Footnotes
[1.]In 1824, I published my first essay on American history, a pamphlet on the Ancient History of Kentucky, or Central North America, before 1770. Although it was a mere rude sketch, it contains many important historical facts. I was too little advanced then in philological studies, to give it their support, and many of my surmises must be rectified by it. My late researches have also greatly impaired the general belief of the Tartarian origin, and western route of the Mexican nations.[2.]I published this presumed key in 1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but many accurate comparisons are yet required to confirm my surmises, although the Lybian analogies are evident.[3.]In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece and Albania in 1813-14, published 1820, we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of maize, used by the poor in mush and cakes by the early Greeks: the modern Greeks call it Arabo-sité, Arabic corn, in Italy it is called Grano-turco, or Turkish-corn: having reached Greece and Italy through the Arabs, and not from America. It has been cultivated in Java, Central Africa, Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin thinks it was known in Assyria. Polo found it in Tartary in the 13th century. Frazer lately saw it almost wild in the Imalaya mts.: it has never been found quite wild in America.[4.]The Poncho is a long strip of cloth, with a hole in the middle for the head, the ends hanging before and behind, often fastened on the sides. It was used by the ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite convenient by the Spanish colonists, and is very becoming when ornamented.[5.]E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name given by Moses to the first men, pronounced since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also ZXR and N'K'BE or male and female. The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent: although the commentators have blended them, as they have the floods, days and other things. Our bible translation of early events is besides very erroneous; the Talmudist or Jewish version with points is not correct, being in a late dialect: the true text of Moses which I follow, has no points, but admits of a sheva or soft breathing between consonants.[6.]
Geological comments are not here required, my business is with mankind. Moses calls men beside Aish, Anush, G'bforeign, and women N'shim, Itath, Ashe, Ashth; which are perhaps as many names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or Elohim, XRBIM Cherubim, Nahash, &c. If these primitive names will offer any analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out hereafter. Hue is the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the contrary.
7. Yum. The MIM waters produced SH'R'TZ production—translated reptile! No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come from waters, and their motion. LOUF'F means both flying and flirting or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE, verse 21. This fine word soul has been translated creature.
8. Yum. The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of life? v. 24. R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts or Hunters. The Beme are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men, over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.
Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which represent also men! and were personified.
1. SH'R'TZ, Production—Moses. LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of Poets.
2. N'F'SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.
3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, Beme and Rmsh, which are the BEMUTH of Job, Behemoth of Poets.
Lanca was according to the Hindus a big land under the equator, including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land of Lanca that many traditions place Adam, with several early events.
The Sunda land was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca was separated from Siam by a strait.
These two figures of speech, Personification and Animalization, are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros, Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we mean all the English when we speak of John Bull, the Russians by the Northern Bear (a kind of animalization), all the Turks by the Grand Turk &c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we substitute in our modern languages, We and You instead of I or Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it when he called God, ALEIM our Elohim or the Angels, and polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions; but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality of tribes.
Animalization pervades the whole of the fabulous periods of history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had their Cherubim, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle; who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the Turks in Cherabi or Chelabi, which means Lords in the old Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the El-abi, now Arabians, which meant Angel-fathers, or our forefathers the angelic men. Elapi means the most manly in Linapi!
The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the wars with the Talegas, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards 48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then united, since called Delamatan and Lamatan. The traditions of Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west of it at St. Louis &c.
In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.
By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear older by their traditions.
By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event would be still later: he states that after separating from the western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was preserved in a mosaic belt.—See Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol I.
Compare the following words for winds with Gua-banzex.
Vayajam Sanscrit.
Band old Arabic.
Watem, Vato Zend.
Bangin Bali.
Bentus old Latin.
Ventus Latin.
Andas Etruscan.
Abka Abask.
Sabam Ceylon.
It was Jaia, Khaya, Cayo, Hay in the dialects and it is pure Greek and Egyptian. Compare Aya, Ai, Eia, Ia, Gaya, in the Pelasgic dialects, since become Aya, Yaia, Gea in Greek.
Kahi Egyptian.
Akhé Zend.
Kay Deri of Iran.
Iya Sanscrit.
Ca, Aion Phenician.
Ay Lybian.
Aya old Irish.
Ayate, Gays Ausonian and Oscan.
In America numerous analogies are found,
Aya Betoy, A in Lulé, Catun Tzuluki, Acuti Moxos &c.
Compare Cazic with the following names for king:
Oriental Names.
Ach Egypt and Etruscan.
Vasil of Greeks.
Kasek in Sitka.
Cazi in Iran.
Sheik in Arabic.
Zic Iberians and Sicules.
Acalic, Agazi Berber.
Bazilik Pelagian.
Cahin Lybian.
Hazil Carian.
Cay Zend.
Iza Tigreh.
Cazil Mindanao island.
Cazis Socotora island.
Izcan of Haikans.
Izca, Kan of Turans.
Casis of Syrians.
American Names.
Acachi of Totonacas.
Wachil of Nachez.
Zac of Muyzcas.
Cathi of Pinindas.
Ahatic of Huaztecas.
Inca of Peruvians.
Chiaca of Coras.
Cuchi of Puncays.
Kiuska of Tzulukis.
Compare Ziba with the following names for stone:
Hiban in Berber.
Uben in Hebrew.
Aben in Syriac.
Keibe Celtic.
Siwa Nukahiva island.
Ripa, Rupes in Latin.
Sitaba Pelasgian.
Bahiba old Arabic.
Iba Samoyed.
Batu Malay.
It is in America, Siba in Cahiri, Tabu in Yaoy; Saba, Tebu, Tobu in Galibi dialects, Tushub in Huasteca, Tepe in Mexican, Tzacapu in Talasca &c.
Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.
Garcia gives Matalino as a synonym, Ma means great, and thus it would be the great Talino, the real great Atalantis. The conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must be before the last flood.
Compare with Anaboria or Naboritas (working men) the following names for vassals and laborers—Naboriti in Coyba, Labuyu of Caribs, Anaconas of Peru and Muyzcas, Naboria of Mayas &c.—and in the east.
Tabara in Turan.
Burutis in Ausonian.
Aborian, Abeirgon Pelagic.
Boor, Bura Frisic.
Ambactos in Gaul.
Manahunis in Tahiti.
Nerba Hindostani.
Bendar Pehlvi.
Abondas Saxon.
Canabas, Knave Gothic.
Nebara Nepal.
Parias India.
These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids; are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their name is found in
Hubantes in Pelagic.
Faybo of the Guanches.
Vates Ausonian and Gaul.
Aobu in Aramic.
Behotus Dorian.
Bedo old French.
Phonto in Egypt.
Purohito in Sanscrit.
Budan in Pelvi.
Budha of Budhists.
Baharas Nepal.
Heotes Sicanian &c.
It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals; adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent, bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them: unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations of America may be connected with those by other links of languages, traditions &c.
1. Zemis or Chemes, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and Chimus of Peru.
2. Tuyras or Taras, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico, Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.
3. Guabanz, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?
4. Khayas, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.
5. Higueras or Hibueras, Compare Guaranis, they called man Ibi, the Borias &c.
6. Boinis, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South America.
7. Marohus or Marocas, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru, Maronios of Charcas.
8. Corocores, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana, Coras of Mexico.
9. Coles, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.
10. Caracara again same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and Peru, perhaps also Caribs?
11. Manicos or Manacos, the great Nacos—Manicas or Manoas, Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.
12. Icotas or Hicoteas, Cotos Carib tribes.
13. Cautas appear same as I-cota—I and Hi are articles, Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.
14. Caanau or Caonas, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.
15. Giagau or Xaguas, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.
16. Amayunas, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of Chaco.
17. Machocha, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.
18. Zibas, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.
19. Khoboses, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of Chaco.
20. Gionas or Aunas, Yana-conas of Peru.
21. Kadrus, Aruacs of Guyana.
22. Giahubas, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.
23. Guaninis, Guanas all over South America.
24. Tonas, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.
25. Anacac or Manati, Tamanacus of Guyana.
26. Boras, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.
27. Comos, Comis or Come-Khon, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.
28. Goeiz, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.
29. Aumatex, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.
30. Guatauvas, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.
31. Moretes, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.
32. Caribas, Canibas, Canimas, The Calibis or Caribs.
33. Timanis, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.
34. Labouyous, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.
35. Cahiris Caris of South America.
36. Eyeris, Yaros of Parana.
37. Toas, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.
38. Oumekwas, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.
39. Mabuyas, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.
40. Cofachis, Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?
41. Apalachis, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.
42. Mayoriex or Ziguayos, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.
43. Cons, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos and Conamas of South America.
44. Els or Ili (children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or Vilelas and Lules or Pelé of Chaco.
Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that name of Antilia, which in their language would have been Anti-ili sons of Antes, or Ana-ti-ili flower-high-children. It may be a Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to the Antis or Anteus, the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.