Chapter VII.
The Haytian or Taino Language restored, with fragments of the dialects of Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, Eyeri, Cairi, Araguas. Grammar, roots, and comparative Vocabularies.
At an early period I endeavored to collect all the scattered fragments of this language, in order to elucidate and support the historical traditions. This labour concluded in 1828, has given very important results, which shall now be explained. At the time of the Spanish discovery and conquest, many Spaniards spoke that language; many slaves were sent to Spain; but philology was not then attended to. Therefore we have no dictionary nor grammar of this language. Meantime the very nation has disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty.
However, nearly all the early travellers and writers on the West Indies have preserved by chance, some words of it. Columbus himself mentions some of them in his original journal. Roman and Dangleria explain many of the quoted words. Others are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo, Garcia, Diaz, Las-Casas &c.; which had never been all collected even by Vater nor Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a long list of Haytian words; but three-fourths [pg 216] of them are geographical or historical names unexplained and unavailable.
I have used, compared and brought together all these loose materials, and thus succeeded in restoring about 234 words of this language, a list ample enough for all historical purposes. This contains besides 50 words of the Eyeri and eastern dialects, with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects, useful to show the variations of dialects. We know that from Bahama to Cuba, Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language was spoken in various slight dialects, but understood by all: Columbus himself says so.
But this language, which had also partly spread in Florida, and in South America, has the appearance of being a mixt speech. This appears from the many synonyms, the deviations of dialects, and the double forms, or relative position of words. In the small eastern islands the Eyeris or Cabres had been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved the women, and these preserved their own language, mixt with some Carib words and taught it to their daughters; so as to produce a double language, that of the women being quite peculiar. This singular fact well authenticated, will enable us to presume a similar conquest and custom, wherever we shall meet in America, with a peculiar female idiom.
The many nations or tribes mentioned in the traditions, which had gradually amalgamated; and the settlement in Cuba and [pg 217] Hayti of the Mayas, will account for this mixture of synonyms. But the existence also of many homonyms, leads us to a former more simple speech, probably monosyllabic and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to which it is most akin.
From the primitive languages of North Africa and South Europe, it had received this regular position of ideas; but by the mixture with the Maya and Mexican nations using the inverse form, it borrowed that new form. The same happened in Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes, who received in Greece and Italy the inverse form of speech from the Scythian, Illyrian and Gothic tribes.
The comparative examination of the Haytian and dialects, was pursued by me, upon all the languages of the earth, as I was determined that one American nation at least, should be traced philologically to its real origin. Thus I found many thousand analogies of it, out of which I have used about 1500 in the annals, notes and vocabularies. A single American language does then contain more comparative analogies in about 200 words than all those collected by Vater and Malte, out of 400 American languages; and this fact upsets all the illusions, theories and false views, based thereon by them, Humboldt and others.
But this comprehensive labour teaches [pg 218] other facts, by far more important and available. 1. That American languages have analogies with all the languages of the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies with each other, 3. That it is only the superior number of analogies that may indicate a filial or parental connection out of America, 4. And that also similar greatest number of analogies, indicate the parental relations of American languages and nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that unless a language and nation is compared with all the others, we can never ascertain accurately, nor trace its real parentage philologically.
This consequence is obvious, although it will not please the lazy or timid philologists and historians. It shall be further pursued and elucidated hereafter; but now let us apply these rules to the Haytian.
I could give 400 comparisons. Let us select a few.
1. Ainu of Choka islands between Japan and Kamchatka, 22 comparable words 4 alike in Haytian—Boat, house, no, drink—Mutual affinity only 21 per cent. No parentage.
2. Singala of Ceylon, 50 comparable words, 16 analogies, with Haytian—Mutual affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage.
3. Guanch of the Canary island nearest to Hayti in the east, 32 comparable words, 14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent. Distant connection.
4. Mandara. Handsome black nation in the centre of Africa, 12 words comparable, 6 akin,—one, water, man, king, mother, river—Mutual analogies 50 per cent. Nearer connection than with the Guanch, or separation less remote.
5. Pelagic, or ancestors of the Greeks and Italians. Comparable words in all the ancient and modern dialects nearly 200, whereof about 160 offer more or less analogies!—Mutual affinity 80 per cent! Complete and near connection.
Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic origin! No other group of languages offer anything like as many. The nearest after, are the Atlantic L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask, Sanscrit, Persian &c. who are all connected with the Pelagic nations. The analogies with the Tartars, Chinese, Polynesians &c., are all less in amount.
In America the Haytian affinities are of course the greatest with the Aruac nations of South America; who are their brothers, and extend to the Taos of Tucuman and the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta. Yet they may have been divided long ago, or ever since their American settlement: since out of two selected for comparisons, after the vocabularies, the Araguas had only 70 per cent of analogy, and the Cairi only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities after these, were with the Apalachis, Nachez, Cadoz, Huastecas, Mexican, Tarasca, Maya, Chontal &c. of N. America, [pg 220] and the Darien, Betoy, Peruvian, Chili, Mbaya &c. of South America.
Those with the nations of N. America of Asiatic origin, and the nations of South America of African origin, such as the Linapis and Guaranis, were much reduced. See the compared vocabularies.
The Haytian shall now become therefore one of the touchstones of other American languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic origin, and above all the connection with the American Pelagians.
Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities of this interesting language, and first its phonology.
It appears to have all the sounds of the Italic languages; but it lacks the Greek TH, PS, the Cairi had TH. It has been written by Spaniards, and their simple orthography applies well to it; but leaves a doubt whether it had the Celtic and French û (unless it be y) Hebrew and English SH, lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in English, and the French TCH.—It had the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish, written X and J. Also the Spanish LL, GN or Ñ, and TZ.
It had few P being changed to B; few F often changed to V; few L changing to Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed to T.—It had no nasal sounds as in Italian, AN becoming Ana &c. Many dipthongs AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI &c. as in Italian, each vowel sounded. This made [pg 221] the language soft, pleasing and musical as in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says the accent was always on the last syllable, as in French.
On the grammar of it, nothing has been written; what Vater has said is quite loose and inaccurate. We have not even the Lord's Prayer in it, so as to serve as a model. Our only guides are a few translated phrases of Roman and Dangleria; but they enable us to perceive the main features of it.
One of the chief was the great use of articles, as in Italian; but with a peculiar one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes after the nouns. It was a demonstrative article, meaning such, or this, that, these, those; but never changing and common as our The: while this indicative The was declinable or changing as in the Italic languages, and extremely various, although always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN, NI, N', ZI, LI &c. A third kind of article was O, which when added, appears to have been comparative, and to mean Akin, Like, Similar, or our English AS. The relative article Of was A prefixed.
Examples of Articles.
Gua-yava This pear.
Gua-ma This great, or lord.
Gua-tiaos Those brothers.
Ma-za-gua Great plain such.
Bala-gua Sea such, the ocean.
I-Guana The guana or lizard.
Ni-taino The good or noble.
Mi-taino My noble lord.
Li-ani The wife. Eyeri dialect.
Hin-Guaili The such-sons, the children.
Ziba o Stone like, stony.
A-na Of bloom, a flower.
A-boria Of labor, a vassal.
A-maca Of wood, a bed.
A-ma Of great, water.
A-reiti Of rite, song.
These articles formed probably the declinations of nouns, as we do not perceive a different desinense. This form was more like the Celtic, Oscan, and Greek, than the Latin.
The feminine was formed nearly as in Italian, O changing to A.—Taino, Taina, Lord, Lady—Hito, Hita, Man, Woman; but there must have been irregularities difficult to trace: as some words masculine end in I, S, N, U, L. Perhaps some were neutral.
Some words are formed by duplication, implying an amplitude, as in the Oriental language.—Bi life, Bibi mother and wife in dialects. Ba habitation, Baba, Vava Father. Ma great, Mama mother. Xau cake, Xauxau bread or large cake.
The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian, or in S as in Spanish; but there are some irregular plurals. Taino, Taini, Lord, Lords. Hito, hitos man, men.
EL son. ILI sons. Zemi angel, Zemes angels.
The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in UM. Eyeri man, Eyerium men; Inaru woman, Inayum women.
The adjectives are put before or after the substantives, blending the two forms; and the prevailing form in compound words is doubtful, perhaps the regular as in Latin.
Examples of regular position.
Hay-ti Land-high.
Ana-caona Flower (of) gold.
Buhui-tihu Priest high or eminent.
Examples of inverse positions.
Bo-hito Old man or priest.
Jaya-el Earth-son.
N'abor-itas The working men.
The adjectives are chiefly formed from nouns, and often by a simple O added, thus Ziba stone, Zibao stony, Zibayo mount.
Turei heaven, Tureigua heavenly or heaven-like.
Duhos wealth, Duihzi wealthy or wealth-is.
The superlatives are commonly formed by duplication. Ua old, Uaua very old. Co fruitful, Coco very fruitful, the coco nut.
Or else by the affix Ma which amplifies every thing.
The pronouns appear very simple.
MI, M' first person for I, me, my, mine; but our is Ahia?
TI, T' Second person for thee, thou, thy, thine.
LI, L' Third person for he, she, his, her.
NI, N' Common like It or rather On of the French.
How their plurals are formed, is doubtful; but perhaps the inflexions alone formed them. These pronouns are pure Italian! or rather primitive. They were often dispensed with as in Italian.
Of the verbs we know little or nothing. By a few examples of the verb to be, it was quite irregular as with us.
Ei To be—Tei be thou—Bei being.
Beira a being—Dacha I am.
El he is—Zi it is, this is.
In these Ei appears the root, derives from Eil, and was then similar to El son, as Zi to Izi eyes.
This verb joined to others was added to words. Guarocoel we know he is, may be analyzed Gua-roco-el such-know-he-is.
We have an example of negative verbs in Macabuca I do not care, which is Macabuca not-care, or never-mind; in French n'importe, in Italian non curo.
Of the syntax we may form an idea by the few preserved phrases; which I have analyzed as follow, and compared with the Italian.
1. Teitoca thou be quiet. Tacitu Italian.
tocheta much. molto.
zinato angry. irato.
Guame-chyna this great God. gran-Nume.
2. Gua-ibba that go. Vai It.
zinato angry. irato.
macabuca not care. non curo.
3. Dios Spanish God. Dio It.
Aboria Servant. Servo.
dacha I am. Sono.
This idiom or position of words is perfect in Italian which admits of many transpositions; but in English syntax and idiom these phrases mean
1. Be quiet, God will be very angry.
2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry.
3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.
The Haytian numbers have not been transmitted to us, and I could only collect the following secondary numbers—Ata first, Bem second, Abem third: which however are primitive and indicate a binary numeration: although the language had probably the decimals.
By a careful analytical process I have been able to decompose the compound words, and even reach their monosyllabic roots. All the long words can be thus analyzed, and show that this compound form only arises, as usual in American languages, by the blunders of the Spanish writers, who wrote long words instead of short ones; blending articles and affixes. The Haytian thus analyzed and reduced is a very simple language, approximating to the primitive and oriental forms, wherein short monosyllables of generic import, [pg 226] formed the base of the speech, and became modified by union and relative position.
By these means the following essential roots of the language have been collected, and are given to help future similar investigations of American languages.
Examples of composition.
Cazabi Bread. Ca-za-bi soil-fruitful-life.
Manati Sea cow. Ma-na-ti great-thing-eminent.
Turei Heaven. T'ur-ei Thou-light-be.
Furzidi Cloudy. Fur-zi-di gloom-it-is-day. (or now)
Areiti Song, rites. A-rei-ti of reality eminent.
Nanichi Soul. Na-ni-chi thing the active.
Maroyo Moon. Ma-ro-yo great lovely.
74 essential monosyllabic roots of this language or genera of ideas.
A, Of, as, like.
Ac, Holy, sacred, religious.
Am, Water, root, plenty.
An, Male thing, man, people, folk.
At, One, alone, first, unic.
Ba, Father, ancestor, dwelling.
Bal, Raft, floating, wave, sea.
Ban, Wind, air.
Bao, Music, lyre, instrument.
Bat, Beating, game, play, ball.
Bem, Second, double, twin, two, next.
Bi, Life, wife, mother.
Boa, Habitation, house.
Bor, Labor, work, vassal, service.
Ca, Land, soil, earth, dry.
Can, Fish, swift, bad.
Chi, Active, soul, work, wine, lively.
Chon, Hot, dry, fever.
Chuc, Take, grasp, hold.
Co, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread.
Coai, Joy, delight, happiness.
Cu, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all.
Cus, Worm, creeping.
Di, Day, now, actual.
Duh, Wealth, riches, treasures, property.
Ei, Existence, to be.
El, Son, tribe, child, he is.
Fur, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury.
Gia, Fowl, bird, flying.
Gua, Such, this, that, these, those.
Guey, Shell, hollow, closed.
Ha, Yes, sure, certain.
Hi, The, indication, here.
Hio, House, hut, cottage.
Huib, Head.
I, The, sign of life and action.
Io, God, the living-type.
It, Man, male.
In, Woman, female.
Iz, Eyes, looks.
L', LI, He, she, they, his &c., oft. changed to Y.
MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &c.
Mas, Food, to eat &c.
MI, M', Me, my, mine.
Na, Thing, bloom, lizard.
Ni, N', The thing, my thing.
No, Noa, Boat, navigation, noble.
O, Like, similar, akin.
Ob, Copper, yellow.
Op, Dead.
Pu, Wood, purple.
Ra, Rei, Real, rite, evidence, offspring.
Ris, Red.
Ro, Love, belove.
Ri, Male, people, men.
Sor, West, Eve, late, far.
Toa, Breast, milk.
Ti, High, lofty, eminent.
Tab, Tube, pipe.
Tai, Tiao, Brother, friend, good.
Toc, Rest, peace, quiet.
Ua, Old, ancient.
Ur, Light.
Ut, Rabbits.
Va, Cave, hollow, father, origin.
Var, War, warrior.
Xau, Cake, baked, bread.
Xi, Strong, pungent, pepper.
Yar, End, tail, vent.
Yu, White, bright.
Za, Grass, fruitful, plenty.
Zem, Angels, deities, idols.
Zib, Stone, rock.
Zic, King, ruler.
Such was the Haytian language, once spoken by several millions, and a western branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived from the Asiatic Pelegs and Palis, once peopled nearly all the shores of the Mediterranean 3 or 4000 years ago.
The following comparative vocabularies will prove this fact. They have not been made to support it; but to find the truth, and the probable ancestors of this American nation, by seeking them all over the earth. If this nation one of the nearest to the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of such remote antiquity, those further removed and inland may well be deemed equally old, or rather older still: which their own history shall disclose.
Out of the 234 words collected; many it will be perceived, are hardly comparable; being names of peculiar animals and plants. About 200 offer comparisons with our languages well known. It must be remarked that the Spaniards borrowed many Haytian words, which have since been introduced into Spanish and other European languages. Humboldt has given a list of them. Those admitted in the English language now are, hurricane, canoe, keys or islands, tobacco, pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana, mahogany, patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal, maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco, cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &c.; which must not be compared, since they have been borrowed by us from the Haytian. The Spaniards have besides, chichas, balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati, maguey, tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco, nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &c.
Yet several of those words may be usefully compared in ancient languages often extinct, previous to the late connection with America. Thus we find analogies for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam, chicha, macana, manati &c., in many: indicating very ancient connections.—Even the words manati, hurricane, canoe, nigua &c., have affinities in modern Italic languages, not derived from Hayti.
Comparative Taino Vocabulary of Hayti.
Authorities,—R. Roman—C. Columbus—D. Dangleria,—Ac. Acosta,—Her. Herrera,—M. Munoz,—L. Las-Casas,—O. Oviedo,—G. Garcia or Gili,—E. Edwards,—H. Humboldt,—V. Vater,—A. all or nearly all of them,—Laet,—Diaz,—St. Mery,—Ey. Eyeri Dialect.
All or whole Quis R. D. Xus O.
Analogies, Oya Congo, Jikoga Japan, Chukoat Nepal, Huy Copt, Qualunque Italy.—Ixquich Mexican, Kiyih Mohigan &c.
Angel and Idol. Zemi, Zemes, Chemes A. analogies in annals.
Alligator or crocodile. Cayman A.—
Caram Bornu, Taymah Arabic, Cuina Bechuana, Caimio Chamoa Egyptian Dialects.—Cayman Peruvian, Camac Mexican, Amangam Linapi.
Ants or pismires Comexon R. see notes. Apple, pear, guava. Guava, Guaiva, Guayaba, Xagua A.—
Apis, Puar, old French, Apple English, Aguas, Carba Pelagic, Carpos Greek, Carpath Aramic, Ribi Egypt.
Angry Zynato D.—
Irato Ital, Orgytheis Greek, Cato (bad) Ausonian, Yahat Malay, Ita Tonga.
Am, I am Dacha D.—
Nach Turan, Da (is) Bask, Davo Sanscrit.—Naca Maipuri, Ehaca Tarasca.
Arachis or ground-nut. Mani, Manis A.—Nux Latin.
Aloe Maguey. Magheih H.—Agave Greek.
Annona or Papaw Guanavan H.
Ananas or pine-apple Boniama G. Fanpolomi E.
Annato or red paint Achioto H. Bixa G.
Apart, aside, the side Nara R.—Parte It., Share English &c.
Armadillo Atatu E.
Army Guaravara G., see War.
Air, see Wind.
Above Ubek in Eyeri. Super, Ubique, Latin.
Breast and milk Toa R—primitive word found in all languages,—
Teth Celtic, Tit Saxon, Tad Chaldaic, Toho Ainu, Aha (milk) Aramic, Aho Guanche, Tea Bisharis, Doa Hindu &c.
Bread or cake Cazabi, Cazavi A. Cuac, Maru in dialects.—
Also primitive found in 100 languages. Oguia Bask, Ahran Celtic and Berber, Shakua Abask, Kabaka Nuba, Khas Haikan, Maru Zingani, Yacu Dhagul mountains, Axaus Pelagic, Artos Greek &c.—Cuzavi Tayrones, Cosque Chili, Casaah Cado, Cancu Peru, Shokua Atakapas, Pasca Apalachi &c.
Be, to be, Tei, Ei D.—Primitive.
Ei Aramic, E Italic, Hei Arabic, Eu Armoric, Hei Oscan, Esti Greek, E Haikan, Hein Pelagic, Eolian, Pet Egypt &c.—Eini Tarasca, Atz Chaymas &c.
Being, and a being, Bei, Beira A.—primitive, same roots,
Boat, Canoa A. Pages.—
Primitive word of 100 languages, Nau Sanscrit, Pelagic, Osset, Nave, Barca Italic, Naus Greek, Guyon Guanch, Scafo, Cahekiu Sicilian, Xepec Lybian, Bacolo Illyric, Cahani Ainu, Cayic Turk, Doa Arabic, Naos Haikan, Ani Aramic, Cana Bastul or Iberian, Naoi Celtic, Kan Teutonic &c.—Noatek Mbaya, Canahua, Canabir Galibis, Palayak Aleutian, Banias Panama &c.
Bird, fowl, Bogiael R. Ipis in Cuba.—
Compare Halit and Ibis Egypt, Pirid old Saxon, Ipira Hindu, Vogel German, Pollo Oscan. Ugedu Sicily, Ogia Celtic, Uchel Ausonian, Bo Burman, Mapel Suanic, Haliga Pelagic &c.—Gualpa Peru, Coxol Huasteca &c.
Bed. Amaca A. Amazas L. Barbacoa H. Nehera, Nekera in Dialects.—
Ekia, Kunera, Greek, Tamapat Malay, Nedokuri Japan, Cama Lusitanian, Make Egypt—Camata Peru, Amaca, Akat Galibi, Mucara Betoy? Amaca Yaoy, Chinchero Guarauna.
Blue and violet, Tunna, Quibey, Guei, dialects.—Cyanus Greek, Chuanta Abask.
Beer, Chicha A.—
Alicha, Cheruisa Gauls, Chelia Cantabrians, Chacoli Bask, Shashu China, Ichua, Isua African Atlantes, Acha (Wine) Aramic—Chica Peru, Chicha Chili, Mbayas, Cachina Apalachi, Huicu Galibis &c.
Beloved, loved, Rozi, Berozi R.—
Eros Greek, Behar Persian, Careich Celtic, Cara Italic and Hebrew, Heri Sanscrit, Eiras, Meres Egypt, Amore Italian, Amuri Sicilian.
Ball, ball-game, Batos D. Batei G.—
Orpatos Greek, Ballota Italic, Baton French, Bandy, Bate old English—Pali, Palican Chili.
Beast, beastly, wild, Caracol R.—
Caracal Lybian, Car Turan, Heraca, Ferua Italy, Caracol Berber Atlantes, Caracoler old French, Ho-lo old Chinese, Olo-olo Bugis and Macasar.
Basket, Hava G.—Primitive, see Cave.
Bright, Tureigna D.—see Light.
Bananas, Bananas Her. Camois G.
Bad fellow, Vaquiano Ac.—Paquiano Sicily.
Brother, Guatiao Her.—Tayo Polynesia, Fratielo Ital. D.
Blood, Moinalu Ey.—
Omoina Aramic, Idoimen African Atlantes, Odola Bask, Zemo Zend, Tola Arabic, Haimai Pelagic, Haematos Greek, Aimonos Romaic, Hamanos Illyric, Mulu Koriak and Kamchatka.
Corn, maize, Mahiz, Mayz A.—
Maiza Bask. Mas Nepal and Congo. May Kirata of Imalaya, Me Chinese, Maza Pelagic, Maiz Turan, Zimidi, Zimind Caucasian languages, Mozen Guanch, Tiemzin, timezin tomzin African Atlantic—Hazez Apalachi, Iziz Huasteca, Zara Peru, Yasit Cora, Umita Chili.
Cold, Ymizui R.—Hima Sanscrit, Hiems Latin, Frimat French.
Cave, cavern, Cova, Vava D. Giaga, Beina O.—
Cava, Cabina, Phinon Pelagic, Caura Lybian, Thebi old Egyptian, Tabaita Ausonian, Ketena, Phian Oscan and Etruscan? Libanah, Cuena Aramic, Tana Sicily, Deina Teuton ... Primitive.
Cotton, Mapu E. Zeiba A.—Gosupon Greek, Kapas, Kipi Sanscrit language,
Bombaz Pelagic, Cosib old Arabic.
Cloth, see dress.
Club, see sword.
Copper, Tuob C. Yellow copper, Hobin D.—Kuop Pelagic, Kupros Greek, Cupreus Latin.
Careless, I don't care, Macabuca D.—Bucanaco Congo.
Cutting, knife, Henequen.—Ecuta Bask, Totenika Greek, Sikunatant Pehlvi, Kangiac Arabic &c.
Children or tribe, EL, Ili, Guaili R.—Primitive, analogies already given in annals.
Clusia alba, or copal tree, Copei, Copal G. H.
Conch-shell, Maguey C. as Aloe.
Cake, Xauxau G. Akes C. see Bread. Xau is primitive.
Cocos, Coco G. Coquillas in Boriquen.
Cedar, Cauvana G.
Cacao, Cacao A. same in Mexico &c.
Church, temple, chapel, Cu Acosta, Tzia.—Primitive, same name in Maya, Chontal, Mexican &c. Gu Japan, Tia Chinese D.
Cloudy, Furzidi, Her.
Cane, Yaruma, Her.
Crabs, Taracolas.—Grankio Italian, Harkinos Greek.
Dress, mantle, cloth, Cochio D. R. Yaguas Her.—
Ahico Guanch, Haico Berber, Cachaca Gaul, Cochaya Slavonian—Poncho Chili, Cuayo Galibi.
Danse and song, rites and worship Areitos [pg 235] A., Areites D., Areiti G., Batocos G.—
Iroitos sacred songs of Greeks, Ticos Illyrian, Artesis, Orchesis, Xoreite, danses of Pelagians and Greeks, Ariette (song) French and Ital., Hurah Saxon, Ahura Havay—Yaravis Peru, Mitotes Mexican.
Dog, Cuchis, Gochis, Alco (a peculiar kind.)—
Khoy Caucasus, Cunis Pelagic, Kiuen China, Chiu Mungur of Nepal, Chien French, Cucus Persian, Cucura Sanscrit, Cucha Newar, Cuxur Nepal, Cuncha Guanch Atlantes, Cuch Curdish, Cho Siam—Chichi, Alco Mexican, Chegua Chili, Cule Lule, Allco Peru, Vichu Tarasca.
Day, Di—Primitive Dies Latin and all Pelagic languages.
Daughter, Rahen Ey.—
Chera Copt, Ahu, Raena Sanscrit, Nuora Italic—Ninah Darien, Tahira Omagua.
Dead, ghost, spirit, Opia, Opoyem, Goeiz.—
Boa old Ethiopic, Aporoya Pelagic, Iya Bishri, Obit Latin, Leoba Irish, Zabi Bask, Obiah, Oabye, Africans—Pitini, Conopas Peru, Ho, Obihi Othomi, Maboya Galibi, Chipi Ottawa.
Devil and Evil, Tuyra D., see Annals. Mabuya Eyeri is Carib.
Eternal, Mamona R. Jemao, title of God, see Annals.
Earth, land, and island, Jaya, Khaya, Cayos, Hay, Guaca &c. A.—Primitive, see Annals.
Eat, to eat, food, to feed, Imas, Mani A.—
Mets Celtic, Yam Slavic, Jian Bask, Ishamas Kamchatka, Macanu Malay, Uem Copt, Mas Sanscrit and Thibet, Mashu Nepal—Micuni Peruvian.
End, tail, Yarima D.—
Uras Greek, Ora Anglo-Saxon, Gomera Aramic, [pg 236] Oari Japan, Ura Manchu, Brim Teutonic—Yara Tarasca.
Emerald, gem, and money, Aguacat, O.—Achates Greek, Agata Latin &c.
Eyes, Izi, O.—Primitive, Mizi in Polynesia, Opsis Greek, Aiz English, Iz Oriental language—Cosi Cahiri.
Field, plain, Conuco G. V. Zavana Zanaga, Mazagua, A.—
Khana Pehlvi, Bashan old Arabic, Chonu Yakut, Azagar, Zahal, Caha, Amaza, African Atlantes, Coy Copt, Ager Latin, Kuni, Nabeku Iberian Spanish—Cog Guarani, Cu Omaguas, Tzallan Huasteca.
Fly, flying-insect, Cocuyo, Cuinix, Zievas.—Huica Pelagic, Cuic Sanscrit, Musca Latin.
Fountain, Coa, Maca, Mini.—Cum Hindi, Ain Arabic, Hecoas Pelagic.
Frog, Toa G. Onomatopeia.
Father, Ahia, Baia, R., Vava, Baba Ey.—Primitive, found in 500 languages.—
Bap Lybian, Ibas Babas of atlantes, Ab Oriental Lang, Pa Thibet, Yaya Kawi, Babo Avo Italy, Ayenl French, Ay Votiac and Edda, Oaba Abase, Aita Bask; Ba Ab Baba, Sanscrit; Bay Jolof.—Yaya Peru, Iyay Taos, Haia Sheba, Ochai Yaqui, Yapa Cora, Lahai Cochimi and Lamones, Ahay Eslen, Aoy Eclemac, Aya Yarura, Yai Zamuca, Ahen Yameos, Yare Puri, Baba Saliva, Papa Tamanac and Cuna, etc.
Frolic, Intoxication.—Barbasco St. Mary, Frasco Sicilian.
Fish, Ican, Guaycan M.—
Ihan Malay, Icthos Greek, Guiena Iolof, Nga, Gna Limbua and Newar of Nepal, Piscan Oscan, Ica Tonga and Nukahiva, Sakana Japan, Iguah Java,—Yacun Wokon, Hucat Cora, Makach Nachez.
Fire, Cuyo D, Cuxo H.—
Ecu Hottentot, Cuat, Taquat afr Atlantes, Guy Kawi, Koke Coptic, Ogiak Turk, Cuasi Japan, Fuyo Iberian, Fuoco Italy, Ucut Moluccas.—Totecuh Muscolgi, Cu Sussih, Icu Lulè, Eguza Saliva, Yucu, Xucu Moxas, Cutha, Chili, Cuyah Malali, Cuati Sapibo, Kueh Taculis.
Fire-fly, Cucuyos G. Cucuyo H. Locuyos H. Cucuix D. Zievas in Lucayas O. see Fire and Fly.
Foe, Anaki O. Akani Ey.—
Katahi Japan, Neikos (strife) Greek, Uaina Slavic, Vahini Sanscrit, Katalki Kendy, Anakim Aramic, Acanitu Sicilian, Nemico Italian.
Flower, Blossom, Ana A.—
Anu, Mana, Egypt, Anota Singala, Anathos Greek, Suan Newar, Athina Palo, Tana Japan, Dani Othomi.
Fruit. Inas. Guauanas, Ac.—Derived from Flower.
Fruitful Co.—Com Iberian, Comestible French.
Fever, see heat.
Flamingo, Red bird. Ipiris Diaz in Cuba.
God. Jovana O. Yocahuna R. and many other names and titles in all the Islands. See the annals and notes. All are compound primitive words: additional analogies.—
Jan Janus of Etruscans, Ju Ombrian, Yu Ausonian, Jovis Latin,—Jona, Yauna, Juncva, Jaungoieva of Basks—Jo-cauna, Janum of Lybians, IEUE of Moses, Joh Luchu, Yavang Sunda, Iona Troyan, Iunak Slavic, Achaman Ahican Guanch, &c.—Yah, yoha vah Chactah, Hioh New Albion, Yaho Apalachi, Oyuac Old Peruvian, Jahuagon Huron, Wakon Ozages, Conome Yaruras, Oho Aleutian, Ogha Othomi, &c.
Great, Big, Large. Ma, Magua, Guama, A.—Primitive, akin to all old Languages,
—Magnus Latin, Megas Greek, Ma Oriental and Sanscrit Languages, Masa Pehlvi, Mese Zend, Maha Hindu and Bali, Maque Jolof, Maunu Fulah, Mah Iran, Mag Medic and Irish, Guadul Phenician, Maigh Celtic, Magla Carthuli, Waka Japan.—Ecuah Tzuluki, Gua Nachez, Guazu Guarami, Zhuma Muyzcas, Ma Apalachi, Manaho Othomi.
Green. Huarahua, Guaragua Laet.—
Xloris Greek, Viridis Latin, Huryo Nepal,—Veragua Chontal.
Gold. Caona, Cauni—
Canchana Sanscrit, Sona Hindu, Kin China, Sanu Manding, Sun Nepal, Cancha, Peru.
Go and Come. Ha. Guaiba D.—
Odebo Greek, Amòular, Va, Vaya Italic D, Hanba Cosa afr, Ya, Gati Sanscrit,—Hoye Tarahumara, Hupua Yaqui, Aya Chactah, Hai Patagon, Auha Aleutian.
Gourd. Higuera. Hibuera D. O. Hibue ra M.—
Guara Bask, Cucurbita Latin.
Gentle, mild, tame. Matum D. Boniatum O.—
Manso Italy, Matio (Foolish,) Amato (beloved), Bonus, mitis Latin, Gathos Greek.
Guitar, Lyre. Habao. R.— Hiuhaba Bask, Chobao Hindi, Balajo Jolof, Oboe, Hinoa Italic D.
Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. Coai R. Chali Ey.—
Lali, Loula Egypt, Chagla Aramic, Shali Cashmir, Shialar Sicily, Gala Italy, Yaul Scand, Hali Zend, Coya Pelagic, Noali Armoric,—Quali Mexican, Haylli Peru, Ululaez Maya.
Ghost, Spirit of Dead. Goeiz. Opoyem Ey.—
Necuya Epirian, Goe Greek, Ghaib Aramic and Persian, Goiti Slavic—Goz Vilela, Coyocop Nachez, Aguis Peru.
Grand-father. Ahiacavo R. See Father. Narguti In Eyeri D.
Guayac, Holy-wood. Guayac. Guayacan H. Guacum O.
Grove, Forest. Arcabutos Ac.
Good. Tiao R. Taino D. See noble.
House, Habitation. Boa. Bohio A. Bai R. Canei M. Tunohoko Eyeri D. Primitive.—
Ocos Pelagic, Hustau Romanic, Acam Afr Atlantic, Uyon Uigur, Huis Old French, Khaneh Persian, Kanaba Thibet, Oneh Old Egypt, Bantaba Fulah, Beit, baith Aramic, Bara Pelvi, Batos, Beotes Pelagic, Xoa Dorian, Hu Chinese, Bohiga Celtic, Ca Etruscan, Abode, Booth English—Bohio Apalachi, Buhio Maya, Ochoch Poconchi, Aothi, Baua Galibi, Pokos Tao, Nixai Quiché, Uya Lulé, Bahi Aruac, Huachi Peru, Oca Guarani, Uca Omagua, Ba Mizteca, Chaho Tarasca.
Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak. Zimu D. Huibo.—
Cima, Suma Italic, Ima Sama Pelagic and Sanscrit, Imula Ombay Id, Kimita Yedzo, Kima Ligurian, Iman Arabic, Zimba Bunda Congo, Yuma Japan—Uma Peruvian, Chémé Quiché, China Poconchi, Umitz Nutka, Muhuti Cora, Yama Othomi.
Heliconia. Bihao.
High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong, raised. Tihu. Tichetu, Car, Huibo, Uta—
Ti Pelagic, Tien Chinese, Tithos Greek, Auti, Alti Italic, L. Tith Lybian, Tip Saxon, Timal Oscan, Tohu Copt, Gibor Aramic, Bop Jolof, Obo Mogol, Ube Singala.—Iba Apalachi, Uebo, Uipo Galibi, Hayo Cado.
Heaven, sky. Turei D. Siela O, Coaiba R. Coyaba (Paradise.) Soraya (West sky.) Ubec Ey.—
Uranus, Skia Greek, Turan Old Persian, Irem Persian, Aru Osset, Ciel French, Coelum Latin, Arai Tahiti, Coelba Ausonian, Suraga Bugis, Suroloyo Kawi, Surya Sanscrit, Sora Japan, Uren Armoric, Arai Turan, Serua Baik, Urain Pelagic, Hyalla Fullah.—Capu Yaoy and Tamanac, Coane Maya, Cabu Otomacas, Turci Paria, Hetucoba Apalachi, Yabe Guarani, Purini Tarasca, Cabo Galibi, Tacab Poconchi, Pacha Aymara.
Heart and Soul. Nanichi—
Nasha Chaldic, Anima Latin, Han Chinese, Gan Turk, Huchi Deri Persian, Uhane Havay, Zinio Afgan, Nima Pelagic, Amé Egypt, Anichal Celtic, Nehima Congo,—Kaueshin Aleutian, Ichick Huazteca, Agna Cumana, Cama Peru, Nashawanith Powhatan, Ninohuani Galibi, Nandi Ottomaca, Juani Yarura, Amitani Maipuri, &c.
Holy. Auc D. Yac G. Guaca R.—
Cadish Aramic, Aucus Old Latin, Hagios Greek, Agi Touga, Haga Pelagic, Ca Turan, Hancus Ausonian, Khuab Old Egypt,—Aca, huaca Peru, Wakon Dacota, Huacan Cora, Hualic Huazteca.
Heat, hot, fever, dry. Zechon. Zeziones M.—
Ako Old Arabic, Sicus Latin, Xerone, Chaone Pelagian, Chon Egypt, Chaud (Cho) French, Cau Romanic,—Achi Chili.
Hog, Swine, Pecari. Zaino. Scuna Ac.
—Sis-ino Japan, Chinia Ausonian, Suina Russian, Zayos Pelagic, Zanno Oscan, Zinial Ligurian, Muaca, Charcu Celtic, Taguazen Guanch,—Tayasu Guarani, Sayones Calamari, Nigda Mbaya.
His, her, He, she. LI.
Hill. Huibo D. Carive Laet, see mountain.
Hollow, hole, Yara. Yari, Yaru. Coatris.—Trou, Creux French.
Hut. Boharque M. Canei G. Tuhonoko Ey. See House.
Insect. See Little.
Island, Caya, Caic, Caiz, Caiques. All—see Earth and Land.
Infinite, Rapita, Apito, Virita R. D. O. title of God with Guaca holy. Analogies with Rapid and Veritas Latin.
Invisible, Guimazoa, Zuimaco, Quinazona R. D. O.—other title of God, compound words, perhaps of different import: with many affinities in divine names of Lybia, &c.
In, Within, Inside. Hiqui in Cuba Laet. Nacan C.
Indigo, Digo R.
Is, it is, this is. ZI—primitive Ze in Mosaic and Oriental Languages.—He is, she is, EL or eil, see Grammar.
King. Cazic A. Cacique, Caciqui, Caxicus, Casiche Various spellings.—See the Annals.
Knowledge, to know. Guaroco, D.—Char Aramic, Imparar Italic, Rasaca Malay.
Life. Bi G.—Primitive. I Oriental L. Vita Italic, Bios Greek, Vie French.
Lizard. Guana. Iguana A. Yuanas Her,—Aguana Guinea, Iagandu Congo, Athaguan Pelagic, Manatha Aramic, Guha Singala,—Iuganas Cumana, Leguan Aruwak.
Labor. Boria.
Laborer, Vassal, Servant. Nabor, Anaboria, Naboritis. See Annals.
Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. Nigua. Nianti Ey.—
Nigu, niga Sicily, Niente Italic, Ngai Birman, Naga Hindi, Ngni Newar, Guti Bask, Minizi Gothic,—Piqua Peru, Chigua Darien, Nechet Adaiz, Enchique Yaoy.
Land. See Earth.
Lord. See Noble.
Light, Shining. Tureigna D. See Heaven.
Lake, Haguai. See Water.
Man, men, male, husband, people. Hito Guani, Cari R. Magua G. 3 roots IT, RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT found in
Iota Old Gothic, Itua Polynesia, Toy Old Egypt, Hitnos Pelagic, Hita Sanscrit, Ati Zend, Itga Nubian, Hetus Ausonian, Het Talahet, Dito Kawi, Fito Japan, Tuhihuit Cumanche, &c.—
RI in Ria Congo, Vir Latin, Hari Tombuctu, Ira Tambu, Er Turk, Air Celtic and Haikan, Yeri Hungarian, Ari Peruvian, Nieri Illyrian, Vair Gothic, Viro Timuacan, Ir Oscan, &c.—
AN in Nan, Yang, Chinese D. Ani Anam, Gens Latin, Han Mbaya, Huinac Tzendal, Aner Greek, Orang Malay, Guan Gaunch,—Hua Apalachi, Huentu Chili, Guana Guanas, &c.
Mother. Mama D.—Primitive word, found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages, the Atlantic Dialects, Bask and Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and Polynesia; changed to Mu in Chinese; Am, Om in Arabic Languages—In America [pg 243] quite common also, least changed in Hama Shebaoy, Amani, Adaiz Ma Mobima, Mama Betoy, Omagua and Peru.
Moon. Maroyo R. Marohus O. Mona, Kati in Eyeri. See the Annals.
Much, Many. Tocheta D.—Tucho Iberian, Chuanti Ausonian, Chehel Persian, Totus Latin.—Tacha Achagua, Mioch Mexican, Tobu Brazilian.
Mammeafruit. Mamey D.
Millet. Panycke D.—Panicum Latin.
Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country. Tihui. Huibo, Baino, Zibao, Hayti.—
Mtay Carthul, Oiten Lusitanian, Hauteur (pr hotoer) French, Tith Pelagic, Buno, Romaic, Guibo Aramic, Tohu Copt,—Uibui Galibi, Caquihuin Totonaca, Titi Collas of Peru, Ehuata Omagua, Vata Tarasca, Hatez Chontal, Guetia Mbaya, &c.
Music, Noise. Habao, Giahuba.—
Hapan Pelagic, Hubub Celtic, Buba Congo, Bhatai Bali, Behan Turan and Khorazan.—Paypa Peru, Ahbal Huazteca, Tupan Guarani.
Me, I, my, mine, myself—NI, N', MI, M'.—Primitive, found in all the European and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated—
Ni, Mich Bask, Ani Aramic, Mina Negro Langs, Nio Japan,—Ne, Me Mexican Languages, Na Apalachi, Ni, Mi Linapi Dial, Hi Tarasca, Ani Pimas Muscolgi, Nia Cora, Mio Dacota, Gane, Kuno Japan.
Metal, hard. Nin. Guanin C. Hobin D.—Irania Sanscrit, Vina Jolof,—Panilgue (Iron) Chili.
Manati, Sea-Cow. Manati A.—Lamantin French, Mamatino Sicilian.
Mosquito. Jejen D.—Zinzara Toscan.
Mushroom. Yegan. Guayegan R.—Fungus, Agaricus Latin, Mycos Greek, Guarib Slavic, Guaygrion Celtic, and Old French.
Meadow. Zavana. Zabana A. See Field.
Master, Lord. Guama. See Prince.
Mantle. Yaguas. Her. See Dress.
Moving. Mana. See Grammar.
Manioc. Boniata O, is the mild kind, Yuco D.
Mahogany. Mahogani H. Cahoba.
Mangrove tree. Mangle H.
Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief. Taino A. Mato Her, Nitaino, Mitaino Dialects.—
Thano Oscan, Tona Japan, Hainac, Theano, Tuyano Pelagian, Turanos Greek, Zain Turk, Atueyn Birman, No (fine) Greek, Ethauo Singala, Tayon Kamchatka, Talen Iberian, Ona (good) Bask, Sitino Old Arabic; Tonos, Taminas Scythian, Maitai Polynesia,—Toani Mexican, Tzalleine Huazteca, Votan Chontal, Noen Mocobi, Nin Abipon, Hitana Apalachi.
No, Not, Nothing, Bad. Mayana, Maca D.—
Eyni Mozabi, Lybian; Nani Romanic, May Dorian, Niani Ausonian, Niente Italian, Ima Tahiti, Mabi Birman, An Copt,—Ama Othomi, Isana Cado, Nitio Guarani, Mayan Puncays; Ma, Matar Maya, Mana Peru, Mani Poconchi.
Nuts. Zibayos D—Derived from Ziba Stone.
Now, To-day. Di. See Grammar.—Adesso Oggidi Italian.
One, first, alone, unique. Ata, Atu R. [pg 245] D.—Primitive, found in 200 Languages.
Bat Bask, Yat Kong Chinese, Atus Oscan, Ada Aramic, Ath Egypt, Ata Pelagic, Tahi Polynesia, Tah Gaman Afr, Auto Greek, Yat Shilo Atlantic, Suat Sumatra.—Ata Muyzcas, Hatun Peru, Mato Pimas, Ata Innuit, Aguit Vilela, Carata Sapibo, Nacut Micmac, Scatta Onondago.
Old, oldman. Ua, Boh. Beh, Bohito, Bohique A. See Priest.—Holbo Copt,—Bial Huazteca, &c.—Very old Uaua as in Mexican.
Oldest, Eldest. Nenechin, R.—Ainé French.
Onion, Bulb. Cabaicos R. Macoanes D.—
Cepa Latin, Ceba Tonga Isl., Kipo Nepal, Cipola Italian, Cipuda Sicilian, Zaibel German, Bacang, Bawang Malay and Javan.
Omnipotent. Liella R. Siela. Title of God, analogies with EL, and Ciel Heaven in French, pr. Siel.
Opossum. Tona R.
Ocymum. Zochen R.
Paddle, Oar. Pagaya, Pages, Nae D.—Pahi (boat) Tahiti, Nae is the root of boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages.
Pheasant. Babiayas Her. Cuba.—Phasianus Latin.
Palace. Canei H. See House.
Peace, repose, rest, quiet. Toca D.—Sata Lybian, Netuc Tozi old Arabic, Cueto Sicilian, Paca Aussonian, Thegi Scand.
Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste. Axi, Aji. Ages A.—Ac is a primitive word for sharp. Ac, ag Celtic, Acutus Latin, Oxus Greek,—Axi Cumana.
Priest. Bohito. Bautio, Buhui, Bohique, Behique. Boition, Bouiti, Buutio, Boyeto, &c., by different writers, and in Dialects. See the Annals and Notes.
Pontif, High-priest. Buhui-tihu A. See High.
Part or Share. See Apart.
Pipe, Tube. Tobaco D. Tubus Latin, Sipos Greek, Hukah Hindi, Chibuc Turk,—Bacana Carib.
Purple. Ragui. Anigua D.—Uarg Celtic, Banicos, Iberian.
Patatos. Batatas.—The same in South America.
Place. Guara R.
People, men. Chivi, Ibar D. Cabres Eyeri. See Man.
Parrot. Paraca. Maca Cuba and Aruac.
Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. Guayava, Guaxaba D.
Pimento. Pimento.—Pimienta Maya.
Poke. Cucato. Xucato.—Pocan Powhatan, Coacum Mohigan, Cuechiliz Mexican.
Plain. Magua. See Field.
Palm. Yagua O. Caico Eyeri.
Paradise. Coaibai R. Her. See Heaven.
Physician. Boiti G. See Priest.
Parsnep. Guaieros D.
Plumbtree, Myrobolan. Xobos R. Plumbs Hicaco H. Cainito D.
Prince, Lord. Guama D.
Tequeni-gua, Gua-miniqui Her, Hamon afr Atlantes, [pg 247] Samah Lybian, Lucumon Etruscan, Vimala Sanscrit, Magister Lat., Mana, Menuh, Zend and Old Sanser, Haman Iran, Buyama Old Arabic—Tequanes Mexican., Tuinametin Tarasca, Tequenes Muyzcas, Inquathil Huazteca, Amo Choco, Ahan Maya, &c.
Raft. Balza A.—Balza, Balca Italian D. Balagan Malay.
Root, Yam. Niames. Ames, M'ames.—
Ima Molucas, Lami Macasar, Nuni Copt, Boniam Celtic, Boan Persian, Niami African L.—Nanat Cora, Moniatos Calamari.
Rabbits. Aguti, Aguchi, Huti, Utia, Cuti A. R. Peculiar Genus Cavia like Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.—Hutia Largest; Chemi, Cori, Mohuy, Smallest.—Cavia and Pucarara in Dialects E. Quinaxes E. Cuba.—
Saraguchi Egypt, Guniyu Sicilian, Cuniculus Latin, Lagotis Greek,—Cuyes Quito, Coy Huazteca, Cuya Peru, Curus Tayronas, Quinazis Cauca.
Red. Ris. Diaz, Achioto Her. Bay or Scarlet-red. Pu, Bu.—
Giria Bask, Kiris Arab, Rehita Sanscrit, Rosso Italian, Rubus, Badius, Puniceus Latin, Phoenis, Erythros Greek, Bai Egypt, Bugra Maroco, Arbho Thibet.
Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. Duchi M. Duhos G. Duyhzi D.—
Divitia Latin, Guhya Sanscrit, Duhut Hindi,—Dites Darien, Cusca Quichè.
Rattle, Holy music. Maraca.—
Amara Bali, Raya Pelagic.—Quaqua Huazteca, Amaraca Tupi Brazil, Tamaraca Aruac and Anzerma, Malaca Apalachi.
Retreat. Tiba.—Thbe Moses, Tiba Thibet, Theba Egypt. &c.
Remora fish. Remora G. Reveo H. Rambos Ac.—Remor Pelagic.
Rope. Cabuya G.—Cable, Cord, English, French, Italian.
River. See Stream.
Rites, worship, reality. Reiti.—Ritus Latin &c.
Sea, Ocean. Bagua V. Balahua Ey. Evident analogy with Agua, Aqua, (water) in Spanish and Italian.—
Talahua Mogol, Balua, Pela Pelagic, Va Sanscrit, Ab Persian, Baa Sussu of Afr, Panyui Tarahum, Cagua Saliva, Gua Tupi.
Star, Bright. Starei D.—Primitive, found from England to India.
Asterias Greek, Aster Pelagic, Sial Osset, Taroth Aramic, Tara Hindi, Stara Sanscrit, Izeran, Yethra African Atlantic, Izara Bask, Sitarah Persian.—Sirica Galibi, Tamanac and Otomaca, Chirica Yaoy, Silico Betoy, Ergrai Abipon, Stan Aleutian, Setere Patagon.
Sword, Club, Weapon. Macana A. Machana O.—
Mukenai Dorian, Makaira Greek, Magal Aramic, Maguila Bask, Maco (spear) Gaunch, Mayado (club) Do. Mazza Italian, Mace Old English,—Macana Darien, and many other languages of South America. Macahui Mexican.
Stream, River, Flood, Niquen. Neguin D. Ziniquin, Cuhen, Agua in Cuba.—
Dhuni Sanscrit, Dunic Osset, Dexamen Guanch, Chuen Chinese, Cuemen Celtic, Hunica Kayan Turan, Nahuen Pehlvi, Amnica Ausonian, Nukil Afgan, Binanga Bugi, Annigan Scand, Annegar (to drown) Italian, Nikli, Khian Lezghi, Nikar, Toba Old Arabic.—Wuinic Aruac, Necua Yarura, Cuyk Aleutian, Nidachi Cado, Uchi Chacta.
Storm, Hurricane, Fury. Furacane D. Huracanes G. Urogan Ey. Derived from rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.—
Rages Soarah, (rage and storm) Aramic, Racas Toba Arabic, Taravat African Negros, Burasca Italian, Orage French, Hurlig Saxon, &c.
Sun. Boinial, Binthaitel. See Annals. Kachi in Eyeri. See King.
Setting Sun, the West. Soraya. See Heaven.—
Surya Sanscrit, Soir evening in French, Sera in Italian, Vesper, Hesper, Pelagic, Spera Romaic.
Song, see Dance.—Soul, see Heart.—Small, see Little.
Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. Rabu, in Eyeri. See Grammar.
Stone, Rock. Ziba A. See the Annals. Rocky Zibao.
Such. Gua. Demonstrative article much employed, found in many old languages.—Ath Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian, &c.—Gua in South America.
Shell. Guey C. Cohob O.
Strong. Carib, Agi A. See Pepper.
Shark. Tiburon Ac. Tebura O.
Stranger. Chapeton AC. Guachinango Diaz in Cuba.
Soup, Boiled. Calalu.—Bollito It. Olla Spt.
Snake. Boba in Boriquen.—Boa African L., Ob Oriental L., Coluber Latin, Ophis Greek.—Coa Mexican, Boya Guarani.
The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN, ZI, NI, LI.—Primitive, variable in Dialects, root I, same as I Italian, IL, L' do. Y, Ye Old English, I Persian and Lybian, Yn Celtic, Y Old Arabic, Ni, N' Illyrian, Ohi Havay,—TI Cora, TL Mexican, Ini Pimal, Ni Lapani D., Nuya Achagua, Iu Payuri. See Grammar.
This, that, these, those. Gua, same as such. See Grammar.
Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.—Primitive from Celtic to Sanscrit. Ti, te, toi, tien Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask, Gothic, Pelagic, Latin, Italian, Persian, Magyar, &c.
Take. Chuc C. Chugue Her.—Busca Italian, Aku Lampung of Sumatra.—Huyca Huazteca, Uhca Tarasca.
Tomato. Tomates G.
Temple. See Church.
Tree. See Wood.
Town, habitation. Bohio, same as house—
Bahus, Pagus, Urbis Italic L., Paese, Pays, Payz Modern I., Choyo Greek D., Bajeth Aramic, Huebo Iberian, Bohus Pelagic, Bya Scand, &c.
Thread. Hico D.—Hilo Oscan, Trico Greek, Hagu Nepal—Hito, Pito Maya.
Tobacco, Cohiba O. Cogioba R. Cohoba D.—Dokhan Arabic, Tuhica Nuba.
Turtle. Icota G. Icotea H. Cabini D.—Chucua, Icuma Sanscrit, Boco Bali.—Cotos Cumana.
Two, or Second. Bem?—Bi Bask, Binus Latin, Ambi Italian.
Three, or Third. Abem?
Tame, Mild. Matum D. Boniatum O.—Bonus Latin.
Throne. Duchi M.
Vine, Creeper. Bejuco D.—Bixuco, Bexucum O., Bochuco M. Grape-vine. Uveriu. Uyeros M.—Uva Italian, Viniera Catalan, Zibi Arabic, Ivy (pr Aivi) English.
Vassal. See Laborer.
Water. Ama. Bagua.—
Primitive. Ma Atlantes and Lybian, Aman Modern Atlantes, Aemon Gaunch, Mohu Copt, Nam Siam, Maim Arabic, Balua Pelagic, Oman Old Arabic, Ameh Affadeh Negros, Maza Congo, Kama Corana, Asma Romaic, Agua Spanish, Aigo Romanic, Lagus, Lacus (lake) Latin and Celtic.—May, Mayu, Peru, Nhama Puris, Amuk, Ahua Tzuluki, Iia Chontal, Maya, A Mexican, Agua Veragua, Ak Atakapus, Haya Shebay, Aya Yarura, Ahay Eslen, &c.
Woman, Wife. Inuya. Hita. Iti. Bibi Inara, Liani, Churon, Ey.—
Several roots, Iti same as Hito man,—Bibi is wife D. Gyna Greek, Guine Old French, Nurin Desatir and Hindi, Cunica, Enaztia, Toya Bask D., Iona Pelagic, Zaita (girl) Bask, Zitta (bride) Sicilian, Tanaya Tedla Atlantic, Yuri, Nin Chinese Dialects, Ita, Itua, Oscan, Gin Haikan, Gina Australia, Cuinta Congo, Nuriu Hindi, Machini Polynesia; Ana, Biana Oscan, Puta Venitian, Heana Beana Celtic, Zitella (girl) Italian, Nurani Pehlvi, Shina Copt, Wanito Kawi, Uxor (wife) Latin, Boba, Chura Slavic Bulgar, Biby Malabar, Muchn Iran, Keron (girl) Dorian Greek, Koriza Romanic, &c.—Uita Cora, Zitua Mexican, Nuatitu Saliva, Esena Moxas, Tiguy Muyzcas, Tinio Maypuri, Yatè Mocobi, Nikib Atakapus, Zina (girl) Othomi, Wanita Uchi, Iras Cumana, Ira Coyba, Nia Apalachi.
White. Yuca, Luca A.—
Leucas Greek, Ca Turan, Casis Scythian, Chuna Bask, Aluca Lezghi, Cucua Abask,—Luza Chacta, Elu Galibi, Lapaca Mbaya, Zaco Totonaca, Luc Chili, Yurac Peru, Hacaya Cado, Usca Ozage, Yutaga Mocobi, Zac Maya.
Wood or Tree. Maca, Mapu A. Butos Ac.—Maica Chimala Dialects.—
Kha Circaz, Micha Abask, Khad Osset, Taimala Lezghi, Makia Oscan, (yet forest in Toscan.) Gas Hindi, Gatz Pehlvi, Agaz Tartar, Cayu Malay,—Ca Omagua and Guarani, Caa Mbaya, Kag Atakapas, Canch Nachez, Manga Adaiz, Aca Peru, [pg 252] &c. Butos is like Bois (bua) French, Wood (Vud) English.
War, Army. Guazavara G. Huctu Ey. Warrior. Vara.—Root same as in English and Gothic, Guerra Italian, &c.
Wanderer. Umakua Ey.—Omuvagu Sicilian.
Wind or Air. Banzex D.—Primitive.
Baud Old Arabic, Bao Hindu, Bad Persian, Bau Ruyaga, Andai Oscan, Nabha Sanscrit, Bentus Ausonian, Bana Kawi, Hanem Pelagic, Abklia Abask,—Eheca Mexican, Acate Cora, Peco Chetimacha, &c.
West. Soraia R.—Warab Old Arabic, Varapa, Saraya Sanscrit, Urop Pelagic, Hesper Greek, Vesper Latin, Urai Bugis. Sor Aramic. See Setting Sun.
World. Queya, Ocon R. D.—On Oriental Root, Xton Greek, Queya from Quiscaya whole earth.
Which, Hiqui Laet.—Qui French, Ilquale Italian, Cui Sicilian.
Worms. Cusi. Piojo in Jamaica.—Cus Lybian, Baco Toscan, Pioc (vermin) Celtic.
Yes. Ha.—Primitive. Ha Lezghi, Ya Gothic and Lamut, Do Ostiac, Aham Arabic, Am Haikan, A Timani and Bulam Africa, Uaa Jolof, Yaga Congo, Ay English, Hea African Atlantes,—Haha Apalachi, Aa Aleutian, Haa Otomaco, Othomi and Cumanchi, Ya Totonac and Puris, May Chili, Oyah Ozage, Ahi Cado, Yasay Aruac.
Yellow. Hobas.—Majob Lezghi, Lobidus Ausonian, Bahenda Biaju of Borneo, [pg 253] Aubain (Oben) Old French, Hoang Chinese.
Yuca gloriosa. Yuca E. same in Mexico, meaning bright, white.
Fragments On The Western Dialects Of Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas Islands
C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus, Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &c.
J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara, &c.
L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo, &c.
Land or Country, Katos, L. Xai J. Nacan, Guaca, C.
Island, Caya, L Cayo, C Caic J.
Stranger, Guachinango, C.
House, Bohio, C.
Remora, Reves, C.
Partridge, Lizas, C. by Ocampo.
Pheasant, Babiayas, C.
Parrot, Maxa C. Macan, J.
Prince, Lord, Guami, C.
Rabbits, Usias, Hutic, Quinaxes C. Hutia L.
Opuntia, Tuna C.
Cacao, Cacao C.
Priest, Behique, Bohique C. L.
River, Agua C.
Corn, Maysi, C.
Bread, Zabi, C.
God, Yocahuna, Guama-coti, Guama-oxocoti, C.
Supreme being, Attabex, C.
Ghost, Dupi, J.
Life, Bi, C. L.
Fountain, Mini, C. L.
Wood, Maica, J.
Cedar, Cauvana, C.
Dog, Alco, C.
Alligator, Cayaman, C.
Poke, Cucato, J.
Fire-fly, Locuyos, C. Zievas, L.
Noble, To, Mato, C.
Shell, Cohobas, C.
Guayac, Guacum, C.
Red, Ris, C.
White Worm, Cusi, J.
Palm Worm, Piojo, J.
King. Caxicus, C.
Within, Hiqui, Nacan, C.
Gold, Nucay, C. L. Columbus.
Yams, Mames, C.
Grape Vine, Uveros, C.
Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands.
B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &c.
E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite different from Carib, by Rochefort, &c.
Land, Island, Kati, E. Ca, Ay, B.
God, Iocana, Guama-nomocon, B.
Noble, Ditayno, B.
Snake, Boba, B.
Cloudy, Furzidi, B.
Mahogany, Maga, B.
Poison Apple, Manzanila, B.
Cotton Tree, Zeyba, B.
Violet, Quibey, B.
Bananas, Camois, E.
Coco, Coquillas, B.
Guayac, Guage, B.
Hog, Saine, B.
Boat, Piraguas, B.
Wood, Tree, Bow, Chimala, E.
Angel, Chemin, Angels, Chemignum, E.
Spirits, Opoyem, E.
Moon, Mona, Kati, E.
Storm, Urogan, E.
Blood, Moinalu, E.
Heaven or above, Ubec, E.
Bread, Maru, E.
Boat, Canoa, Pages, E.
Man, Eyeri, Men, Eyerium, E.
Woman, Inaru, Women, Inuyum, E.
Foe, Akani, E.
Little, Nianti, E.
House, Hut, Tuhonoco, E.
Garden, Chali, E.
War, Nihuctu, E.
Mother, Bibi, Nucu-churon, E.
Father, Baba, Nucu-chili, E.
Grandfather, Narguti, E.
Wife, Liani, E.
Son, Rabu, E.
Daughter, Rahen, E.
The, Ni, N'.
Heart, Nanichi, E.
Vassal, Labuyu, E.
Sea, Balana, E.
Bed, Nekera, E.
Sun, Kachi, Cochi, E.
Money, Agucat.
Palm, Caico.
Red, Pu, E.
People, Ibas, B. Cabres, E.
Priest, Boyez, E.
Wanderer, Umckua, E.
Devil, Mabuya, E.
Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad Island, 1594.
This Dialect of the aruac is the nearest geographically to the Eyeri, and yet very different; nearer in words to the Aruac of the Continent. Therefore the Aruac and Taino altho' belonging to the same group, are distinct Languages, and the two people had been separated for ages.
Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words of it, which are in Purchas, yet have been neglected by all the Philologists. Out of these 27 are in my Taino List, and offer 16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder 27, lack there and cannot be compared; but afford a kind of supplement to it.
16 Comparable Words Akin In Both.
Man, Guttemock.
Woman, Hiaru.
Heaven, Huihua.
Gold, Calcoari.
Maize, Mauris.
Pipe, Bayu.
Shell, Tibetibe.
Water, Bara, Oronuy.
Sun, Hadali.
Moon, Katti.
Bread, Callit.
Fire, Hicket.
Eyes, Cosi, Scrath.
Boat, Canoa, Canosin.
Stone, Sibath.
Head, Cabbo.
12 Different Comparable Words.
Copper, Arara.
Metal, Iron, Mointiman.
Emerald, Taarao.
Sword, Caspara.
This, My, Da, D.
Parrot, Wahowa.
Tree, Mentini.
Potato, Halete.
Batatas, Caenuda.
Knife, Yedola.
Basket, Queca.
Tobacco, Hurreit.
27 Additional Words Not Comparable.
Hand, Can.
Feet, Cutti.
Knees, Cude.
Toes, Boda.
Hair, Bairo, Barah.
Bow, Marahabo.
Arrow, Semaro.
Spoon, Heldaro.
Silver, Perota.
Forehead, Dessi.
Tongue, Dill.
Ears, Dudica.
Lips, Desire.
Teeth, Arehe.
Monkey, Howa.
Chest, Bodad.
Well, Sakel.
Bracelet, Techir.
Scissors, Arkeano.
Comb, Baruda.
Mouth, Lacoak.
Bell, Toletilero.
Stick, Adoth.
Beach, Barenaine.
Flying fish, Bohery.
Tunny fish, Uassa.
I don't know, Nonguo, Nonquapa.
Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519.
As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a dozen words of the Brazilian Language; which are quite different from the Tupi; but very akin to the Haytian. Altho' he does not name the tribe he visited, they must have been Araguas, who are thus traced to the Aruac Stock. This great nation was still further extended; since the Patagons or Tinguis, the Chiquitos or Taos, and perhaps the Charruas belonged to it, as I shall show elsewhere. Meantime adding some words from Cabot & Vespucci, we have 17 Araguas words, whereof 14 are comparable with the Haytian, offering 10 affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual analogy, much more than with the Cairi.
10 Consimilar Words.
House, Boi, Bohio, by Cabot.
Corn, Maiz.
Rattle, Hanmaraca.
Boat, Canoe.
Sword, Macana, Cabot. King, Cachic, (written Cacich) Italian Orthography.
Good, Tum.
Bed, Hamac. Big-land, Taquino, by Vespuci, name of Brazil.
4 Different Comparable Words.
Knife, Tarse.
Bananas, Pacaras.
Pear, Caxus, by Cabot.
Meal or Cassave, Hui.
3 Words Not Comparable.
Hook, Pinda.
Scissors, Pirame.
Comb, Chipag.
End Of First Volume.