The mute.
The mute is a clamp with three notches, which, to obtain a muffled tone, is fastened on the bridge between the strings. Its use is indicated by “con sordino,” its removal by “senza sordino,” or by “with” and “without mute”. There are also mutes which are fastened to the violin in order to avoid this noisy fixing and unfixing, being brought into action by a slight push. These mutes are not made as a clasp, but consist of a small plate which presses against the bridge, and not upon it.
The simultaneous sounding of
subordinate and combination tones.
Without entering into the province of musical acoustics, the well-known experiment only can be mentioned here demonstrating that mingled with the notes one plays, others are audible. It is with this object that a snuffbox or a key is laid on the upper table of the violin. If one plays double stops in slow tempo whilst one of these articles is thus placed, not only two notes, but three, four, or even more, may be heard. In order to obtain good and correct progressions in harmony, the double notes played must follow in suitable sequence. Generally, two intervals of the same kind should not follow each other.
In order to make the sympathetic tones more plainly audible, and at the same time to obviate the whizzing noise produced during the bowing by the article placed on the upper table, Hermann Schroeder has invented an apparatus called “Vibrator for the production of harmonic overtones, and for the reinforcement of the combination tones of stringed instruments” (Germ. R. Patent No. 40224).
The inventor says in his specification “Researches into the sympathetic tones of instruments of the violin species, and a theory deduced therefrom as to the movement of the bow upon the strings”, (Leipsic, C. W. Fritzsch) amongst other things the following:—In order to produce upon stringed instruments—more especially the violin,—the harmonic overtones of the notes played, as well as the combination tones, a weight (g) is brought over the upper table of the violin fastened to it, but allowed free play. This weight, when the instrument is being played, vibrates with the vibrations of the upper table, being kept in its place by the spring (h, f). That the weight, during its vibration, may be firmly kept in one fixed position, the holder (f) is fastened to the ribs of the violin. On the other hand the shifting, very elastic tail (h) above this holder, with its fastened end (h¹) over a peg (s), grips the vibrating weight (g) controlling its movements up and down upon the instrument.
With the spring (h) in position, one can then fix the screw and holder (f) over any part of the ribs, bringing the weight (g) into action upon various parts of the body of the violin. Yet its application will best succeed if brought upon the upper table, either in front of, or behind, the bridge, under the two strings G and D, because here the wood of the upper table is brought most into vibration, and also because the most serviceable tones of these strings—particularly the notes of the middle part of the scale—cause these subordinate and combination tones most clearly to be heard. The spring being quite flexible, may be bent to any shape, and in the circular form shown above helps the firm position of the weight with respect to the amount of pressure. The under, and somewhat concave, disk of the weight is covered with paper, which agreeably modifies the tone quality.
Vibrator.
The use of the vibrator permits the production of curious and often striking effects, especially in light and flowing playing, as, perchance, in chorales, when three, four or more parts become audible in regular harmonic sequence. The tone of the violin is caused to resemble very much that of the harmonium, and nuances from the lightest piano to at least mezzo forte are obtainable.
Celebrated violin players of the
17ᵗʰ, 18ᵗʰ and 19ᵗʰ Centuries.
Adelburg, August von, born 1833, at Constantinople, originally intended for the Diplomatic service, was a distinguished violinist and composer. He was taught by Mayseder. He died at Vienna, Oct. 20th 1873, after a long period of mental aberration.
Alard, Delphin, born March 8th 1815, at Bayonne, a noted virtuoso and teacher (amongst others, of Sarasate); after Baillot’s death became professor at Paris Conservatoire until his retirement in 1875. He produced concertos, a violin school and studies. Died Febr. 22nd, 1888. Paris.
Arditi, Luigi, born 1822 at Crescentino (Italy), settled in London as conductor.
Armingaud, Jules, born 1824, Paris, renowned there as a quartett player.
Artot, Alex. Joseph Montagney, born Feb. 5th 1815, at Brussels, died July 20th 1845, at Ville d’Avray near Paris. He studied at Paris Conservatoire under Kreutzer, became member of several orchestras, then made extended concert tours through Europe and America. He wrote a violin concerto, string quartetts, &c.
Auer, Leopold, born May 28th 1845, at Vesprin, Hungary. Pupil of Dont in Vienna, also of Joachim. From 1863-1865 he was leader at Dusseldorf, then at Hamburg, and from 1868 in a similar capacity with the Imperial orchestra, St. Petersburg, and professor at the Conservatoire there.
Baillot, Pierre Marie François de Sales, born Oct. 1st 1771, at Passy near Paris, pupil of Viotti. He taught at the Paris Conservatoire, and wrote a great violin method, studies, concertos and quartetts. He died Sept. 15th 1842.
Baltzar, Thomas, born in the first half of the 17th century at Lübeck; was regarded in his time as a phenomenal player; died in 1663.
Barcewicz, Stanislaus, born April 16th 1858, at Warsaw, pupil of Laub in Moscow; mostly engaged in concert tours.
Bargheer, Karl Louis, born Dec. 31st 1833, at Bückeburg, pupil of Spohr, was from 1863-1876 Court Capellmeister at Detmold, lived subsequently at Hamburg. Died 1902.
Barth, Richard, born June 5th 1850, at Gross-Wanzleben, Saxony; pupil of Beck at Magdeburg, and of Joachim. Became a left-handed player, owing to an accident to one of his fingers. Since 1882 leader at Krefeld.
Bazzini, Antonio, born Nov. 24th 1818, at Brescia; known also as a composer. He lives in Milan as teacher of composition at the Conservatorio, and since 1880 as its Director.
Becker, Jean, born 1836, at Mannheim; pupil of Kettenus there and of Alard in Paris; was leader at Mannheim and on resigning (1858) made concert tours. At Florence he founded the Florentine Quartett, in 1866, with Masi, Chiostri and Hilpert (subsequently Spitzer-Hegyesi), which was dissolved in 1870; he then travelled with his children, professionally, and died in 1884.
Benda, Franz, born Nov. 25th 1709, at Alt-Benatky in Bohemia, was at first a choir boy in the Nicolai Church, Prague, then in the choir of the Dresden Kapelle. Later he became a violinist (pupil of Konyczek and Graun), entered the Berlin opera orchestra in 1732, and became leader in 1771. He died at Potsdam, 1786. His brothers George, Johann, and Joseph, and his sons Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich, and Karl Hermann Heinrich, also a son of Joseph Benda’s (Ernst Friedrich Johann) were all employed in the Royal orchestra, and, with the exception of George and Ernst, were pupils of the elder Benda.
Bennewitz, Anton, born March 26th 1833, at Privret, Bohemia; pupil of the Prague Conservatorium. He was leader at Salzburg and at Stuttgart; since 1866 professor in, and since 1882 Director of, the Prague Conservatorium.
Bériot, Charles de, born Feb. 20th 1802, at Louvain, the chief exponent of the Belgian school. He taught amongst others Vieuxtemps and Prume. His works are well known, chiefly his concertos and Thèmes variés. He resided in Brussels, became blind in 1852, and died in April 1870.
Besekirsky, Basil Basilewitzsch, born 1835, at Moscow; pupil of Leonard at Brussels. He appeared with success in Germany, France, Spain, &c., as a virtuoso.
Biber, Franz, born 1638, at Wartenburg on the Bohemian frontier, died 1698 at Salzburg, where he was Capellmeister. He was raised to the nobility by the Emperor Leopold 1st. A few sonatas composed by him are to be found in David’s advanced school of violin playing.
Blagrove, Henry Gamble, born Oct. 1811, at Nottingham. Taught by his father, he played in public at the age of five, and on the opening of the Royal Academy of Music, London, was one of the first pupils, studying with F. Cramer. In 1833-1834 he studied under Spohr. He was for 30 years one of the most prominent English players, and died Dec. 15th 1872.
Blankensee, Julius, born April 9th 1858, at Wartburg in Westphalia; pupil of Joachim. He was Kammervirtuos at Sondershausen, and subsequently leader at Nuremburg.
Böhm, Joseph, born April 4th 1795, at Pesth, died March 23rd 1876; pupil of Rode, and teacher of Joachim. He was engaged chiefly in the Viennese Court orchestra, and as teacher in the Vienna Conservatorium.
Bohrer, Anton, born 1783 (1791?) at Munich; pupil of Rud. Kreutzer. He was leader at Berlin and Hanover, and died in 1852.
Bott, Jean Joseph, born March 9th 1826, at Cassel, died 1895, in America; pupil of Spohr. He was leader at Cassel, and subsequently at Meiningen and Hanover (Court-Capellmeister), where he was pensioned in 1878. Since then he lived in Hamburg, New York, &c.
Boucher, Alexandre Jean, born 1770, Paris, died 1861. He was a great charlatan in violin playing, yet was received with much applause on his concert tours.
Brassin, Gerhard, born June 10th 1844, at Aix; pupil of David. He was leader at Berne and Gothenburg, then teacher in Stern’s Conservatorium, Berlin; from 1875-1880 conductor of the Breslau Musikverein; since then living in St. Petersburg.
Brodsky, Adolph, born March 21st 1851, at Taganrog (Russia); pupil of Jos. Hellmesberger at Vienna. He was member of the Court opera orchestra, visited Russia as virtuoso, then became teacher in Moscow Conservatoire, afterwards at the Leipzig Conservatorium. In 1892 he went to America, but in 1895 became principal of the Manchester Royal College of Music.
Burmester, Willy, born at Hamburg, March 16th 1869, studied under Joachim at the High School, Berlin, but elected to make a special study by himself of Paganini difficulties, in whose works he is probably unrivalled. He appeared in London in 1895.
Cambini, Giov. Giuseppe, born 1746, at Livorno, died 1825, Paris, where he had settled in 1770.
Campagnoli, Bartolomeo, born Sept. 10th 1751, at Cento near Bologna; pupil of Nardini. He was from 1797 leader at the Leipsic Gewandhaus concerts; subsequently director at Neu-Strelitz, where he died Nov. 6th 1827. Wrote a good method, and some studies.
Cannabich, Christian, born 1731, at Mannheim, died 1797, at Munich (or 1798 at Frankfort); was leader at Mannheim, and in this capacity, as also in that of teacher, was quite remarkable.
Carrodus, John Tiplady, born at Keighley, Yorkshire, Jan. 20th 1836, died July 13th 1895, in London. He studied with Molique in Stuttgart, was leader of some of the chief English orchestras, and was also a fine solo player.
Coenen, Franz, born Dec. 26th 1826, at Rotterdam. Solo violinist to the late King of Holland; accomplished solo and quartett player; living at Amsterdam.
Collins, Isaac, born 1797, died 1871, in London, was a celebrated English performer. His son Collins, Viotti, was also an excellent player.
Colonne, Edouard, born July 23rd 1838, at Bordeaux; studied at the Paris Conservatoire under Girard and Sauzay, but became a conductor, and is, as such, very celebrated in Paris.
Colyns, Jean Baptiste, born Nov. 25th 1834, at Brussels. He studied at the Conservatoire there, has been since 1863 a teacher in that institution and since 1888 also at the Antwerp School of Music.
Corelli, Arcangelo, born 1653, at Fusignano near Imolo (Bologna), was the founder of the Italian school, which in its executive and creative aspects inaugurated a marked epoch in the art of violin playing. Violin composition and technique were brought by him into definite form, serving as a sure foundation for later times. Like all the violinists of that period, Corelli was also a composer, and in this capacity stood prominently forward. His music has lasted to our own day, the complete edition having been brought out by Joachim and Chrysander, and separate sonatas arranged for violin and piano by G. Jensen, and others. Living chiefly in Rome, Corelli was held in extraordinary esteem as violinist and composer, and a great number of pupils crowded round him. His most celebrated pupils were Geminiani and Locatelli. He died in 1713, after a tour to Naples.
Clement, Franz, born 1780, at Vienna, died there in 1842 was first Concertmeister at the theatre “An der Wien”.
Courvoisier, Carl, born Nov. 12th 1846, at Basle; lived in Dusseldorf and enjoyed much favour as teacher and player. He went to England in 1885, and is now living in Liverpool. Author of a violin school and studies, also sundry articles on the technique of violin playing.
Cramer, Wilhelm, born 1743 or 1745, at Mannheim, died 1799, in London, where he was leader at the Italian Opera, and in various concert societies. He was regarded in England as the first violinist of his time.
Cröner, Ferdinand, Carl and Johann (brothers), were all members of the Munich Court orchestra between 1737 and 1786. In 1749 they were raised to the rank of the nobility.
Csillag, Hermann, born 1852, at Bakony-Telek (Hungary); pupil of Hellmesberger at Vienna, became member of the Court opera orchestra there, and subsequently leader at Baden-Baden, Dusseldorf, Hamburg and Rotterdam. From 1887-1888 taught in the Conservatorium at Helsingfors.
Damrosch, Leopold, born 1822, at Posen; pupil of Hubert Ries, prepared for a medical career. He was from 1857 Capellmeister at Breslau, and since 1871 in New York, where he died in 1885.
Dancla, Jean Bapt. Chas., born Dec. 19th 1818, at Bagnères-de-Bigorre. He entered the Paris Conservatoire at the age of 10; founded in Paris a fine quartett, with his brothers Leopold and Arnaud as 2nd violin and ’Cello. He has composed many melodious educational works, and enjoys great repute as a teacher in the Paris Conservatoire.
Dando, J. H. B., born at Somers Town, 1806; pupil of Mori; died May, 1894. He was one of the pioneers of quartett playing in England, also for many years prominent as leader of the best orchestras in London, in his day.
David, Ferd., born Jan. 19th 1810, at Hamburg, died July 18th 1873, at Klosters in Switzerland; pupil of Spohr; leader in the Leipsic Gewandhaus and theatre orchestras from 1836 until his death. He was distinguished both as teacher and leader. As composer, he produced many violin works,—Concertos, Variations, Studies, and also a School, besides editing many previously unpublished pieces by the old masters.
De Ahna, Heinrich Karl Hermann, born June 22nd 1835, at Vienna; pupil of Mayseder and Mildner, until 1851, when he relinquished music for a military career, entering the Austrian army. In 1853 he became Lieutenant, was in the war of 1859, but at its conclusion resumed the violin. He made concert tours, was engaged in 1862 in the Royal opera orchestra, Berlin, and became first Concertmeister; he was second violin in Joachim’s quartett. Died Nov. 1st 1892.
Dengremont, Maurice, born March 19th 1866, in Rio de Janeiro; pupil of Leonard. During about ten years he made many appearances in Germany, played in London, at the Crystal Palace, with great success; and died in Buenos Ayres, Nov. 1893.
Dessau, Bernhard, born March 1st 1861, in Hamburg; studied at the Berlin High School, was leader at Königsberg and Prague, now in Rotterdam and teacher in the Conservatorium.
Dittersdorf, Karl von, born Nov. 2nd 1739, at Vienna, died Oct. 31st 1799, was violinist in the Imperial orchestra, and had much success in his tours. He was subsequently Capellmeister, and composed a great deal: operas, symphonies, quartetts, &c.
Dont, Jacob, born March 2nd 1815, at Vienna, died there Nov. 18th 1888; pupil of his father. He was member of the Imperial orchestra and teacher in the Conservatorium; produced excellent studies.
Dreyschock, Raimund, born Aug. 20th 1824, at Zack in Bohemia, died Feb. 6th 1869; was 2nd leader in the Leipsic Gewandhaus orchestra, and teacher in the Conservatorium.
Dupont, Joseph, born Aug. 21st 1821, Liège, died Feb. 13th 1861. Pupil of Prume in the Liège Conservatoire, subsequently teacher in the same.
Dupuis, Jacques, born Oct. 21st 1830, at Liège; taught there in the Conservatoire; died 1860.
Dupuy, Jean Baptiste, born 1775, at Courcelles near Neuchâtel, died April 3rd 1822, at Stockholm; was leader there, and also at Copenhagen. He composed concertos, duets and operas.
Durand, Frederic, born at Warsaw in 1770, died in the middle of the 19th century; pupil of Viotti, in Paris. He made many concert tours; entered the French army in 1796, became adjutant to a General, but must have taken his leave after several years, for he travelled again as a virtuoso and became eventually violinist in Strasburg theatre.
Eberhardt, Gobi, born March 29th 1852, at Hattersheim near Frankfort; pupil of Dietz, Heermann and Wilhelmj. He was leader at Berne and Bremen, paid successful visits to Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy, and since 1884 has been active in Hamburg as soloist, professor and author. He has composed studies, violin solos, piano pieces and songs.
Eck, Joh. Friedrich, born 1766, at Mannheim, date of death not known; one of the best 18th century players; lived in Munich and Paris. His brother
Eck, Franz, born 1774, at Mannheim, was Spohr’s instructor, member of the Munich orchestra, and violinist at the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg; he died insane at Bamberg in 1809.
Eichhorn, Ernst and Eduard (brothers), born April 30th 1822, and Oct. 17th 1823, respectively, appeared as prodigies from 1829 to 1835. Both found positions in the Coburg orchestra. Ernst died June 16th 1844.
Ernst, Heinr. Wilh., born 1814, at Brünn, died Oct. 8th 1865, at Nice; pupil of Mayseder; was mostly occupied in making concert tours, everywhere causing a profound sensation. Composed, amongst other pieces, a concerto pathétique, Elegy, “Otello” fantasia, and Hungarian variations.
Ferrari, Domenico, born at the beginning of the 18th century; pupil of Tartini. He passed in Vienna for a great violinist, also exercising his profession in Stuttgart and Paris. In 1780 he was murdered.
Fiorillo, Federigo, born 1753, at Brunswick, date of death not known. His 36 violin Caprices are celebrated.
Fischer, Johann, born in the middle of the 17th century, in Swabia, was one of the first German violinists who made a reputation. He was, at the beginning of the 18th century, Capellmeister at Schwerin, and died in 1721 as Capellmeister to the Margrave at Schwedt.
Fleischhauer, F., born July 24th 1834, at Weimar, pupil of Joachim and Laub, since 1865 Court leader at Meiningen.
Fontaine, Antoine Nicolas Marie, born 1785, at Paris; pupil of Kreutzer; travelled much, and lived in Paris since 1825.
Fränzl, Ignaz, born June 3rd 1736, at Mannheim, died 1803; was leader in the Electoral orchestra; an accomplished orchestral player. His son and pupil
Fränzl, Ferdinand, born May 24th 1770, at Schwetzingen, died 1833, at Mannheim, was more celebrated than his father.
Ganz, Leopold, born Nov. 28th 1810, at Mayence, died June 15th 1869, at Berlin, was leader in the Berlin Court orchestra.
Gaviniés, Pierre, born May 11th 1726 or 1728, at Bordeaux, died Sept. 9th 1800, at Paris. He wrote studies, notably “Les 24 matinées”. (His father, François Gaviniés, was a violin maker, and was, in 1762, dean of the Paris Violin Makers’ Guild. Tr.)
Geminiani, Francesco, born towards the end of the 17th century, at Lucca, died Dec. 1762, at Dublin, was one of Corelli’s most famous pupils. G. brought out the earliest Italian violin method, which became in great request, and by which the essential features of Corelli’s style have been handed down to the present day. The best of his violin sonatas have been published in G. Jensen’s “Classische Violin Musik”.
Giardini, Felice, born April 12th 1716, at Turin, died Dec. 17th 1796, at Moscow. He toured, with brilliant success, in Germany and England, became orchestral conductor, and later theatre director, in which capacity, however, he had no success.
Gompertz, Richard, born April 27th 1859, at Cologne; pupil there of Königslow and Joachim; now professor in the Royal College of Music, London.
Graun, J. Gottlieb, born at the commencement of the 18th century, died Oct. 27th 1771 (brother of Heinrich Graun, the composer of “Der Tod Jesu”), was leader in the Court orchestra, Berlin.
Grünberg, Max, born Dec. 5th 1850, at Berlin. He was solo violinist at Meiningen under Bülow, leader and teacher in the Sondershausen Conservatorium, then at Prague, and now lives in Berlin, where he has founded a Conservatorium; is a celebrated teacher.
Habeneck, François Antoine, born June 1st 1781, at Mezieres, died Feb. 8th 1849, Paris; pupil of Baillot in Paris. He was member of the orchestra, and subsequently conductor, at the Grand Opéra, then became concert conductor, in which capacity he introduced Beethoven’s symphonies to the Parisians. Founder of the celebrated Conservatoire concerts.
Haddock, Edgar, born in Leeds, 1862, taught by his father; appeared in public at the age of six. Originator of the Leeds Musical Evenings.
Halir, Karl, born Feb. 1st 1859, at Hohenelbe in Bohemia; pupil of Prague Conservatorium and of Joachim. He was soloist in Bilse’s orchestra, leader at Mannheim and now at Weimar.
Hänflein, Georg, born March 17th 1848, at Breslau; pupil of David and Joachim; leader at the Royal theatre, Hanover.
Hann, W. H., born May 30th 1831; musician in ordinary to the Queen. His five sons received their education first as choir boys at the Chapel Royal, afterwards all studying the violin or ’cello at the Royal Academy of Music. Brahms’ Sestett for strings was performed in London, 1888, entirely by this musical family.
Hauser, Miska, born 1822, at Pressburg, died Dec. 8th 1887, Vienna; pupil of Böhm and Mayseder in Vienna; travelled nearly all over the world. A few of his compositions are in vogue,—e. g., The Bird in the Tree, and Lieder ohne Worte.
Heckmann, Robert, born Nov. 3rd 1848, at Mannheim, died Nov. 29th 1891, Glasgow; pupil of Becker and David. He was leader at the Euterpe, Leipsic, and at the town theatre in Cologne; then travelled as quartett player, winning universal recognition.
Heermann, Hugo, born March 3rd 1844, at Heilbronn; pupil of de Bériot; was leader at Frankfort, and since 1878 principal violin teacher at Hoch’s Conservatorium.
Hegar, Friedr., born Oct. 11th 1841, at Basle, pupil of David; Concertmeister with Bilse, and at Zurich; now director of the Music School there.
Hellmesberger, Georg, born April 24th 1800, at Vienna, died Aug. 16th 1873, pupil of Böhm; was member of the Imperial orchestra and teacher in the Conservatorium. His eldest son, Georg, born 1828, was leader at Hanover, where he died in 1853. His younger brother
Hellmesberger, Joseph, born Nov. 3rd 1829, lived at Vienna as Director of the Conservatorium and Court-Capellmeister. He became very noted as a quartett player. His son Joseph, born 1855, was from 1878 solo violinist in the Court orchestra; died Oct. 24th 1893.
Hermann, Friedr., born 1828, at Frankfort; studied at the Leipsic Conservatorium; for many years professor in the same, and also, up to 1876, first viola player in the Gewandhaus concerts. He has written chamber music, violin solos, &c., besides arranging many classical works for various combinations of stringed instruments.
Hess, Willy, pupil of Joachim, was leader at Frankfort and at Rotterdam; then settled in Manchester as solo violinist in Sir Charles Hallé’s orchestra; in 1895 called to Cologne as leader in the Town Orchestra and teacher at the Conservatorium.
Hilf, Arno, born March 14th 1858, student of the Conservatorium, Leipsic, until his 17th year. He was leader at Moscow, and in 1888 at Sondershausen; then joined the Gewandhaus orchestra, Leipsic.
Himmelsstoss, Richard, born June 17th 1843, at Sondershausen; pupil of Ulrich and Joachim; leader at Breslau.
Holländer, Gustav, born Feb. 15th 1855, at Leobschütz, Silesia; pupil of David and Joachim; was leader and teacher in Cologne Conservatorium. Composer of the “Spinnerlied”, and other pleasing violin pieces.
Jacobsen, Heinr., born Jan. 10th 1851, at Hadersleben; pupil of David and Joachim. He was first violinist in the Leipsic Gewandhaus orchestra, solo and chamber music player to the Duchess of Anhalt-Bernburg at Ballenstedt, and since 1876 teacher at the Berlin High School. Died 1901.
Jacobson, Simon, born Dec. 24th 1839, at Mitau; pupil of David; leader at Bremen and New York; was afterwards teacher at Cincinnati, and now lives at Chicago.
Janitsch, Anton, born 1753, in Switzerland, died 1812, as Capellmeister to Count Burg-Steinfurth; pupil of Pugnani at Turin. He was leader at Trèves with Prince Wallerstein-Öttingen, and conductor at the theatre, Hanover.
Jansa, Leopold, born 1796, at Wildenschwert in Bohemia, died Jan. 25th 1875, at Vienna. His compositions formerly enjoyed much favour. He lived in Brunswick, Vienna, and London.
Japha, George, born Aug. 27th 1835, at Königsberg, died Feb. 25th 1892, Cologne; pupil of Singer, David and Alard; leader and teacher in Cologne Conservatorium.
Jensen, Gustav, born Christmas Day, 1843, at Königsberg; pupil of Laub and Joachim; died Nov. 26th, 1895, as professor at the Conservatorium, Cologne. He wrote orchestral works, a violin sonata, chamber music, &c., besides ably editing and arranging many compositions of the old masters for violin and piano (“Classische Violin Musik”, “Vortragsstudien”, &c.).
Joachim, Joseph, Prof., Dr., born June 28th 1831, at Kitse near Pressburg; pupil of Böhm in Vienna. He was leader at Leipsic, Weimar, and Hanover; subsequently director of the High School, Berlin. He is the first among living violinists, and has formed a large number of prominent players.
Kalliwoda, Johann Wenzeslaus, born Feb. 21st 1801, at Prague, died Dec. 3rd 1866, at Karlsruhe; conductor of Prince Fürstenberg’s orchestra at Donaueschingen. In addition to violin pieces, he wrote symphonies and overtures.
Kes, Willem, born Feb. 16th 1856, at Dordrecht; pupil of David and Joachim. He was leader at Amsterdam, and Capellmeister at Dordrecht, and since 1883 conductor at Amsterdam.
Kiesewetter, Chr. Gottfried, born Dec. 24th 1777, at Ansbach, died Sept. 27th 1827, London; lived successively in Amsterdam, Oldenburg, Hamburg, Hanover and London.
Kömpel, August, born Aug. 18th 1831, at Brückenau; pupil of Spohr, David and Joachim; leader at Weimar, retired on a pension in 1884, died April 7th 1891, Weimar.
Königslow, Otto von, born Nov. 14th 1824, at Hamburg; pupil of Pacius and Hafner, afterwards of David. From 1858-1881, he was leader at Cologne and teacher at the Conservatorium, but resigned the former post on account of a bad arm; received the title of Professor, and removed to Bonn. Died 1898.
Kopecky, Ottokar, born April 28th 1850, at Chotebor in Bohemia; pupil of Bennewitz in the Prague Conservatorium. He was leader at the town theatre, Brünn, at the Mozarteum, Salzburg, and in the Sondershausen Court orchestra, where he received in 1881 the title of “Kammervirtuos”. He now lives in Hamburg as soloist and teacher.
Kotek, Joseph, born Oct. 25th 1855, at Kamenez-Podolsk in Russia, died Jan. 4th 1885, Davos; pupil of Laub and Joachim; teacher at the Berlin High School.
Kreutzer, Rudolph, born at Versailles, Nov. 16th 1766, died June 6th 1831, Geneva. He was a famous virtuoso, professor in the Paris Conservatoire, and composed much. His 42 Studies still remain at the head of all studies, and have passed through many editions. (Beethoven’s grandest violin sonata, Op. 47, is dedicated to him, although it is said he never played it. Tr.)
Kruse, J. S., born March 23rd 1859, at Melbourne; pupil of Joachim in Berlin, leader in the Philharmonic there, and since 1892 at Bremen.
Kudelski, Carl Matthias, born Nov. 17th 1808, Berlin, died Oct. 3rd 1877, Baden-Baden; pupil of Ed. Rietz and Lafont; lived in Berlin, Russia, Hamburg and Baden-Baden.
Lacroix, born 1756, at Remberville, died 1812, as music director at Lübeck.
Lafont, Chas. Philippe, born Dec. 1781, at Paris, died Aug. 14th 1839; pupil of Kreutzer and Rode; he made many concert tours, and composed much. Held appointments in St. Petersburg and Paris.
Lalo, Ed., born 1823, at Lille, died April 22nd 1892, Paris; student at the Conservatoire. He was quartett player in Paris, and then busied himself chiefly in composition.
Lamotte, Franz, born 1751, Vienna or in the Netherlands, died 1781, in Holland. He was a great virtuoso and sight-reader, but in consequence of his looseness of conduct could make no position.
Lamoureux, Chas., born Sept. 28th 1834, at Bordeaux; studied in the Paris Conservatoire, he was violinist in various Parisian theatres, afterwards conductor, and has rendered great service by introducing German compositions into France.
Laub, Ferd., born Jan. 19th 1832, at Prague, died March 17th 1875, at Gries near Botzen; pupil of Mildner at Prague; was leader at Weimar, Berlin and Moscow. His Polonaise for the violin is well known.
Lauterbach, Joh. Chr., born July 24th 1832, at Culmbach; pupil of Fröhlich at Wurzburg, and de Bériot at Brussels. He was leader at Munich, afterwards at Dresden (pensioned 1889), and taught in the Dresden Royal Conservatorium until 1877.
Leclair, born 1697, at Lyons, was murdered in Paris, Oct. 22nd 1764; laboured chiefly as teacher and composer for his instrument. His compositions have appeared in various editions, some of his best sonatas in G. Jensen’s “Classische Violin Musik”.
Leonard, Hubert, born April 7th 1819, at Bellaire, Belgium, died May 6th 1890, Paris; pupil of Habeneck in Paris. He was for a long period a teacher in Brussels Conservatoire, then resided in Paris. He produced a violin school, besides studies.
Lipinski, Carl Joseph, born 1790, at Radzyn in Poland, died Dec. 16th 1861, in Galicia. He travelled much as a virtuoso, was from 1838-1859 leader in the Royal orchestra, Dresden. His Military Concerto is the best known among his writings.
Locatelli, Pietro, born 1693, at Bergamo, died 1764, Amsterdam; pupil of Corelli; was regarded in his day as a great virtuoso. He produced “L’Arte del Violino”, concertos and sonatas.
Lolli, Antonio, born about 1730, Bergamo, died 1802, Naples, was, next to Locatelli, the chief founder of pure virtuosity, and owed his success to his technique alone. Of his artistic development there is little to be said.
Lotto, Isidor, born Dec. 22nd 1840, at Warsaw; pupil of Massart in Paris. He was teacher in Strasburg Conservatorium, then in that of his native town. His “Fileuse” is well known.
Lubin, Leon de St., born July 8th 1805, at Turin, died Feb. 18th 1850; pupil of Spohr; was leader at the Königstädter theatre, Berlin.
Marsick, Martin Pierre Joseph, born March 9th 1849, at Liège; pupil of Leonard, Massart and Joachim. He made himself known through several concert tours in France, England, Germany, &c., then settled in Paris since 1892 as violin professor at the Conservatoire.
Massart, Joseph Lambert, born July 19th 1811, at Liège: died Feb. 13th 1892, Paris; pupil of Kreutzer. Since 1843, he was teacher in Paris Conservatoire; taught Wieniawski and Lotto.
Matthäi, Heinr. Aug., born Oct. 3rd 1781, Dresden, died 1835, at Leipsic, where he was leader at the Gewandhaus; pupil of Kreutzer.
Maurer, Ludwig Wilh., born Feb. 8th 1789, at Potsdam, died Oct. 25th 1878, at St. Petersburg, where he had lived since 1832, having been previously leader in Hanover. His concerto for 4 violins is well known.
Mayseder, Joseph, born Oct. 26th 1789, at Vienna, died there Nov. 21st 1863; pupil of Schuppanzigh; was leader in the Imperial orchestra. He composed many violin pieces, quartetts, &c.
Mazas, Jacques Féréol, born Sept. 23rd 1782, at Bezières, died 1849; pupil of Baillot; was teacher in Paris Conservatoire.
Meerts, Lambert Joseph, born 1802, Brussels, died there May 12th 1863; pupil of Habeneck, Lafont and Baillot; taught in the Brussels Conservatoire. He published a violin school, and studies.
Mestrino, Nicolo, born 1748, at Naples, died 1790, Paris, as leader of the orchestra at the Opéra Italien. He began as a street player, underwent imprisonment on account of some foolish prank, and during his confinement advanced his technique.
Meyer, Waldemar, born Feb. 4th 1853, at Berlin; pupil of Joachim, was from 1873-1881 first violinist in the Court orchestra, Berlin, then went on tour. His brother Felix is Royal Kammervirtuos, and an accomplished violinist.
Milanollo, the sisters Therese and Maria, born Aug. 28th 1827, and June 19th 1832, respectively, at Savigliano near Turin. They were regarded as juvenile prodigies during the years 1839-1846. The younger died in 1848 in Paris, the elder retired into private life in 1857.
Mildner, Moritz, born 1813, at Turnitz, Bohemia, died Dec. 4th 1865; was teacher in Prague Conservatorium, and leader at the theatre.
Molique, Wilhelm Bernhard, born Oct. 7th 1802, at Nuremberg, died May 10th 1869, at Cannstadt; pupil of his father and of Spohr. He was leader at Munich and Stuttgart, made many concert tours, and composed many violin pieces, &c. (His 5th concerto has been frequently played by Mr. Carrodus, and his oratorio “Abraham” was, for a time, in favour. Tr.)
Mori, Nicolas, born in London, 1793, died June 18th 1839; of Italian origin; he occupied, for nearly 30 years, a prominent position in England as a violinist. He was also a music publisher.
Möser, Carl, born Jan. 24th 1774, at Berlin, died there Jan. 27th 1851. He was employed at intervals in the Berlin Court orchestra, being appointed Royal Capellmeister in 1840. His son
Möser, August, born Dec. 20th 1825, Berlin, pupil of his father and of de Bériot, lived for many years in South America, and died on a concert tour there, 1859.
Mozart, Leopold, born Nov. 14th 1719, at Augsburg, died May 28th 1787, at Salzburg, where he was Vice-Capellmeister. Published one of the earliest violin methods.
Mühlmann, Ernst R., born June 5th 1856, at Klingenthal, Saxony; pupil of David and Röntgen at Leipsic Conservatorium. In 1875 appointed soloist to the Duchess of Anhalt-Bernburg, at Ballenstedt; 1876-1878 at the town theatre, Leipsic: until 1882, leader in Laub’s orchestra at Hamburg; until 1884, leader in Neumann’s Wagner Tour; since then, leader Hamburg town theatre.
Müller, Carl Friedr., born Nov. 11th 1797, at Brunswick, died April 4th 1873; pupil of Möser at Berlin. He was leader in the celebrated quartett formed by the brothers Müller, and in the ducal orchestra.
Nachèz, Tivadar, born May 1st 1859, at Pesth; studied at the Prague Conservatorium and under Joachim. He has made many tours as virtuoso, but lives chiefly in London.
Nardini, Pietro, born 1722, at Fibiana, died 1793, at Florence, pupil of Tartini. From 1753-1767 he was member of the Würtemberg Court orchestra, Stuttgart; then solo player at the Florentine Court. A few of his sonatas are still performed.
Naret-Koning, Joh. Jos. David, born Feb. 25th 1838, at Amsterdam; pupil of David, 1859-1870 leader at Mannheim, then at Frankfort.
Neruda, Wilma Maria Franziska (Lady Hallé), born March 21st 1840, at Brünn; pupil of her father and of Jansa; found her vocation in concert tours, now lives in London. (Lady Hallé has been for many years associated with the Monday Popular Concerts, and her excellent example has undoubtedly given a great stimulus to the study of the violin in England by ladies. Tr.)
Ole Bull, born Feb. 5th 1810, at Bergen; a self taught violinist, who made many concert tours, amongst others three times to America. From a musical point of view his compositions are unimportant, corresponding to his playing, and only calculated for the production of virtuoso effects. (Ole Bull died Aug. 17th 1880, in Norway. His first appearance in London was in 1836. Tr.)
Ondricek, Franz, born 1863, at Prague; pupil of Bennewitz and Massart; in 1882 visited Germany during his concert tours. Played in London 1895.
Paganini, Nicolo, baptized Oct. 27th 1782, Genoa, died May 27th 1840, Nice. The most talented and gifted violinist that ever lived; in every respect an original, a speciality. About his career the most romantic stories of adventure were circulated, to which his fantastic, almost ghostly, appearance gave rise. Of his compositions, the concertos and 24 Caprices are best known.
Papini, Guido, born at Camagiore near Florence, Aug. 1st 1847; pupil of Giorgetti. For several years he was director of the Florentine Società del Quartetto; now principal professor at the Royal Irish Academy. Writer of a method and many effective pieces for his instrument.
Petri, Henri Wilh., born April 5th 1856, at Leyst near Utrecht; pupil of Joachim; was leader at Sondershausen, Hanover and Leipsic, then in the Dresden Royal orchestra.
Pichl, Wenselaus, born 1741, at Bechin in Bohemia, died 1805 (? 1804), at Vienna; pupil of Dittersdorf and Nardini; lived in Vienna and Italy.
Pisendel, Joh. Georg, born Dec. 26th 1687, at Carlsburg, died Nov. 25th 1755, at Dresden; pupil of Torelli and Vivaldi. He was useful in promoting violin playing at Dresden, where he was leader; in particular, he obtained from the violins in the orchestra great equality in playing.
Pixis, Fried. Wilh., born 1786, at Mannheim, died 1842, at Prague, where he taught in the Conservatorium.
Pollitzer, Adolphe, born at Buda-Pesth, in 1832; studied under Böhm in Vienna Conservatorium. Was awarded First Prize in 1846, and went on tour through Germany. He settled in London in 1850, became principal violin at Covent Garden, the Wagner and Gounod Concerts, and the Albert Hall Choral Society. He has been for many years principal violin teacher, and since 1890 co-director, of the London Academy of Music. Died 1900.
Pott, Aug., born Nov. 7th 1806, at Nordheim, died Aug. 27th 1883, at Gratz; pupil of Spohr; was Court Capellmeister at Oldenburg until 1861, then lived at Gratz.
Prill, Carl, born Oct. 22nd 1864, at Berlin; pupil of Joachim. He was solo violinist under Bilse, leader at Pawlowsk, then at Magdeburg; since 1891, in the Gewandhaus orchestra, Leipsic.
Prume, François, born June 5th 1816, at Stavelot (Belgium), died there July 14th 1849; pupil of Habeneck. Was teacher in Liège Conservatoire, and travelled much. Of his compositions, “Mélancolie” was formerly a great favourite.
Pugnani, Gaetano, born 1727, died 1803, at Turin; pupil of Tartini. He travelled a great deal, and was from 1770 until his demise leader at the Turin Court theatre. He trained Viotti, amongst others.
Rab, Aug., Vice-Concertmeister at the Leipsic theatre and Gewandhaus orchestra; also leader at the Euterpe.
Ralph, Francis, born 1847, died Sept. 8th 1887; educated at the R. A. M., London, where he became one of the most valued teachers.
Rappoldi, Eduard, born Feb. 21st 1839, at Vienna; pupil of Jansa and Böhm. He was leader at Rotterdam, then Capellmeister at Lübeck, Stettin, and Prague, next teacher at the Berlin High School; then leader in the Court orchestra, Dresden, and since 1893 teacher at the Conservatorium there. Died 1903.
Rehfeldt, Fabian, born Jan. 23rd 1842, Tuchel; leader in the Royal orchestra, Berlin, since 1873; industrious composer.
Remenyi, Eduard, born 1830, at Heves in Hungary; studied at the Vienna Conservatorium. He interrupted his artistic career in order to take part in the Hungarian revolution and thus came to be an Adjutant of Görgey’s. He then fled to America, living subsequently in Weimar, London, St. Petersburg and Paris, also in South Africa, returning to Europe in 1892. Died San Francisco, 1898.
Ries, Hubert, born April 1st 1802, at Bonn, died Sept. 14th 1886, Berlin; pupil of Spohr; was leader in the Royal orchestra, Berlin, and produced many works for violin. His son
Ries, Franz, born 1846, Berlin; pupil of his father, and of Massart (Paris) was engaged at the Italian Opera, London, as violinist, but gave up performing in 1873 on account of a nervous affection of the arm, and founded a music business in Dresden. He composed many violin pieces and songs.
Ries, Louis, brother of Franz, was born in Berlin in 1830. He has occupied the post of 2nd violin at the Monday Popular Concerts since 1857.
Rietz, Eduard, born 1801, in Berlin, died 1832, brother of a former Dresden Capellmeister, Julius Rietz; was member of the Royal orchestra, Berlin.
Rode, Pierre, born Feb. 26th 1774, at Bordeaux, died there Nov. 25th 1830; pupil of Viotti; taught in the Conservatoire, Paris, then became solo player in St. Petersburg. His compositions and his violin school enjoyed great favour.
Romberg, Andreas, born April 27th 1767, at Vechte, died Nov. 10th 1821, as Court-Capellmeister at Gotha; was previously member of the orchestras in Bonn and Hamburg.
Röntgen, Engelbert, born Sept. 30th 1829, at Deventer; pupil of David, and afterwards his successor as leader in the Gewandhaus orchestra, Leipsic, in which capacity he rendered great service (he had been a member of the same orchestra for about half a century). Died 1897.
Rosa, Carl, born March 21st 1842, in Hamburg, was leader there from 1863 to 1865; then made concert tours, afterwards becoming opera impresario. He died in Paris,1889.
Sainton, Prosper Phil. Catherine, born June 5th 1813 Toulouse, died Oct. 17th 1890, London; pupil of Habeneck at the Paris Conservatoire. He made concert tours throughout Europe, then was appointed teacher of his instrument at the Toulouse school of music. He visited London in 1844, settling there in 1845 as professor at the Royal Academy of Music, a post which he held until his death. He was also leader in the orchestras of Covent Garden Theatre (1846-1871) and of Her Majesty’s (1871-1880), &c. He wrote two violin concertos, besides solos.
Salomon, Joh. Peter, born 1745, at Bonn, died 1815, in London; made himself useful in producing Haydn’s works; was leader in Berlin, then lived in London.
Sarasate, Pablo Martin Meliton, y Navascues, born March 10th 1844, at Pampeluna in Spain; pupil of Alard at Paris Conservatoire; gained world-wide celebrity through his concert tours.
Sauret, Emile, born May 22nd 1852, at Dun-le-Roi (Cher); pupil of de Bériot. He toured with much success, settled in Berlin, but was subsequently called to London to succeed M. Sainton as professor at the Royal Academy of Music.
Schnitzler, Isidor, born June 2nd 1859, Rotterdam; studied at Cologne Conservatorium, also under Wirth, Wieniawski, and Joachim; toured successfully in Roumania, Germany, America and Australia.
Schradieck, Henry, born April 29th 1846, at Hamburg; pupil of Leonard and David. He was leader in Bremen and Hamburg; then teacher in Moscow Conservatoire; in a similar capacity at Leipsic (1874); from 1883 in Cincinnati, but returned to Germany in June 1889.
Schroeder, Hermann, born July 28th 1842, at Quedlinburg; was soloist with Bilse in 1866, then with the Duchess of Anhalt-Bernburg. He founded in 1870 a music school at Berlin, is also teacher in the Royal High School (Church music department), and received the title of professor in 1888. Wrote a prize method, studies, theoretical works, &c.
Schubert, Franz, born July 22nd 1808, in Dresden, died there 1878; pupil of Rolla and Lafont; was leader in the Dresden Court orchestra.
Schuppanzigh, Ignaz, born 1776, in Vienna, died there 1830; pupil of Wranitzky. He was the first to introduce quartetts into public performances systematically, these renderings being held in high regard.
Seifriz, Max, born Oct. 9th 1827, at Rottweil, died Dec. 20th 1885, Stuttgart. He was Capellmeister in the Hohenzollern-Hecking Court orchestra; lived since 1869 at Stuttgart, and was appointed Court-Capellmeister there in 1871. Issued, jointly with Singer, a violin method.
Seitz, Fritz, born June 12th 1848, at Günthersleben near Gotha; pupil of Ulrich at Sondershausen, and of Lauterbach in Dresden; was leader at Sondershausen, at Magdeburg, and then at Dessau in the Court orchestra.
Singer, Edmund, born Oct. 14th 1831, at Totis in Hungary; pupil of Böhm; was leader at Pesth, Weimar, and subsequently Stuttgart; Professor also in the Conservatorium there.
Sivori, Ernesto Camillo, born Oct. 25th 1815, at Genoa; pupil of Paganini; travelled much as virtuoso, and died in 1894.
Skalitzky, Ernst, born May 30th 1853, at Prague; pupil of Mildner and Joachim. He was from 1873-1879 leader in the Park orchestra, Amsterdam, then in a similar capacity at Bremen.
Soldat, Marie, born March 25th 1864, at Gratz; pupil of Pott and of Joachim; made successful concert tours.
Spohr, Louis, born April 5th 1784, at Brunswick, died Oct. 22nd 1859, at Cassel; pupil of Franz Eck. He was leader at Gotha and Vienna; visited Italy, England and France; became Court-Capellmeister at Cassel in 1822, receiving a pension in 1857. Spohr was equally celebrated as a violinist and as a composer. His most distinguished pupils were Leon de St. Lubin, Ries, David, Bott, Kömpel, and Pott.
Stamitz, Joh. Carl, born 1719, at Deutschbrod in Bohemia, died 1761, at Mannheim; is regarded as the founder of the German school of violin playing. He was leader at Mannheim. His son
Stamitz, Carl, born May 7th 1746, at Mannheim, died 1801, at Jena; was leader at Mannheim, finally music director at Jena.
Straus, Ludwig, born March 28th 1835, Pressburg; pupil of Hellmesberger and Böhm in Vienna; was leader at Frankfort; settled in 1864 in London. Died 1899.
Struss, Fritz, born Nov. 28th 1847, at Hamburg, pupil of Auer and Joachim; was Kammermusikus in Schwerin and in Berlin, subsequently leader in the Royal orchestra.
Tartini, Giuseppe, born April 12th 1692, Pirano, died Feb. 26th 1770, Padua, the greatest executant and most prolific composer of his time. He wrote hundreds of concertos and sonatas, of which the “Trillo del Diavolo” is the most celebrated. His best sonatas are published in G. Jensen’s “Classische Violin Musik”.
Telemann, Georg Philipp, born March 14th 1681, at Magdeburg, died June 25th 1767, at Hamburg; was leader at Eisenach and subsequently Capellmeister there; then conductor at Hamburg.
Thomson, César, born at Liège, March 18th 1857; studied under Jacques Dupuis and Leonard. Having acquired an exceptional technique, he has toured with great success. He was leader of Bilse’s orchestra, Berlin; since 1883, teacher at the Liege Conservatoire.
Tua, Teresina, born May 27th 1867, at Turin; pupil of Massart in Paris; one of the most popular lady players of the present time.
Ulrich, Ed., born April 12th 1815, at Leipsic, died Nov. 26th 1874, at Stendal; pupil of Matthäi; was leader at Magdeburg and Sondershausen.
Unthan, a violinist of the present day deserving mention as a curiosity, in that having no arms he plays with his toes.
Veracini, Francesco Maria, born 1684, died 1759; in his time a noted player and composer; lived in Italy, England, and Dresden; greatly influenced Tartini’s development. Some of his sonatas are published in G. Jensen’s “Classische Violin Musik”.
Vieuxtemps, Henri, born Feb. 20th 1820, at Vienna, died June 6th 1881, at Algiers; pupil of de Bériot. He visited Germany, England, France and Russia; was named virtuoso in chamber music to the Russian Court in 1846, resided in St. Petersburg until 1852, then travelled and visited America, living subsequently in Frankfort, Paris and Brussels.
Viotti, Giov. Battista, born May 23rd 1753, at Fontanelle, died March 13th 1824, in London; pupil of Pugnani; after Corelli and Torelli, the greatest Italian violinist of the last century. He made extended concert tours, as teacher practising chiefly in Paris, where he also conducted the Grand Opéra for a brief period.
Walter, Benno, born June 17th 1847, at Munich; leader in the Court orchestra there, and teacher at the Music School.
Wasielewski, Joseph W. von, born 1822, at Gross-Leesen, near Dantzic. He was educated at the Leipsic Conservatorium, where he entered the Gewandhaus orchestra; then, after becoming leader at Dusseldorf, and conductor at Bonn, settled at Sondershausen. He has made himself known also as a writer on musical subjects, through his biography of Schumann, “The violin and its masters”, “The violoncello and its history”, &c. Died 1896.
Weber, Miroslaw, born Nov. 9th 1854, at Prague; was member of the Sondershausen Court orchestra, leader and opera conductor at Darmstadt, and afterwards in the like capacity at Wiesbaden Court theatre.
Wieniawski, Henry, born July 10th 1835, at Lublin, died April 2nd 1880, at Moscow; pupil of Massart. In 1860 he was entitled Imperial Russian Kammervirtuoso, taught for five years in St. Petersburg Conservatoire, travelled a few years in America, then succeeded to Vieuxtemps’ duties at Brussels, went again on tour, dying in Moscow of heart disease.
Wilhelmj, Aug. Emil Dan. Ferd., born Sept. 21st 1845, at Usingen (Nassau); pupil of David; undertook his first concert tour in 1865, in Switzerland. In the following years he visited Holland, England, &c., afterwards living near Wiesbaden, Blasewitz, and (1894) London.
Wipplinger, Paul Carl, born July 7th 1824, at Halle; was leader at Aix, and since 1860 at Cassel.
Wolff, Heinr., born Jan. 1st 1813, at Frankfort; since 1838 leader there. Was also a talented composer.
Wolff, Johannes, born May 1862, at the Hague; studied with Wirth in Rotterdam, and Rappoldi in Dresden, subsequently gaining the premier prix in Paris; made his début at one of M. Pasdeloup’s concerts; toured through the continent and settled in London.
Ysaye, Eugène, born at Liège, in 1858; studied the violin from the age of five, chiefly with his father. He made the acquaintance of Wieniawski in 1873, and was invited by him to Brussels. Toured successfully through Europe, and is also in the front rank as teacher; lives in Brussels.
Zajic, Florian, born May 4th 1853, at Unhoscht (Bohemia); pupil of Mildner and Bennewitz in the Conservatorium, Prague. In 1870 he became leader at Augsburg, was from 1871-1881 in the Mannheim orchestra, then, until 1880, principal violin teacher in the Conservatorium of Strasburg. From 1889 he was first teacher at Stern’s Conservatorium, Berlin. He has toured with success in Germany, England, France, Austria and Switzerland.