
swȳð-ferhð, strong-souled.
sylf, see self.
syll, f., sill, floor.
syllan, see sęllan.
symbel, n., feast, banquet.
symle, always.
synd, see bēon.
syn-dolh, n., ceaseless wound, incurable wound.
syndriglīce, specially.
synn, f., sin.
syn-scaða, m., ceaseless scather, perpetual foe.
syn-snǣd, f., huge bit [ceaseless bit].
syððan, see siððan.
syx, see siex.
syxtig, see siextig.
[T.]
tācen, n., sign, token; dat. sing., tācne ([§ 33, Note]).
tǣcan ([§ 128]), teach.
tam, tame.
tela, properly, well [til].
tęllan ([§ 128]), count, deem [tell]; pret. 3d sing., tealde.
Tęmes, f., the Thames.
tēon, arrange, create; pret. sing., tēode.
Terfinna, m., gen. pl., the Terfins.
tēð, see tōð.
tīd, f., tide, time, hour.
tīen (tȳn), ten.
til(l), good.
tīma, m., time.
tintreglīc, full of torment.
tō ([§ 94, (1)]), to, for, according to, as;
tō hrōfe [114, 2] = for (as) a roof [cf. Biblical to wife, modern to boot].
tō, adv., too.
tōbrecan (p. 81, Note 2), break to pieces, knock about.
tōdǣlan ([§ 126]), divide.
tōemnes (tō emnes) ([§ 94, (4)]), along, alongside.
tōforan ([§ 94, (1)]), before.
tōgeðēodan ([§ 126]), join.
tōhopa, m., hope.
tōlicgan ([§ 115, Note 2]), separate, lie between;
3d sing, indic. = tōlīð.
tōlīð, see tōlicgan.
tolūcan (§ 109, Note 1), destroy [the prefix tō reverses the meaning of lūcan, to lock].
torn, m., anger, insult.
tōð ([§ 68, (1)]), m., tooth.
tōweard ([§ 94, (1)]), toward.
tōweard, adj., approaching, future.
trēow, f., pledge, troth.
trēownes, f., trust.
Trūsō, Drausen (a city on the Drausensea).
tūn, m., town, village.
tunge, f., tongue.
tūngerēfa, m., bailiff [town-reeve; so sheriff = shire-reeve].
tungol, n., star.
twā, see twēgen.
twēgen, ([§ 89]), two, twain.
twēntig, twenty.
tȳn, see tīen.
[Ð.]
ðā, then, when;
ðā ... ðā, when ... then;
ðā ðā, then when = when.
ðā, see sē.
ðǣr, there, where;
ðǣr ðǣr, there where = where;
ðǣr ... swā [142, 4] = wheresoever; [145, 6] = if so be that.
ðæs, afterwards, therefore, thus, because;
see sē.
ðæt (ðætte = ðæt ðe), that, so that.
ðafian ([§ 130]), consent to.
ðanc, see ðǫnc.
ðancian (ðǫncian) ([§ 130]), thank.
ðanon, see ðǫnan.
ðās, see ðēs.
ðē, see sē (instr. sing.) and ðū.
ðe ([§ 75]), who, whom, which, that.
ðēah, though, although;
ðēah ðe, though, although.
ðearf, see ðurfan.
ðearf, f., need, benefit.
ðēaw, m., habit, custom [thews].
ðegn (ðegen), m., servant, thane, warrior.
ðęnc(e)an ([§ 128]), think, intend.
ðening (-ung), f., service;
the pl. may mean book of service ([117, 17]).
ðēod, f., people, nation.
ðēoden, m., prince, lord.
ðēodscipe, m., discipline.
ðēon (ðȳwan) ([§ 126]), oppress [ðēow].
ðēow, m., servant.
ðēowa, m., servant.
ðēowotdōm (ðīowot-), m., service.
ðēs ([§ 73]), this.
ðider, thither.
ðiderweard, thitherward.
ðīn ([§ 76]), thine.
ðing, n., thing;
ǣnige ðinga, see [140, 15, Note].
ðingan ([§ 127]), arrange, appoint.
ðis, see ðēs.
ðissum, see ðēs.
ðōhte, ðōhton, see ðęncean.
ðolian ([§ 130]), endure [thole].
ðǫnan, thence.
ðǫnc, m., thanks.
ðone, see sē.
ðonne, than, then, when;
ðonne ... ðonne, when ... then.
ðrāg, f., time.
ðrēa-nȳd, f., compulsion, oppression, misery [throe-need].
ðrēora, see ðrīe.
ðridda, third.
ðrie (ðrȳ) ([§ 89]), three.
ðrīm, see ðrīe.
ðrīst-hȳdig, bold-minded.
ðrītig, thirty.
ðrōwung, f., suffering.
ðrȳ, see ðrīe.
ðrym(m), m., renown, glory, strength.
ðrȳð, f., power, multitude (pl. used in sense of sing.);
asca ðrȳðe [152, 23] = the might of spears.
ðrȳð-ærn, n., mighty house, noble hall.
ðrȳð-word, n., mighty word, excellent discourse.
ðū ([§ 72]), thou.
ðūhte, see ðyncan.
ðurfan ([§ 136]), need; pres. indic. 3d sing., ðearf; pret. 3d sing., ðorfte;
for-ðām mē wītan ne ðearf Waldend fīra morðor-bealo māga [145, 17] = therefore the Ruler of men need not charge me with the murder of kinsmen.
ðurh ([§ 94, (2)]), through.
ðus, thus.
ðūsend, thousand.
ðȳ, see sē.
ðyder, see ðider.
ðyncan ([§ 128]), seem, appear (impersonal);
mē ðyncð, methinks, it seems to me;
him ðūhte, it seemed to him.
[U.]
ūhta, m., dawn; gen. pl., ūhtna.
unbeboht, unsold [bebycgan = to sell].
uncūð, unknown, uncertain [uncouth].
under, under (with dat. and acc.).
understǫndan ([§ 116]), understand.
underðēodan (-ðīedan) ([§ 126]), subject to; past part. underðēoded = subjected to, obedient to (with dat.).
unforbærned, unburned.
unfrið, m., hostility.
ungefōge, excessively.
ungemete, immeasurably, very.
ungesewenlīc, invisible [past part. of sēon + līc].
unlyfigend, dead, dead man [unliving].
unlȳtel, no little, great.
unriht, n., wrong;
on unriht, see on.
unrihtwīsnes, f., unrighteousness.
unspēdig, poor.
unwearnum, unawares.
ūp (ūpp), up.
ūpāstīgnes, f., ascension [stīgan].
ūp-lang, upright.
ūre ([§ 76]), our.
usses = gen. sing. neut. of ūser, see ic.
ūt, out, outside.
ūtan, from without, outside.
ūtanbordes, abroad.
ūtgǫng, m., exodus.
uton, let us (with infin.) [literally let us go with infin. of purpose (see [137, 19-20, Note]); uton = wuton, corrupted form of 1st pl. subj. of wītan, to go].
ūt-weard, outward bound, moving outwards.
[W.]
wāc, weak, insignificant.
wacian ([§ 130]), watch, be on guard; imperative sing., waca.
wadan ([§ 116]), go, tread [wade].
wǣg, m., wave.
Wǣgmundigas, m. Wægmundings (family to which Beowulf and Wiglaf belonged).
wæl, n., slaughter, the slain.
wæl-blēat, deadly [slaughter-pitiful].
wælgīfre, greedy for slaughter.
wæl-rǣs, m., mortal combat [slaughter-race].
wæl-rēow, fierce in strife.
wælsliht (-sleaht), m., slaughter.
wælstōw, f., battle-field [slaughter-place];
wælstōwe gewald, possession of the battle-field.
wǣpen, n., weapon.
wǣre, see bēon.
wæs, see bēon.
wæter, n., water.
waldend, see wealdend.
wan (wǫn), wan, dark.
wanhȳdig, heedless, rash.
wānigean (wānian) ([§ 130]), bewail, lament (trans.) [whine].
warian ([§ 130]), attend, accompany.
wāt, see witan.
waðum, m., wave; gen. pl., waðema.
weal(l), m., wall, rampart.
wealdend ([§ 68, (3)]), wielder, ruler, lord.
wealh, m., foreigner, Welshman.
wealhstōd, m., interpreter, translator.
weallan ([§ 117]), well up, boil, be agitated; pret. 3d. sing. indic., wēoll.
wealsteal(l), m., wall-place, foundation.
weard, m., ward, keeper.
wearð, see weorðan.
weaxan ([§ 117]), wax, grow.
weg, m., way;
hys weges, see [§ 93, (3)];
on weg, see on.
wel(l), well, readily.
wela, m., weal, prosperity, riches.
welm, see wielm.
wēnan ([§ 126]), ween, think, expect.
węndan ([§ 127]), change, translate [wend, windan].
węnian ([§ 130]), entertain;
węnian mid wynnum [149, 20] = entertain joyfully;
węnede tō wiste [149, 27] = feasted (trans.).
Weonodland (Weonoðland), n., Wendland.
weorc, n., work, deed.
weorold (weoruld), see woruld.
weorpan ([§ 110]), throw.
weorðan ([§ 110]), be, become.
wer, m., man [werwulf].
wērig, weary, dejected.
werod, n., army, band.
wesan, see bēon.
Wesseaxe, m. pl., West Saxons; gen. pl. = Wesseaxna.
west, west, westward.
westanwind, m., west wind.
wēste, waste.
wēsten, n., waste, desert.
Westsǣ, f., West Sea (west of Norway).
Westseaxe, m. pl., West Saxons, Wessex.
wīc, n., dwelling [bailiwick].
wīcian ([§ 130]), stop, lodge, sojourn [wīc].
wīdre, adv., farther, more widely (comparative of wīde).
wīdsǣ, f., open sea.
wielm (welm), m., welling, surging flood [weallan].
wīf, n., wife, woman.
wīg, m., n., war, battle.
wiga, m., warrior.
wild, wild.
wildor, n., wild beast, reindeer; dat. pl. = wildrum ([§ 33, Note]).
willa, m., will, pleasure; gen. pl., wilna (138, 16).
willan ([§ 134]; [§ 137, Note 3]), will, intend, desire.
wilnung, f., wish, desire;
for ðǣre wilnunga [119, 4] = purposely.
Wiltūn, m., Wilton (in Wiltshire).
wīn, n., wine.
wīn-ærn, n., wine-hall.
Wīnburne, f., Wimborne (in Dorsetshire).
wind, m., wind.
wine, m., friend.
Winedas, m. pl., the Wends, the Wend country.
wine-dryhten, m., friendly lord.
winelēas, friendless.
winemǣg, m., friendly kinsman.
wīngeard, m., vineyard.
winnan ([§ 110]), strive, fight [win].
wīnsæl, n., wine-hall.
wīn-sęle, m., wine-hall.
winter, m., winter; dat. sing. = wintra.
wintercearig, winter-sad, winter-worn.
wīs, wise.
wīsdōm, m., wisdom.
wīse, wisely.
wīse, f., manner, matter, affair [in this wise].
wīs-fæst, wise [wise-fast; cf. shame-faced = shamefast].
wīs-hycgende, wise-thinking.
Wīsle, f., the Vistula.
Wīslemūða, m., the mouth of the Vistula.
wisse, see witan.
wist, f., food, feast.
wita, m., wise man, councillor.
witan ([§ 136]), know, show, experience.
wītan ([§ 102]), reproach, blame (with acc. of thing, dat. of person).
wīte, n., punishment.
Wītland, n., Witland (in Prussia).
wið (§ 94, (3)), against, toward, with;
wið ēastan and wið ūpp on emnlange ðǣm bȳnum lande, toward the east, and upwards along the cultivated land;
wið earm gesæt [139, 11] = supported himself on his arm;
genęred wið nīðe (dat.) [143, 11] = had preserved it from (against) violence.
wiðerwinna, m., adversary.
wiðfōn ([§ 118]), grapple with (with dat.).
wiðhabban ([§ 133]), withstand, resist (with dat.).
wiðstǫndan ([§ 116]), withstand, resist (with dat.).
wlǫnc, proud.
wōd, see wadan.
wolcen, n., cloud [welkin]; dat. pl., wolcnum.
wolde, see willan.
wōma, m., noise, alarm, terror.
wǫn, see wan.
wōp, n., weeping.
word, n., word.
wōrian ([§ 130]), totter, crumble.
worn, m., large number, multitude.
woruld, f., world;
tō worulde būtan ǣghwilcum ęnde [102, 18] = world without end.
woruldcund, worldly, secular.
woruldhād, m., secular life [world-hood].
woruldrīce, n., world-kingdom, world.
woruldðing, n., worldly affair.
wræclāst, m., track or path of an exile.
wrāð, wroth, angry; foe, enemy.
wrītan ([§ 102]), write.
wucu, f., week.
wudu, m., wood, forest.
wuldor, n., glory.
Wuldorfæder ([§ 68, (2)]), m., Father of glory; gen. sing., Wuldorfæder.
Wuldur-cyning, m., King of glory.
wulf, m., wolf.
wund, f., wound.
wund, wounded.
wunden, twisted, woven, convolute (past part. of windan).
wundor, n., wonder, marvel.
wundrian ([§ 130]), wonder at (with gen.).
wurdon, see weorðan.
wurðan, see weorðan.
wylf, f., she wolf.
wyllað, see willan.
wyn-lēas, joyless.
wynn, f., joy, delight.
wynsum, winsome, delightful.
wyrc(e)an ([§ 128]), work, make, compose.
wyrd, f., weird, fate, destiny.
wyrhta, m., worker, creator [-wright].
wyrm, m., worm, dragon, serpent.
wyrmlīca, m., serpentine ornamentation.
wyrð (weorð), worthy; see [114, 7-9, Note].
[Y.]
ylca, see ilca.
yldan ([§ 127]), delay, postpone [eald].
yldu, f., age [eld].
ymbe (ymb) ([§ 94, (2)]), about, around, concerning [umwhile];
ðæs ymb iii niht [99, 2] = about three nights afterwards.
ymb-ēode, see ymb-gān.
ymbe-sittend, one who sits (dwells) round about another, neighbor.
ymb-gān ([§ 134]), go about, go around, circle (with acc.).
yrfe-weard, m., heir.
yrnan, see iernan.
yrre, ireful, angry.
yteren, of an otter [otor].
ȳðan ([§ 126]), lay waste (as by a deluge) [ȳð = wave].
[II. GLOSSARY.]
MODERN ENGLISH—OLD ENGLISH.
[ A ] [ B ] [ C ] [ D ] [ E ] [ F ] [ G ] [ H ] [ I ] [ K ] [ L ]
[ M ] [ N ] [ O ] [ P ] [ Q ] [ R ] [ S ] [ T ] [ V ] [ W ] [ Y ]
[A.]
a, ān ([§ 77]).
abide, bīdan ([§ 102]), ābīdan.
about, be ([§ 94, (1)]), ymbe ([§ 94, (2)]);
to write about, wrītan be;
to speak about (= of), sprecan ymbe;
about two days afterwards, ðæs ymbe twēgen dagas.
adder, nǣdre ([§ 64]).
afterwards, ðæs ([§ 93, (3)]).
against, wið ([§ 94, (3)]), on ([§ 94, (3)]).
Alfred, Ælfred ([§ 26]).
all, eall ([§ 80]).
also, ēac.
although, ðēah ([§ 105], 2).
always, ā; ealne weg ([§ 98, (1)]).
am, eom ([§ 40]).
an, see a.
and, ǫnd (and).
angel, ęngel ([§ 26]).
animal, dēor ([§ 32]).
are, sind, sint, sindon ([§ 40]).
army, werod ([§ 32]);
Danish army, hęre ([§ 26]);
English army, fierd ([§ 38]).
art, eart ([§ 40]).
Ashdown, Æscesdūn ([§ 38]).
ask, biddan ([§ 65, Note 3]; [§ 115, Note 2]).
away, aweg.
[B.]
battle-field, wælstōw ([§ 38]).
be, bēon ([§ 40]);
not to be, see [§ 40, Note 2].
bear, beran ([§ 114]).
because, for ðǣm (ðe), for ðon (ðe).
become, weorðan ([§ 110]).
before (temporal conjunction), ǣr, ǣr ðǣm ðe ([§ 105], 2).
begin, onginnan ([§ 107, (1)]; [§ 110]).
belong to, belimpan tō + dative ([§ 110]).
best, see good.
better, see good.
bind, bindan ([§ 110]).
bird, fugol ([§ 26]).
bite, bītan ([§ 102]).
body, līc ([§ 32]).
bone, bān ([§ 32]).
book, bōc ([§ 68]).
both ... and, ǣgðer ge ... ge.
boundary, mearc ([§ 38]).
boy, cnapa ([§ 64]).
break, brēotan ([§ 109]), brecan, ābrecan ([§ 114]).
brother, brōðor ([§ 68, (2)]).
but, ac.
by, frǫm (fram) ([§ 94, (1)]; [§ 141, Note 1]).
[C.]
Cædmon, Cædmǫn ([§ 68, (1)]).
call, hātan ([§ 117, (1)]).
cease, cease from, geswīcan ([§ 102]).
child, bearn ([§ 32]).
choose, cēosan ([§ 109]).
Christ, Crīst ([§ 26]).
church, cirice ([§ 64]).
come, cuman ([§ 114]).
comfort, frōfor ([§ 38]).
companion, gefēra ([§ 64]).
consolation, frōfor ([§ 38]).
create, gescieppan ([§ 116]).
[D.]
Danes, Dęne ([§ 47]).
day, dæg ([§ 26]).
dead, dēad ([§ 80]).
dear (= beloved), lēof ([§ 80]).
deed, dǣd ([§ 38]).
die, cwelan ([§ 114]).
division (of troops), gefylce ([§ 32]), getruma ([§ 64]).
do, dōn ([§ 134]).
door, dor ([§ 32]), duru ([§ 52]).
drink, drincan ([§ 110]).
during, on ([§ 94, (3)]). See also [§ 98].
dwell in, būan on ([§ 126, Note 2]).
[E.]
earl, eorl ([§ 26]).
endure, drēogan ([§ 109]).
England, Ęnglalǫnd ([§ 32]).
enjoy, brūcan ([§ 62, Note 1]; [§ 109, Note 1]).
every, ǣlc ([§ 77]).
eye, ēage ([§ 64]).
[F.]
father, fæder ([§ 68, (2)]).
field, feld ([§ 51]).
fight, feohtan, gefeohtan ([§ 110]).
find, findan ([§ 110]).
finger, finger ([§ 26]).
fire, fȳr ([§ 32]).
fisherman, fiscere ([§ 26]).
foreigner, wealh ([§ 26]).
freedom, frēodōm ([§ 26]).
friend, wine ([§ 45]), frēond ([§ 68, (3)]).
friendship, frēondscipe ([§ 45]).
full, full (with genitive) ([§ 80]).
[G.]
gain the victory, sige habban, sige niman.
gift, giefu ([§ 38]).
give, giefan (with dative of indirect object) ([§ 115]).
glad, glæd ([§ 81]).
glove, glōf ([§ 38]).
go, gān ([§ 134]), faran ([§ 116]).
God, God ([§ 26]).
good, gōd ([§ 80]).
[H.]
Halgoland, Hālgoland ([§ 32]).
hall, heall ([§ 38]).
hand, hǫnd ([§ 52]).
hard, heard ([§ 80]).
have, habban ([§ 34]);
not to have, nabban (p. 32, Note).
he, hē ([§ 53]).
head, hēafod ([§ 32]).
hear, hīeran ([§ 126]).
heaven, heofon ([§ 26]).
help, helpan (with dative) ([§ 110]).
herdsman, hierde ([§ 26]).
here, hēr.
hither, hider.
hold, healdan ([§ 117, (2)]).
holy, hālig ([§ 82]).
horse, mearh ([§ 26]), hors ([§ 32]).
house, hūs ([§ 32]).
[I.]
I, ic ([§ 72]).
in, on ([§ 94, (3)]).
indeed, sōðlīce.
injure, scęððan (with dative) ([§ 116]).
it, hit ([§ 53]).
[K.]
king, cyning ([§ 26]).
kingdom, rīce ([§ 32]), cynerīce ([§ 32]).
[L.]
land, lǫnd ([§ 32]).
language, sprǣc ([§ 38]), geðēode ([§ 32]).
large, micel ([§ 82]).
leisure, ǣmetta ([§ 64]).
let us, uton (with infinitive).
limb, lim ([§ 32]).
little, lytel ([§ 82]).
live in, būan on ([§ 126, Note 2]).
lord, hlāford ([§ 26]).
love, lufian ([§ 131]).
love (noun), lufu ([§ 38]).
[M.]
make, wyrcan ([§ 128]).
man, sęcg ([§ 26]), mǫn ([§ 68, (1)]).
many, mǫnig ([§ 82]).
mare, mȳre ([§ 64]).
mead, medu ([§ 51]).
Mercians, Mierce ([§ 47]).
milk, meolc ([§ 38]).
month, mōnað ([§ 68, (1), Note 1]).
mouth, mūð ([§ 26]).
much, micel ([§ 96, (3)]), micle ([§ 97, (2)]).
murderer, bǫna ([§ 64]).
my, mīn ([§ 76]).
[N.]
natives, lǫndlēode ([§ 47]).
nephew, nefa ([§ 64]).
new, nīwe ([§ 82]).
Northumbrians, Norðymbre ([§ 47]).
not, ne.
[O.]
of, see about.
on, on ([§ 94, (3)]), ofer ([§ 94, (2)]).
one, ān ([§ 89]);
the one ... the other, ōðer ... ōðer.
other, ōðer ([§ 77]).
our, ūre ([§ 76]).
ox, oxa ([§ 64]).
[P.]
place, stōw ([§ 38]).
plundering, hęrgung ([§ 38]).
poor, earm ([§ 80]), unspēdig ([§ 82]).
prosperous, spēdig ([§ 82]).
[Q.]
queen, cwēn ([§ 49]).
[R.]
reindeer, hrān ([§ 26]).
remain, bīdan ([§ 102]), ābīdan.
retain possession of the battle-field, āgan wælstōwe gewald.
rich, rīce ([§ 82]), spēdig ([§ 82]).
ride, rīdan ([§ 102]).
[S.]
say, cweðan ([§ 115]), sęcgan ([§ 133]).
scribe, bōcere ([§ 26]).
seal, seolh ([§ 26]).
see, sēon ([§ 118]), gesēon.
serpent, nǣdre ([§ 64]).
servant, ðēowa ([§ 64]), ðegn ([§ 26]).
shall, sculan ([§ 136]; [§ 137, Note 2]).
she, hēo ([§ 53]).
shepherd, hierde ([§ 26]).
ship, scip ([§ 32]).
shire, scīr ([§ 38]).
shoemaker, scēowyrhta ([§ 64]).
side, on both sides, on gehwæðre hǫnd.
six, siex ([§ 90]).
slaughter, wæl ([§ 32]), wælsliht ([§ 45]).
small, lȳtel ([§ 82]).
son, sunu ([§ 51]).
soul, sāwol ([§ 38]).
speak, sprecan ([§ 115]).
spear, gār ([§ 26]), spere ([§ 32]).
stand, stǫndan ([§ 116]).
stone, stān ([§ 26]).
stranger, wealh ([§ 26]), cuma ([§ 64]).
suffer, drēogan ([§ 109]).
sun, sunne ([§ 64]).
swift, swift ([§ 80]).
[T.]
take, niman ([§ 110]).
than, ðonne ([§ 96, (6)]).
thane, ðegn ([§ 26]).
that (conjunction), ðæt.
that (demonstrative), sē, sēo, ðæt ([§ 28]).
that (relative), ðe ([§ 75]).
the, se, sēo, ðæt ([§ 28]).
then, ðā, ðonne.
these, see this.
they, hīe ([§ 53]).
thing, ðing ([§ 32]).
thirty, ðrītig.
this, ðēs, ðēos, ðis ([§ 73]).
those, see that (demonstrative).
thou, ðū ([§ 72]).
though, ðēah ([§ 105], 2).
three, ðrīe ([§ 89]).
throne, ascend the throne, tō rīce fōn.
throw, weorpan ([§ 110]).
to, tō ([§ 94, (1)]).
tongue, tunge ([§ 64]).
track, spor ([§ 32]).
true, sōð ([§ 80]).
truly, sōðlīce.
two, twēgen ([§ 89]).
[V.]
very, swīðe.
vessel, fæt ([§ 32]).
victory, sige ([§ 45]).
[W.]
wall, weall ([§ 26]).
warrior, sęcg ([§ 26]), eorl ([§ 26]).
way, weg ([§ 26]).
weapon, wǣpen ([§ 32]).
well, wel ([§ 97, (2)]).
Welshman, Wealh ([§ 26]).
went, see go.
westward, west, westrihte.
whale, hwæl ([§ 26]).
what? hwæt ([§ 74]).
when, ðā, ðonne.
where? hwǣr.
which, ðe ([§ 75]).
who? hwā ([§ 74]).
who (relative), ðe ([§ 75]).
whosoever, swā hwā swā ([§ 77, Note]).
will, willan ([§ 134]; [§ 137, Note 3]).
Wilton, Wiltūn ([§ 26]).
win, see gain.
wine, wīn ([§ 32]).
wisdom, wīsdōm ([§ 26]).
wise, wīs ([§ 80]).
with, mid ([§ 94, (1)]);
to fight with (= against), gefeohtan wið ([§ 94, (3)]).
withstand, wiðstǫndan (with dative) ([§ 116]).
wolf, wulf ([§ 26]), wylf ([§ 38]).
woman, wīf ([§ 32]).
word, word ([§ 32]).
worm, wyrm ([§ 45]).
[Y.]
ye, gē ([§ 72]).
year, gēar ([§ 32]).
yoke, geoc ([§ 32]).
you, ðū (singular), gē (plural) ([§ 72]).
your, ðīn (singular), ēower (plural) ([§ 76]).
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_e_ _d_ _c_ _b_ _a_
Where the horsemen The six parts of the property
assemble. placed within one mile.