The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Vol. II (1st Edition)

by Charles Darwin

INDEX.

• A.
• Abbott, C., on the battles of seals, ii. [240].
• Abductor of the fifth metatarsal, presence of, in man, i. [128].
• Abercrombie, Dr., on disease of the brain affecting speech, i. [58].
• Abipones, marriage-customs of the, ii. [373].
• Abou-Simbel, caves of, i. [217].
• Abortion, prevalence of the practice of, i. [134].
• Abstraction, i. [62].
• Acalles, stridulation of, i. [384].
• Acanthodactylus capensis, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [36].
• Accentor modularis, ii. [198].
• Acclimatisation, difference of, in different races of men, i. [216].
• Achetidæ, stridulation of the, i. [352], [353], [355];
  • rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. [359].
• Acilius sulcatus, elytra of the female, i. [343].
• Acomus, development of spurs in the female of, ii. [162].
• Acridiidæ, stridulation of the, i. [352], [356];
  • rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. [359].
• Acting, i. [232].
• Actiniæ, bright colours of, i. [322].
• Admiral butterfly, i. [392].
• Adoption of the young of other animals by female monkeys, i. [41].
• Advancement in the organic scale, Von Baer’s definition of, i. [211].
• Aeby, on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, i. [190].
• Æsthetic faculty, not highly developed in savages, i. [64].
• Affection, maternal, i. [40];
  • manifestation of, by animals, i. [40];
  • parental and filial, partly the result of natural selection, i. [81];
  • shown by birds in confinement, for certain persons, ii. [110];
  • mutual, of birds, ii. [108].
• Africa, probably the birthplace of man, i. [199];
  • South, crossed population of, i. [225];
  • South, retention of colour by the Dutch in, i. [242];
  • South, proportion of the sexes in the butterflies of, i. [310];
  • tattooing practised in, ii. [339];
  • Northern, coiffure of natives of, ii. [340].
• Agassiz, L., on conscience in dogs, i. [78];
  • on the coincidence of the races of man with zoological provinces, i. [218];
  • on the number of species of man, i. [226];
  • on the courtship of the land-snails, i. [324];
  • on the brightness of the colours of male fishes during the breeding season, ii. [13];
  • on the frontal protuberance of the males of Geophagus and Cichla, ii. [13], [20];
  • on the slight sexual differences of the South Americans, ii. [323];
  • on the tattooing of the Amazonian Indians, ii. [342].
• Age, in relation to the transmission of characters in birds, ii. [183];
  • variation in accordance with, in birds, ii. [213].
• Agelæus phœniceus, ii. [116].
• Ageronia feronia, noise produced by, i. [387].
• Agrion, dimorphism in, i. [363].
• Agrion Ramburii, sexes of, i. [362].
• Agrionidæ, difference in the sexes of, i. [362].
• Agrotis exclamationis, i. [369].
• Ague, tertian, dog suffering from, i. [13].
• Aïthurus polytmus, young of, ii. [220].
• Ainos, hairiness of the, ii. [321].
• Alca torda, young of, ii. [217]. Alces palmata, ii. [259].
• Alder and Hancock, MM., on the nudibranch mollusca, i. [326].
• Algen, Mr., on the stridulation of Scolytus, i. [379].
• Allen, J. A., on the relative size of the sexes of Callorhinus ursinus, ii. [260];
  • on the mane of Otaria jubata, ii. [267];
  • on the pairing of seals, ii. [279];
  • on sexual differences in the colour of bats, ii. [286].
• Allen, S., on the habits of Hoplopterus, ii. [48];
  • on the plumes of herons, ii. [82];
  • on the vernal moult of Herodias bubulcus, ii. [84].
• Alligator, courtship of the male, i. [272], ii. [29];
  • roaring of the male, i. [331].
• Amadavat, pugnacity of male, ii. [49].
• Amadina Lathami, display of plumage by the male, ii. [95].
• Amadina castanotis, display of plumage by the male, ii. [95].
• Amazons, butterflies of the, i. [309];
  • fishes of the, ii. [17].
• America, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, i. [108];
  • wide range of aborigines of, i. [218];
  • lice of the natives of, i. [220];
  • general beardlessness of the natives of, ii. [322].
• America, North, butterflies of, i. [309];
  • Indians of, women a cause of strife among the, ii. [324];
  • Indians of, their notions of female beauty, ii. [344], [347].
• America, South, character of the natives of, i. [216];
  • population of parts of, i. [225];
  • piles of stones in, i. [233];
  • extinction of the fossil horse of, i. [239];
  • desert-birds of, ii. [224];
  • slight sexual difference of the aborigines of, ii. [323];
  • prevalence of infanticide in, ii. [361].
• American languages, often highly artificial, i. [112].
• Americans, wide geographical range of, i. [112];
  • and negroes, difference of, i. [247];
  • aversion of, to hair on the face, ii. [348];
  • native, variability of, i. [226].
• Ammophila, on the jaws of, i. [342].
• Ammotragus tragelaphus, hairy forelegs of, ii. [282], [285].
• Amphibia, affinity of, to the ganoid fishes, i. [204];
• vocal organs of the, ii. [331].
• Amphibians, i. [213], ii. [24];
• breeding whilst immature, ii. [215].
• Amphioxus, i. [204].
• Amphipoda, males sexually mature while young, ii. [215].
• Amunoph III., negro character of features of, i. [217].
• Anal appendages of insects, i. [342].
• Analogous variation in the plumage of birds, ii. [74].
• Anas, ii. [180].
• Anas acuta, male plumage of, ii. [84].
• Anas boschas, male plumage of, ii. [84].
• Anas histrionica, ii. [214].
• Anastomus oscitans, sexes and young of, ii. [217];
  • white nuptial plumage of, ii. [228].
• Anatidæ, voices of, ii. [60].
• Anax junius, difference in the sexes of, i. [362].
• Anglo-Saxons, estimation of the beard among the, ii. [349].
• Animals, cruelty of savages to, i. [94];
  • domesticated, more fertile than wild, i. [132];
  • characters common to man and, i. [185];
  • domestic, change of breeds of, ii. [369].
• Annelida, i. [327].
• Annulosa, i. [327].
• Anolis cristatellus, male, crest of, ii. [32];
  • pugnacity of the male, ii. [32];
  • throat-pouch of, ii. [33].
• Anobium tessellatum, sounds produced by, i. [384].
• Anser canadensis, ii. [116].
• Anser cygnoides, ii. [114];
  • knob at the base of the beak of, ii. [129].
• Anser hyperboreus, whiteness of, ii. [228].
• Antelope, prong-horned, horns of, i. [289].
• Antelopes, generally polygamous, i. [267];
  • horns of, i. [289], ii. [245];
  • canine teeth of some male, ii. [241];
  • use of horns of, ii. [251];
  • dorsal crests in, ii. [282];
  • dewlaps of, ii. [284];
  • winter change of two species of, ii. [299];
  • peculiar markings of, ii. [299].
• Antennæ, furnished with cushions in the male of Penthe, i. [343].
• Anthidium manicatum, large male of, i. [347].
• Anthocharis cardamines, i. [388], [393], [394];
  • sexual difference of colour in, i. [409].
• Anthocharis genutia, i. [393].
• Anthocharis sara, i. [393].
• Anthophora acervorum, large male of, i. [347].
• Anthophora retusa, difference of the sexes in, i. [366].
• Anthus, moulting of, ii. [83].
• Anthropidæ, i. [195].
• Antigua, Dr. Nicholson’s observations on yellow fever in, i. [245].
• Antics of birds, ii. [68].
• Antilocapra americana, horns of, i. [289], ii. [245].
• Antilope bezoartica, horned females of, ii. [246], [248];
  • sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [288].
• Antilope Dorcas and euchore, ii. [245].
• Antilope euchore, horns of, ii. [251].
• Antilope montana, rudimentary canines in the young male of, ii. [258].
• Antilope niger, sing-sing, caama, and gorgon, sexual differences in the colours of, ii. [289].
• Antilope oreas, horns of, i. [289].
• Antilope saiga, polygamous habits of, i. [267].
• Antilope strepsiceros, horns of, i. [289].
• Antilope subgutturosa, absence of suborbital pits in, ii. [280].
• Antipathy, shown by birds in confinement, to certain persons, ii. [110].
• Ants, i. [186];
  • playing together, i. [39];
  • memory in, i. [45];
  • intercommunication of, by means of the antennæ, i. [58];
  • large size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. [145];
  • soldier-, large jaws of, i. [155];
  • difference of the sexes in, i. [365];
  • recognition of each other by, after separation, i. [365].
• Ants, White, habits of, i. [364].
• Anura, ii. [25].
• Apatania muliebris, male unknown, i. [314].
• Apathus, difference of the sexes in, i. [366].
• Apatura Iris, i. [386], [388].
• Apes, anthropomorphous, i. [196];
  • difference of the young, from the adult, i. [13];
  • building platforms, i. [53];
  • probable speedy extermination of the, i. [201];
  • Gratiolet on the evolution of, i. [230];
  • semi-erect attitude of some, i. [142];
  • mastoid processes of, i. [143];
  • influence of the jaw-muscles on the physiognomy of, i. [144];
  • female, destitute of large canines, i. [156];
  • imitative faculties of, i. [161];
  • canine teeth of male, ii. [241];
  • females of some, less hairy beneath than the males, ii. [377].
• Apes, long-armed, their mode of progression, i. [143].
• Apis mellifica, large male of, i. [347].
• Apollo, Greek statues of, ii. [350].
• Apoplexy in Cebus Azaræ, i. [12].
• Approbation, influence of the love of, i. [86], [92], [164], [165].
• Appendages, anal, of insects, i. [342].
• Aprosmictus scapulatus, ii. [174].
• Aquatic birds, frequency of white plumage in, ii. [229].
• Aquila chrysaëtos, ii. [105].
• Arab women, elaborate and peculiar coiffure of, ii. [353].
• Arabs, gashing of cheeks and temples among the, ii. [339].
• Arachnida, i. [337].
• Arakhan, artificial widening of the forehead by the natives of, ii. [351].
• Arboricola, young of, ii. [190].
• Archeopteryx, i. [204].
• Arctiidæ,, coloration of the, i. [396].
• Ardea asha, rufescens, and cærulea, change of colour in, ii. [231], [232].
• Ardea cærulea, breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Ardea gularis, change of plumage in, ii. [232].
• Ardea herodias, love-gestures of the male, ii. [68].
• Ardea ludoviciana, age of mature plumage in, ii. [213];
  • continued growth of crest and plumes in the male of, ii. [216].
• Ardea nycticorax, cries of, ii. [51].
• Ardeola, young of, ii. [190].
• Ardetta, changes of plumage in, ii. [179].
• Argenteuil, i. [29].
• Argus pheasant, ii. [72], [97], [181];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [91];
  • ocellated spots of the, ii. [134], [141];
  • gradation of characters in the, ii. [141].
• Argyll, Duke of, the fashioning of implements peculiar to man, i. [52];
  • on the contest in man between right and wrong, i. [104];
  • on the physical weakness of man, i. [156];
  • on the primitive civilisation of man, i. [181];
  • on the plumage of the male Argus pheasant, ii. [91];
  • on Urosticte Benjamini, ii. [151];
  • on the nests of birds, ii. [167];
  • on variety as an object in nature, ii. [230].
• Argynnis aglaia, colouring of the lower surface of, i. [396].
• Aricoris epitus, sexual differences in the wings of, i. [345].
• Aristocracy, increased beauty of the, ii. [356].
• Arms, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [116];
  • direction of the hair on the, i. [192].
• Arms and hands, free use of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, i. [144].
• Arrest of development, i. [121], [122].
• Arrow-heads, stone, general resemblance of, i. [233].
• Arrows, use of, i. [232].
• Arteries, variations in the course of the, i. [108].
• Artery, effect of tying, upon the lateral channels, i. [116].
• Arthropoda, i. [328].
• Arts practised by savages, i. [234].
• Ascension, coloured incrustation on the rocks of, i. [326].
• Ascidia, affinity of the lancelet to, i. [205];
• tadpole-like larvæ of, i. [205].
• Ascidians, i. [324];
  • bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Asinus, Asiatic and African species of, ii. [306].
• Asinus tæniopus, ii. [306].
• Ass, colour-variations of the, ii. [305].
• Ateles, effects of brandy on an, i. [12];
• absence of the thumb in, i. [140].
• Ateles beelzebuth, ears of, i. [23].
• Ateles marginatus, colour of the ruff of, ii. [291];
  • hair on the head of, ii. [109];
  • on the recognition of a dog by a turkey, ii. [110];
  • on the selection of a mate by female birds, ii. [307].
• Ateuchus, stridulation of, i. [384].
• Ateuchus cicatricosus, habits of, i. [376].
• Athalia, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Attention, manifestations of, in animals, i. [44].
• Audouin, V., on a hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, i. [273].
• Audubon, J. J., on the pugnacity of male birds, ii. [43], [48];
  • on Tetrao cupido, ii. [50];
  • on Ardea nycticorax, ii. [51];
  • on Sturnella ludoviciana, ii. [51];
  • on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, ii. [56];
  • on the drumming of the male Tetrao umbellus, ii. [61];
  • on sounds produced by the nightjar, ii. [63];
  • on Ardea herodias and Cathartes jota, ii. [68];
  • on the spring change of colour in some finches, ii. [86];
  • on Mimus polyglottus, ii. [116];
  • on the turkey, ii. [119], [121];
  • on variation in the male scarlet tanager, ii. [126];
  • on the habits of Pyranga æstiva, ii. [167];
  • on local differences in the nests of the same species of birds, ii. [171];
  • on the habits of woodpeckers, ii. [175];
  • on Bombycilla carolinensis, ii. [180];
  • on young females of Tanagra æstiva acquiring male characters, ii. [180];
  • on the immature plumage of thrushes, ii. [185];
  • on the immature plumage of birds, ii. [186] et seq.;
  • on birds breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214];
  • on the growth of the crest and plumes in the male Ardea ludoviciana, ii. [216];
  • on the change of colour in some species of Ardea, ii. [231];
  • on the speculum of Mergus cucullatus, ii. [291];
  • on the musk-rat, ii. [298].
• Audubon and Bachman, MM., on squirrels fighting, ii. [239];
  • on the Canadian lynx, ii. [267].
• Austen, N. L., on Anolis cristatellus, ii. [32], [33].
• Australia, half-castes killed by the natives of, i. [220];
  • lice of the natives of, i. [220];
  • not the birthplace of man, i. [199];
  • prevalence of female infanticide in, ii. [364].
• Australia, South, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, i. [108].
• Australians, colour of newborn children of, ii. [318];
  • height of the sexes of, ii. [320];
  • women a cause of war among the, ii. [323].
• Axis deer, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. [290].
• Aymaras, measurements of the, i. [119];
  • no grey hair among the, ii. [320];
  • hairlessness of the face in the, ii. [322];
  • long hair of the, ii. [348].
• Azara, on the proportion of men and women among the Guaranys, i. [302];
  • on Palamedea cornuta, ii. [48];
  • on the beards of the Guaranys, ii. [322];
  • on strife for women among the Guanas, ii. [324];
  • on infanticide, ii. [344], [364];
  • on the eradication of the eyebrows and eyelashes by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. [348];
  • on polyandry among the Guanas, ii. [366];
  • celibacy unknown among the savages of South America, ii. [367];
  • on the freedom of divorce among the Charruas, ii. [372].
• 
  B.
• Babbage, C., on the greater proportion of illegitimate female births, i. [302].
• Babirusa, tusks of the, ii. [264].
• Baboon, employing a mat for shelter against the sun, i. [53];
  • manifestation of memory by a, i. [45];
  • protected from punishment by its companions, i. [78];
  • rage excited in, by reading, i. [42].
• Baboon, Cape, mane of the male, ii. [267];
  • Hamadryas, mane of the male, ii. [267].
• Baboons, effects of intoxicating liquors on, i. [12];
  • ears of, i. [23];
  • manifestation of maternal affection by, i. [41];
  • using stones and sticks as weapons, i. [51];
  • co-operation of, i. [75];
  • silence of, on plundering expeditions, i. [79];
  • diversity of the mental faculties in, i. [110];
  • hands of, i. [139];
  • habits of, i. [141];
  • variability of the tail in, i. [150];
  • apparent polygamy of, i. [266];
  • polygamous and social habits of, ii. [362].
• Bachman, Dr., on the fertility of mulattoes, i. [221].
• Baer, K. E. von, on embryonic development, i. [14].
• Bagehot, W., on the social virtues among primitive men, i. [93];
  • on the value of obedience, i. [162];
  • on human progress, i. [166];
  • on the persistence of savage tribes in classical times, i. [239].
• Bailly, E. M., on the fighting of stags, ii. [252];
  • on the mode of fighting of the Italian buffalo, ii. [250].
• Bain, A., on the sense of duty, i. [71];
  • aid springing from sympathy, i. [77];
  • on the basis of sympathy, i. [82];
  • on love of approbation, &c., i. [86];
  • on the idea of beauty, ii. [354].
• Baird, W., on a difference in colour between the males and females of some Entozoa, i. [321].
• Baker, Mr., observation on the proportion of the sexes in pheasant-chicks, i. [306].
• Baker, Sir S., on the fondness of the Arabs for discordant music, ii. [67];
  • on sexual difference in the colours of an antelope, ii. [289];
  • on the elephant and rhinoceros attacking white or grey horses, ii. [295];
  • on the disfigurements practised by the negroes, ii. [296];
  • on the gashing of the cheeks and temples practised in Arab countries, ii. [339];
  • on the coiffure of the North Africans, ii. [340];
  • on the perforation of the lower lip by the women of Latooka, ii. [341];
  • on the distinctive characters of the coiffure of central African tribes, ii. [342];
  • on the coiffure of Arab women, ii. [353].
• “Balz” of the Black-cock, ii. [45], [100].
• Bantam, Sebright, i. [259], [294].
• Banteng, horns of, ii. [247];
  • sexual differences in the colours of the, ii. [289].
• Banyai, colour of the, ii. [346].
• Barbarism, primitive, of civilised nations, i. [181].
• Barbs, filamentous, of the feathers, in certain birds, ii. [74].
• Barr, Mr., on sexual preference in dogs, ii. [272].
• Barrington, Daines, on the language of birds, i. [55];
  • on the clucking of the hen, ii. [51];
  • on the object of the song of birds, ii. [52];
  • on the singing of female birds, ii. [54];
  • on birds acquiring the songs of other birds, ii. [55];
  • on the muscles of the larynx in song-birds, ii. [55];
  • on the want of the power of song by female birds, ii. [163].
• Barrow, on the widow-bird, ii. [98].
• Bartlett, A. D., on the tragopan, i. [270];
  • on the development of the spurs in Crossoptilon auritum, i. [290];
  • on the fighting of the males of Plectropterus gambensis, ii. [46];
  • on the knot, ii. [82];
  • on display in male birds, ii. [87];
  • on the display of plumage by the male Polyplectron, ii. [89];
  • on Crossoptilon auritum and Phasianus Wallichii, ii. [93];
  • on the habits of Lophophorus, ii. [121];
  • on the colour of the mouth in Buceros bicornis, ii. [129];
  • on the incubation of the cassowary, ii. [204];
  • on the Cape Buffalo, ii. [250];
  • on the use of the horns of antelopes, ii. [251];
  • on the fighting of male wart-hogs, ii. [266];
  • on Ammotragus tragelaphus, ii. [282];
  • on the colours of Cercopithecus cephus, ii. [291];
  • on the colours of the faces of monkeys, ii. [310];
  • on the naked surfaces of monkeys, ii. [377].
• Bartram, on the courtship of the male alligator, ii. [29].
• Basque language, highly artificial, i. [61].
• Bate, C. S., on the superior activity of male crustacea, i. [272];
  • on the proportions of the sexes in crabs, i. [315];
  • on the chelæ of crustacea, i. [330];
  • on the relative size of the sexes in crustacea, i. [332];
  • on the colours of crustacea, i. [335].
• Bates, H. W., on variation in the form of the head of Amazonian Indians, i. [111];
  • on the proportion of the sexes among Amazonian butterflies, i. [309];
  • on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, i. [345];
  • on the field-cricket, i. [353];
  • on Pyrodes pulcherrimus, i. [367];
  • on the horns of Lamellicorn beetles, i. [370], [371];
  • on the colours of Epicaliæ, &c., i. [388];
  • on the coloration of tropical butterflies, i. [391];
  • on the variability of Papilio Sesostris and Childrenæ, i. [402];
  • on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, i. [403];
  • on mimickry, i. [411];
  • on the caterpillar of a Sphinx, i. [416];
  • on the vocal organs of the umbrella-bird, ii. [58];
  • on the toucans, ii. [227];
  • on Brachyurus calvus, ii. [309].
• Batokas, knocking out two upper incisors, ii. [340].
• Batrachia, ii. [25];
  • eagerness of male, i. [272].
• Bats, sexual differences in the colour of, ii. [286].
• Battle, law of, i. [182];
  • among beetles, i. [375];
  • among birds, ii. [40];
  • among mammals, ii. [239] et seq.;
  • in man, ii. [323].
• Beak, sexual difference in the forms of the, ii. [39];
  • in the colour of the, ii. [72].
• Beaks, of birds, bright colours of, ii. [227].
• Beard, development of, in man, ii. [317];
  • analogy of the, in man and the quadrumana, ii. [319];
  • variation of the development of the, in different races of men, ii. [321];
  • estimation of, among bearded nations, ii. [349];
  • probable origin of the, ii. [379].
• Beards, in monkeys, i. [192];
  • of mammals, ii. [282].
• Beautiful, taste for the, in birds, ii. [108];
  • in the quadrumana, ii. [296].
• Beauty, sense of, in animals, i. [63];
  • appreciation of, by birds, ii. [111];
  • influence of, ii. [338], [343];
  • variability of the standard of, ii. [370].
• Beavan, Lieut., on the development of the horns in Cervus Eldi, i. [288].
• Beaver, instinct and intelligence of the, i. [37], [38];
  • voice of the, ii. [277];
  • castoreum of the, ii. [279].
• Beavers, battles of male, ii. [239].
• Bechstein, on female birds choosing the best singers among the males, ii. [52];
  • on rivalry in song-birds, ii. [53];
  • on the singing of female birds, ii. [54];
  • on birds acquiring the songs of other birds, ii. [55];
  • on pairing the canary and siskin, ii. [115];
  • on a sub-variety of the monk pigeon, ii. [132];
  • on spurred hens, ii. [162].
• Beddoe, Dr., on causes of difference in stature, i. [115].
• Bee-eater, ii. [56].
• Bees, i. [73];
  • destruction of drones and queens by, i. [82];
  • pollen-baskets and stings of, i. [155];
  • female, secondary sexual characters of, i. [254];
  • difference of the sexes in, i. [365].
• Beetle, luminous larva of a, i. [345].
• Beetles, i. [366];
  • size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. [145];
  • dilatation of the fore tarsi in male, i. [343];
  • blind, i. [367];
  • stridulation of, i. [378].
• Belgium, ancient inhabitants of, i. [237].
• Bell, Sir C, on emotional muscles in man, i. [5];
  • “snarling muscles,” i. [127];
  • on the hand, i. [141].
• Bell, T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in moles, i. [305];
  • on the newts, ii. [24];
  • on the croaking of the frog, ii. [27];
  • on the difference in the coloration of the sexes in Zootoca vivipara, ii. [36];
  • on moles fighting, ii. [239].
• Bell-bird, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. [79].
• Bell-birds, colours of, ii. [228].
• Benevolence, manifested by birds, ii. [109].
• Bennett, A. W., on the habits of Dromœus irroratus, ii. [205].
• Bennett, Dr., on birds of paradise, ii. [89].
• Bernicla antarctica, colours of, ii. [228].
• Bernicle gander pairing with a Canada goose, ii. [114].
• Bettoni, E., on local differences in the nests of Italian birds, ii. [171].
• Bhoteas, colour of the beard in, ii. [319].
• Bhringa, disciform tail-feathers of, ii. [83].
• Bibio, sexual differences in the genus, i. [349].
• Bichat, on beauty, ii. [354].
• Bile, coloured, in many animals, i. [323].
• Bimana, i. [190].
• Birds, imitations of the songs of other birds by, i. [44];
  • dreaming, i. [46];
  • language of, i. [55];
  • sense of beauty in, i. [63];
  • pleasure of, in incubation, i. [79];
  • male, incubation by, i. [210];
  • and reptiles, alliance of, i. [213];
  • sexual differences in the beak of some, i. [255];
  • migratory, arrival of the male before the female, i. [259];
  • apparent relation between polygamy and marked sexual differences in, i. [270];
  • monogamous, becoming polygamous under domestication, i. [270];
  • eagerness of male in pursuit of the female, i. [272];
  • wild, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [306];
  • secondary sexual characters of, ii. [38];
  • difference of size in the sexes of, ii. [43];
  • fights of male, witnessed by females, ii. [49];
  • display of male, to captivate the females, ii. [50];
  • close attention of, to the songs of others, ii. [52];
  • acquiring the song of their foster-parents, ii. [55];
  • brilliant, rarely good songsters, ii. [56];
  • love-antics and dances of, ii. [68];
  • coloration of, ii. [74] et seqq.;
  • moulting of, ii. [80] et seqq.;
  • unpaired, ii. [103];
  • male, singing out of season, ii. [106];
  • mutual affection of, ii. [108];
  • in confinement, distinguish persons, ii. [110];
  • hybrid, production of, ii. [113];
  • European, number of species of, ii. [124];
  • variability of, ii. [124];
  • gradation of secondary sexual characters in, ii. [135];
  • obscurely coloured, building concealed nests, ii. [169];
  • young female, acquiring male characters, ii. [180];
  • breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214];
  • moulting of, ii. [214];
  • aquatic, frequency of white plumage in, ii. [229];
  • vocal courtship of, ii. [331];
  • naked skin of the head and neck in, ii. [377].
• Birgus latro, habits of, i. [334].
• Birkbeck, Mr. on the finding of new mates by Golden Eagles, ii. [105].
• Birthplace of man, i. [199].
• Births, numerical proportions of the sexes in, in animals and man, i. [263], [265];
  • male and female, numerical proportion of, in England, i. [300].
• Bischoff, Prof., on the agreement between the brains of man and of the Orang, i. [11];
  • figure of the embryo of the dog, i. [15];
  • on the convolutions of the brain in the human fœtus, i. [16];
  • on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, i. [190].
• Bishop, J., on the vocal organs of frogs, ii. [28];
  • on the vocal organs of corvine birds, ii. [55];
  • on the trachea of the Merganser, ii. [60].
• Bison, American, mane of the male, ii. [267].
• Bitterns, dwarf, coloration of the sexes of, ii. [179].
• Biziura lobata, musky odour of the male, ii. [38];
  • large size of male, ii. [43].
• Blackbird, sexual differences in the, i. [268];
  • proportion of the sexes in the, i. [307];
  • acquisition of a song by a, ii. [55];
  • colour of the beak in the sexes of the, ii. [72], [227];
  • pairing with a thrush, ii. [113];
  • colours and nidification of the, ii. [170];
  • young of the, ii. [219];
  • sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. [226].
• Black-buck, Indian, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. [288].
• Blackcap, arrival of the male, before the female, i. [259];
  • young of the, ii. [219].
• Black-cock, polygamous, i. [269];
  • proportion of the sexes in the, i. [306];
  • pugnacity and love-dance of the, ii. [45];
  • call of the, ii. [60];
  • moulting of the, ii. [83];
  • duration of the courtship of the, ii. [100];
  • sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. [226];
  • crimson eye-cere of the, ii. [227];
  • and pheasant, hybrids of, ii. [113].
• Black-grouse, characters of young, ii. [185], [194].
• Blackwall, J., on the speaking of the magpie, i. [59];
  • on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. [84];
  • on the superior activity of male spiders, i. [272];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, i. [314];
  • on sexual variation of colour in spiders, i. [337];
  • on male spiders, i. [338].
• Bladder-nose Seal, hood of the, ii. [278].
• Blaine, on the affections of dogs, ii. [270].
• Blair, Dr., on the relative liability of Europeans to yellow fever, i. [243].
• Blake, C. C., on the jaw from La Naulette, i. [126].
• Blakiston, Capt., on the American snipe, ii. [64];
  • on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, ii. [69].
• Blasius, Dr., on the species of European birds, ii. [124].
• Bledius taurus, hornlike processes of male, i. [374].
• Bleeding, tendency to profuse, i. [292].
• Blenkiron, Mr., on sexual preference in horses, ii. [272].
• Blennies, crest developed on the head of male, during the breeding season, ii. [12].
• Blethisa multipunctata, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Bloch, on the proportions of the sexes in Fishes, i. [308].
• Blood, arterial, red colour of, i. [323].
• Blood-pheasant, number of spurs in, ii. [46].
• Bluebreast, red-throated, sexual differences of the, ii. [195].
• Blumenbach, on Man, i. [111];
  • on the large size of the nasal cavities in American aborigines, i. [119];
  • on the position of man, i. [190];
  • on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Blyth, E., observations on Indian crows, i. [77];
  • on the structure of the hand in species of Hylobates, i. [140];
  • on the ascertainment of the sex of nestling bullfinches by pulling out breast-feathers, ii. [24];
  • on the pugnacity of the males of Gallinula cristata, ii. [41];
  • on the presence of spurs in the female Euplocamus erythropthalmus, ii. [46];
  • on the pugnacity of the amadavat, ii. [49];
  • on the spoonbill, ii. [60];
  • on the moulting of Anthus, ii. [83];
  • on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and Gallus bankiva, ii. [84];
  • on the Indian honey-buzzard, ii. [126];
  • on sexual differences in the colour or the eyes of hornbills, ii. [129];
  • on Oriolus melanocephalus, ii. [178];
  • on Palæornis javanicus, ii. [179];
  • on the genus Ardetta, ii. [179];
  • on the peregrine falcon, ii. [180];
  • on young female birds acquiring male characters, ii. [180];
  • on the immature plumage of birds, ii. [185];
  • on representative species of birds, ii. [190];
  • on the young of Turnix, ii. [202];
  • on anomalous young of Lanius rufus and Colymbus glacialis, ii. [211];
  • on the sexes and young of the sparrows, ii. [212];
  • on dimorphism in some herons, ii. [214];
  • on orioles breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214];
  • on the sexes and young of Buphus and Anastomus, ii. [217];
  • on the young of the blackcap and blackbird, ii. [219];
  • on the young of the stonechat, ii. [220];
  • on the white plumage of Anastomus, ii. [229];
  • on the horns of Antilope bezoartica, ii. [246];
  • on the horns of Bovine animals, ii. [247];
  • on the mode of fighting of Ovis cycloceros, ii. [249];
  • on the voice of the Gibbons, ii. [276];
  • on the crest of the male wild goat, ii. [282];
  • on the colours of Portax picta, ii. [287];
  • on the colours of Antilope bezoartica, ii. [288];
  • on the development of the horns in the Koodoo and Eland antelopes, i. [289];
  • on the colour of the Axis deer, ii. [290];
  • on sexual difference of colour in Hylobates hoolock, ii. [291];
  • on the hog-deer, ii. [303];
  • on the beard and whiskers in a monkey becoming white with age, ii. [319].
• Boar, wild, polygamous in India, i. [267];
  • use of the tusks by the, ii. [256];
  • fighting of, ii. [263].
• Boitard and Corbié, MM., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, i. [283];
  • on the antipathy shown by some female pigeons to certain males, ii. [118].
• Bold, Mr., on the singing of a sterile hybrid canary, ii. [53].
• Bombet, on the variability of the standard of beauty in Europe, ii. [370].
• Bombus, difference of the sexes in, i. [366].
• Bombycidæ, coloration of, i. [394];
  • pairing of the, i. [401].
• Bombycilla carolinensis, red appendages of, ii. [179].
• Bombyx cynthia, i. [346];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [309], [313];
  • pairing of, i. [401].
• Bombyx mori, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of, i. [346];
  • pairing of, i. [401].
• Bombyx Pernyi, proportion of sexes of, i. [313].
• Bombyx Yamamai, i. [346];
  • M. Personnat on, i. [310];
  • proportion of sexes of, i. [313].
• Bonaparte, C. L., on the call-notes of the wild turkey, ii. [60].
• Bond, F., on the finding of new mates by crows, ii. [104].
• Bone, implements of, skill displayed in making, i. [138].
• Boner, C., on the transfer of male characters to an old female chamois, ii. [245];
  • on the antlers of the red deer, ii. [252];
  • on the habits of stags, ii. [259];
  • on the pairing of red deer, ii. [269].
• Bones, increase of, in length and thickness, when carrying a greater weight, i. [116].
• Bonnet monkey, i. [192].
• Boomerang, i. [183].
• Boreus hyemalis, scarcity of the male, i. [314].
• Bory St. Vincent, on the number of species of man, i. [226];
  • on the colours of Labrus pavo, ii. [16].
• Bos gaurus, horns of, ii. [247].
• Bos primigenius, ii. [240].
• Bos sondaicus, horns of, ii. [247];
  • colours of, ii. [289].
• Botocudos, i. [181];
  • mode of life of, i. [247];
  • disfigurement of the ears and lower lip of the, ii. [341].
• Boucher de Perthes, J. C. de, on the antiquity of man, i. [3].
• Bourbon, proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from, i. [310].
• Bourien, on the marriage-customs of the savages of the Malay Archipelago, ii. [373].
• Bovidæ, dewlaps of, ii. [284].
• Bower-birds, ii. [102];
  • habits of the, ii. [69];
  • ornamented playing-places of, i. [63], ii. [112].
• Bows, use of, i. [232].
• Brachiopoda, i. [329].
• Brachycephalic structure, possible explanation of, i. [148].
• Brachyscelus, second pair of antennæ in the male, i. [337].
• Brachyura, i. [332].
• Brachyurus calvus, scarlet face of, ii. [309].
• Brain, of man, agreement of the, with that of lower animals, i. [10];
  • convolutions of, in the human fœtus, i. [16];
  • larger in some existing mammals than in their tertiary prototypes, i. [51];
  • relation of the development of the, to the progress of language, i. [57];
  • disease of the, affecting speech, i. [58];
  • influence of development of mental faculties upon the size of the, i. [145];
  • influence of the development of, on the spinal column and skull, i. [146];
  • difference in the convolutions of, in different races of men, i. [216].
• Brakenridge, Dr., on the influence of climate, i. [115].
• Braubach, Prof., on the quasi-religious feeling of a dog towards his master, i. [68];
  • on the self-restraint of dogs, i. [78].
• Brauer, F., on dimorphism in Neurothemis, i. [363].
• Brazil, skulls found in caves of, i. [218];
  • population of, i. [225];
  • compression of the nose by the natives of, ii. [352].
• Break between man and the apes, i. [200].
• Bream, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [308].
• Breeding, age of, in birds, ii. [214].
• Breeding season, sexual characters making their appearance in the, in birds, ii. [80].
• Brehm, on the effects of intoxicating liquors on monkeys, i. [12];
  • on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, i. [13];
  • on revenge taken by monkeys, i. [40];
  • on manifestations of maternal affection by monkeys and baboons, i. [41];
  • on the instinctive dread of monkeys for serpents, i. [42];
  • on a baboon using a mat for shelter from the sun, i. [53];
  • on the use of stones as missiles by baboons, i. [51];
  • on the signal-cries of monkeys, i. [57];
  • on sentinels posted by monkeys, i. [74];
  • on co-operation of animals, i. [75];
  • on an eagle attacking a young Cercopithecus, i. [76];
  • on baboons in confinement protecting one of their number from punishment, i. [78];
  • on the habits of baboons when plundering, i. [79];
  • on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, i. [110];
  • on the habits of baboons, i. [141];
  • on polygamy in Cynocephalus and Cebus, i. [266];
  • on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, i. [306];
  • on the love-dance of the Black-cock, ii. [45];
  • on Palamedea cornuta, ii. [48];
  • on the habits of the Black-grouse, ii. [49];
  • on sound produced by Birds of Paradise, ii. [63];
  • on assemblages of grouse, ii. [101];
  • on the finding of new mates by birds, ii. [106];
  • on the fighting of wild boars, ii. [263];
  • on the habits of Cynocephalus hamadryas, ii. [362].
• Brent, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, ii. [117].
• Breslau, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Bridgman, Laura, i. [57].
• Brimstone butterfly, i. [393];
  • sexual difference of colour in the, i. [409].
• British, ancient, tattooing practised by, ii. [339].
• Broca, Prof., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. [28];
  • on the capacity of Parisian skulls at different periods, i. [146];
  • on the influence of natural selection, i. [152];
  • on hybridity in man, i. [220];
  • on human remains from Les Eyzies, i. [237];
  • on the cause of the difference between Europeans and Hindoos, i. [240].
• Brodie, Sir B., on the origin of the moral sense in man, i. [71].
• Bronn, H. G., on the copulation of insects of distinct species, i. [342].
• Bronze period, men of, in Europe, i. [160].
• Brown, R., sentinels of seals generally females, i. [74];
  • on the battles of seals, ii. [240];
  • on the narwhal, ii. [242];
  • on the occasional absence of the tusks in the female walrus, ii. [242];
  • on the bladder-nose seal, ii. [278];
  • on the colours of the sexes in Phoca grœnlandica, ii. [287];
  • on the appreciation of music by seals, ii. [333];
  • on plants used as love-philters, by North American women, ii. [344].
• Brown-Séquard, Dr., on the inheritance of the effects of operations by guinea pigs, ii. [380].
• Bruce, on the use of the elephant’s tusks, ii. [249].
• Brulerie, P. de la, on the habits of Ateuchus cicatricosus, i. [376];
  • on the stridulation of Ateuchus, i. [384].
• Brünnich, on the pied ravens of the Feroe islands, ii. [126].
• Bryant, Capt., on the courtship of Callorhinus ursinus, ii. [269].
• Bubas bison, thoracic projection of, i. [372].
• Bucephalus capensis, difference of the sexes of, in colour, ii. [29].
• Buceros, nidification and incubation of, ii. [169].
• Buceros bicornis, sexual differences in the colouring of the casque, beak, and mouth in, ii. [129].
• Buceros corrugatus, sexual difference in the beak of, ii. [72].
• Büchner, L., on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on the want of self-consciousness, &c., in low savages, i. [62];
  • on the use of the human foot as a prehensile organ, i. [142];
  • on the mode of progression of the apes, i. [142].
• Buckland, F., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in rats, i. [305];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in the trout, i. [308];
  • on Chimæra monstrosa, ii. [12].
• Buckland, W., on the complexity of crinoids, i. [61].
• Buckler, W., proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, i. [313].
• Buckinghamshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [300].
• Bucorax abyssinicus, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male, during courtship, ii. [72].
• Budytes Raii, i. [260].
• Buffalo, Cape, ii. [250].
• Buffalo, Indian, horns of the, ii. [247].
• Buffalo, Italian, mode of fighting of the, ii. [250].
• Buffon, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Bugs, i. [349].
• Buist, R., on the proportion of the sexes in salmon, i. [308];
  • on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. [3].
• Bulbul, pugnacity of the male, ii. [41];
  • display of under tail-coverts by the male, ii. [96].
• Bull, mode of fighting of the, ii. [250];
  • curled frontal hair of the, ii. [282].
• Bullfinch, sexual differences in the, i. [269];
  • piping, ii. [52];
  • female, singing of the, ii. [54];
  • courtship of the, ii. [94];
  • widowed, finding a new mate, ii. [105];
  • attacking a reed-bunting, ii. [111];
  • nestling, sex ascertained by pulling out breast-feathers, ii. [214].
• Bullfinches distinguishing persons, ii. [110];
  • rivalry of female, ii. [121].
• Bulls, two young, attacking an old one, i. [75];
  • wild, battles of, ii. [240].
• Bull-trout, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. [14].
• Bunting, reed, head feathers of the male, ii. [95];
  • attacked by a bullfinch, ii. [111].
• Buntings, characters of young, ii. [184].
• Buphus coromandus, sexes and young of, ii. [217];
  • change of colour in, ii. [231], [232].
• Burchell, Dr., on the zebra, ii. [302];
  • on the extravagance of a Bushwoman in adorning herself, ii. [344];
  • celibacy unknown among the savages of South Africa, ii. [367];
  • on the marriage-customs of the Bushwomen, ii. [374].
• Burke, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Burmese, colour of the beard in, ii. [319].
• Burton, Capt., on negro ideas of female beauty, ii. [346];
  • on a universal ideal of beauty, ii. [351].
• Bushmen, i. [157].
• Bushwoman, extravagant ornamentation of a, ii. [344].
• Bushwomen, hair of, i. [216];
  • marriage-customs of, ii. [374].
• Busk, Prof. G., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. [28].
• Bustard, throat-pouch of the male, ii. [58];
  • humming noise produced by a male, ii. [65];
  • Indian, ear-tufts of a, ii. [73].
• Bustards, occurrence of sexual differences and of polygamy among the, i. [269];
  • love-gestures of the male, ii. [68];
  • double moult in, ii. [81], [83].
• Butler, A. G., on sexual differences in the wings of Aricoris epitus, i. [345];
  • >on the colouring of the sexes in species of Thecla, i. [389];
  • on the resemblance of Iphias glaucippe to a leaf, i. [394];
  • on the rejection of certain moths and caterpillars by lizards and frogs, i. [417].
• Butterfly, noise produced by a, i. [387];
  • Emperor, i. [386], [388];
  • meadow brown, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. [132].
• Butterflies, proportion of the sexes in, i. [309];
  • forelegs atrophied in some male, i. [344];
  • sexual difference in the neuration of the wings of, i. [345];
  • pugnacity of male, i. [386];
  • protective resemblances of the lower surface of, i. [392];
  • display of the wings by, i. [396];
  • white, alighting upon bits of paper, i. [400];
  • attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, i. [400];
  • courtship of, i. [400];
  • male and female, inhabiting different stations, i. [403].
• Buxton, C., observations on macaws, i. [76];
  • on an instance of benevolence in a parrot, ii. [109].
• Buzzard, Indian honey-, variation in the crest of, ii. [126].
• 
  C.
• Cabbage butterflies, i. [393].
• Cachalot, large head of the male, ii. [242].
• Cadences, musical, perception of, by animals, ii. [333].
• Cæcum, i. [27];
  • large, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206].
• Cairina moschata, pugnacity of the male, ii. [43].
• Callianassa, chelæ of, figured, i. [330].
• Callionymus lyra, characters of the male, ii. [7].
• Callorhinus ursinus, relative size of the sexes of, ii. [260];
  • courtship of, ii. [269].
• Calotes nigrilabris, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [36].
• Cambridge, O. Pickard, on the sexes of spiders, i. [315].
• Camel, canine teeth of male, ii. [241], [257].
• Campbell, J., on the Indian elephant, i. [267], [268];
  • on the proportion of male and female births in the harems of Siam, i. [303].
• Campylopterus hemileucurus, i. [307].
• Canaries distinguishing persons, ii. [110].
• Canary, polygamy of the, i. [270];
  • change of plumage in, after moulting, i. [294];
  • female, selecting the best singing male, ii. [52];
  • sterile hybrid, singing of a, ii. [53];
  • female, singing of the, ii. [54];
  • selecting a greenfinch, ii. [115];
  • and siskin, pairing of, ii. [115].
• Canestrini, G., on rudimentary characters and the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on rudimentary characters, i. [17];
  • on the movement of the ear in man, i. [20];
  • on the variability of the vermiform appendage in man, i. [27];
  • on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, i. [124];
  • on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. [124];
  • on the persistence of the frontal suture in man, i. [125];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in silk-moths, i. [309], [311].
• Canine teeth in man, i. [126];
  • diminution of, in man, i. [144];
  • diminution of, in horses, i. [144];
  • disappearance of, in male ruminants, i. [144];
  • large, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206]. Canines, and horns, inverse development of, ii. [257].
• Canoes, use of, i. [137], [234].
• Cantharis, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [367].
• Capercailzie, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [306];
  • pugnacity of the male, ii. [45];
  • pairing of the, ii. [49];
  • autumn meetings of the, ii. [54];
  • call of the, ii. [61];
  • duration of the courtship of, ii. [100];
  • behaviour of the female, ii. [121];
  • inconvenience of black colour to the female, ii. [154];
  • sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. [226];
  • crimson eye-cere of the male, ii. [227];
  • polygamous, i. [269].
• Capital, i. [169].
• Capitonidæ, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171].
• Capra ægagrus, ii. [249];
  • crest of the male, ii. [282];
  • sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [289].
• Capreolus Sibiricus subecaudatus, ii. [298].
• Caprice, common to man and animals, i. [65].
• Caprimulgus, noise made by the males of some species of, with their wings, ii. [62].
• Caprimulgus virginianus, pairing of, ii. [49].
• Carabidæ, bright colours of, i. [367].
• Carbonnier, on the natural history of the pike, i. [308];
  • the relative size of the sexes in fishes, ii. [7].
• Carcineutes, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [173].
• Carcinus mænas, i. [331], [333].
• Carduelis elegans, sexual differences of the beak in, ii. [39].
• Carnivora, marine, polygamous habits of, i. [268];
  • sexual differences in the colours of, ii. [286].
• Carp, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, i. [308].
• Carr, R., on the peewit, ii. [48].
• Carrier pigeon, late development of the wattle in the, i. [293].
• Carrion beetles, stridulation of, i. [378].
• Carus, Prof. V., on the development of the horns in merino sheep, i. [289].
• Cassowary, sexes and incubation of the, ii. [204].
• Castoreum, ii. [279].
• Casuarius galeatus, ii. [204].
• Cat, convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of a, i. [30];
  • sick, sympathy of a dog with a, i. [77].
• Cataract in Cebus Azaræ, i. [12].
• Catarrh, liability of Cebus Azaræ to, i. [11].
• Catarrhine monkeys, i. [196].
• Caterpillars, bright colours of, i. [415].
• Cathartes aura, ii. [116].
• Cathartes jota, love-gestures of the male, ii. [68].
• Catlin, G., on the development of the beard among North American Indians, ii. [322];
  • on the great length of the hair in some North American tribes, ii. [348].
• Caton, J. D., on the development of the horns in Cervus virginianus and strongyloceros, i. [288];
  • on the presence of traces of horns in the female wapiti, ii. [245];
  • on the fighting of deer, ii. [252];
  • on the crest of the male wapiti, ii. [282];
  • on the colours of the Virginian deer, ii. [288];
  • on sexual differences of colour in the wapiti, ii. [289];
  • on the spots of the Virginian deer, ii. [303].
• Cats, dreaming, i. [46];
  • tortois-eshell, i. [283], [285], [293];
  • enticed by valerian, ii. [281];
  • colours of, ii. [299].
• Cattle, domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. [293];
  • rapid increase of, in South America, i. [135];
  • domestic, lighter in winter in Siberia, i. [282];
  • horns of, i. [289], ii. [247];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [305].
• Caudal vertebræ, number of, in macaques and baboons, i. [150];
  • basal, of monkeys, imbedded in the body, i. [151].
• Cebus, maternal affection in a, i. [40];
  • gradation of species of, i. [227].
• Cebus Azaræ, liability of, to the same diseases as man, i. [11];
  • distinct sounds produced by, i. [53];
  • early maturity of the female, ii. [318].
• Cebus capucinus, polygamous, i. [266];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290];
  • hair on the head of, ii. [307].
• Cebus vellerosus, hair on the head of, ii. [307].
• Cecidomyidæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Celibacy, unknown among the savages of South Africa and South America, ii. [367].
• Centipedes, i. [339].
• Cephalopoda, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [325].
• Cephalopterus ornatus, ii. [58], [59].
• Cephalopterus penduliger, ii. [59].
• Cerambyx heros, stridulant organ of, i. [380].
• Ceratophora aspera, nasal appendages of, ii. [34].
• Ceratophora Stoddartii, nasal horn of, ii. [34].
• Cerceris, habits of, i. [364].
• Cercocebus æthiops, whiskers, &c., of, ii. [308].
• Cercopithecus, young, seized by an eagle and rescued by the troop, i. [76];
  • definition of species of, i. [227].
• Cercopithecus cephus, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [291], [311].
• Cercopithecus cynosurus and griseo-viridis, colour of the scrotum in, ii. [291].
• Cercopithecus Diana, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [291], [311], [312].
• Cercopithecus griseo-viridis, i. [75].
• Cercopithecus petaurista, whiskers, &c., of, ii. [308].
• Ceres, of birds, bright colours of, ii. [227].
• Ceriornis Temminckii, swelling of the wattles of the male during courtship, ii. [72].
• Cervulus, weapons of, ii. [257].
• Cervulus moschatus, rudimentary horns of the female, ii. [245].
• Cervus alces, i. [288].
• Cervus campestris, odour of, ii. [279].
• Cervus canadensis, traces of horns in the female, ii. [245];
  • attacking a man, ii. [253];
  • sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [289].
• Cervus elaphus, battles of male, ii. [240];
  • horns of, with numerous points, ii. [252].
• Cervus Eldi, i. [288].
• Cervus mantchuricus, ii. [303].
• Cervus paludosus, colours of, ii. [290].
• Cervus strongyloceros, i. [288].
• Cervus virginianus, i. [288];
  • horns of, in course of modification, ii. [255].
• Ceryle, male black-belted in some species of, ii. [173].
• Cetacea, nakedness of, i. [148].
• Ceylon, frequent absence of beard in the natives of, ii. [321].
• Chaffinch, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [306], [307];
  • courtship of the, ii. [94].
• Chaffinches, ii. [53];
  • new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Chalcophaps indicus, characters of young, ii. [185].
• Chalcosoma atlas, sexual differences of, i. [368].
• Chamæleon, sexual differences in the genus, ii. [34].
• Chamæleon bifurcus, ii. [34], [35].
• Chamæleon Owenii, ii. [34], [36].
• Chameleons, ii. [32].
• Chamois, danger-signals of, i. [74];
  • transfer of male characters to an old female, ii. [245].
• Chamæpetes unicolor, modified wing-feather in the male, ii. [64].
• Chapuis, Dr., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, i. [283];
  • on streaked Belgian pigeons, i. [294], ii. [157].
• Char, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. [14].
• Characters, male, developed in females, i. [280];
  • natural, artificial exaggeration of, by man, ii. [351];
  • secondary sexual, transmitted through both sexes, i. [279].
• Charadrius hiaticula and pluvialis, sexes and young of, ii. [216].
• Chardin on the Persians, ii. [356].
• Charms, worn by women, ii. [344].
• Charruas, freedom of divorce among the, ii. [372].
• Chasmorhynchus, difference of colour in the sexes of, ii. [79];
  • colours of, ii. [228].
• Chastity, early estimation of, i. [96].
• Chatterers, sexual differences in, i. [269].
• Cheiroptera, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [268].
• Chelæ of crustacea, i. [330], [336].
• Chelonia, sexual differences in, ii. [28].
• Chenalopex ægyptiacus, wing-knobs of, ii. [46].
• Chera progne, ii. [84], [120].
• Chest, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [117];
  • large, of the Quechua and Aymara Indians, i. [119].
• Chevrotains, canine teeth of, ii. [257].
• Chiasognathus, stridulation of, i. [384].
• Chiasognathus Grantii, mandibles of, i. [377].
• Children, legitimate and illegitimate, proportion of the sexes in, i. [302].
• Chiloe, lice of the natives of, i. [220];
  • population of, i. [225].
• Chimæra monstrosa, bony process on the head of the male, ii. [12].
• Chimæroid fishes, prehensile organs of male, ii. [1].
• Chimpanzee, ii. [323];
  • ears of the, i. [21];
  • representatives of the eyebrows in the, i. [25];
  • platforms built by the, i. [36];
  • cracking nuts with a stone, i. [51];
  • hands of the, i. [139];
  • absence of mastoid processes in the, i. [143];
  • direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. [192];
  • supposed evolution of the, i. [230];
  • polygamous and social habits of the, ii. [362].
• China, North, idea of female beauty in, ii. [344].
• China, Southern, inhabitants of, i. [246].
• Chinese, use of flint tools by the, i. [183];
  • difficulty of distinguishing the races of the, i. [215];
  • colour of the beard in, ii. [319];
  • general beardlessness of the, ii. [321];
  • opinions of the, on the appearance of Europeans and Cingalese, ii. [345], [347];
  • compression of the feet of, ii. [352].
• Chinsurdi, his opinion of beards, ii. [341], [349].
• Chlamydera maculata, ii. [70].
• Chloëon, pedunculated eyes of the male of, i. [341].
• Chloephaga, coloration of the sexes in, ii. [178].
• Chlorocœlus Tanana (figured), i. [355].
• Chorda Dorsalis, i. [207].
• Chough, red beak of the, ii. [227].
• Chromidæ, frontal protuberance in male, ii. [13];
  • sexual differences in colour of, ii. [20].
• Chrysemys picta, long claws of the male, ii. [28].
• Chrysococcyx, characters of young of, ii. [185].
• Chrysomela cerealis, bright colours of, i. [367].
• Chrysomelidæ, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Cicada pruinosa, i. [351].
• Cicada septendecim, i. [351].
• Cicadæ, songs of the, i. [350];
  • rudimentary sound-organs in females of, i. [359].
• Cicatrix of a burn, causing modification of the facial bones, i. [147].
• Cichla, frontal protuberance of male, ii. [13].
• Cimetière du Sud, Paris, i. [28].
• Cincloramphus cruralis, large size of male, ii. [43].
• Cinclus aquaticus, ii. [170].
• Cingalese, Chinese opinion of the appearance of the, ii. [345].
• Cirripedes, complemental males of, i. [255].
• Civilisation, effects of, upon natural selection, i. [170];
  • influence of, in the competition of nations, i. [239].
• Clanging of Geese, &c., ii. [51].
• Claparède, E., on natural selection applied to man, i. [137].
• Clarke, on the marriage-customs of the Kalmucks, ii. [373].
• Classification, i. [188].
• Claus, C., on the sexes of Saphirina, i. [336].
• Cleft-palate, inherited, i. [121].
• Climacteris erythrops, sexes of, ii. [206].
• Climate, i. [115];
  • cool, favourable to human progress, i. [167];
  • power of supporting extremes of, by man, i. [237];
  • want of connexion of, with colour, i. [241].
• Cloaca, existence of a, in the early progenitors of man, i. [207].
• Cloacal passage existing in the human embryo, i. [16].
• Club, origin of the, i. [234].
• Clucking of fowls, ii. [51].
• Clythra 4-punctata, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Cobra, ingenuity of a, ii. [31].
• Coccus, i. [186].
• Coccyx, i. [29], [30];
  • in the human embryo, i. [16];
  • convoluted body at the extremity of the, i. [30];
  • imbedded in the body, i. [151].
• Cochin-China, notions of beauty of the inhabitants of, ii. [345], [347].
• Cock, game, killing a kite, ii. [44];
  • blind, fed by its companions, i. [77];
  • comb and wattles of the, ii. [98];
  • preference shown by the, for young hens, ii. [121];
  • game, transparent zone in the hackles of a, ii. [136].
• Cock of the rock, ii. [100].
• Cockatoos, ii. [226], [228], [230];
  • nestling, ii. [109];
  • black, immature plumage of, ii. [188].
• Cœlenterata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [321].
• Coffee, fondness of monkeys for, i. [12].
• Cold, supposed effects of, i. [116];
  • power of supporting, by man, i. [237].
• Coleoptera, i. [366];
  • stridulant organs of, discussed, i. [381].
• Collingwood, C., on the pugnacity of the butterflies of Borneo, i. [386];
  • on butterflies being attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, i. [400].
• Colombia, flattened heads of savages of, ii. [340].
• Colonists, success of the English as, i. [179].
• Coloration, protective, in birds, ii. [223].
• Colour, supposed to be dependent on light and heat, i. [115];
  • correlation of, with immunity from certain poisons and parasites, i. [242];
  • purpose of, in lepidoptera, i. [399];
  • relation of, to sexual functions, in fishes, ii. [14];
  • difference of, in the sexes of snakes, ii. [29];
  • sexual differences of, in lizards, ii. [36];
  • influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, ii. [115];
  • relation of, to nidification, ii. [167], [172];
  • sexual differences of, in mammals, ii. [286], [294];
  • recognition of, by quadrupeds, ii. [295];
  • of children, in different races of man, ii. [318];
  • of the skin in man, ii. [381].
• Colours, admired alike by man and animals, i. [64];
  • bright, due to sexual selection, i. [322];
  • bright, among the lower animals, i. [322], [323];
  • bright, protective to butterflies and moths, i. [395];
  • bright, in male fishes, ii. [7], [13];
  • transmission of, in birds, ii. [159].
• Colquhoun, example of reasoning in a retriever, i. [48].
• Columba passerina, young of, ii. [188].
• Colymbus glacialis, anomalous young of, ii. [211].
• Comb, development of, in fowls, i. [295].
• Combs and wattles in male birds, ii. [98].
• Community, preservation of variations useful to the, by natural selection, i. [155].
• Compositæ, gradation of species among the, i. [227].
• Comte, C., on the expression of the ideal of beauty by sculpture, ii. [380].
• Conditions of life, action of changed, upon man, i. [113];
  • influence of, on plumage of birds, ii. [196].
• Condor, eyes and comb of the, ii. [129].
• Conjugations, origin of, i. [61].
• Conscience, i. [91], [104];
• absence of, in some criminals, i. [92].
• Constitution, difference of, in different races of men, i. [216].
• Consumption, liability of Cebus Azaræ to, i. [12];
  • connexion between complexion and, i. [244].
• Convergence, i. [230].
• Cooing of pigeons and doves, ii. [60].
• Cook, Capt., on the nobles of the Sandwich Islands, ii. [356].
• Cope, E. D., on the dinosauria, i. [204];
  • on the origin of genera, ii. [215].
• Cophotis ceylanica, sexual differences of, ii. [32], [36].
• Copris, i. [370].
• Copris Isidis, sexual differences of, i. [369].
• Copris lunaris, stridulation of, i. [380].
• Corals, bright colours of, i. [322].
• Coral-snakes, ii. [31].
• Cordylus, sexual difference of colour in a species of, ii. [36].
• Corfu, habits of the chaffinch in, i. [307].
• Cornelius, on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus Cervus, i. [313].
• Corpora Wolffiana, i. [207];
  • agreement of, with the kidneys of fishes, i. [16].
• Correlated variation, i. [130].
• Correlation, influence of, in the production of races, i. [247].
• Corse, on the mode of fighting of the elephant, ii. [257].
• Corvus corone, ii. [104].
• Corvus graculus, red beak of, ii. [227].
• Corvus pica, nuptial assembly of, ii. [102].
• Corydalis cornutus, large jaws of the male, i. [342].
• Cosmetornis, ii. [181].
• Cosmetornis vexillarius, elongation of wing-feathers in, ii. [73], [97].
• Cotingidæ, sexual differences in, i. [269];
  • coloration of the sexes of, ii. [177];
  • resemblance of the females of distinct species of, ii. [192].
• Cottus scorpius, sexual differences in, ii. [9].
• Counting, origin of, i. [181];
  • limited power of, in primeval man, i. [234].
• Courage, variability of, in the same species, i. [40];
  • universal high appreciation of, i. [95];
  • importance of, i. [162];
  • a characteristic of men, ii. [328].
• Courtship, greater eagerness of males in, i. [272];
  • of fishes, ii. [2];
  • of birds, ii. [50], [100].
• Cow, winter change of the, ii. [299].
• Crab, devil, i. [332].
• Crab, shore, habits of, i. [331].
• Crabro cribrarius, dilated tibiæ of the male, i. [343].
• Crabs, proportions of the sexes in, i. [315].
• Cranz, on the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching, i. [117].
• Crawfurd, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, nests built by, ii. [19].
• Crest, origin of, in Polish fowls, i. [284].
• Crests, of birds, difference of, in the sexes, ii. [189];
  • dorsal hairy, of mammals, ii. [282].
• Cricket, field-, stridulation of the, i. [353];
  • pugnacity of male, i. [360].
• Cricket, house-, stridulation of the, i. [352], [354].
• Crickets, sexual differences in, i. [361].
• Crioceridæ, stridulation of the, i. [379].
• Crinoids, complexity of, i. [61].
• Croaking of frogs, ii. [27].
• Crocodiles, musky odour of, during the breeding season, ii. [29].
• Crocodilia, ii. [28].
• Crossbills, characters of young, ii. [184].
• Crosses in man, i. [225].
• Crossing of races, effects of the, i. [241].
• Crossoptilon auritum, ii. [93], [166], [196];
  • adornment of both sexes of, i. [290];
  • sexes alike in, ii. [178].
• Crotch, G. R., on the stridulation of beetles, i. [379], [382];
  • on the stridulation of Heliopathes, i. [383];
  • on the stridulation of Acalles, i. [384].
• Crow Indians, long hair of the, ii. [348].
• Crow, young of the, ii. [209].
• Crows, ii. [226];
  • vocal organs of the, ii. [55];
  • living in triplets, ii. [106].
• Crows, carrion, new mates found by, ii. [104].
• Crows, Indian, feeding their blind companions, i. [77].
• Cruelty of savages to animals, i. [94].
• Crustacea, amphipod, males sexually mature while young, ii. [215];
  • parasitic, loss of limbs by female, i. [255];
  • prehensile feet and antennæ of, i. [256];
  • male, more active than female, i. [272];
  • parthenogenesis in, i. [315];
  • secondary sexual characters of, i. [328];
  • auditory hairs of, ii. [333].
• Crystal worn in the lower lip by some Central African women, ii. [341].
• Cuckoo fowls, i. [294].
• Culicidæ, i. [254], [349].
• Cullen, Dr., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, ii. [58].
• Cultivation of plants, probable origin of, i. [167].
• Cupples, Mr., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in dogs, sheep, and cattle, i. [304], [305];
  • on the Scotch deerhound, ii. [261];
  • on sexual preference in dogs, ii. [271], [272].
• Curculionidæ, sexual difference in length of snout in some, i. [255];
  • hornlike processes in male, i. [374];
  • musical, i. [378], [379].
• Curiosity, manifestations of, by animals, i. [42].
• Curlews, double moult in, ii. [80].
• Cursores, comparative absence of sexual differences among the, i. [269].
• Curtis, J., on the proportion of the sexes in Athalia, i. [314].
• Cuvier, F., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, i. [13].
• Cuvier, G., views of, as to the position of man, i. [190];
  • on instinct and intelligence, i. [37];
  • on the number of caudal vertebræ in the mandrill, i. [150];
  • on the position of the seals, i. [190];
  • on Hectocotyle, i. [325].
• Cyanecula suecica, sexual differences of, ii. [195].
• Cyanalcyon, sexual difference in colours of, ii. [173];
  • immature plumage of, ii. [188].
• Cychrus, sounds produced by, i. [382].
• Cycnia mendica, sexual difference of colour in, i. [398].
• Cygnus ferus, trachea of, ii. [59].
• Cygnus olor, white young of, ii. [211].
• Cyllo Leda, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. [133].
• Cynanthus, variation in the genus, ii. [125].
• Cynipidæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Cynocephalus, difference of the young, from the adult, i. [13];
  • male, recognition of women by, i. [13];
  • polygamous habits of species of, i. [266].
• Cynocephalus chacma, i. [41].
• Cynocephalus gelada, i. [51].
• Cynocephalus hamadryas, i. [51];
  • sexual difference of colour in, ii. [291].
• Cynocephalus leucophœus, colours of the sexes of, ii. [292].
• Cynocephalus mormon, colours of the male, ii. [292], [296], [310].
• Cynocephalus porcarius, mane of the male, ii. [267].
• Cypridina, proportions of the sexes in, i. [315].
• Cyprinidæ, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [308].
• Cyprinidæ, Indian, ii. [17].
• Cyprinodontidæ, sexual differences in the, ii. [7], [9].
• Cyprinus auratus, ii. [16].
• Cyprinus phoxinus, spawning of, ii. [15].
• Cypris, relations of the sexes in, i. [315].
• Cystophora cristata, hood of, ii. [278].
• 
  D.
• Dacelo, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [174].
• Dacelo Gaudichaudi, young male of, ii. [188].
• Dal-ripa, a kind of ptarmigan, i. [306].
• Damalis albifrons, peculiar markings of, ii. [301].
• Damalis pygarga, peculiar markings of, ii. [300].
• Dampness of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, i. [116], [242].
• Danaidæ, i. [387].
• Dances of birds, ii. [68].
• Dancing, i. [232].
• Daniell, Dr., his experience of residence in West Africa, i. [245].
• Darfur, protuberances artificially produced in, ii. [339].
• Darwin, F., on the stridulation of Dermestes murinus, i. [379].
• Dasychira pudibunda, sexual difference of colour in, i. [398].
• Davis, A. H., on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. [375].
• Davis, J. B., on the capacity of the skull in various races of men, i. [146];
  • on the beards of the Polynesians, ii. [322].
• Death-rate higher in towns than in rural districts, i. [175].
• Death-tick, i. [384].
• De Candolle, Alph., on a case of inherited power of moving the scalp, i. [20].
• Declensions, origin of, i. [61].
• Decoration in birds, ii. [71].
• Decticus, i. [355].
• Deer, spots of young, ii. [184], [303];
  • horns of, ii. [243], [248];
  • use of horns of, ii. [252], [263];
  • size of the horns of, ii. [259];
  • female, pairing with one male, whilst others are fighting for her, ii. [269];
  • male, attracted by the voice of the female, ii. [276];
  • male, odour emitted by, ii. [279];
  • development of the horns in, i. [288];
  • horns of a, in course of modification, ii. [255].
• Deer, Axis, sexual, difference in the colour of the, ii. [290].
• Deer, fallow, different coloured herds of, ii. [295].
• Deer, Mantchurian, ii. [303].
• Deer, Virginian, ii. [303];
  • colour of the, not affected by castration, ii. [288];
  • colours of, ii. [289].
• Deerhound, Scotch, greater size of the male, i. [293], ii. [260].
• Defensive organs of mammals, ii. [263].
• De Geer, C., on a female spider destroying a male, i. [339].
• Dekay, Dr., on the bladder-nose seal, ii. [278].
• Demerara, yellow fever in, i. [243].
• Dendrocygna, ii. [185].
• Dendrophila frontalis, young of, ii. [220].
• Denny, H., on the lice of domestic animals, i. [219].
• Dermestes murinus, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Descent traced through the mother alone, ii. [359].
• Deserts, protective colouring of animals inhabiting, ii. [224].
• Desmarest, on the absence of suborbital pits in Antilope subgutturosa, ii. [280];
  • on the whiskers of Macacus, ii. [283];
  • on the colour of the opossum, ii. [286];
  • on the colours of the sexes of Mus minutus, ii. [286];
  • on the colouring of the ocelot, ii. [287];
  • on the colours of seals, ii. [287];
  • on Antilope caama, ii. [289];
  • on the colours of goats, ii. [290];
  • on sexual difference of colour in Ateles marginatus, ii. [291];
  • on the mandrill, ii. [293];
  • on Macacus cynomolgus, ii. [318].
• Desmoulins, on the number of species of man, i. [226];
  • on the musk-deer, ii. [281].
• Desor, on the imitation of man by monkeys, i. [44].
• Despine, P., on criminals destitute of conscience, i. [92].
• Development, embryonic, of man, i. [14], [16];
  • correlated, ii. [130].
• Devil, not believed in by the Fuegians, i. [67].
• Devil-crab, i. [332].
• Devonian, fossil insect from the, i. [360].
• Dewlaps, of cattle and antelopes, ii. [284].
• Diadema, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. [388].
• Diadema anomala, mimickry by the female of, i. [413].
• Diadema bolina, i. [413].
• Diamond-beetles, bright colours of, i. [367].
• Diastema, occurrence of, in man, i. [126].
• Diastylidæ, proportion of the sexes in, i. [315].
• Diodorus, on the absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, ii. [321].
• Dicrurus, racket-shaped feathers in, ii. [73];
  • nidification of, ii. [167].
• Dicrurus macrocercus, change of plumage in, ii. [179].
• Didelphis opossum, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [286].
• Differences, comparative, between different species of birds of the same sex, ii. [192].
• Digits, supernumerary, more frequent in men than in women, i. [276];
  • supernumerary, inheritance of, i. [285];
  • supernumerary, early development of, i. [292].
• Dimorphism in females of water-beetles, i. [343];
  • in Neurothemis and Agrion, i. [363].
• Dipelicus Cantori, sexual differences of, i. [369].
• Diplopoda, prehensile limbs of the male, i. [340].
• Dipsas cynodon, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [29].
• Diptera, i. [348].
• Disease, generated by the contact of distinct peoples, i. [239].
• Diseases common to man and the lower animals, i. [11];
  • difference of liability to, in different races of men, i. [216];
  • new, effects of, upon savages, i. [238];
  • sexually limited, i. [292].
• Display, coloration of Lepidoptera for, i. [395];
  • of plumage by male birds, ii. [86], [96].
• Distribution, wide, of man, i. [137];
  • geographical, as evidence of specific distinctness in man, i. [218].
• Disuse, effects of, in producing rudimentary organs, i. [18];
  • and use of parts, effects of, i. [116];
  • of parts, influence of, on the races of men, i. [247].
• Divorce, freedom of, among the Charruas, ii. [372].
• Dixon, E. S., on the habits of the guinea-fowl, i. [270];
  • on the pairing of different species of geese, ii. [114];
  • on the courtship of peafowl, ii. [121].
• Dobrizhoffer, on the marriage-customs of the Abipones, ii. [374].
• Dogs, suffering from Tertian ague, i. [13];
  • memory of, i. [45];
  • domestic, progress of, in moral qualities, i. [50];
  • distinct tones uttered by, i. [54];
  • parallelism between his affection for his master and religious feeling, i. [68];
  • sociability of the, i. [74];
  • sympathy of, with a sick cat, i. [77];
  • sympathy of, with his master, i. [77];
  • possible use of the hair on the forelegs of the, i. [193];
  • races of the, i. [229];
  • diverging when drawing sledges over thin ice, i. [40];
  • dreaming, i. [46], [158];
  • exercise of reasoning faculties by, i. [48];
  • their possession of conscience, i. [78];
  • numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [304];
  • sexual affection between individuals of, ii. [270];
  • howling at certain notes, ii. [333];
  • rolling in carrion, ii. [281].
• Dolichocephalic structure, possible cause of, i. [148].
• Dolphins, nakedness of, i. [148].
• Domestic animals, races of, i. [229];
  • change of breeds of, ii. [369].
• Domestication, influence of, in removing the sterility of hybrids, i. [222].
• D’Orbigny, A., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, i. [242];
  • on the Yura-caras ii. [347].
• Dotterel, ii. [203].
• Doubleday, E., on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, i. [345].
• Doubleday, H., on the proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, i. [311];
  • on the attraction of the males of Lasiocampa quercus and Saturnia carpini by the female, i. [312];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in the Lepidoptera, i. [312];
  • on the ticking of Anobium tessellatum, i. [385];
  • on the structure of Ageronia feronia, i. [387];
  • on white butterflies alighting upon paper, i. [400].
• Douglas, J. W., on the sexual differences of the Hemiptera, i. [349];
  • on the colours of British Homoptera, i. [352].
• Down, of birds, ii. [80].
• Draco, gular appendages of, ii. [33].
• Dragonet, Gemmeous, ii. [7].
• Dragon-flies, caudal appendages of male, i. [344];
  • relative size of the sexes of, i. [347];
  • difference in the sexes of, i. [361];
  • want of pugnacity by the male, i. [364].
• Drake, breeding plumage of the, ii. [84].
• Dreams, i. [46];
  • a possible source of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. [66].
• Drill, sexual difference of colour in the, ii. [291].
• Dromœus irroratus, ii. [204].
• Dromolæa, Saharan species of, ii. [172].
• Drongo shrike, ii. [179].
• Drongos, racket-shaped feathers in the tails of, ii. [73], [83].
• Dryness, of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, i. [242].
• Dryopithecus, i. [199].
• Duck, harlequin, age of mature plumage in the, ii. [213];
  • breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Duck, long-tailed, preference of male, for certain females, ii. [122].
• Duck, pintail, pairing with a wigeon, ii. [114].
• Duck, voice of the, ii. [60];
  • pairing with a shield-drake, ii. [114];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188].
• Duck, wild, sexual differences in the, i. [268];
  • speculum and male characters of, i. [291];
  • pairing with a pintail drake, ii. [115].
• Ducks, dogs and cats recognised by, ii. [110];
  • wild, becoming polygamous under partial domestication, i. [270].
• Dugong, tusks of, ii. [242];
  • nakedness of, i. [148].
• Dujardin, on the relative size of the cerebral ganglia in insects, i. [145].
• Duncan, Dr., on the fertility of early marriages, i. [174].
• Dupont, M., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [29].
• Durand, J. P., on causes of variation, i. [113].
• Dureau de la Malle, on the songs of birds, i. [55];
  • on the acquisition of an air by blackbirds, ii. [55].
• Dutch, retention of their colour by the, in South Africa, i. [242].
• Duty, sense of, i. [70].
• Duvaucel, female Hylobates washing her young, i. [40].
• Dyaks, pride of, in mere homicide, i. [94].
• Dynastes, large size of males of, i. [347].
• Dynastini, stridulation of, i. [381].
• Dytiscus, dimorphism of females of, i. [343];
  • grooved elytra of the female, i. [343].
• 
  E.
• Eagle, young Cercopithecus rescued from, by the troop, i. [75].
• Eagle, white-headed, breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Eagles, golden, new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Ear, motion of the, i. [20];
  • external shell of the, useless in man, i. [21];
  • rudimentary point of the, in man, i. [22].
• Ears, piercing and ornamentation of the, ii. [341].
• Echidna, i. [201].
• Echini, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Echinodermata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [321].
• Ecker, figure of the human embryo, i. [15];
  • on sexual differences in the pelvis in man, ii. [317];
  • on the presence of a sagittal crest in Australians, ii. [319].
• Edentata, former wide range of, in America, i. [219];
  • absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [268].
• Edolius, racket-shaped feathers in, ii. [73].
• Edwards, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in North American species of Papilio, i. [309].
• Egerton, Sir P., on the use of the antlers of deer, ii. [252];
  • on the pairing of red deer, ii. [269];
  • on the bellowing of stags, ii. [275].
• Eggs, hatched by male fishes, ii. [20].
• Egret, Indian, sexes and young of, ii. [217].
• Egrets, breeding plumage of, ii. [82];
  • white, ii. [228].
• Ehrenberg, on the mane of the male Hamadryas baboon, ii. [267].
• Ekström, M., on Harelda glacialis, ii. [122].
• Elachista rufocinerea, habits of male, i. [311].
• Eland, development of the horns of the, i. [289].
• Elands, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [288].
• Elaphomyia, sexual differences in, i. [349].
• Elaphrus uliginosus, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Elaps, ii. [31].
• Elateridæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. [313].
• Elaters, luminous, i. [345].
• Elephant, i. [200];
  • nakedness of the, i. [148];
  • rate of increase of the, i. [135];
  • Indian, polygamous habits of the, i. [267];
  • pugnacity of the male, ii. [240];
  • tusks of, ii. [242], [243], [248], [249], [258];
  • Indian, mode of fighting, of the, ii. [257];
  • male, odour emitted by the, ii. [279];
  • attacking white or grey horses, ii. [295].
• Elevation of abode, modifying influence of, i. [120].
• Elimination of inferior individuals, i. [172].
• Elk, ii. [249];
• winter change of the, ii. [299].
• Elk, Irish, horns of the, ii. [259].
• Ellice Islands, beards of the natives, ii. [322], [349].
• Elliot, R., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in young rats, i. [305];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, i. [305].
• Elliott, D. G., on Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, ii. [80].
• Elliott, Sir W., on the polygamous habits of the Indian wild boar, i. [267].
• Ellis, on the prevalence of infanticide in Polynesia, ii. [364].
• Elphinstone, Mr., on local differences of stature among the Hindoos, i. [115];
  • on the difficulty of distinguishing the native races of India, i. [215].
• Elytra, of the females of Dytiscus, Acilius, Hydroporus, i. [343].
• Emberiza, characters of young, ii. [184].
• Emberiza miliaria, ii. [185].
• Emberiza schœniculus, ii. [111];
  • head-feathers of the male, ii. [95].
• Embryo of man, i. [14], [15];
  • of the dog, i. [15].
• Embryos of mammals, resemblance of the, i. [32].
• Emigration, i. [172].
• Emotions experienced by the lower animals in common with man, i. [39];
  • manifested by animals, i. [42].
• Emperor moth, i. [398].
• Emulation of singing-birds, ii. [53].
• Emu, sexes and incubation of, ii. [204].
• Endurance, estimation of, i. [95].
• Energy, a characteristic of men, ii. [328].
• England, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [300].
• Engleheart, Mr., on the finding of new mates by starlings, ii. [106].
• English, success of, as colonists, i. [179].
• Engravers, short-sighted, i. [118].
• Entomostraca, i. [332].
• Entozoa, difference of colour between the males and females of some, i. [321].
• Eocene, possible divergence of man during the, i. [200].
• Eolidæ, colours of, produced by the biliary glands, i. [323].
• Epeira, i. [337].
• Epeira nigra, small size of the male of, i. [338].
• Ephemeræ, i. [341].
• Ephemeridæ, i. [361].
• Ephemerina, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Ephippiger vitium, stridulating organs of, i. [354], [358].
• Epicalia, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. [388].
• Equus hemionus, winter change of, ii. [298].
• Erateina, coloration of, i. [397].
• Erect attitude of man, i. [141], [142].
• Eschricht, on the development of hair in man, i. [24];
  • on a lanuginous moustache in a female fœtus, i. [25];
  • on the want of definition between the scalp and the forehead in some children, i. [192];
  • on the arrangement of the hair in the human fœtus, i. [193];
  • on the hairiness of the face in the human fœtus of both sexes, ii. [379], [380].
• Esmeralda, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [368].
• Esox lucius, i. [308].
• Esox reticulatus, ii. [14].
• Esquimaux, i. [157], [167];
  • their belief in the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching, i. [117];
  • mode of life of, i. [246].
• Estrelda amandava, pugnacity of the male, ii. [49].
• Eubagis, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. [389].
• Euchirus longimanus, sound produced by, i. [381].
• Eudromias morinellus, ii. [203].
• Eulampis jugularis, colours of the female, ii. [168].
• Euler, on the rate of increase in the United States, i. [131].
• Eumomota superciliaris, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of, ii. [73].
• Eupetomena macroura, colours of the female, ii. [168].
• Euphema splendida, ii. [174].
• Euplocamus erythropthalmus, possession of spurs by the female, ii. [46].
• Euplœa midamas, mimickry of, by the female of Diadema anomala, i. [413].
• Europe, ancient inhabitants of, i. [237].
• Europeans, difference of, from Hindoos, i. [240];
  • hairiness of, probably due to reversion, ii. [378].
• Eurostopodus, sexes of, ii. [206].
• Eurygnathus, different proportions of the head in the sexes of, i. [344].
• Eustephanus, sexual differences of species of, ii. [39];
  • young of, ii. [220].
• Exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. [351].
• Exogamy, ii. [360], [364].
• Expression, resemblances in, between man and the apes, i. [191].
• Extinction of races, causes of, i. [238].
• Eye, destruction of the, i. [116];
  • change of position in, i. [147];
  • obliquity of, regarded as a beauty by the Chinese and Japanese, ii. [345].
• Eyebrows, elevation of, i. [19];
  • development of long hairs in, i. [25];
  • in monkeys, i. [192];
  • eradicated in parts of South America and Africa, ii. [340];
  • eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. [348].
• Eyelids, coloured black, in part of Africa, ii. [339].
• Eyelashes, eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. [348].
• Eyes, difference in the colour of, in the sexes of birds, ii. [128];
  • pillared, of the male of Chloëon, i. [341].
• Eyton, T. C., observations on the development of the horns in the fallow-deer, i. [288].
• Eyzies, Les, human remains from, i. [237].
• 
  F.
• Fabre, M., on the habits of Cerceris, i. [364].
• Facial bones, causes of modification of the, i. [147].
• Faculties, mental, variation of, in the same species, i. [36];
  • diversity of, in the same race of men, i. [109];
  • inheritance of, i. [110];
  • diversity of, in animals of the same species, i. [110];
  • of birds, ii. [108].
• Fakirs, Indian, tortures undergone by, i. [96].
• Falco leucocephalus, ii. [214].
• Falco peregrinus, ii. [104], [179].
• Falco tinnunculus, ii. [109].
• Falcon, peregrine, new mate found by, ii. [104].
• Falconer, H., on the mode of fighting of the Indian elephant, ii. [257];
  • on canines in a female deer, ii. [258];
  • on Hyomoschus aquaticus, ii. [304].
• Falkland islands, horses of, i. [236].
• Fallow-deer, different coloured herds of, ii. [295].
• Famines, frequency of, among savages, i. [333].
• Farr, Dr., on the structure of the uterus, i. [123];
  • on the effects of profligacy, i. [173];
  • on the influence of marriage on mortality, i. [175].
• Farrar, F. W., on the origin of language, i. [56];
  • on the crossing or blending of languages, i. [60];
  • on the absence of the idea of God in certain races of men, i. [65];
  • on early marriages of the poor, i. [173];
  • on the middle ages, i. [178].
• Fashions, long prevalence of, among savages, ii. [343], [352].
• Faye, Prof., on the numerical proportion of male and female births in Norway and Russia, i. [301];
  • on the greater mortality of male children at and before birth, i. [302].
• Feathers, modified, producing sounds, ii. [63] et seqq., 163;
  • elongated, in male birds, ii. [72], [97];
  • racket-shaped, ii. [73];
  • barbless and with filamentous barbs in certain birds, ii. [74];
  • shedding of margins of, ii. [85].
• Feeding, high, probable influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, ii. [115].
• Feet, modification of, in man, i. [141];
  • thickening of the skin on the soles of the, i. [118].
• Felis canadensis, throat-ruff of, ii. [267].
• Felis pardalis and F. mitis, sexual differences in the colouring of, ii. [287].
• Female, behaviour of the, during courtship, i. [273].
• Female birds, differences of, ii. [193].
• Females, presence of rudimentary male organs in, i. [208];
  • preference of, for certain males, i. [262];
  • pursuit of, by males, i. [272];
  • occurrence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [276];
  • development of male characters by, i. [280].
• Females and males, comparative mortality of, while young, i. [264], [276];
  • comparative numbers of, i. [261], [263].
• Femur and tibia, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, i. [119].
• Ferguson, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, ii. [118].
• Fertilization, phenomena of, in plants, i. [273];
  • in the lower animals, i. [274].
• Fevers, immunity of Negroes and Mulattoes from, i. [243].
• Fiber zibethicus, protective colouring of, ii. [298].
• Fidelity of savages to one another, i. [95];
  • importance of, i. [162].
• Field-slaves, difference of, from house-slaves, i. [246].
• Fijians, burying their old and sick parents alive, i. [77];
  • estimation of the beard among the, ii. [349];
  • admiration of, for a broad occiput, ii. [352].
• Fiji Islands, beards of the natives, ii. [322], [349];
  • marriage-customs of the, ii. [373].
• Filial affection, partly the result of natural selection, i. [81].
• Filum terminale, i. [30].
• Finch, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. [73].
• Finches, spring change of colour in, ii. [85];
  • British, females of the, ii. [193].
• Fingers, partially coherent, in species of Hylobates, i. [140].
• Finlayson, on the Cochin Chinese, ii. [345].
• Fire, use of, i. [137], [183], [234].
• Fischer, on the pugnacity of the male of Lethrus cephalotes, i. [376].
• Fish, proportion of the sexes in, i. [307];
  • eagerness of male, i. [272].
• Fishes, kidneys of, represented by Corpora Wolffiana in the human embryo, i. [16];
  • male, hatching ova in their mouths, i. [210];
  • receptacles for ova possessed by, i. [254];
  • relative size of the sexes in, ii. [7];
  • freshwater, of the tropics, ii. [17];
  • protective resemblances in, ii. [18];
  • nest-building, ii. [19];
  • spawning of, ii. [19];
  • sounds produced by, ii. [23], [331];
  • continued growth of, ii. [216].
• Flexor pollicis longus, similar variation of, in man, i. [129].
• Flint tools, i. [183].
• Flints, difficulty of chipping into form, i. [138].
• Florida, Quiscalus major in, i. [307].
• Flounder, coloration of the, ii. [18].
• Flower, W. H., on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, i. [128];
  • on the position of the Seals, i. [190];
  • on the throat-pouch of the male Bustard, ii. [58].
• Fly-catchers, colours and nidification of, ii. [170].
• Fœtus, human, woolly covering of the, i. [25];
  • arrangement of the hair on, i. [193].
• Food, influence of, upon stature, i. [115].
• Foot, prehensile, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206];
  • prehensile power of the, retained in some savages, i. [142].
• Foramen, supra-condyloid, exceptional occurrence of in the humerus of man, i. [28], [130];
  • in the early progenitors of man, i. [206].
• Forbes, D., on the Aymara Indians, i. [119];
  • on local variation of colour in the Quechuas, i. [246];
  • on the hairlessness of the Aymaras and Quechuas, ii. [322];
  • on the long hair of the Aymaras and Quechuas, ii. [320], [348].
• Forel, F., on white young swans, ii. [211].
• Formica rufo, size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. [145].
• Fossils, absence of, connecting man with the apes, i. [201].
• Fowl, occurrence of spurs in the female, i. [280];
  • game, early pugnacity of, i. [295];
  • Polish, early development of cranial peculiarities of, i. [295];
  • variations in plumage of, ii. [74];
  • examples of correlated development in the, ii. [130];
  • domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of, ii. [178].
• Fowls, spangled Hamburgh, i. [281], [294];
  • sexual peculiarities in, transmitted only to the same sex, i. [283];
  • loss of secondary sexual characters by male, i. [284];
  • inheritance of changes of plumage by, i. [281];
  • Polish, origin of the crest in, i. [284];
  • period of inheritance of characters by, i. [294];
  • cuckoo-, i. [294];
  • development of the comb in, i. [295];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [306];
  • courtship of, ii. [117];
  • mongrel, between a black Spanish cock and different hens, ii. [131];
  • pencilled Hamburgh, difference of the sexes in, ii. [158];
  • Spanish, sexual differences of the comb in, ii. [158];
  • spurred, in both sexes, ii. [162].
• Fox, W. D., on some half-tamed wild ducks becoming polygamous, and on polygamy in the guinea-fowl and canary-bird, i. [270];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in cattle, i. [305];
  • on the pugnacity of the peacock, ii. [46];
  • on a nuptial assembly of magpies, ii. [102];
  • on the finding of new mates by crows, ii. [104];
  • on partridges living in triplets, ii. [107];
  • on the pairing of a goose with a Chinese gander, ii. [114].
• Foxes, wariness of young, in hunting districts, i. [50];
  • black, ii. [294].
• France, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Francesco, B., on the Simian resemblances of man, i. [4].
• Fraser, C., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, i. [335].
• Fringilla cannabina, ii. [86].
• Fringilla ciris, age of mature plumage in, ii. [213].
• Fringilla cyanea, age of mature plumage in, ii. [213].
• Fringilla leucophrys, young of, ii. [217].
• Fringilla spinus, ii. [115].
• Fringilla tristis, change of colour in, in spring, ii. [85];
  • young of, ii. [216].
• Fringillidæ, resemblance of the females of distinct species of, ii. [192].
• Frogs, ii. [25];
  • male, temporary receptacles for ova possessed by, i. [254];
  • ready to breed before the females, i. [260];
  • vocal organs of, ii. [28].
• Frontal bone, persistence of the suture in, i. [124].
• Fruits, poisonous, avoided by animals, i. [36].
• Fuegians, i. [167], [181];
  • mental capacity of the, i. [34];
  • quasi-religious sentiments of the, i. [67];
  • power of sight in the, i. [118];
  • skill of, in stone-throwing, i. [138];
  • resistance of the, to their severe climate, i. [156], [237];
  • difference of stature among the, i. [115];
  • mode of life of the, i. [246];
  • resemblance of, in mental characters, to Europeans, i. [232];
  • aversion of, to hair on the face, ii. [348];
  • said to admire European women, ii. [351].
• Fulgoridæ, songs of the, i. [351].
• Fur, whiteness of, in arctic animals, in winter, i. [282].
• Fur-bearing animals, acquired sagacity of, i. [50].
• 
  G.
• Gallicrex, sexual difference in the colour of the irides in, ii. [128].
• Gallicrex cristatus, red caruncle occurring in the male during the breeding-season, ii. [80].
• Gallinaceæ, frequency of polygamous habits and of sexual differences in the, i. [269];
  • love-gestures of, ii. [68];
  • decomposed feathers in, ii. [74];
  • stripes of young, ii. [184];
  • comparative sexual differences between the species of, ii. [192], [194];
  • plumage of, ii. [195].
• Gallinaceous birds, weapons of the male, ii. [44];
  • racket-shaped feathers on the heads of, ii. [73].
• Gallinula chloropus, pugnacity of male, ii. [40].
• Gallinula cristata, pugnacity of the male, ii. [41].
• Galloperdix, spurs of, ii. [46];
  • development of spurs in the female, ii. [162].
• Gallophasis, young of, ii. [190].
• Gallus bankiva, ii. [158];
  • neck-hackles of, ii. [84].
• Gallus Stanleyi, pugnacity of the male, ii. [44].
• Galls, i. [152].
• Galton, Mr., on the struggle between the social and personal impulses, i. [104];
  • on hereditary genius, i. [111];
  • on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. [168];
  • on the sterility of sole daughters, i. [170];
  • on the degree of fertility of people of genius, i. [171];
  • on the early marriages of the poor, i. [173];
  • on the ancient Greeks, i. [177];
  • on the Middle Ages, i. [178];
  • on the progress of the United States, i. [179];
  • on South African notions of beauty, ii. [347].
• Gammarus, use of the chelæ of, i. [331].
• Gammarus marinus, i. [334].
• Gannets, white only when mature, ii. [228].
• Ganoidei, i. [204].
• Ganoid fishes, i. [212].
• Gaour, horns of the, ii. [247].
• Gap between man and the apes, i. [200].
• Gaper, sexes and young of, ii. [217].
• Gardner, on an example of rationality in a Gelasimus, i. [334].
• Garrulus glandarius, ii. [104].
• Gärtner, on sterility of hybrid plants, i. [223].
• Gasteropoda, i. [324];
  • pulmoniferous, courtship of, i. [324].
• Gasterosteus, i. [271];
  • nidification of, ii. [20].
• Gasterosteus leiurus, ii. [2], [14], [20].
• Gasterosteus trachurus, ii. [2].
• Gastrophora, wings of, brightly coloured beneath, i. [397].
• Gauchos, want of humanity among the, i. [101].
• Gaudry, M., on a fossil monkey, i. [197].
• Gavia, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. [228].
• Geese, clanging noise made by, ii. [51];
  • pairing of different species of, ii. [114];
  • Canada, selection of mates by, ii. [116].
• Gegenbaur, C., on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, i. [125];
  • on the hermaphroditism of the remote progenitors of the vertebrata, i. [207].
• Gelasimus, use of the enlarged chela of the male, i. [331];
  • pugnacity of males of, i. [333];
  • proportions of the sexes in a species of, i. [315];
  • rational actions of a, i. [334];
  • difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [336].
• Gemmules, sexual selection of, i. [285].
• Genesis, i. [318].
• Genius, ii. [328];
  • hereditary, i. [111].
• Genius, fertility of men and women of, i. [171].
• Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Isid., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, i. [13];
  • on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, i. [29];
  • on monstrosities, i. [113];
  • on animal-like anomalies in the human structure, i. [125];
  • on the correlation of monstrosities, i. [130];
  • on the distribution of hair in man and monkeys, i. [149];
  • on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. [150];
  • on correlated variability, i. [151];
  • on the classification of man, i. [186];
  • on the long hair on the heads of species of Semnopithecus, i. [192];
  • on the hair in monkeys, i. [194];
  • on the development of horns in female deer, ii. [244];
  • and F. Cuvier, on the mandrill, ii. [293];
  • on Hylobates, ii. [318], [320].
• Geographical distribution, as evidence of specific distinctions in man, i. [218].
• Geometræ, brightly coloured beneath, i. [397].
• Geophagus, frontal protuberance of male, ii. [13], [20];
  • eggs hatched by the male, in the mouth or branchial cavity, ii. [200].
• Georgia, change of colour in Germans settled in, i. [246].
• Geotrupes, stridulation of, i. [380], [382].
• Gerbe, M., on the nest-building of Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, ii. [19].
• Gerland, Dr., on the prevalence of infanticide, i. [94]; ii. [344], [364];
• on the extinction of races, i. [237], [238].
• Gervais, P., on the hairiness of the gorilla, i. [149];
  • on the mandrill, ii. [293].
• Gesture-language, i. [232].
• Ghost-moth, sexual difference of colour in the, i. [399], [402].
• Gibb, Sir D., on differences of the voice in different races of men, ii. [330].
• Gibbon, Hoolock, nose of, i. [192].
• Gibbons, voice of, ii. [276].
• Giraffe, mute, except in the rutting season, ii. [274];
  • its mode of using the horns, ii. [250].
• Giraud-Teulon, on the cause of short sight, i. [118].
• Glanders, communicable between man and the lower animals, i. [11].
• Glands, odoriferous, in mammals, ii. [279], [281].
• Glareola, double moult in, ii. [80].
• Glomeris limbata, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [340].
• Glowworm, female, apterous, i. [255];
  • luminosity of the, i. [345].
• Gnats, dances of, i. [349].
• Gnu, sexual differences in the colour of the, ii. [289].
• Goat, male, wild, falling on his horns, ii. [249];
  • male, odour emitted by, ii. [279];
  • male, wild, crest of the, ii. [282];
  • Berbura, mane, dewlap, &c., of the male, ii. [284];
  • Kemas, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. [289].
• Goats, sexual differences in the horns of, i. [283];
  • horns of, i. [289], ii. [246];
  • domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. [293];
  • beards of, ii. [282];
  • mode of fighting of, ii. [249], [250].
• Goat-sucker, Virginian, pairing of the, ii. [49].
• Gobies, nidification of, ii. [20].
• God, want of the idea of, in some races of men, i. [65].
• Godron, M., on variability, i. [112];
  • on difference of stature, i. [115];
  • on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. [241];
  • on the odour of the skin, i. [248];
  • on the colour of infants, ii. [318].
• Goldfinch, ii. [56], [85];
  • proportion of the sexes in the, i. [307];
  • sexual differences of the beak in the, ii. [39];
  • courtship of the, ii. [95].
• Goldfinch, North American, young of, ii. [216].
• Gold-Fish, ii. [16].
• Gomphus, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314];
  • difference in the sexes of, i. [362].
• Gonepteryx Rhamni, i. [393];
  • sexual difference of colour in, i. [409].
• Goodsir, Prof., on the affinity of the lancelet to the ascidians, i. [205].
• Goosander, young of, ii. [189].
• Goose, Antarctic, colours of the, ii. [228].
• Goose, Canada, pairing with a Bernicle gander, ii. [114].
• Goose, Chinese, knob on the beak of the, ii. [129].
• Goose, Egyptian, ii. [46].
• Goose, Sebastopol, plumage of, ii. [74].
• Goose, Snow-, whiteness of the, ii. [228].
• Goose, Spur-winged, ii. [46].
• Gorilla, ii. [323];
  • semi-erect attitude of the, i. [142];
  • mastoid processes of the, i. [143];
  • direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. [192];
  • supposed evolution of the, i. [230];
  • polygamy of the, i. [266], ii. [361], [362];
  • voice of the, ii. [276];
  • cranium of, ii. [318];
  • fighting of male, ii. [324].
• Gosse, P. H., on the pugnacity of the male Humming-birds, ii. [40].
• Gosse, M., on the inheritance of artificial modifications of the skull, ii. [380].
• Gould, B. A., on variation in the length of the legs in man, i. [108];
  • measurements of American soldiers, i. [114], [116];
  • on the proportions of the body and capacity of the lungs in different races of men, i. [216];
  • on the inferior vitality of mulattoes, i. [221].
• Gould, J., on the arrival of male snipes before the females, i. [260];
  • on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, i. [306];
  • on Neomorpha, ii. [39];
  • on the species of Eustephanus, ii. [39];
  • on the Australian Musk-duck, ii. [39];
  • on the relative size of the sexes in Biziura lobata and Cincloramphus cruralis, ii. [43];
  • on Lobivanellus lobatus, ii. [48];
  • on the habits of Menura Alberti, ii. [56];
  • on the rarity of song in brilliant birds, ii. [58];
  • on Selasphorus platycercus, ii. [65];
  • on the Bower-birds, ii. [69], [102];
  • on the ornamental plumage of the Humming-birds, ii. [78];
  • on the moulting of the ptarmigan, ii. [83];
  • on the display of plumage by the male Humming-birds, ii. [86];
  • on the shyness of adorned male birds, ii. [97];
  • on the decoration of the bowers of Bower-birds, ii. [112];
  • on the decoration of their nests by Humming-birds, ii. [112];
  • on variation in the genus Cynanthus, ii. [125];
  • on the colour of the thighs in a male parrakeet, ii. [126];
  • on Urosticte Benjamini, ii. [151], [152];
  • on the nidification of the Orioles, ii. [168];
  • on obscurely-coloured birds building concealed nests, ii. [169];
  • on Trogons and Kingfishers, ii. [173];
  • on Australian parrots, ii. [174];
  • on Australian pigeons, ii. [175];
  • on the moulting of the ptarmigan, ii. [181];
  • on the immature plumage of birds, ii. [186] et seq.;
  • on the Australian species of Turnix, ii. [201];
  • on the young of Aithurus polytmus, ii. [220];
  • on the colours of the bills of Toucans, ii. [227];
  • on the relative size of the sexes in the Marsupials of Australia, ii. [260];
  • on the colours of the Marsupials, ii. [286].
• Goureau, on the stridulation of Mutilla europæa, i. [366].
• Gout, sexually transmitted, i. [292].
• Graba, on the Pied Ravens of the Feroe Islands, ii. [126];
  • on the Bridled Guillemot, ii. [127].
• Gradation of secondary sexual characters in birds, ii. [135].
• Grallatores, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [270];
  • double moult in some, ii. [81].
• Grallina, nidification of, ii. [169].
• Grasshoppers, stridulation of the, i. [356].
• Gratiolet, Prof., on the anthropomorphous apes, i. [196];
  • on the evolution of the anthropomorphous apes, i. [230].
• Gray, Asa, on the gradation of species among the Compositæ, i. [227].
• Gray, J. E., on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. [150];
  • on the presence of rudiments of horns in the female of Cervulus moschatus, ii. [245];
  • on the horns of goats and sheep, ii. [246];
  • on the beard of the Ibex, ii. [283];
  • on the Berbura goat, ii. [285];
  • on sexual differences in the coloration of Rodents, ii. [286];
  • on the colours of the Elands, ii. [288];
  • on the Sing-sing antelope, ii. [289];
  • on the colours of goats, ii. [290];
  • on the Hog-deer, ii. [303].
• “Greatest happiness principle,” i. [97], [98].
• Greeks, ancient, i. [177].
• Green, A. H., on beavers fighting, ii. [239];
  • on the voice of the beaver, ii. [277].
• Greenfinch, selected by a female canary, ii. [115].
• Greg, W. R., on the early marriages of the poor, i. [173];
  • on the Ancient Greeks, i. [178];
  • on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. [167].
• Grenadiers, Prussian, i. [112].
• Grey, Sir G., on female infanticide in Australia, ii. [364].
• Greyhounds, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [263], [265];
  • numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [304].
• Grouse, red, monogamous, i. [269];
  • pugnacity of young male, ii. [48];
  • producing a sound by scraping their wings upon the ground, ii. [61];
  • duration of courtship of, ii. [100];
  • colours and nidification of, ii. [170].
• Grube, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [28].
• Grus americanus, age of mature plumage in, ii. [213];
  • breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Grus virgo, trachea of, ii. [60].
• Gryllus campestris, i. [353];
  • pugnacity of male, i. [360].
• Gryllus domesticus, i. [354].
• Grypus, sexual differences in the beak in, ii. [39].
• Guanacoes, battles of, ii. [239];
  • canine teeth of, ii. [257].
• Guanas, strife for women among the, ii. [324];
  • polyandry among the, ii. [366].
• Guanche skeletons, occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of, i. [29].
• Guaranys, proportion of men and women among, i. [302];
  • colour of newborn children of the, ii. [318];
  • beards of the, ii. [322].
• Guenée, A., on the sexes of Hyperythra, i. [310].
• Guilding, L., on the stridulation of the LOCUSTIDÆ, i. [352].
• Guillemot, variety of the, ii. [127].
• Guinea, sheep of, with males only horned, i. [289].
• Guinea-fowl, monogamous, i. [269];
  • occasional polygamy of the, i. [270];
  • markings of the, ii. [134].
• Guinea-pigs, inheritance of the effects of operations by, ii. [380].
• Gull, instance of reasoning in a, ii. [108].
• Gulls, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. [228];
  • white, ii. [228].
• Günther, Dr., on hermaphroditism in Serranus, i. [208];
  • on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, i. [210], ii. [20];
  • on mistaking infertile female fishes for males, i. [308];
  • on the prehensile organs of male Plagiostomous fishes, ii. [2];
  • on the pugnacity of the male salmon and trout, ii. [3];
  • on the relative size of the sexes in fishes, ii. [7];
  • on sexual differences in fishes, ii. [8] et seqq.;
  • on the genus Callionymus, ii. [9];
  • on a protective resemblance in a Pipe-fish, ii. [18];
  • on the genus Solenostoma, ii. [22];
  • on Megalophrys montana, ii. [26];
  • on the coloration of frogs and toads, ii. [26];
  • on sexual differences in the Ophidia, ii. [29];
  • on differences of the sexes of lizards, ii. [32] et seqq.
• Gynanisa Isis, ocellated spots of, ii. [132].
• Gypsies, uniformity of, in various parts of the world, i. [242].
• 
  H.
• Habits, bad, facilitated by familiarity, i. [101];
  • variability of the force of, i. [183].
• Häckel, E., on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on rudimentary characters, i. [17];
  • on the canine teeth in man, i. [126];
  • on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, i. [28];
  • on the steps by which man became a biped, i. [142];
  • on man as a member of the Catarrhine group, i. [199];
  • on the position of the Lemuridæ, i. [202];
  • on the genealogy of the Mammalia, i. [203];
  • on the lancelet, i. [204];
  • on the transparency of pelagic animals, i. [323];
  • on the musical powers of women, ii. [337].
• Hagen, H., and Walsh, B. D., on American neuroptera, i. [314].
• Hair, development of, in man, i. [24];
  • character of, supposed to be determined by light and heat, i. [116];
  • distribution of, in man, i. [149], ii. [375];
  • possibly removed for ornamental purposes, i. [149];
  • arrangement and direction of, i. [192];
  • of the early progenitors of man, i. [206];
  • different texture of, in distinct races, i. [216];
  • and skin, correlation of colour of, i. [248];
  • development of, in mammals, ii. [281];
  • management of, among different peoples, ii. [340];
  • great length of, in some North American tribes, ii. [348];
  • elongation of the, on the human head, ii. [380].
• Hairiness, difference of, in the sexes, in man, ii. [320];
  • variation of, in races of men, ii. [321].
• Hairs and excretory pores, numerical relation of, in sheep, i. [248].
• Hairy family, Siamese, ii. [378].
• Hamadryas baboon, turning over stones, i. [75];
  • mane of the male, ii. [267].
• Hamilton, C., on the cruelty of the Kafirs to animals, i. [94];
  • on the engrossment of the women by the Kafir chiefs, ii. [369].
• Hammering, difficulty of, i. [138].
• Hancock, A., on the colours of the nudibranch mollusca, i. [326].
• Hands, larger at birth, in the children of labourers, i. [117];
  • structure of, in the quadrumana, i. [139];
  • and arms, freedom of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, i. [144].
• Handwriting, inherited, i. [58].
• Harcourt, E. Vernon, on Fringilla cannabina, ii. [86].
• Harelda glacialis, ii. [122].
• Hare, protective colouring of the, ii. [298]. Hares, battles of male, ii. [239].
• Harlan, Dr., on the difference between field- and house-slaves, i. [246].
• Harris, J. M., on the relation of complexion to climate, i. [245].
• Harris, T. W., on the Katy-did locust, i. [353];
  • on the stridulation of the grasshoppers, i. [357];
  • on Œcanthus nivalis, i. [361];
  • on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. [396];
  • on the colouring of Saturnia Io, i. [398].
• Harry-long-legs, pugnacity of male, i. [349].
• Hartman, Dr., on the singing of Cicada septendecim, i. [351].
• Haughton, S., on a variation of the flexor pollicis longus in man, i. [129].
• Hawks, feeding orphan nestling, ii. [107].
• Hayes, Dr., on the diverging of sledge-dogs on thin ice, i. [46].
• Head, altered position of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. [143];
  • hairiness of, in man, i. [149];
  • processes of, in male beetles, i. [370];
  • artificial alterations of the form of the, ii. [351].
• Hearne, on strife for women among the North American Indians, ii. [324];
  • on the North American Indians’ notion of female beauty, ii. [344];
  • repeated elopements of a North American woman, ii. [372].
• Heart, in the human embryo, i. [16].
• Heat, supposed effects of, i. [116].
• Hectocotyle, i. [325].
• Hedge-warbler, ii. [198];
  • young of the, ii. [209].
• Heel, small projection of, in the Aymara Indians, i. [120].
• Hegt, M., on the development of the spurs in peacocks, i. [290].
• Heliconidæ, i. [387];
  • mimickry of, by other butterflies, i. [411].
• Heliopathes, stridulation peculiar to the male, i. [383].
• Heliothrix auriculata, young of, ii. [188], [189].
• Helix pomatia, example of individual attachment in, i. [325].
• Hellins, J., proportions of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, i. [313].
• Helmholtz, on the vibration of the auditory hairs of crustacea, ii. [333].
• Hemiptera, i. [349].
• Hemitragus, beardless in both sexes, ii. [283].
• Hepburn, Mr., on the autumn song of the water-ouzel, ii. [54].
• Hepialus humuli, sexual difference of colour in the, i. [399], [402].
• Herbs, poisonous, avoided by animals, i. [36].
• Hermaphroditism of embryos, i. [207].
• Herodias bubulcus, vernal moult of, ii. [84].
• Heron, love-gestures of a, ii. [68].
• Heron, Sir R., on the habits of peafowl, ii. [119], [120], [152].
• Herons, decomposed feathers in, ii. [74];
  • breeding plumage of, ii. [82], [83];
  • young of the, ii. [208];
  • sometimes dimorphic, ii. [214];
  • continued growth of crest and plumes in the males of some, ii. [216];
  • change of colour in some, ii. [231].
• Hetærina, difference in the sexes of, i. [362];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Heterocerus, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Hewitt, Mr. on a game-cock killing a kite, ii. [44];
  • on the recognition of dogs and cats by ducks, ii. [110];
  • on the pairing of a wild duck with a pintail drake, ii. [115];
  • on the courtship of fowls, ii. [117];
  • on the coupling of pheasants with common hens, ii. [122].
• Hindoo, his horror of breaking his caste, i. [99], [103].
• Hindoos, local difference of stature among, i. [115];
  • difference of, from Europeans, i. [240];
  • colour of the beard in, ii. [319].
• Hipparchia Janira, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. [132].
• Hipparchiæ, i. [387].
• Hippocampus, development of, i. [210];
  • marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. [21].
• Hippopotamus, nakedness of, i. [148].
• Hips, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [117].
• Hodgson, S., on the sense of duty, i. [71].
• Hoffberg, on the horns of the reindeer, ii. [244];
  • on sexual preferences shown by reindeer, ii. [273].
• Hog, wart-, ii. [265];
  • river-, ii. [266].
• Hog-deer, ii. [303].
• Holland, Sir H., on the effects of new diseases, i. [238].
• Homologous structures, correlated variation of, i. [130].
• Homoptera, i. [350];
• stridulation of the, and orthoptera, discussed, i. [360].
• Honduras, Quiscalus major in, i. [307].
• Honey-buzzard of India, variation in the crest of, ii. [126].
• Honey-suckers, moulting of the, ii. [83];
  • Australian, nidification of, ii. [169].
• Honour, law of, i. [99].
• Hooker, Jos., on the colour of the beard in man, ii. [319].
• Hoolock Gibbon, nose of, i. [192].
• Hoopoe, ii. [56];
  • sounds produced by the male, ii. [62].
• Hoplopterus armatus, wing-spurs of, ii. [48].
• Hornbill, African, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male during courtship, ii. [72].
• Hornbills, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, ii. [129];
  • nidification and incubation of, ii. [169].
• Horne, C., on the rejection of a brightly-coloured locust by lizards and birds, i. [361].
• Horns, of deer, ii. [243], [248], [259];
  • and canine teeth, inverse development of, ii. [257];
  • sexual differences of, in sheep and goats, i. [283];
  • loss of, in female merino sheep, i. [284];
  • development of, in deer, i. [288];
  • development of, in antelopes, i. [289];
  • from the head and thorax, in male beetles, i. [370].
• Horse, polygamous, i. [267];
  • canine teeth of male, ii. [241];
  • winter change of the, ii. [298];
  • fossil, extinction of the, in South America, i. [239].
• Horses, dreaming, i. [46];
  • rapid increase of, in South America, i. [135];
  • diminution of canine teeth in, i. [144];
  • of the Falkland Islands and Pampas, i. [236];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [263], [265];
  • lighter in winter in Siberia, i. [282];
  • sexual preferences in, ii. [272];
  • pairing preferentially the same colour, ii. [295];
  • numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [303];
  • formerly striped, ii. [305].
• Hottentot women, peculiarities of, i. [225].
• Hottentots, lice of, i. [220];
  • readily become musicians, ii. [334];
  • notions of female beauty of the, ii. [345];
  • compression of nose by, ii. [352].
• House-slaves, difference of, from field-slaves, i. [246].
• Huber, P., on ants playing together, i. [39];
  • on memory in ants, i. [45];
  • on the intercommunication of ants, i. [58];
  • on the recognition of each other by ants after separation, i. [365].
• Huc, on Chinese opinions of the appearance of Europeans, ii. [345].
• Human kingdom, i. [186].
• Human sacrifices, i. [68].
• Humanity, unknown among some savages, i. [94];
  • deficiency of, among savages, i. [101].
• Humboldt, A. von, on the rationality of mules, i. [48];
  • on a parrot preserving the language of a lost tribe, i. [236];
  • on the cosmetic arts of savages, ii. [339], [340];
  • on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. [351];
  • on the red painting of American Indians, ii. [352].
• Hume, D., on sympathetic feelings, i. [85].
• Humming-bird, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. [73];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [86].
• Humming-birds, ornament their nests, i. [63], ii. [112];
  • polygamous, i. [269];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [307], ii. [221];
  • sexual differences in, ii. [39], [40], [151];
  • pugnacity of male, ii. [40];
  • modified primaries of male, ii. [65];
  • coloration of the sexes of, ii. [78];
  • young of, ii. [220];
  • nidification of the, ii. [168];
  • colours of female, ii. [168].
• Humphreys, H. N., on the habits of the Stickle-back, i. [271], ii. [2].
• Hunger, instinct of, i. [89].
• Huns, ancient, flattening of the nose by the, ii. [352].
• Hunter, J., on the number of species of man, i. [226];
  • on secondary sexual characters, i. [253];
  • on the general behaviour of female animals during courtship, i. [273];
  • on the muscles of the larynx in song-birds, ii. [55];
  • on the curled frontal hair of the Bull, ii. [282];
  • on the rejection of an ass by a female zebra, ii. [295].
• Hunter, W. W., on the recent rapid increase of the Santali, i. [133];
  • on the Santali, i. [241].
• Hussey, Mr., on a partridge distinguishing persons, ii. [110].
• Hutchinson, Col., example of reasoning in a retriever, i. [48].
• Hutton, Capt., on the male wild goat falling on his horns, ii. [249].
• Huxley, T. H., on the structural agreement of man with the apes, i. [3];
  • on the agreement of the brain in man with that of lower animals, i. [10];
  • on the adult age of the Orang, i. [13];
  • on the embryonic development of man, i. [14];
  • on the origin of man, i. [4], [17];
  • on variation in the skulls of the natives of Australia, i. [108];
  • on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, i. [128];
  • on the position of man, i. [191];
  • on the sub-orders of primates, i. [195];
  • on the Lemuridæ, i. [202];
  • on the Dinosauria, i. [204];
  • on the amphibian affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, i. [204];
  • on variability of the skull in certain races of man, i. [226];
  • on the races of man, i. [229].
• Hybrid birds, production of, ii. [113].
• Hydrophobia communicable between man and the lower animals, i. [11].
• Hydroporus, dimorphism of females of, i. [343].
• Hyelaphus porcinus, ii. [303].
• Hygrogonus, ii. [21].
• Hyla, singing species of, ii. [27].
• Hylobates, maternal affection in a, i. [40];
  • absence of the thumb in, i. [140];
  • upright progression of some species of, i. [143];
  • direction of the hair on the arms of species of, i. [192];
  • females of, less hairy below than males, ii. [320].
• Hylobates agilis, i. [140];
  • hair on the arms of, i. [193];
  • musical voice of the, ii. [277];
  • superciliary ridge of, ii. [318];
  • voice of, ii. [332].
• Hylobates hoolock, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [291].
• Hylobates lar, i. [140];
  • hair on the arms of, i. [193].
• Hylobates leuciscus, i. [140].
• Hylobates syndactylus, i. [140];
  • laryngeal sac of, ii. [276].
• Hymenoptera, i. [364];
  • large size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. [145];
  • classification of, i. [188];
  • sexual differences in the wings of, i. [345];
  • aculeate, relative size of the sexes of, i. [347].
• Hymenopteron, parasitic, with a sedentary male, i. [272].
• Hyomoschus aquaticus, ii. [304].
• Hyperythra, proportion of the sexes in, i. [310].
• Hypogymna dispar, sexual difference of colour in, i. [398].
• Hypopyra, coloration of, i. [397].
• 
  I.
• Ibex, male, falling on his horns, ii. [249];
  • beard of the, ii. [283].
• Ibis, scarlet, young of the, ii. [208];
  • white, change of colour of naked skin in, during the breeding season, ii. [80].
• Ibis tantalus, age of mature plumage in, ii. [213];
  • breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214], [215].
• Ibises, decomposed feathers in, ii. [74];
  • white, ii. [228], and black, ii. [230].
• Ichneumonidæ, difference of the sexes in, i. [365].
• Ichthyopterygia, i. [125].
• Ichthyosaurians, i. [204].
• Ideas, general, i. [62].
• Idiots, microcephalous, imitative faculties of, i. [57];
  • microcephalous, their characters and habits, i. [121].
• Iguana tuberculata, ii. [32].
• Iguanas, ii. [32].
• Illegitimate and legitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, i. [302].
• Imagination, existence of, in animals, i. [45].
• Imitation, i. [39];
  • of man by monkeys, i. [44];
  • tendency to, in monkeys, microcephalous idiots and savages, i. [56];
  • influence of, i. [161].
• Immature plumage of birds, ii. [183], [187].
• Implacentata, i. [202].
• Implements, employed by monkeys, i. [51];
• fashioning of, peculiar to man, i. [52].
• Impregnation, period of, influence of, upon sex, i. [303].
• Improvement, progressive, man alone supposed to be capable of, i. [49].
• Incisor teeth, knocked out or filed by some savages, ii. [340].
• Increase, rate of, i. [131];
  • necessity of checks in, i. [135].
• Indecency, hatred of, a modern virtue, i. [96].
• India, difficulty of distinguishing the native races of, i. [215];
  • Cyprinidæ of, ii. [17];
  • colour of the beard in races of men of, ii. [319].
• Indian, North American, honoured for scalping a man of another tribe, i. [93].
• Individuality, i. [62].
• Individuation, i. [318].
• Indopicus carlotta, colours of the sexes of, ii. [175].
• Infanticide, prevalence of, i. [94], [134];
  • supposed cause of, ii. [344];
  • prevalence and causes of, ii. [363] et seq.
• Inferiority, supposed physical, of man, i. [156].
• Inflammation of the bowels, occurrence of, in Cebus Azaræ, i. [12].
• Inheritance, i. [110];
  • of effects of use of vocal and mental organs, i. [58];
  • of moral tendencies, i. [102], [104];
  • of long and short sight, i. [118];
  • laws of, i. [279];
  • sexual, i. [285];
  • sexually limited, ii. [154].
• Inquisition, influence of the, i. [179].
• Insanity, hereditary, i. [111].
• Insect, fossil, from the Devonian, i. [360].
• Insectivora, ii. [286];
  • absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [268].
• Insects, relative size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. [145];
  • male, appearance of, before the females, i. [260];
  • pursuit of female, by the males, i. [272];
  • period of development of sexual characters in, i. [291];
  • secondary sexual characters of, i. [341];
  • stridulation of, ii. [331].
• Insessores, vocal organs of, ii. [55].
• Instep, depth of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [117].
• Instinct and intelligence, i. [37].
• Instinct, migratory, vanquishing the maternal, i. [83], [90].
• Instinctive actions, the result of inheritance, i. [80].
• Instinctive impulses, difference of the force of, i. [87], [89];
  • and moral impulses, alliance of, i. [88].
• Instincts, i. [36];
  • complex origin of, through natural selection, i. [38];
  • possible origin of some, i. [38];
  • acquired, of domestic animals, i. [79];
  • variability of the force of, i. [83];
  • difference of force between the social and other, i. [89], [104];
  • utilised for new purposes, ii. [335].
• Instrumental music of birds, ii. [61], [66].
• Intellect, influence of, in natural selection in civilised society, i. [171].
• Intellectual faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, i. [158];
  • probably perfected through natural selection, i. [160].
• Intelligence, Mr. H. Spencer on the dawn of, i. [37].
• Intemperance, no reproach among savages, i. [96];
  • its destructiveness, i. [172].
• Intoxication in monkeys, i. [12].
• Iphias glaucippe, i. [394].
• Iris, sexual difference in the colour of the, in birds, ii. [72], [128].
• Ischio-pubic muscle, i. [127].
• Ithaginis cruentus, number of spurs in, ii. [46].
• Iulus, tarsal suckers of the males of, i. [340].
• 
  J.
• Jackals learning to bark from dogs, i. [44].
• Jack-snipe, coloration of the, ii. [226].
• Jacquinot, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Jaeger, Dr., on the difficulty of approaching herds of wild animals, i. [74];
  • on the increase of length in bones, i. [116];
  • on the deposition of a male Silver pheasant on account of spoiled plumage, ii. [120].
• Jaguars, black, ii. [294].
• Janson, E. W., on the proportions of the sexes in Tomicus villosus, i. [314];
  • on stridulant beetles, i. [379].
• Japan, encouragement of licentiousness in, i. [134].
• Japanese, general beardlessness of the, ii. [321];
  • aversion of the, to whiskers, ii. [349].
• Jardine, Sir W., on the Argus pheasant, ii. [72], [97].
• Jarrold, Dr., on modifications of the skull induced by unnatural position, i. [147].
• Javanese, relative height of the sexes of, ii. [320];
  • notions of female beauty, ii. [347].
• Jaw, influence of the muscles of the, upon the physiognomy of the apes, i. [144].
• Jaws, smaller in the same ratio with the extremities, i. [117];
  • influence of food upon the size of, i. [118];
  • diminution of, in man, i. [144];
  • in man, reduced by correlation, ii. [325].
• Jay, young of the, ii. [209];
  • Canada, young of the, ii. [209].
• Jays, new mates found by, ii. [104];
  • distinguishing persons, ii. [110].
• Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, on the form of the shell in the sexes of the Gasteropoda, i. [324];
  • on the influence of light upon the colours of shells, i. [326].
• Jelly-fish, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Jenner, Dr., on the voice of the rook, ii. [61];
  • on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. [103];
  • on retardation of the generative organs in birds, ii. [107].
• Jenyns, L., on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. [84];
  • on male birds singing after the proper season, ii. [107].
• Jerdon, Dr., on birds dreaming, ii. [46];
  • on the pugnacity of the male bulbul, ii. [41];
  • on the pugnacity of the male Ortygornis gularis, ii. [44];
  • on the spurs of Galloperdix, ii. [46];
  • on the habits of Lobivanellus, ii. [48];
  • on the spoonbill, ii. [60];
  • on the drumming of the Kalij pheasant, ii. [63];
  • on Indian bustards, ii. [65];
  • on Otis bengalensis, ii. [69];
  • on the ear-tufts of Sypheotides auritus, ii. [73];
  • on the double moults of certain birds, ii. [82];
  • on the moulting of the honey-suckers, ii. [83];
  • on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and drongos, ii. [84];
  • on display in male birds, ii. [86];
  • on the spring change of colour in some finches, ii. [86];
  • on the display of the under tail-coverts by the male bulbul, ii. [96];
  • on the Indian honey-buzzard, ii. [126];
  • on sexual differences in the colour of the eyes of hornbills, ii. [129];
  • on the markings of the Tragopan pheasant, ii. [134];
  • on the nidification of the Orioles, ii. [168];
  • on the nidification of the hornbills, ii. [169];
  • on the Sultan yellow-tit, ii. [174];
  • on Palæornis javanicus, ii. [180];
  • on the immature plumage of birds, ii. [186] et seq.;
  • on representative species of birds, ii. [190];
  • on the habits of Turnix, ii. [202];
  • on the continued increase of beauty of the peacock, ii. [216];
  • on coloration in the genus Palæornis, ii. [231].
• Jevons, W. S., on the migrations of man, i. [135].
• Jews, ancient, use of flint tools by the, i. [183];
  • uniformity of, in various parts of the world, i. [242];
  • numerical proportion of male and female births among the, i. [301];
  • ancient, tattooing practised by, ii. [339].
• Johnstone, Lieut., on the Indian elephant, i. [268].
• Jollofs, fine appearance of the, ii. [357].
• Jones, Albert, proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera, reared by, i. [313].
• Juan Fernandez, humming-birds of, ii. [221].
• Junonia, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. [389].
• Jupiter, Greek statues of, ii. [350].
• 
  K.
• Kafir skull, occurrence of the diastema in a, i. [126].
• Kafirs, their cruelty to animals, i. [94];
  • lice of the, i. [220];
  • colour of the, ii. [347];
  • engrossment of the handsomest women by the chiefs of the, ii. [369];
  • marriage-customs of the, ii. [373].
• Kalij pheasant, drumming of the male, ii. [62];
  • young of, ii. [190].
• Kallima, resemblance of, to a withered leaf, i. [392].
• Kalmucks, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. [349];
  • marriage-customs of the, ii. [373].
• Kangaroo, great red, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [286].
• Kant, Imm., on duty, i. [70];
  • on self-restraint, i. [86];
  • on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Katy-did, stridulation of the, i. [352].
• Keller, Dr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, i. [138].
• Kestrels, new mates found by, ii. [104].
• Kidney, i. [116].
• King, W. R., on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, ii. [56];
  • on the drumming of grouse, ii. [63];
  • on the reindeer, ii. [244];
  • on the attraction of male deer by the voice of the female, ii. [276].
• King and Fitzroy, on the marriage-customs of the Fuegians, ii. [374].
• King-crows, nidification of, ii. [167].
• Kingfisher, ii. [56];
  • racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. [73].
• Kingfishers, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171], [173], [176];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188], [190];
  • young of the, ii. [209].
• King Lory, ii. [174];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188].
• Kingsley, C., on the sounds produced by Umbrina, ii. [23].
• Kirby and Spence, on the courtship of insects, i. [272];
  • on sexual differences in the length of the snout in curculionidæ, i. [255];
  • on the elytra of Dytiscus, i. [343];
  • on peculiarities in the legs of male insects, i. [344];
  • on the relative size of the sexes in insects, i. [345];
  • on the luminosity of insects, i. [345];
  • on the Fulgoridæ, i. [351];
  • on the habits of Termites, i. [364];
  • on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. [367];
  • on the horns of the male lamellicorn beetles, i. [371];
  • on hornlike processes in male curculionidæ, i. [374];
  • on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. [375].
• Kite, killed by a game-cock, ii. [44].
• Knot, retention of winter plumage by the, ii. [82].
• Knox, R., on the semilunar fold, i. [23];
  • on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [28];
  • on the features of the young Memnon, i. [217].
• Koala, length of the cæcum in, i. [27].
• Kölreuter, on the sterility of hybrid plants, i. [223].
• Kobus ellipsiprymnus, proportion of the sexes in, i. [305].
• Koodoo, development of the horns of the, i. [289];
  • markings of the, ii. [300].
• Köppen, F. T., on the migratory locust, i. [352].
• Kordofan, protuberances artificially produced in, ii. [339].
• Kowalevsky, A., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, i. [205].
• Kowalevsky, W., on the pugnacity of the male Capercailzie, ii. [45];
  • on the pairing of the Capercailzie, ii. [49].
• Krause, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, i. [30].
• Kuppfer, Prof., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, i. [205].
• 
  L.
• Labidocera Darwinii, prehensile organs of the male, i. [329].
• Labrus, splendid colours of the species of, ii. [16].
• Labrus mixtus, sexual differences in, ii. [9].
• Labrus pavo, ii. [16].
• Lacertilia, sexual differences of, ii. [32].
• Lafresnaye, M. de, on Birds of Paradise, ii. [78].
• Lamarck, on the origin of man, i. [4].
• Lamellibranchiata, i. [324].
• Lamellicorn beetles, hornlike processes from the head and thorax of, i. [370], [373];
  • analogy of, to Ruminants, i. [373];
  • influence of sexual selection on, i. [377].
• Lamellicornia, stridulation of, i. [380].
• Lamont, Mr., on the tusks of the Walrus, ii. [242];
  • on the use of its tusks by the Walrus, ii. [257].
• Lampornis porphyrurus, colours of the female, ii. [168].
• Lancelet, i. [204], [212].
• Landois, H., on the production of sound by the Cicadæ, i. [351];
  • on the stridulating organ of the Crickets, i. [354];
  • on Decticus, i. [355];
  • on the stridulating organs of the Acridiidæ, i. [356];
  • on the presence of rudimentary stridulating organs in some female Orthoptera, i. [359];
  • on the stridulation of Necrophorus, i. [378];
  • on the stridulant organ of Cerambyx heros, i. [380];
  • on the stridulating organs in the Coleoptera, i. [382];
  • on the ticking of Anobium, i. [385];
  • on the stridulant organ of Geotrupes, i. [380].
• Language an art, i. [55];
  • articulate, origin of, i. [56];
  • relation of the progress of, to the development of the brain, i. [57];
  • effects of inheritance in production of, i. [58];
  • complex structure of, among barbarous nations, i. [61];
  • natural selection in, i. [61];
  • gesture, i. [232];
  • primeval, i. [235];
  • of a lost tribe preserved by a parrot, i. [236].
• Languages, presence of rudiments in, i. [60];
  • classification of, i. [60];
  • variability of, i. [60];
  • crossing or blending of, i. [60];
  • complexity of, no test of perfection or proof of special creation, i. [62];
  • resemblance of, evidence of community of origin, i. [189].
• Languages and species, identity of evidence of their gradual development, i. [59].
• Lanius, ii. [180];
  • characters of young, ii. [185].
• Lanius rufus, anomalous young of, ii. [211].
• Lankester, E. R., on comparative longevity, i. [168], [171];
  • on the destructive effects of intemperance, i. [173].
• Lanugo, of the human fœtus, i. [25]; ii. [375].
• Lapponian language, highly artificial, i. [61].
• Lark, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [307];
  • female, singing of the, ii. [54].
• Larks, attracted by a mirror, ii. [112].
• Lartet, E., on the size of the brain in mammals, i. [51];
  • comparison of cranial capacities of skulls of recent and tertiary mammals, i. [146];
  • on Dryopithecus, i. [199].
• Larus, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. [228].
• Larva, luminous, of a Brazilian beetle, i. [345].
• Larynx, muscles of the, in song-birds, ii. [55].
• Lasiocampa quercus, attraction of males by the female, i. [311];
  • sexual difference of colour in, i. [398].
• Latham, R. G., on the migrations of man, i. [136].
• Latooka, perforation of the lower lip by the women of, ii. [341].
• Laurillard, on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, i. [124].
• Lawrence, W., on the superiority of savages to Europeans in power of sight, i. [118];
  • on the colour of negro infants, ii. [318];
  • on the fondness of savages for ornaments, ii. [338];
  • on beardless races, ii. [349];
  • on the beauty of the English aristocracy, ii. [357].
• Layard, E. L., on an instance of rationality in a Cobra, ii. [30];
  • on the pugnacity of Gallus Stanleyi, ii. [44].
• Laycock, Dr., on vital periodicity, i. [12].
• Leaves, decaying, tints of, i. [323].
• Lecky, Mr., on the sense of duty, i. [71];
  • on suicide, i. [94];
  • on the practice of celibacy, i. [96];
  • his view of the crimes of savages, i. [97];
  • on the gradual rise of morality, i. [103].
• Leconte, J. L., on the stridulant organ in the Coprini and Dynastini, i. [381].
• Lee, H., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the trout, i. [308].
• Leg, calf of the, artificially modified, ii. [340].
• Legitimate and illegitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, i. [302].
• Legs, variation of the length of the, in man, i. [108];
  • proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [116];
  • fore, atrophied in some male butterflies, i. [344];
  • peculiarities of, in male insects, i. [344].
• “Lek” of the black-cock and capercailzie, ii. [100].
• Lemoine, Albert, on the origin of language, i. [56].
• Lemur macaco, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [290].
• Lemuridæ, i. [195];
  • their origin, i. [213];
  • position and derivation of the, i. [202];
  • ears of the, i. [23];
  • variability of the muscles in the, i. [128].
• Lemurs, uterus in the, i. [123];
  • tailless species of, i. [194].
• Leopards, black, ii. [294].
• Lepidoptera, i. [386];
  • numerical proportions of the sexes in the, i. [309];
  • colouring of, i. [387];
  • ocellated spots of, ii. [132].
• Lepidosiren, i. [204], [212].
• Lenguas, disfigurement of the ears of the, ii. [341].
• Leptorhynchus angustatus, pugnacity of male, i. [375].
• Leptura testacea, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [367].
• Lequay, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [29].
• Leroy, on the wariness of young foxes in hunting-districts, i. [50];
  • on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. [84].
• Lesse, valley of the, i. [29].
• Lesson, on the Birds of Paradise, i. [269], ii. [98];
  • on the sea-elephant, ii. [278].
• Lestis bombylans, difference of the sexes in, i. [366].
• Lethrus cephalotes, pugnacity of the males of, i. [371], [376].
• Leuckart, R., on the vesicula prostatica, i. [31];
  • on the influence of the age of parents on the sex of offspring, i. [302].
• Levator claviculæ muscle, i. [128].
• Libellula depressa, colour of the male, i. [363].
• Libellulidæ, relative size of the sexes of, i. [347];
  • difference in the sexes of, i. [361].
• Lice of domestic animals and man, i. [219].
• Licentiousness, prevalence of, among savages, i. [96];
  • a check upon population, i. [134].
• Lichtenstein, on Chera progne, ii. [120].
• Life, inheritance at corresponding periods of, i. [280], [285].
• Light, supposed effects of, i. [116];
  • influence of, upon the colours of shells, i. [326].
• Lilford, Lord, the ruff attracted by bright objects, ii. [111].
• Limosa lapponica, ii. [204].
• Linaria, ii. [180].
• Linaria montana, i. [307].
• Linnæus, views of, as to the position of man, i. [190].
• Linnet, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, i. [307];
  • crimson forehead and breast of the, ii. [86];
  • courtship of the, ii. [94].
• Linyphia, i. [337].
• Lion, polygamous, i. [268];
  • mane of the, defensive, ii. [266];
  • roaring of the, ii. [275].
• Lions, stripes of young, ii. [183].
• Lips, piercing of the, by savages, ii. [341].
• Lithobius, prehensile appendages of the female, i. [340].
• Lithosia, coloration in, i. [396].
• Littorina littorea, i. [324].
• Livingstone, Dr., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, i. [242];
  • on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. [243];
  • on the spur-winged goose, ii. [47];
  • on weaver-birds, ii. [63];
  • on an African nightjar, ii. [73], [97];
  • on the battle-scars of South African male mammals, ii. [239];
  • on the removal of the upper incisors by the Batokas, ii. [340];
  • on the perforation of the upper lip by the Makalolo, ii. [342];
  • on the Banyai, ii. [347].
• Livonia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Lizards, relative size of the sexes of, ii. [32];
  • gular pouches of, ii. [33].
• Lloyd, L., on the polygamy of the capercailzie and bustard, i. [269];
  • on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the capercailzie and blackcock, i. [306];
  • on the salmon, ii. [5];
  • on the colours of the sea-scorpion, ii. [9];
  • on the pugnacity of male grouse, ii. [45];
  • on the capercailzie and black-cock, ii. [49], [54];
  • on the call of the capercailzie, ii. [61];
  • on assemblages of grouse and snipes, ii. [101];
  • on the pairing of a shield-drake with a common duck, ii. [114];
  • on the battles of seals, ii. [240];
  • on the elk, ii. [249].
• Lobivanellus, wing-spurs in, ii. [48].
• Local influences, effect of, upon stature, i. [114].
• Lockwood, Mr., on the development of Hippocampus, i. [210].
• Locust, bright-coloured, rejected by lizards and birds, i. [361].
• Locust, migratory, i. [352].
• Locustidæ, stridulation of the, i. [352], [354];
  • descent of the, i. [356].
• Longicorn beetles, difference of the sexes of, in colour, i. [367];
  • stridulation of, i. [380].
• Lonsdale, Mr., on an example of personal attachment in Helix pomatia, i. [325].
• Lophobranchii, marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. [21].
• Lophophorus, habits of, ii. [121].
• Lophorina atra, sexual difference in coloration of, ii. [226].
• Lophornis ornatus, ii. [76].
• Lord, J. K., on Salmo lycaodon, ii. [5].
• Lory, King, ii. [174];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188].
• Love-antics and dances of birds, ii. [68].
• Lowne, B. T., on Musca vomitoria, i. [145], [349].
• Loxia, characters of young of, ii. [184].
• Lubbock, Sir J., on the antiquity of man, i. [3];
  • on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on the mental capacity of savages, i. [34];
  • on the origin of implements, i. [52];
  • on the simplification of languages, i. [62];
  • on the absence of the idea of God among certain races of men, i. [65];
  • on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. [66];
  • on superstitions, i. [69];
  • on the sense of duty, i. [71];
  • on the practice of burying the old and sick among the Fijians, i. [77];
  • non-prevalence of suicide among the lowest barbarians, i. [94];
  • on the immorality of savages, i. [97];
  • on Mr. Wallace’s claim to the origination of the idea of natural selection, i. [137];
  • on the absence of remorse among savages, i. [164];
  • on the former barbarism of civilised nations, i. [181];
  • on improvements in the arts among savages, i. [182];
  • on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of men, i. [232];
  • on the power of counting in primeval man, i. [234];
  • on the arts practised by savages, i. [234];
  • on the prehensile organs of the male Labidocera Darwinii, i. [329];
  • on Chloëon, i. [341];
  • on Smynthurus luteus, i. [348];
  • on strife for women among the North American Indians, ii. [324];
  • on music, ii. [334];
  • on the ornamental practices of savages, ii. [338];
  • on the estimation of the beard among the Anglo-Saxons, ii. [349];
  • on artificial deformation of the skull, ii. [352];
  • on “communal marriages,” ii. [358], [360];
  • on exogamy, ii. [360], [364];
  • on the Veddahs, ii. [363];
  • on polyandry, ii. [365].
• Lucanidæ, variability of the mandibles in the male, i. [376].
• Lucanus, large size of males of, i. [347].
• Lucanus cervus, numerical proportion of sexes of, i. [313];
  • weapons of the male, i. [375].
• Lucanus elaphus, use of mandibles of, i. [377];
  • large jaws of male, i. [342].
• Lucas, Prosper, on sexual preference in horses and bulls, ii. [272].
• Lunar periods, i. [212].
• Lund, Dr., on skulls found in Brazilian caves, i. [218].
• Lungs, enlargement of, in the Quechua and Aymara Indians, i. [119];
  • a modified swim-bladder, i. [207];
  • different capacity of in races of man, i. [216].
• Luminosity in insects, i. [345].
• Luschka, Prof., on the termination of the coccyx, i. [30].
• Lust, instinct of, i. [89].
• Luxury, comparatively innocuous, i. [171].
• Lycæna, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. [390].
• Lyell, Sir C., on the antiquity of man, i. [3];
  • on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on the parallelism of the development of species and languages, i. [59];
  • on the extinction of languages, i. [60];
  • on the Inquisition, i. [178];
  • on the fossil remains of vertebrata, i. [201];
  • on the fertility of mulattoes, i. [221].
• Lynx, Canadian, throat-ruff of the, ii. [267].
• Lyre-bird, assemblies of, ii. [101].
• 
  M.
• Macacus, ears of, i. [23];
  • convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of, i. [30];
  • variability of the tail in species of, i. [150];
  • whiskers of species of, ii. [283].
• Macacus cynomolgus, superciliary ridge of, ii. [318];
• beard and whiskers of, becoming white with age, ii. [319].
• Macacus inornatus, i. [151].
• Macacus lasiotus, facial spots of, ii. [308].
• Macacus radiatus, i. [192].
• Macacus rhesus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [293], [310].
• Macalister, Prof., on variations of the palmaris accessorius muscle, i. [109];
  • on muscular abnormalities in man, i. [128], [129];
  • on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, i. [275].
• Macaws, Mr. Buxton’s observations on, i. [76];
  • screams of, ii. [61].
• McCann, J., on mental individuality, i. [63].
• McClelland, J., on the Indian cyprinidæ, ii. [17].
• Macculloch, Col., on an Indian village without any female children, ii. [364].
• Macculloch, Dr., on tertian ague in a dog, i. [13].
• Macgillivray, W., on the vocal organs of birds, i. [59];
  • on the Egyptian goose, ii. [48];
  • on the habits of woodpeckers, ii. [63];
  • on the habits of the snipe, ii. [64];
  • on the whitethroat, ii. [69];
  • on the moulting of the snipes, ii. [82];
  • on the moulting of the anatidæ, ii. [85];
  • on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. [103];
  • on the pairing of a blackbird and thrush, ii. [113];
  • on pied ravens, ii. [126];
  • on the guillemots, ii. [127];
  • on the colours of the tits, ii. [174];
  • on the immature plumage of birds, ii. [186] et seqq.
• Machetes, sexes and young of, ii. [216].
• Machetes pugnax, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [306];
  • supposed to be polygamous, i. [270];
  • pugnacity of the male, ii. [41];
  • double moult in, ii. [81].
• Mackintosh, on the moral sense, i. [70].
• MacLachlan, R., on Apatania muliebris and Boreus hyemalis, i. [314];
  • on the anal appendages of male insects, i. [342];
  • on the pairing of dragon-flies, i. [347];
  • on dragon-flies, i. [362], [363];
  • on dimorphism in Agrion, i. [363];
  • on the want of pugnacity in male dragon-flies, i. [364];
  • on the ghost-moth in the Shetland Islands, i. [402].
• McLennan, Mr., on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. [66];
  • on the prevalence of licentiousness among savages, i. [96], ii. [358];
  • on infanticide, i. [134], ii. [363];
  • on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, i. [181];
  • on traces of the custom of the forcible capture of wives, i. [182], ii. [365];
  • on polyandry, ii. [365].
• McNeill, Mr., on the use of the antlers of deer, ii. [252];
  • on the Scotch deerhound, ii. [261];
  • on the long hairs of the throat of the stag, ii. [268];
  • on the bellowing of stags, ii. [274].
• Macrorhinus proboscideus, structure of the nose of, ii. [278].
• Magpie, power of speech of, i. [59];
  • stealing bright objects, ii. [112];
  • nuptial assemblies of, ii. [102];
  • new mates found by, ii. [103];
  • young of the, ii. [209];
  • coloration of the, ii. [230].
• Magpies, vocal organs of the, ii. [55].
• Maillard, M., on the proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from Bourbon, i. [310].
• Maine, Mr., on the absorption of one tribe by another, i. [159];
  • on the want of a desire for improvement, i. [166].
• Makalolo, perforation of the upper lip by the, ii. [341].
• Malar bone, abnormal division of, in man, i. [124].
• Malay, Archipelago, marriage-customs of the savages of the, ii. [373].
• Malays, line of separation between the Papuans and the, i. [218];
  • general beardlessness of the, ii. [321];
  • staining of the teeth among, ii. [339];
  • aversion of some, to hairs on the face, ii. [349].
• Malays and Papuans, contrasted characters of, i. [216].
• Male animals, struggles of, for the possession of the females, i. [259], [260];
  • eagerness of, in courtship, i. [272], [273];
  • generally more modified than female, i. [272], [275];
  • differ in the same way from females and young, i. [285].
• Male characters, developed in females, i. [280];
  • transfer of, to female birds, ii. [193].
• Male, sedentary, of a hymenopterous parasite, i. [272].
• Malefactors, i. [172].
• Males, presence of rudimentary female organs in, i. [208].
• Males and females, comparative mortality of, while young, i. [264], [276];
  • comparative numbers of, i. [261], [263].
• Malherbe, on the woodpeckers, ii. [174].
• Malthus, T., on the rate of increase of population, i. [131], [132], [134].
• Maluridæ, nidification of the, ii. [169].
• Malurus, young of, ii. [216].
• Mammæ, i. [254];
  • rudimentary, in male mammals, i. [17], [30], [208], [209], [210];
  • supernumerary, in women, i. [125];
  • of male human subject, i. [130].
• Mammalia, Prof. Owen’s classification of, i. [187];
  • genealogy of the, i. [203].
• Mammals, secondary sexual characters of, ii. [239];
  • weapons of, ii. [241];
  • recent and tertiary, comparison of cranial capacity of, i. [146];
  • relative size of the sexes of, ii. [260];
  • pursuit of female, by the males, i. [272];
  • parallelism of, with birds in secondary sexual characters, ii. [297];
  • voices of, used especially during the breeding season, ii. [331].
• Man, variability of, i. [108];
  • erroneously regarded as more domesticated than other animals, i. [111];
  • definitive origin of, i. [235];
  • migrations of, i. [135];
  • wide distribution of, i. [137];
  • causes of the nakedness of, i. [149];
  • supposed physical inferiority of, i. [156];
  • numerical proportions of the sexes in, i. [264];
  • a member of the Catarrhine group, i. [198];
  • early progenitors of, i. [206];
  • secondary sexual characters of, ii. [316];
  • primeval condition of, ii. [367].
• Mandans, correlation of colour and texture of hair in the, i. [248].
• Mandible, left, enlarged in the male of Taphroderes distortus, i. [344].
• Mandibles, use of the, in Ammophila, i. [342];
  • large, of Corydalis cornutus, i. [342];
  • large, of male Lucanus elaphus, i. [342].
• Mandrill, number of caudal vertebræ in the, i. [150];
  • colours of the male, ii. [292], [296], [310].
• Mantegazza, Prof., on the ornaments of savages, ii. [338] et seqq.;
  • on the beardlessness of the New Zealanders, ii. [349];
  • on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. [351].
• Mantell, W., on the engrossment of pretty girls by the New Zealand chiefs, ii. [369].
• Mantis, pugnacity of species of, i. [360].
• Marcus Aurelius, on the origin of the moral sense, i. [71];
  • on the influence of habitual thoughts, i. [101].
• Mareca penelope, ii. [114].
• Marks, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. [131].
• Marriage, influence of, upon morals, i. [96];
  • restraints upon, among savages, i. [133];
  • influence of, on mortality, i. [175];
  • development of, ii. [361].
• Marriages, communal, ii. [358], [360];
  • early, i. [174], [175].
• Marshall, Mr., on the brain of a Bushwoman, i. [216].
• Marsupials, i. [202];
  • possession of nipples by, i. [209];
  • their origin from Monotremata, i. [213];
  • uterus of, i. [122];
  • development of the nictitating membrane in, i. [23];
  • abdominal sacks of, i. [254];
  • relative size of the sexes of, ii. [260];
  • colours of, ii. [286].
• Marsupium, rudimentary, in male marsupials, i. [208].
• Martin, W. C. L., on alarm manifested by an orang at the sight of a turtle, i. [43];
  • on the hair in Hylobates, i. [194];
  • on a female American deer, ii. [258];
  • on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. [277];
  • on Semnopithecus nemæus, ii. [312].
• Martin, on the beards of the inhabitants of St. Kilda, ii. [321].
• Martins deserting their young, i. [84].
• Martins, C., on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, i. [28].
• Mastoid processes in man and apes, i. [143].
• Maudsley, Dr., on the influence of the sense of smell in man, i. [24];
  • on Laura Bridgman, i. [58];
  • on the development of the vocal organs, i. [59].
• Mayers, W. F., on the domestication of the goldfish in China, ii. [17].
• Mayhew, E., on the affection between individuals of different sexes in the dog, ii. [270].
• Maynard, C. J., on the sexes of Chrysemys picta, ii. [28].
• Meckel, on correlated variation of the muscles of the arm and leg, i. [130].
• Medicines, effect produced by, the same in man and in monkeys, i. [12].
• Medusæ, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Megalithic structures, prevalence of, i. [233].
• Megalophrys montana, sexual differences in, ii. [26], [27].
• Megapicus validus, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [174].
• Megasoma, large size of males of, i. [347].
• Meigs, Dr. A., on variation in the skulls of the natives of America, i. [108].
• Meinecke, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in butterflies, i. [309].
• Meliphagidæ, Australian, nidification of, ii. [169].
• Melita, secondary sexual characters of, i. [331].
• Meloë, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [367].
• Memory, manifestations of, in animals, i. [45].
• Memnon, young, i. [217].
• Mental characters, difference of, in different races of men, i. [216].
• Mental faculties, variation of, in the same species, i. [36], [110];
  • diversity of, in the same race of men, i. [109];
  • inheritance of, i. [110];
  • similarity of the, in different races of man, i. [232];
  • of birds, ii. [108].
• Mental powers, difference of, in the two sexes in man, ii. [326].
• Menura Alberti, ii. [102];
  • song of, ii. [55].
• Menura superba, ii. [101], [102];
  • long tails of both sexes of, ii. [164].
• Merganser, trachea of the male, ii. [60].
• Mergus cucullatus, speculum of, i. [291].
• Mergus merganser, young of, ii. [189].
• Merganser serrator, male plumage of, ii. [85].
• Metallura, splendid tail-feathers of, ii. [152].
• Methoca ichneumonides, large male of, i. [347].
• Meves, M., on the drumming of the snipe, ii. [63].
• Mexicans, civilisation of the, not foreign, i. [183].
• Meyer, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, i. [30].
• Meyer, Dr. A., on the copulation of phryganidæ of distinct species, i. [342].
• Migrations of man, effects of, i. [135].
• Migratory instinct of birds, i. [79];
  • vanquishing the maternal, i. [83], [90].
• Mill, J. S., on the origin of the moral sense, i. [71];
  • on the “greatest happiness principle,” i. [97];
  • on the difference of the mental powers in the sexes of man, ii. [328].
• Millipedes, i. [339].
• Milne-Edwards, H., on the use of the enlarged chela of the male Gelasimus, i. [331].
• Milvago leucurus, sexes and young of, ii. [205].
• Mimickry, i. [411].
• Mimus polyglottus, ii. [109].
• Mind, difference of, in man and the highest animals, i. [104];
  • similarity of the, in different races, i. [232].
• Minnow, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [308], [309].
• Minnows, spawning habits of, ii. [15].
• Mirror, larks attracted by, ii. [112].
• Mivart, St. George, on the reduction of organs, i. [18];
  • on the ears of the lemuroidea, i. [23];
  • on variability of the muscles in lemuroidea, i. [128], [136];
  • on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. [150];
  • on the classification of the primates, i. [196];
  • on the orang and on man, i. [197];
  • on differences in the lemuroidea, i. [198];
  • on the crest of the male newt, ii. [24].
• Mocking-thrush, partial migration of, ii. [109];
  • young of the, ii. [219].
• Modifications, unserviceable, i. [153].
• Moles, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [305];
  • battles of male, ii. [239].
• Mollienesia petenensis, sexual difference in, ii. [9].
• Mollusca, beautiful colours and shapes of, i. [326];
  • absence of secondary sexual characters in the, i. [324].
• Molluscoida, i. [205], [324].
• Monacanthus scopas and M. Peronii, sexual differences in, ii. [12].
• Mongolians, perfection of the senses in, i. [119].
• Monkey, protecting his keeper from a baboon, i. [78], [87];
  • bonnet-, i. [192];
  • rhesus, sexual difference in colour of the, ii. [293], [310];
  • moustache-, colours of the, ii. [291].
• Monkeys, liability of, to the same diseases as man, i. [11];
  • male, recognition of women by, i. [13];
  • revenge taken by, i. [40];
  • maternal affection in, i. [40];
  • variability of the faculty of attention in, i. [44];
  • using stones and sticks, i. [51];
  • imitative faculties of, i. [56];
  • signal-cries of, i. [57];
  • sentinels posted by, i. [74];
  • diversity of the mental faculties in, i. [110];
  • mutual kindnesses of, i. [75];
  • hands of the, i. [139], [140];
  • breaking hard fruits with stones, i. [140];
  • basal caudal vertebræ of, imbedded in the body, i. [151];
  • human characters of, i. [191];
  • gradation of species of, i. [227];
  • beards of, ii. [283];
  • ornamental characters of, ii. [306];
  • analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, ii. [318];
  • different degrees of difference in the sexes of, ii. [323];
  • expression of emotions by, ii. [336];
  • generally monogamous habits of, ii. [361];
  • polygamous habits of some, ii. [362];
  • naked surfaces of, ii. [376];
  • American, manifestation of reason in, i. [47];
  • American, direction of the hair on the arms of some, i. [192].
• Monogamy, not primitive, i. [182].
• Monogenists, i. [228].
• Mononychus pseudacori, stridulation of, i. [382].
• Monotremata, i. [202];
  • development of the nictitating membrane in, i. [23];
  • lactiferous glands of, i. [209];
  • connecting mammals with reptiles, i. [213].
• Monstrosities, analogous, in man and lower animals, i. [113];
  • caused by arrest of development, i. [121];
  • correlation of, i. [130];
  • transmission of, i. [224].
• Montagu, G., on the habits of the black and red grouse, i. [269];
  • on the pugnacity of the ruff, ii. [41];
  • on the singing of birds, ii. [52];
  • on the double moult of the male pintail, ii. [84].
• Monteiro, Mr., on Bucorax abyssinicus, ii. [72].
• Montes de Oca, M., on the pugnacity of male Humming-birds, ii. [40].
• Monticola cyanea, ii. [172].
• Monuments, as traces of extinct tribes, i. [237].
• Moose, battles of, ii. [240];
  • horns of the, an incumbrance, ii. [259].
• Moral and instinctive impulses, alliance of, i. [88].
• Moral faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, i. [158].
• Moral rules, distinction between the higher and lower, i. [100].
• Moral sense, origin of the, i. [102];
  • so-called, derived from the social instincts, i. [97], [98].
• Moral tendencies, inheritance of, i. [102].
• Morality, supposed to be founded in selfishness, i. [97];
  • test of, the general welfare of the community, i. [98];
  • gradual rise of, i. [103];
  • influence of a high standard of, i. [166].
• Morgan, L. H., on the Beaver, i. [37];
  • on the reasoning powers of the Beaver, i. [46];
  • on the forcible capture of wives, i. [182];
  • on the castoreum of the beaver, ii. [279];
  • marriage unknown in primeval times, ii. [359];
  • on Polyandry, ii. [365].
• Morris, F. O., on hawks feeding an orphan nestling, ii. [107].
• Mortality, comparative, of females and males, i. [264], [276], [302].
• Morton, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Moschus moschiferus, odoriferous organs of, ii. [280].
• Motacillæ, Indian, young of, ii. [190].
• Moths, i. [394];
  • absence of mouth in some male, i. [254];
  • apterous female, i. [255];
  • male, prehensile use of the tarsi by, i. [256];
  • male, attracted by females, i. [311];
  • coloration of, i. [397];
  • sexual differences of colour in, i. [398].
• Motmot, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. [73].
• Moult, double, ii. [181];
  • double annual, in birds, ii. [80].
• Moulting of birds, ii. [214].
• Moults, partial, ii. [83].
• Moustache-monkey, colours of the, ii. [291], [311].
• Moustaches, in monkeys, i. [192].
• Mud-turtle, long claws of the male, ii. [28].
• Mulattoes, persistent fertility of, i. [221];
  • immunity of, from yellow fever, i. [243].
• Mule, sterility and strong vitality of the, i. [221].
• Mules, rational, i. [48].
• Müller, Ferd., on the Mexicans and Peruvians, i. [183].
• Müller, Fritz, on astomatous males of Tanais, i. [255];
  • on the disappearance of spots and stripes in adult mammals, ii. [305];
  • on the proportions of the sexes in some crustacea, i. [315];
  • on secondary sexual characters in various crustaceans, i. [328] et seqq.;
  • on the luminous larva of a beetle, i. [345];
  • musical contest between male Cicadæ, i. [351];
  • on the sexual maturity of young amphipod crustacea, ii. [215].
• Müller, J., on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, i. [23].
• Müller, Max, on the origin of language, i. [56];
  • struggle for life among the words, &c., of languages, i. [60].
• Müller, S., on the Banteng, ii. [290];
  • on the colours of Semnopithecus chrysomelas, ii. [291].
• Muntjac-deer, weapons of the, ii. [257].
• Murie, J., on the reduction of organs, i. [18];
  • on the ears of the Lemuroidea, i. [23];
  • on variability of the muscles in the Lemuroidea, i. [128], [136];
  • basal caudal vertebræ of Macacus inornatus imbedded in the body, i. [151];
  • on differences in the Lemuroidea, i. [198];
  • on the throat-pouch of the male Bustard, ii. [58];
  • on the mane of Otaria jubata, ii. [267];
  • on the suborbital pits of Ruminants, ii. [280];
  • on the colours of the sexes in Otaria nigrescens, ii. [287].
• Murray, A., on the Pediculi of different races of men, i. [219].
• Murray, T. A., on the fertility of Australian women with white men, i. [220].
• Mus coninga, i. [50].
• Mus minutus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [286].
• Musca vomitoria, i. [145].
• Muscicapa grisola, ii. [170].
• Muscicapa luctuosa, ii. [170].
• Muscicapa ruticilla, breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Muscle, ischio-pubic, i. [127].
• Muscles, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, i. [19];
  • variability of the, i. [109];
  • effects of use and disuse upon, i. [116];
  • animal-like abnormalities of, in man, i. [127];
  • correlated variation of, in the arm and leg, i. [130];
  • variability of, in the hands and feet, i. [136];
  • of the jaws, influence of, on the physiognomy of the Apes, i. [144];
  • habitual spasms of, causing modifications of the facial bones, i. [147];
  • of the early progenitors of man, i. [206];
  • greater variability of the, in men than in women, i. [275].
• Musculus sternalis, Prof. Turner on the, i. [19].
• Music, i. [232];
  • of birds, ii. [51];
  • discordant, love of savages for, ii. [67];
  • different appreciation of, by different peoples, ii. [333];
  • origin of, ii. [333], [337];
  • effects of, ii. [335].
• Musical cadences, perception of, by animals, ii. [333];
  • powers of man, ii. [330] et seqq.
• Musk-deer, canine teeth of male, ii. [241], [256], [257];
  • male, odoriferous organs of the, ii. [280];
  • winter change of the, ii. [299].
• Musk-duck, Australian, ii. [38];
  • large size of male, ii. [43];
  • of Guiana, pugnacity of the male, ii. [43].
• Musk-ox, horns of, ii. [247].
• Musk-rat, protective resemblance of the, to a clod of earth, ii. [298].
• Musophagæ, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171];
  • both sexes of, equally brilliant, ii. [177].
• Mussels opened by monkeys, i. [140].
• Mustela, winter change of two species of, ii. [298].
• Mutilations, healing of, i. [13].
• Mutilla europæa, stridulation of, i. [366].
• Mutillidæ, absence of ocelli in female, i. [341].
• Mycetes caraya, polygamous, i. [266];
  • vocal organs of, ii. [277];
  • beard of, ii. [283];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290];
  • voice of, ii. [332].
• Mycetes seniculus, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290].
• Myriapoda, i. [339].
• 
  N.
• Nägeli, on the influence of natural selection on plants, i. [152];
  • on the gradation of species of plants, i. [227].
• Nails, coloured yellow or purple in part of Africa, ii. [339].
• Naples, greater proportion of female illegitimate children in, i. [301].
• Narwhal, tusks of the, ii. [242], [248].
• Nasal cavities, large size of, in American aborigines, i. [119].
• Nascent organs, i. [18].
• Nathusius, H. von, on the improved breeds of pigs, i. [230];
  • on the breeding of domestic animals, ii. [370].
• Natural selection, its effects on the early progenitors of man, i. [136];
  • influence of, on man, i. [151], [154];
  • limitation of the principle, i. [152];
  • influence of, on social animals, i. [155];
  • Mr. Wallace on the limitation of, by the influence of the mental faculties in man, i. [158];
  • influence of, in the progress of the United States, i. [179].
• Natural and sexual selection contrasted, i. [278].
• Naulette, jaw from, large size of the canines in, i. [126].
• Neanderthal skull, capacity of the, i. [146].
• Neck, proportion of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [117].
• Necrophorus, stridulation of, i. [378], [382].
• Nectarinia, young of, ii. [190].
• Nectariniæ, nidification of, ii. [169];
  • moulting of the, ii. [83].
• Negro, resemblance of a, to Europeans, in mental characters, i. [232].
• Negro-women, their kindness to Mungo Park, i. [95].
• Negroes, character of, i. [216];
  • lice of, i. [220];
  • blackness of, i. [224], ii. [381];
  • variability of, i. [225], [226];
  • immunity of, from yellow fever, i. [243];
  • difference of, from Americans, i. [247];
  • disfigurements of the, ii. [296];
  • colour of newborn children of, ii. [318];
  • comparative beardlessness of, ii. [321];
  • readily become musicians, ii. [334];
  • appreciation of beauty of their women by, ii. [344], [346];
  • idea of beauty among, ii. [350];
  • compression of the nose by some, ii. [352].
• Neolithic period, i. [183].
• Neomorpha, sexual difference of the beak in, ii. [39].
• Nephila, i. [337].
• Nests, made by fishes, ii. [19];
  • decoration of, by Humming-birds, ii. [112].
• Neumeister, on a change of colour in pigeons after several moultings, i. [294].
• Neuration, difference of, in the two sexes of some butterflies and hymenoptera, i. [345].
• Neuroptera, i. [314], [361].
• Neurothemis, dimorphism in, i. [363].
• New Zealand, expectation by the natives of, of their extinction, i. [240];
  • practice of tattooing in, ii. [342];
  • aversion of natives of, to hairs on the face, ii. [349];
  • pretty girls engrossed by the chiefs in, ii. [369].
• Newton, A., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, ii. [58];
  • on the difference between the females of two species of Oxynotus, ii. [193];
  • on the habits of the phalarope, dotterel, and godwit, ii. [204].
• Newts, ii. [24].
• Nicholson, Dr., on the non-immunity of dark Europeans from yellow fever, i. [245].
• Nictitating membrane, i. [23], [207].
• Nidification, of fishes, ii. [19];
  • relation of, to colour, ii. [167], [172];
  • of British birds, ii. [169].
• Night-heron, cries of the, ii. [51].
• Nightingale, arrival of the male before the female, i. [259];
  • object of the song of the, ii. [52].
• Nightingales, new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Nightjar, selection of a mate by the female, ii. [116];
  • Australian, sexes of, ii. [206];
  • coloration of the, ii. [226].
• Nightjars, noise made by some male, with their wings, ii. [62];
  • elongated feathers in, ii. [73], [97].
• Nilghau, sexual differences of colour in the, ii. [287].
• Nilsson, Prof., on the resemblance of stone arrow-heads from various places, i. [233];
  • on the development of the horns in the reindeer, i. [288].
• Nipples, absence of, in Monotremata, i. [209].
• Nitzsch, C. L., on the down of birds, ii. [80].
• Noctuæ, brightly-coloured beneath, i. [397].
• Noctuidæ, coloration of, i. [394].
• Nordmann, A., on Tetrao urogalloides, ii. [100].
• Nomadic habits, unfavourable to human progress, i. [167].
• Norway, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Nose, resemblance of, in man and the apes, i. [192];
  • piercing and ornamentation of the, ii. [341];
  • flattening of the, ii. [352];
  • very flat, not admired in negroes, ii. [350].
• Nott and Gliddon, on the features of Rameses II., i. [217];
  • on the features of Amunoph III., i. [218];
  • on skulls from Brazilian caves, i. [218];
  • on the immunity of negroes and mulattoes from yellow fever, i. [243];
  • on the deformation of the skull among American tribes, ii. [352].
• Nudibranch mollusca, bright colours of, i. [326].
• Numerals, Roman, i. [182].
• Nunemaya, natives of, bearded, ii. [322], [349].
• 
  O.
• Obedience, value of, i. [162].
• Observation, powers of, possessed by birds, ii. [109].
• Occupations, sometimes a cause of diminished stature, i. [115];
  • effect of, upon the proportions of the body, i. [116].
• Ocelli, absence of, in female Mutillidæ, i. [341].
• Ocelli of birds, formation and variability of the, ii. [132].
• Ocelot, sexual differences in the colouring of the, ii. [287].
• Ocyphaps lophotes, ii. [96].
• Odonata, i. [314].
• Odonestis potatoria, sexual difference of colour in, i. [398].
• Odour, correlation of, with colour of skin, i. [248];
  • emitted by snakes in the breeding-season, ii. [30];
  • of mammals, ii. [278].
• Œcanthus nivalis, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [361].
• Oidemia, ii. [226], [227].
• Olivier, on sounds produced by Pimelia striata, i. [385].
• Omaloplia brunnea, stridulation of, i. [381].
• Onitis furcifer, processes of anterior femora of the male, and on the head and thorax of the female, i. [372].
• Onthophagus, i. [370].
• Onthophagus rangifer, sexual differences of, i. [369];
  • variation in the horns of the male, i. [370].
• Ophidia, sexual differences of, ii. [29].
• Opossum, wide range of, in America, i. [219].
• Optic nerve, atrophy of the, caused by destruction of the eye, i. [116].
• Orang-Outan, ii. [323];
  • Bischoff on the agreement of the brain of the, with that of man, i. [11];
  • adult age of the, i. [13];
  • ears of the, i. [21];
  • vermiform appendage of, i. [27];
  • platforms built by the, i. [36];
  • alarmed at the sight of a turtle, i. [43];
  • using a stick as a lever, i. [51];
  • using missiles, i. [52];
  • using the leaves of the Pandanus as a night covering, i. [53];
  • hands of the, i. [139];
  • absence of mastoid processes in the, i. [143];
  • direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. [192];
  • its aberrant characters, i. [197];
  • supposed evolution of the, i. [230];
  • voice of the, ii. [276];
  • monogamous habits of the, ii. [361];
  • male, beard of the, ii. [284].
• Oranges, treatment of, by monkeys, i. [139].
• Orange-tip butterfly, i. [388], [393], [394].
• Orchestia Darwinii, dimorphism of males of, i. [332].
• Orchestia Tucuratinga, limbs of, i. [330], [331], [337].
• Ordeal, i. [68].
• Oreas canna, colours of, ii. [288].
• Oreas Derbyanus, colours of, ii. [288], [299].
• Organs, prehensile, i. [256];
  • utilised for new purposes, ii. [335].
• Organic scale, von Baer’s definition of progress in, i. [211].
• Orioles, nidification of, ii. [167].
• Oriolus, species of, breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214], [215].
• Oriolus melanocephalus, coloration of the sexes in, ii. [178].
• Ornaments, prevalence of similar, i. [233];
  • fondness of savages for, ii. [338];
  • of male birds, ii. [50].
• Ornamental characters, equal transmission of, to both sexes, in mammals, ii. [297];
  • of monkeys, ii. [306].
• Ornithoptera crœsus, i. [310].
• Ornithorhynchus, i. [200];
  • spur of the male, ii. [242];
  • reptilian tendency of, i. [204].
• Orocetes erythrogastra, young of, ii. [219].
• Orrony, Grotto of, i. [28].
• Orsodacna atra, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [368].
• Orthoptera, i. [352];
  • metamorphosis of, i. [292];
  • stridulating, auditory apparatus of, i. [353];
  • colours of, i. [360];
  • rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. [359];
  • stridulation of the, and Homoptera, discussed, i. [360].
• Ortygornis gularis, pugnacity of the male, ii. [44].
• Oryctes, stridulation of, i. [381];
  • sexual differences in the stridulant organs of, i. [383].
• Oryx leucoryx, use of the horns of, ii. [251], [263].
• Osphranter rufus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [286].
• Ostrich, African, sexes and incubation of the, ii. [205].
• Ostriches, stripes of young, ii. [184].
• Otaria jubata, mane of the male, ii. [267].
• Otaria nigrescens, difference in the coloration of the sexes of, ii. [287].
• Otis bengalensis, love-antics of the male, ii. [68].
• Otis tarda, polygamous, i. [269];
  • throat-pouch of the male, ii. [58].
• Ouzel, ring-, colours and nidification of the, ii. [179].
• Ouzel, water-, colours and nidification of the, ii. [170].
• Ovibos moschatus, horns of, ii. [247].
• Ovipositor of insects, i. [254].
• Ovis cycloceros, mode of fighting of, ii. [249].
• Ovule of man, i. [14].
• Owen, Prof., on the Corpora Wolffiana, i. [16];
  • on the great toe in man, i. [16];
  • on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, i. [23];
  • on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, i. [26];
  • on the length of the cæcum in the Koala, i. [27];
  • on the coccygeal vertebræ, i. [29];
  • on rudimentary structures belonging to the reproductive system, i. [31];
  • on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. [123];
  • on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, i. [125];
  • on the canine teeth in man, i. [126];
  • on the walking of the chimpanzee and orang, i. [139];
  • on the mastoid processes in the higher apes, i. [143];
  • on the hairiness of elephants in elevated districts, i. [149];
  • on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. [150];
  • classification of mammalia, i. [187];
  • on the hair in monkeys, i. [194];
  • on the piscine affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, i. [204];
  • on polygamy and monogamy among the antelopes, i. [267];
  • on the horns of Antilocapra americana, i. [289];
  • on the musky odour of crocodiles during the breeding season, ii. [29];
  • on the scent-glands of snakes, ii. [30];
  • on the Dugong, Cachalot and Ornithorhynchus, ii. [242];
  • on the antlers of the red deer, ii. [252];
  • on the dentition of the camelidæ, ii. [257];
  • on the tusks of the Mammoth, ii. [258];
  • on the horns of the Irish elk, ii. [259];
  • on the voice in the giraffe, porcupine, and stag, ii. [274];
  • on the laryngeal sac of the gorilla and orang, ii. [276];
  • on the odoriferous glands of mammals, ii. [279], [280];
  • on the effects of emasculation on the vocal organs of men, ii. [330];
  • on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. [332];
  • on American monogamous monkeys, ii. [362].
• Owls, white, new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Oxynotus, difference of the females of two species of, ii. [193].
• 
  P.
• Pachydermata, i. [268].
• Paget, on the abnormal development of hairs in man, i. [25];
  • on the thickness of the skin on the soles of the feet of infants, i. [118].
• Painting, i. [232].
• Palæmon, chelæ of a species of, i. [331].
• Palæornis, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [231].
• Palæornis Javanicus, colour of beak of, ii. [179].
• Palæornis rosa, young of, ii. [188].
• Palamedea cornuta, spurs on the wings, ii. [47].
• Paleolithic period, i. [183].
• Palestine, habits of the chaffinch in, i. [307].
• Pallas, on the perfection of the senses in the Mongolians, i. [119];
  • on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. [241];
  • on the polygamous habits of Antilope Saiga, i. [267];
  • on the lighter colour of horses and cattle in winter in Siberia, i. [282];
  • on the tusks of the musk-deer, ii. [256], [258];
  • on the odoriferous glands of mammals, ii. [279];
  • on the odoriferous glands of the musk-deer, ii. [280];
  • on winter changes of colour in mammals, ii. [298];
  • on the ideal of female beauty in North China, ii. [344].
• Palmaris accessorius muscle, variations of the, i. [109].
• Pampas, horses of the, i. [236].
• Pangenesis, hypothesis of, i. [280], [284].
• Panniculus carnosus, i. [19].
• Papilio, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. [389];
  • proportion of the sexes in North American species of, i. [309];
  • coloration of the wings in species of, i. [396].
• Papilio ascanius, i. [389].
• Papilio Sesostris and Childrenæ, variability of, i. [402].
• Papilio Turnus, i. [310].
• Papilionidæ, variability in the, i. [402].
• Papuans, line of separation between the, and the Malays, i. [218];
  • beards of the, ii. [322];
  • hair of, ii. [340].
• Papuans and Malays, contrast in characters of, i. [216].
• Paradise, Birds of, ii. [100], [181];
  • supposed by Lesson to be polygamous, i. [260];
  • rattling of their quills by, ii. [61];
  • racket-shaped feathers in, ii. [73];
  • sexual differences in colour of, ii. [76];
  • decomposed feathers in, ii. [74], [97];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [88].
• Paradisea apoda, barbless feathers in the tail of, ii. [74];
  • plumage of, ii. [78];
  • and P. papuana, divergence of the females of, ii. [192].
• Paradisea rubra, ii. [75], [78].
• Paraguay, Indians of, eradication of eyebrows and eyelashes by, ii. [348].
• Parrakeet, Australian, variation in the colour of the thighs of a male, ii. [126].
• Parallelism of development of species and languages, i. [59].
• Parasites on man and animals, i. [12];
  • as evidence of specific identity or distinctness, i. [219];
  • immunity from, correlated with colour, i. [242].
• Parental affection, partly a result of natural selection, i. [81].
• Parents, age of, influence upon sex of offspring, i. [302].
• Parinæ, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [174].
• Park, Mungo, negro-women teaching their children to love the truth, i. [95];
  • his treatment by the negro-women, i. [95], [326];
  • on negro opinions of the appearance of white men, ii. [346].
• Parrot, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. [73];
  • instance of benevolence in a, ii. [109].
• Parrots, imitative faculties of, i. [44];
  • change of colour in, i. [152];
  • living in triplets, ii. [106];
  • affection of, ii. [108];
  • colours of, ii. [223];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [231];
  • colours and nidification of the, ii. [171], [174], [176];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188];
  • musical powers of, ii. [335].
• Parthenogenesis in the Tenthredinæ, i. [314];
  • in Cynipidæ, i. [314];
  • in crustacea, i. [315].
• Partridge, monogamous, i. [269];
  • proportion of the sexes in the, i. [306];
  • female, ii. [194].
• “Partridge-dances,” ii. [68].
• Partridges, living in triplets, ii. [106];
  • spring coveys of male, ii. [107];
  • distinguishing persons, ii. [110].
• Parus cæruleus, ii. [174].
• Passer, sexes and young of, ii. [212].
• Passer brachydactylus, ii. [212].
• Passer domesticus, ii. [170], [212].
• Passer montanus, ii. [170], [212].
• Patagonians, self-sacrifice by, i. [88].
• Patterson, Mr., on the AGRIONIDÆ, i. [362].
• Paulistas of Brazil, i. [225].
• Pavo cristatus, i. [290]; ii. [136].
• Pavo muticus, i. [290], ii. [136];
  • possession of spurs by the female, ii. [46], [162].
• Pavo nigripennis, ii. [120].
• Payaguas Indians, thin legs and thick arms of the, i. [117].
• Payan, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, i. [305].
• Peacock, polygamous, i. [269];
  • sexual characters of, i. [290];
  • pugnacity of the, ii. [46];
  • rattling of the quills by, ii. [61];
  • elongated tail-coverts of the, ii. [72], [97];
  • love of display of the, ii. [68], [87], [135];
  • ocellated spots of the, ii. [135];
  • inconvenience of long tail of the, to the female, ii. [154], [164], [165];
  • continued increase of beauty of the, ii. [216].
• Peacock-butterfly, i. [392].
• Peafowl, preference of females for a particular male, ii. [120];
  • first advances made by the female, ii. [120].
• Pediculi of domestic animals and man, i. [219].
• Pedigree of man, i. [213].
• Pedionomus torquatus, sexes of, ii. [201].
• Peewit, wing-tubercles of the male, ii. [48].
• Pelagic animals, transparency of, i. [323].
• Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, horny crest on the beak of the male, during the breeding season, ii. [80].
• Pelecanus onocrotalus, spring plumage of, ii. [85].
• Pelelé, ii. [341].
• Pelican, blind, fed by his companions, i. [77];
  • young, guided by old birds, i. [77];
  • pugnacity of the male, ii. [43].
• Pelicans, fishing in concert, i. [75].
• Pelobius Hermanni, stridulation of, i. [380], [382].
• Pelvis, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. [143];
  • differences of the, in the sexes in man, ii. [317].
• Penelope nigra, sound produced by the male, ii. [64].
• Pennant, on the battles of seals, ii. [240];
  • on the bladder-nose seal, ii. [278].
• Penthe, antennal cushions of the male, i. [343].
• Perch, brightness of male, during breeding season, ii. [13].
• Peregrine Falcon, new mate found by, ii. [104].
• Period of variability, relation of, to sexual selection, i. [296].
• Periodicity, vital, Dr. Laycock on, i. [12].
• Periods, lunar, followed by functions in man and animals, i. [12], [212].
• Periods of life, inheritance at corresponding, i. [280], [285].
• Perisoreus canadensis, young of, ii. [209].
• Peritrichia, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [367].
• Periwinkle, i. [324].
• Pernis cristata, ii. [126].
• Perseverance, a characteristic of man, ii. [328].
• Persians, said to be improved by intermixture with Georgians and Circassians, ii. [357].
• Personnat, M., on Bombyx Yamamai, i. [310].
• Peruvians, civilisation of the, not foreign, i. [183].
• Petrels, colours of, ii. [230].
• Petrocincla cyanea, young of, ii. [219].
• Petronia, ii. [212].
• Pfeiffer, Ida, on Javanese ideas of beauty, ii. [347].
• Phacochœrus æthiopicus, tusks and pads of, ii. [265].
• Phalanger, Vulpine, black varieties of the, ii. [294].
• Phalaropus fulicarius, ii. [203].
• Phalaropus hyperboreus, ii. [203].
• Phanæus, i. [373].
• Phanæus carnifex, variation of the horns of the male, i. [370].
• Phanæus faunus, sexual differences of, i. [369].
• Phanæus lancifer, i. [370].
• Phasgonura viridissima, stridulation of, i. [354], [356].
• Phasianus Sœmmerringii, ii. [157].
• Phasianus versicolor, ii. [89].
• Phasianus Wallichii, ii. [93], [196].
• Phasmidæ, mimickry of leaves by the, i. [414].
• Pheasant, polygamous, i. [269];
  • production of hybrids with the common fowl, ii. [122];
  • and black grouse, hybrids of, ii. [113];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188].
• Pheasant, Argus, ii. [72], [181];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [91];
  • ocellated spots of the, ii. [134], [141];
  • gradation of characters in the, ii. [141].
• Pheasant, Blood-, ii. [46].
• Pheasant, Cheer, ii. [93], [195].
• Pheasant, Eared, i. [290], ii. [93], [195];
  • sexes alike in the, ii. [178];
  • length of the tail in the, ii. [166].
• Pheasant, Golden, display of plumage by the male, ii. [89];
  • sex of young, ascertained by pulling out head-feathers, ii. [214];
  • age of mature plumage in the, ii. [213].
• Pheasant, Kalij, drumming of the male, ii. [62].
• Pheasant, Reeve’s, length of the tail in, ii. [166].
• Pheasant, Silver, sexual coloration of the, ii. [228];
  • triumphant male, deposed on account of spoiled plumage, ii. [120].
• Pheasant, Sœmmerring’s, ii. [156], [166].
• Pheasant, Tragopan, ii. [72];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [91];
  • markings of the sexes of the, ii. [134].
• Pheasants, period of acquisition of male characters in the family of the, i. [290];
  • proportion of sexes in chicks of, i. [306];
  • length of the tail in, ii. [156], [164], [166].
• Philodromus, i. [337].
• Philters, worn by women, ii. [344].
• Phoca grœnlandica, sexual difference in the coloration of, ii. [287].
• Phœnicura ruticilla, ii. [105].
• Phosphorescence of insects, i. [345].
• Phryganidæ, copulation of distinct species of, i. [342].
• Phryniscus nigricans, ii. [25].
• Physical inferiority, supposed, of man, i. [156].
• Pickering, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Picton, J. A., on the soul of man, ii. [395].
• Picus auratus, ii. [43].
• Pieridæ, mimickry by female, i. [413].
• Pieris, i. [393].
• Pigeon, carrier, late development of the wattle in, i. [293];
  • domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of, ii. [178];
  • pouter, late development of the crop in, i. [293];
  • female, deserting a weakened mate, i. [262].
• Pigeons, nestling, fed by the secretion of the crop of both parents, i. [210];
  • changes of plumage in, i. [281];
  • transmission of sexual peculiarities in, i. [283];
  • changing colour after several moultings, i. [294];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [306];
  • cooing of, ii. [60];
  • variations in plumage of, ii. [74];
  • display of plumage by male, ii. [96];
  • local memory of, ii. [109];
  • antipathy of female, to certain males, ii. [118];
  • pairing of, ii. [118], [119];
  • profligate male and female, ii. [119];
  • wing-bars and tail-feathers of, ii. [131];
  • supposititious breed of, ii. [155];
  • pouter and carrier, peculiarities of predominant in males, ii. [158];
  • nidification of, ii. [168];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188];
  • Australian, ii. [175];
  • Belgian, with black-streaked males, i. [285], [293]; ii. [157].
• Pigs, origin of the improved breeds of, i. [230];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [305];
  • stripes of young, ii. [184], [303];
  • sexual preference shown by, ii. [273].
• Pike, American, brilliant colours of the male, during the breeding season, ii. [14].
• Pike, male, devoured by females, i. [308].
• Pike, L. O., on the psychical elements of religion, i. [68].
• Pimelia striata, sounds produced by the female, i. [385].
• Pintail Drake, plumage of, ii. [84];
  • pairing with a wild duck, ii. [115].
• Pintail Duck, pairing with a Wigeon, ii. [114].
• Pipe-fish, filamentous, ii. [18];
  • marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. [21].
• Pipits, moulting of the, ii. [83].
• Pipra, modified secondary wing-feathers of male, ii. [65].
• Pipra deliciosa, ii. [65], [66].
• Pirates stridulus, stridulation of, i. [350].
• Pithecia leucocephala, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290].
• Pithecia Satanas, beard of, ii. [283], [284], [285];
  • resemblance of, to a negro, ii. [381].
• Pits, suborbital, of Ruminants, ii. [280].
• Pittidæ, nidification of, ii. [167].
• Placentata, i. [202].
• Plagiostomous fishes, ii. [1].
• Plain-wanderer, Australian, ii. [201].
• Planariæ, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Plantain-eaters, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171];
  • both sexes of, equally brilliant, ii. [177].
• Plants, cultivated, more fertile than wild, i. [132];
  • Nägeli, on natural selection in, i. [152];
  • male flowers of, mature before the female, i. [260];
  • phenomena of fertilisation in, i. [273];
  • relation between number and size of seeds in, i. [317].
• Platalea, ii. [60];
  • change of plumage in, ii. [179].
• Platyblemnus, i. [361].
• Platycercus, young of, ii. [209].
• Platyphyllum concavum, i. [352], [356].
• Platyrrhine monkeys, i. [196].
• Platysma myoides, i. [19].
• Plecostomus, head-tentacles of the male of a species of, ii. [10].
• Plecostomus barbatus, peculiar beard of the male, ii. [10].
• Plectropterus gambensis, spurred wings of, ii. [46].
• Ploceus, ii. [54].
• Plovers, wing-spurs of, ii. [48];
  • double moult in, ii. [83].
• Plumage, changes of, inheritance of, by fowls, i. [281];
  • tendency to analogous variation in, ii. [74];
  • display of, by male birds, ii. [86], [96];
  • changes of, in relation to season, ii. [180];
  • immature, of birds, ii. [183], [187];
  • colour of, in relation to protection, ii. [223].
• Plumes on the head in birds, difference of, in the sexes, ii. [164].
• Pneumora, structure of, i. [357].
• Podica, sexual difference in the colour of the irides of, ii. [128].
• Poeppig, on the contact of civilised and savage races, i. [239].
• Poison, avoidance of, by animals, i. [49].
• Poisonous fruits and herbs avoided by animals, i. [36].
• Poisons, immunity from, correlated with colour, i. [242].
• Polish fowls, origin of the crest in, i. [284].
• Pollen and van Dam, on the colours of Lemur macaco, ii. [290].
• Polyandry, ii. [365];
  • in certain cyprinidæ, i. [309];
  • among the elateridæ, i. [313].
• Polydactylism in man, i. [125].
• Polygamy, influence of, upon sexual selection, i. [265];
  • superinduced by domestication, i. [270];
  • supposed increase of female births by, i. [303];
  • in the stickleback, ii. [2].
• Polygenists, i. [228].
• Polynesia, prevalence of infanticide in, ii. [364].
• Polynesians, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. [349];
  • wide geographical range of, i. [112];
  • difference of stature among the, i. [115];
  • crosses of, i. [225];
  • variability of, i. [225];
  • heterogeneity of the, i. [241].
• Polyplectron, display of plumage by the male, i. [89];
  • number of spurs in, ii. [46];
  • gradation of characters in, ii. [137];
  • female of, ii. [194].
• Polyplectron chinquis, ii. [90], [138], [139].
• Polyplectron Hardwickii, ii. [138], [139].
• Polyplectron malaccense, ii. [139], [140].
• Polyplectron Napoleonis, ii. [138], [140].
• Polyzoa, i. [324].
• Pontoporeia affinis, i. [329].
• Porcupine, mute, except in the rutting season, ii. [274].
• Pores, excretory, numerical relation of, to the hairs in sheep, i. [248].
• Porpitæ, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Portax picta, dorsal crest and throat-tuft of, ii. [282];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [287], [299].
• Portunus puber, pugnacity of, i. [332].
• Potamochoerus penicillatus, tusks and facial knobs of the, ii. [266].
• Pouchet, G., on the ratio of instinct and intelligence, i. [37];
  • on the instincts of ants, i. [187];
  • on the caves of Abou-Simbel, i. [217];
  • on the immunity of negroes from yellow fever, i. [243].
• Pouter pigeon, late development of the large crop in, i. [293].
• Power, Dr., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, i. [335].
• Powys, Mr., on the habits of the chaffinch in Corfu, i. [307].
• Pre-eminence of man, i. [137].
• Preference for males by female birds, ii. [113], [122];
  • shown by mammals, in pairing, ii. [268].
• Prehensile organs, i. [256].
• Presbytis entellus, fighting of the male, ii. [324].
• Preyer, Dr., on supernumerary mammæ in women, i. [125].
• Prichard, on the difference of stature among the Polynesians, i. [115];
  • on the connection between the breadth of the skull in the Mongolians and the perfection of their senses, i. [119];
  • on the capacity of British skulls of different ages, i. [146];
  • on the flattened heads of the Colombian savages, ii. [340];
  • on Siamese notions of beauty, ii. [345];
  • on the beardlessness of the Siamese, ii. [349];
  • on the deformation of the head among American tribes and the natives of Arakhan, ii. [352].
• Primary sexual organs, i. [254].
• Primates, i. [190];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290].
• Primogeniture, evils of, i. [170].
• Primula, relation between number and size of seeds in, i. [317].
• Prionidæ, difference of the sexes in colour, i. [367].
• Proctotretus multimaculatus, ii. [26], [37].
• Proctotretus tenuis, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [37].
• Profligacy, i. [173].
• Progenitors, early, of man, i. [206].
• Progress, not the normal rule in human society, i. [166];
  • elements of, i. [177].
• Prong-horn, horns of, i. [289].
• Proportions, difference of, in distinct races, i. [216].
• Protective colouring in butterflies, i. [392];
  • in lizards, ii. [37];
  • in birds, ii. [197], [223];
  • in mammals, ii. [298], [299].
• Protective nature of the dull colouring of female Lepidoptera, i. [403], [405], [414].
• Protective resemblances in fishes, ii. [18].
• Protozoa, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [321].
• Pruner-Bey, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [29];
  • on the colour of negro infants, ii. [318].
• Prussia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Psocus, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Ptarmigan, monogamous, i. [269];
  • summer and winter plumage of the, ii. [81], [83];
  • nuptial assemblages of, ii. [101];
  • triple moult of the, ii. [181];
  • protective coloration of, ii. [198].
• Puff-birds, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171].
• Pugnacity of fine-plumaged male birds, ii. [93].
• Pumas, stripes of young, ii. [183].
• Puppies learning from cats to clean their faces, i. [44].
• Pycnonotus hæmorrhous, pugnacity of the male, ii. [41];
  • display of under tail coverts by the male, ii. [96].
• Pyranga æstiva, male aiding in incubation, ii. [167].
• Pyrodes, difference of the sexes in colour, i. [367].
• 
  Q.
• Quadrumana, hands of, i. [139];
  • differences between man and the, i. [190];
  • dependence of, on climate, i. [218];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290];
  • ornamental characters of, ii. [306];
  • analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, ii. [318];
  • fighting of males for the females, ii. [324];
  • monogamous habits of, ii. [361];
  • beards of the, ii. [378].
• Quain, R., on the variation of the muscles in man, i. [109].
• Quatrefages, A. de, on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, i. [29];
  • on the moral sense as a distinction between man and animals, i. [70];
  • on variability, i. [112];
  • on the fertility of Australian women with white men, i. [221];
  • on the Paulistas of Brazil, i. [225];
  • on the evolution of the breeds of cattle, i. [230];
  • on the Jews, i. [242];
  • on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. [243];
  • on the difference between field- and house-slaves, i. [246];
  • on the influence of climate on colour, i. [246];
  • on the Ainos, ii. [321];
  • on the women of San-Giuliano, ii. [357].
• Quechua Indians, i. [119];
  • local variation of colour in the, i. [246];
  • no grey hair among the, ii. [320];
  • hairlessness of the, ii. [322];
  • long hair of the, ii. [348].
• Querquedula acuta, ii. [114].
• Quiscalus major, proportions of the sexes of, in Florida and Honduras, i. [307].
• 
  R.
• Rabbit, white tail of the, ii. [298].
• Rabbits, danger-signals of, i. [74];
  • domestic, elongation of the skull in, i. [147];
  • modification of the skull in, by the lopping of the ear, i. [147];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [305].
• Races, distinctive characters of, i. [215];
  • or species of man, i. [217];
  • crossed, fertility or sterility of, i. [220];
  • of man, variability of the, i. [225];
  • of man, resemblance of, in mental characters, i. [232];
  • formation of, i. [235];
  • of man, extinction of, i. [236];
  • effects of the crossing of, i. [240];
  • of man, formation of the, i. [240];
  • of man, children of the, ii. [318];
  • beardless, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. [349].
• Raffles, Sir S., on the Banteng, ii. [290].
• Rafts, use of, i. [137], [234].
• Rage, manifested by animals, i. [40].
• Raia batis, teeth of, ii. [6].
• Raia clavata, female spined on the back, ii. [2];
  • sexual difference in the teeth of, ii. [6].
• Raia maculata, teeth of, ii. [6].
• Rails, spur-winged, ii. [48].
• Ram, mode of fighting of the, ii. [249];
  • African, mane of an, ii. [284];
  • fat-tailed, ii. [284].
• Rameses II., i. [217].
• Ramsay, Mr., on the Australian Musk-duck, ii. [38];
  • on the Regent-bird, ii. [113];
  • on the incubation of Menura superba, ii. [165].
• Rana esculenta, vocal sacs of, ii. [28].
• Rat, common, general dispersion of, a consequence of superior cunning, i. [50];
  • supplantation of the native, in New Zealand, by the European rat, i. [240];
  • common, said to be polygamous, i. [268];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [305].
• Rats, enticed by essential oils, ii. [281].
• Rationality of birds, ii. [108].
• Rattle-snakes, difference of the sexes in the, ii. [29];
• said to use their rattles as a sexual call, ii. [30].
• Raven, vocal organs of the, ii. [55];
  • stealing bright objects, ii. [112];
  • pied, of the Feroe Islands, ii. [120].
• Rays, prehensile organs of male, ii. [1].
• Razor-bill, young of the, ii. [217].
• Reade, Winwood, on the Guinea sheep, i. [289];
  • non-development of horns in castrated male Guinea sheep, ii. [247];
  • on the occurrence of a mane in an African ram, ii. [285];
  • on the negroes’ appreciation of the beauty of their women, ii. [344];
  • on the admiration of negroes for a black skin, ii. [346];
  • on the idea of beauty among negroes, ii. [350];
  • on the Jollofs, ii. [357];
  • on the marriage-customs of the negroes, ii. [374].
• Reason, in animals, i. [46].
• Redstart, American, breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Redstarts, new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Reduvidæ, stridulation of, i. [350].
• Reed-bunting, head-feathers of the male, ii. [95];
  • attacked by a bullfinch, ii. [111].
• Reefs, fishes frequenting, ii. [17].
• Regeneration, partial, of lost parts in man, i. [13].
• Regent-bird, ii. [112].
• Reindeer, antlers of, with numerous points, ii. [252];
  • sexual preferences shown by, ii. [273];
  • horns of the, i. [288];
  • winter change of the, ii. [299];
  • battles of, ii. [240];
  • horns of the female, ii. [243].
• Relationship, terms of, ii. [360].
• Religion, deficiency of, among certain races, i. [65];
  • psychical elements of, i. [68].
• Remorse, i. [91];
  • deficiency of, among savages, i. [164].
• Rengger, on the diseases of Cebus Azaræ, i. [11];
  • on maternal affection in a Cebus, i. [40];
  • revenge taken by monkeys, i. [40];
  • on the reasoning powers of American monkeys, i. [47];
  • on the use of stones by monkeys for cracking hard nuts, i. [51];
  • on the sounds uttered by Cebus Azaræ, i. [54];
  • on the signal-cries of monkeys, i. [57];
  • on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, i. [110];
  • on the Payaguas Indians, i. [117];
  • on the inferiority of Europeans to savages in their senses, i. [118];
  • on the polygamous habits of Mycetes caraya, i. [266];
  • on the voice of the howling monkeys, ii. [277];
  • on the odour of Cervus campestris, ii. [279];
  • on the beards of Mycetes caraya and Pithecia Satanas, ii. [283];
  • on the colours of Felis mitis, ii. [287];
  • on the colours of Cervus paludosus, ii. [290];
  • on sexual differences of colour in Mycetes, ii. [291];
  • on the colour of the infant Guaranys, ii. [318];
  • on the early maturity of the female of Cebus azaræ, ii. [318];
  • on the beards of the Guaranys, ii. [322], [323];
  • on the emotional notes employed by monkeys, ii. [336];
  • on American polygamous monkeys, ii. [362].
• Representative species, of birds, ii. [190], [191].
• Reproduction, unity of phenomena of, throughout the mammalia, i. [13];
  • period of, in birds, ii. [214].
• Reproductive system, rudimentary structures in the, i. [30];
  • accessory parts of, i. [207].
• Reptiles, ii. [28].
• Reptiles and birds, alliance of, i. [213].
• Resemblances, small, between man and the apes, i. [191].
• Retrievers, exercise of reasoning faculties by, i. [48].
• Revenge, manifested by animals, i. [40].
• Reversion, i. [122];
  • perhaps the cause of some bad dispositions, i. [173].
• Rhagium, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [367].
• Ramphastos carinatus, ii. [227].
• Rhinoceros, nakedness of, i. [148];
  • horns of, ii. [247];
  • horns of, used defensively, ii. [263];
  • attacking white or grey horses, ii. [295].
• Rhynchæa, sexes and young of, ii. [202].
• Rhynchæa australis, ii. [203].
• Rhynchæa bengalensis, ii. [203].
• Rhynchæa capensis, ii. [202].
• Rhythm, perception of, by animals, ii. [333].
• Richard, M., on rudimentary muscles in man, i. [19].
• Richardson, Sir J., on the pairing of Tetrao umbellus, ii. [49];
  • on Tetrao urophasianus, ii. [58];
  • on the drumming of grouse, ii. [63];
  • on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, ii. [69];
  • on assemblages of grouse, ii. [101];
  • on the battles of male deer, ii. [240];
  • on the reindeer, ii. [244];
  • on the horns of the musk-ox, ii. [247];
  • on antlers of the reindeer with numerous points, ii. [252];
  • on the moose, ii. [259].
• Richardson, on the Scotch deerhound, ii. [261].
• Richter, Jean Paul, on imagination, i. [45].
• Riedel, on profligate female pigeons, ii. [119].
• Ring-ouzel, colours and nidification of the, ii. [170].
• Ripa, Father, on the difficulty of distinguishing the races of the Chinese, i. [215].
• Rivalry, in singing, between male birds, ii. [53].
• River-hog, African, tusks and knobs of the, ii. [266].
• Rivers, analogy of, to islands, i. [204].
• Roach, brightness of male during breeding-season, ii. [13].
• Robbery, of strangers, considered honourable, i. [94].
• Robertson, Mr., remarks on the development of the horns in the roebuck and red-deer, i. [288].
• Robin, pugnacity of the male, ii. [40];
  • autumn song of the, ii. [54];
  • female, singing of the, ii. [54];
  • attacking other birds with red in their plumage, ii. [111];
  • young of the, ii. [208].
• Robinet, on the difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the silk-moth, i. [346].
• Rodents, uterus in the, i. [123];
  • absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [268];
  • sexual differences in the colours of, ii. [286].
• Roe, winter change of the, ii. [299].
• Rolle, F., on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on a change in German families settled in Georgia, i. [246].
• Roller, ii. [56].
• Romans, ancient, gladiatorial exhibitions of the, i. [101].
• Rook, voice of the, ii. [61].
• Rössler, Dr., on the resemblance of the lower surface of butterflies to the bark of trees, i. [392].
• Rostrum, sexual difference in the length of, in some weevils, i. [255].
• Rudimentary organs, i. [17];
  • origin of, i. [32].
• Rudiments, presence of, in languages, i. [60].
• Rudolph, on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. [241].
• Ruff, supposed to be polygamous, i. [270];
  • proportion of the sexes in the, i. [306];
  • pugnacity of the, ii. [41], [48];
  • double moult in, ii. [81], [84];
  • duration of dances of, ii. [100];
  • attraction of the, to bright objects, ii. [111].
• Ruminants, male, disappearance of canine teeth in, i. [144], ii. [325];
  • generally polygamous, i. [266];
  • analogy of Lamellicorn beetles to, i. [373];
  • suborbital pits of, ii. [280];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [287].
• Rupicola crocea, display of plumage by the male, ii. [87].
• Rüppell, on canine teeth in deer and antelopes, ii. [258].
• Russia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Ruticilla, ii. [180].
• Rütimeyer, Prof., on the physiognomy of the apes, i. [149];
  • on the sexual differences of monkeys, ii. [323].
• Rutlandshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• 
  S.
• Sachs, Prof., on the behaviour of the male and female elements in fertilisation, i. [274].
• Sacrifices, Human, i. [182].
• Sagittal crest in male apes and Australians, ii. [319].
• Sahara, birds of the, ii. [172];
  • animal inhabitants of the, ii. [224].
• Sailors, growth of, delayed by conditions of life, i. [114];
  • long-sighted, i. [118].
• Sailors and soldiers, difference in the proportions of, i. [116].
• St. John, Mr., on the attachment of mated birds, ii. [108].
• St. Kilda, beards of the inhabitants of, ii. [321].
• Salmo eriox, and S. umbla, colouring of the male, during the breeding season, ii. [14].
• Salmo lycaodon, ii. [4].
• Salmo salar, ii. [4].
• Salmon, leaping out of fresh water, i. [83];
  • male, ready to breed before the female, i. [260];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [308];
  • male, pugnacity of the, ii. [3];
  • male, characters of, during the breeding season, ii. [3], [14];
  • spawning of the, ii. [19];
  • breeding of immature male, ii. [215].
• Salvin, O., on the Humming-birds, i. [269], ii. [168];
  • on the numerical proportion of the sexes in Humming-birds, i. [307], ii. [221];
  • on Chamæpetes and Penelope, ii. [64];
  • on Selasphorus platycercus, ii. [65];
  • on Pipra deliciosa, ii. [66];
  • on Chasmorhynchus, ii. [79].
• Samoa Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, ii. [322], [349].
• Sand-skipper, i. [334].
• Sandwich Islands, variation in the skulls of the natives of the, i. [108];
• superiority of the nobles in the, ii. [356].
• Sandwich Islanders, lice of, i. [219].
• San-Giuliano, women of, ii. [357].
• Santali, recent rapid increase of the, i. [133];
  • Mr. Hunter on the, i. [241].
• Saphirina, characters of the males of, i. [335].
• Sarkidiornis melanonotus, characters of the young, ii. [185].
• Sars, O., on Pontoporeia offinis, i. [329].
• Saturnia carpini, attraction of males by the female, i. [311].
• Saturnia Io, difference of coloration in the sexes of, i. [398].
• Saturniidæ, coloration of the, i. [396], [398].
• Savage, Dr., on the fighting of the male gorillas, ii. [324];
  • on the habits of the gorilla, ii. [363].
• Savage and Wyman, on the polygamous habits of the gorilla, i. [266].
• Savages, imitative faculties of, i. [57], [161];
  • causes of low morality of, i. [97];
  • uniformity of, exaggerated, i. [111];
  • long-sighted, i. [118];
  • rate of increase among, usually small, i. [132];
  • retention of the prehensile power of the feet by, i. [142];
  • tribes of, supplanting one another, i. [160];
  • improvements in the arts among, i. [182];
  • arts of, i. [234];
  • fondness of, for rough music, ii. [67];
  • attention paid by, to personal appearance, ii. [338];
  • relation of the sexes among, ii. [363].
• Saw-fly, pugnacity of a male, i. [364].
• Saw-flies, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Saxicola rubicola, young of, ii. [220].
• Scalp, motion of the, i. [20].
• Scent-glands in snakes, ii. [30].
• Schaaffhausen, Prof., on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, i. [26];
  • on the jaw from La Naulette, i. [126];
  • on the correlation between muscularity and prominent supra-orbital ridges, i. [130];
  • on the mastoid processes of man, i. [143];
  • on modifications of the cranial bones, i. [147];
  • on human sacrifices, i. [182];
  • on the probable speedy extermination of the anthropomorphous apes, i. [201];
  • on the ancient inhabitants of Europe, i. [237];
  • on the effects of use and disuse of parts, i. [247];
  • on the superciliary ridge in man, ii. [316];
  • on the absence of race-differences in the infant skull in man, ii. [318];
  • on ugliness, ii. [354].
• Schaum, H., on the elytra of Dytiscus and Hydroporus, i. [343].
• Schelver, on dragon-flies, i. [363].
• Schiodte, on the stridulation of Heterocerus, i. [379].
• Schlegel, F. von, on the complexity of the languages of uncivilised peoples, i. [61].
• Schlegel, Prof., on Tanysiptera, ii. [190].
• Schleicher, Prof., on the origin of language, i. [56].
• Schleiden, Prof., on the rattle-snake, ii. [30].
• Schomburgk, Sir R., on the pugnacity of the male musk-duck of Guiana, ii. [43];
  • on the courtship of Rupicola crocea, ii. [87].
• Schoolcraft, Mr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, i. [138].
• Sclater, P. L., on modified secondary wing-feathers in the males of Pipra, ii. [65];
  • on elongated feathers in nightjars, ii. [73];
  • on the species of Chasmorhynchus, ii. [79];
  • on the plumage of Pelecanus onocrotalus, ii. [85];
  • on the plantain-eaters, ii. [177];
  • on the sexes and young of Tadorna variegata, ii. [206];
  • on the colours of Lemur macaco, ii. [290];
  • on the stripes in asses, ii. [305].
• Scolecida, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [321].
• Scolopax frenata, tail-feathers of, ii. [64].
• Scolopax gallinago, drumming of, ii. [63].
• Scolopax javensis, tail-feathers of, ii. [64].
• Scolopax major, assemblies of, ii. [101].
• Scolopax Wilsonii, sound produced by, ii. [64].
• Scolytus, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Scoter-duck, black, sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. [226];
  • bright beak of male, ii. [227].
• Scott, J., on the colour of the beard in man, ii. [319].
• Scrope, on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. [3];
  • on the battles of stags, ii. [240].
• Scudder, S. H., imitation of the stridulation of the Orthoptera, i. [353];
  • on the stridulation of the ACRIDIIDÆ, i. [356];
  • on a Devonian insect, i. [360];
  • on stridulation, ii. [331].
• Sculpture, expression of the ideal of beauty by, ii. [350].
• Sea-anemonies, bright colours of, i. [322].
• Sea-bear, polygamous, i. [268].
• Sea-elephant, male, structure of the nose of the, ii. [278];
  • polygamous, i. [268].
• Sea-lion, polygamous, i. [268].
• Seal, bladder-nose, ii. [278].
• Seals, their sentinels generally females, i. [74];
  • evidence furnished by, on classification, i. [190];
  • sexual differences in the coloration of, ii. [287];
  • appreciation of music by, ii. [333];
  • battles of male, ii. [240];
  • canine teeth of male, ii. [241];
  • polygamous habits of, i. [268];
  • pairing of, ii. [269];
  • sexual peculiarities of, ii. [277].
• Sea-scorpion, sexual differences in, ii. [9].
• Season, changes of colour in birds, in accordance with the, ii. [80];
  • changes of plumage of birds in relation to, ii. [180].
• Seasons, inheritance at corresponding, i. [282].
• Sebituani, ii. [340].
• Sebright Bantam, i. [294].
• Secondary sexual characters, i. [253];
  • relations of polygamy to, i. [266];
  • gradation of, in birds, ii. [135];
  • transmitted through both sexes, i. [279].
• Sedgwick, W., on hereditary tendency to produce twins, i. [133].
• Seemann, Dr., on the different appreciation of music by different peoples, ii. [334];
  • on the effects of music, ii. [335].
• Selasphorus platycercus, acuminate first primary of the male, ii. [65].
• Selby, P. J., on the habits of the black and red grouse, i. [269].
• Selection, double, i. [276].
• Selection of male by female birds, ii. [99], [122].
• Selection, methodical, of Prussian grenadiers, i. [112].
• Selection, sexual, influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. [403];
  • explanation of, i. [256], [260], [271].
• Selection, sexual and natural, contrasted, i. [278].
• Self-command, habit of, inherited, i. [92];
  • estimation of, i. [95].
• Self-consciousness, i. [62].
• Self-preservation, instinct of, i. [89].
• Self-sacrifice, by savages, i. [88];
  • estimation of, i. [95].
• Semilunar fold, i. [23].
• Semnopithecus, i. [197];
  • long hair on the heads of species of, i. [192]; ii. [380].
• Semnopithecus chrysomelas, sexual differences of colour in ii. [291].
• Semnopithecus comatus, ornamental hair on the head of, ii. [307].
• Semnopithecus frontatus, beard, &c., of, ii. [308].
• Semnopithecus nasica, nose of, i. [192].
• Semnopithecus nemæus, colouring of, ii. [310].
• Semnopithecus rubicundus, ornamental hair on the head of, ii. [306].
• Senses, inferiority of Europeans to savages in the, i. [118].
• Sentinels, i. [74], [82].
• Serpents, instinctively dreaded by apes and monkeys, i. [37], [42].
• Serranus, hermaphroditism in, i. [208].
• Sex, inheritance limited by, i. [282].
• Sexes, relative proportions of, in man, i. [300], ii. [320];
  • probable relation of the, in primeval man, ii. [362].
• Sexual characters, secondary, i. [253];
  • relations of polygamy to, i. [266];
  • transmitted through both sexes, i. [279]; gradation of, in birds, ii. [135].
• Sexual and natural selection, contrasted, i. [278].
• Sexual characters, effects of the loss of, i. [284];
  • limitation of, i. [284].
• Sexual differences in man, i. [14].
• Sexual selection, explanation of, i. [256], [260], [271];
  • influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. [403];
  • action of, in mankind, ii. [368].
• Sexual similarity, i. [277].
• Sharks, prehensile organs of male, ii. [1].
• Sharpe, R. B., on Tanysiptera sylvia, ii. [165];
  • on Ceryle, ii. [173];
  • on the young male of Dacelo Gaudichaudi, ii. [188].
• Shaw, Mr., on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. [3].
• Shaw, J., on the decorations of birds, ii. [71].
• Sheep, danger-signals of, i. [74];
  • sexual differences in the horns of, i. [283];
  • horns of, i. [289], ii. [246], [259];
  • domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. [293];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [304];
  • mode of fighting of, ii. [249];
  • arched foreheads of some, ii. [284].
• Sheep, Merino, loss of horns in females of, i. [284];
  • horns of, i. [289].
• Shells, difference in form of, in male and female Gasteropoda, i. [324];
  • beautiful colours and shapes of, i. [326].
• Shield-drake, pairing with a common duck, ii. [114];
  • New Zealand, sexes and young of, ii. [206].
• Shooter, J., on the Kafirs, ii. [347];
  • on the marriage-customs of the Kafirs, ii. [373].
• Shrew-mice, odour of, ii. [279].
• Shrike, Drongo, ii. [179].
• Shrikes, characters of young, ii. [185].
• Shuckard, W. E., on sexual differences in the wings of Hymenoptera, i. [345].
• Shyness of adorned male birds, ii. [97].
• Siagonium, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314];
  • dimorphism in males of, i. [374].
• Siam, proportion of male and female births in, i. [303].
• Siamese, general beardlessness of the, ii. [321];
  • notions of beauty of the, ii. [345];
  • hairy family of, ii. [378].
• Siebold, C. T. von, on the auditory apparatus of the stridulant orthoptera, i. [353].
• Sight, inheritance of long and short, i. [118].
• Signal-cries of monkeys, i. [57].
• Silk-moth, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the, i. [346];
  • pairing of the, i. [401];
  • male, fertilising two or three females, i. [406];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [309], [311];
  • Ailanthus, Prof. Canestrini, on the destruction of its larvæ by wasps, i. [311].
• Simiadæ, i. [195];
  • their origin and divisions, i. [213].
• Similarity, sexual, i. [277].
• Singing of the Cicadæ and Fulgoridæ, i. [351];
  • of tree-frogs, ii. [27];
  • of birds, object of the, ii. [52].
• Sirenia, nakedness of, i. [148].
• Sirex juvencus, i. [365].
• Siricidæ, difference of the sexes in, i. [365].
• Siskin, ii. [85];
  • pairing with a canary, ii. [115].
• Sitana, throat-pouch of the males of, ii. [33], [36].
• Size, relative, of the sexes of insects, i. [345].
• Skin, movement of the, i. [19];
  • nakedness of, in man, i. [148];
  • colour of the, i. [241].
• Skin and hair, correlation of colour of, i. [248].
• Skull, variation of, in man, i. [108];
  • cubic contents of, no absolute test of intellect, i. [145];
  • Neanderthal, capacity of the, i. [146];
  • causes of modification of the, i. [147];
  • difference of, in form and capacity, in different races of men, i. [216];
  • variability of the shape of the, i. [226];
  • differences of, in the sexes in man, ii. [317];
  • artificial modifications of the shape of, ii. [340].
• Skunk, odour emitted by the, ii. [279].
• Slavery, prevalence of, i. [94];
  • of women, ii. [366].
• Slaves, difference between those of field and house, i. [246].
• Smell, sense of, in man and animals, i. [23].
• Smith, Adam, on the basis of sympathy, i. [82].
• Smith, Sir A., on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, i. [13];
  • on an instance of memory in a baboon, i. [45];
  • on the retention of their colour by the Dutch in South Africa, i. [242];
  • on the polygamy of the South African antelopes, i. [267];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in Kobus ellipsiprymnus, i. [305];
  • on Bucephalus capensis, ii. [29];
  • on South African lizards, ii. [37];
  • on fighting gnus, ii. [240];
  • on the horns of rhinoceroses, ii. [248];
  • on the fighting of lions, ii. [266];
  • on the colours of the Cape Eland, ii. [288];
  • on the colours of the gnu, ii. [289];
  • on Hottentot notions of beauty, ii. [345].
• Smith, F., on the Cynipidæ and Tenthredinidæ, i. [314];
  • on the relative size of the sexes of Aculeate Hymenoptera, i. [347];
  • on the difference between the sexes of ants and bees, i. [365];
  • on the stridulation of Trox sabulosus, i. [380];
  • on the stridulation of Mononychus pseudacori, i. [382].
• Smynthurus luteus, courtship of, i. [348].
• Snakes, sexual differences of, ii. [29];
  • male, ardency of, ii. [30].
• “Snarling muscles,” i. [127].
• Snipe, drumming of the, ii. [63];
  • coloration of the, ii. [226].
• Snipe, painted, sexes and young of, ii. [202].
• Snipe, solitary, assemblies of, ii. [101].
• Snipes, arrival of male before the female, i. [260];
  • pugnacity of male, ii. [43];
  • double moult in, ii. [80].
• Snow-goose, whiteness of the, ii. [228].
• Social animals, affection of, for each other, i. [76];
  • defence of, by the males, i. [83].
• Sociability, the sense of duty connected with, i. [71];
  • impulse to, in animals, i. [79], [80];
  • manifestations of, in man, i. [84];
  • instinct of, in animals, i. [86].
• Sociality, probable, of primeval men, i. [155];
  • influence of, on the development of the intellectual faculties, i. [160];
  • origin of, in man, i. [161].
• Soldiers, American, measurements of, i. [114].
• Soldiers and sailors, difference in the proportions of, i. [116].
• Solenostoma, bright colours and marsupial sack of the females of, ii. [22].
• Song of male birds appreciated by their females, i. [63];
  • want of, in brilliant plumaged birds, ii. [94];
  • of birds, ii. [163].
• Sorex, odour of, ii. [279].
• Sounds admired alike by man and animals, i. [64];
  • produced by fishes, ii. [23];
  • produced by male frogs and toads, ii. [27];
  • instrumentally produced by birds, ii. [63] et seqq.
• Spain, decadence of, i. [178].
• Sparassus smaragdulus, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [337], [338].
• Sparrow, pugnacity of the male, ii. [40];
  • acquisition of the Linnet’s song by a, ii. [55];
  • coloration of the, ii. [198];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188].
• Sparrow, white-crowned, young of the, ii. [217].
• Sparrows, house- and tree-, ii. [170].
• Sparrows, new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Sparrows, sexes and young of, ii. [212];
  • learning to sing, ii. [334].
• Spathura Underwoodi, ii. [77].
• Spawning of fishes, ii. [15], [19].
• Spear, origin of the, i. [234].
• Species, causes of the advancement of, i. [172];
  • distinctive characters of, i. [214];
  • or races of man, i. [217];
  • sterility and fertility of, when crossed, i. [122];
  • supposed, of man, i. [226];
  • gradation of, i. [227];
  • difficulty of defining, i. [228];
  • representative, of birds, ii. [190], [191];
  • of birds, comparative differences between the sexes of distinct, ii. [192].
• Spectre-insects, mimickry of leaves by, i. [414].
• Spectrum femoratum, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [361].
• Speech, connection between the brain and the faculty of, i. [58].
• “Spel” of the black-cock, ii. [60].
• Spencer, Herbert, on the dawn of intelligence, i. [37];
  • on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. [66];
  • on the origin of the moral sense, i. [101];
  • on the influence of food on the size of the jaws, i. [118];
  • on the ratio between individuation and genesis, i. [318];
  • on music, ii. [336].
• Sperm-whales, battles of male, ii. [240].
• Sphingidæ, coloration of the, i. [396].
• Sphinx, Humming-bird, i. [399].
• Sphinx, Mr. Bates on the caterpillar of a, i. [416].
• Spiders, i. [337];
  • male, more active than female, i. [272];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [314];
  • male, small size of, i. [338].
• Spilosoma menthrasti, rejected by turkeys, i. [398].
• Spine, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. [143].
• Spirits, fondness of monkeys for, i. [12].
• Spiritual agencies, belief in, almost universal, i. [65].
• Spoonbill, ii. [60];
  • Chinese, change of plumage in, ii. [179].
• Spots, retained throughout groups of birds, i. [131];
  • disappearance of, in adult mammals, ii. [303].
• Sprengel, C. K., on the sexuality of plants, i. [260].
• Spring-boc, horns of the, ii. [251].
• Sproat, Mr., on the extinction of savages in Vancouver Island, i. [239];
  • on the eradication of facial hair by the natives of Vancouver Island, ii. [348];
  • on the eradication of the beard by the Indians of Vancouver Island, ii. [380].
• Spurs, occurrence of, in female fowls, i. [280], [284];
  • development of, in various species of Phasianidæ, i. [290];
  • of Gallinaceous birds, ii. [44], [46];
  • development of, in female Gallinaceæ, ii. [162].
• Squilla, different colours of the sexes of a species of, i. [335].
• Squirrels, battles of male, ii. [239];
  • African, sexual differences in the colouring of, ii. [286];
  • black, ii. [294].
• Stag, long hairs of the throat of, ii. [268];
  • horns of the, i. [279], [282];
  • battles of, ii. [240];
  • horns of the, with numerous branches, ii. [252];
  • bellowing of the, ii. [274];
  • crest of the, ii. [282].
• Stag-beetle, large size of male, i. [347];
  • weapons of the male, i. [375];
  • numerical proportion of sexes of, i. [313].
• Stainton, H. T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, i. [310];
  • habits of Elachista rufocinerea, i. [311];
  • on the coloration of moths, i. [397];
  • on the rejection of Spilosoma menthrasti, by turkeys, i. [398];
  • on the sexes of Agrotis exclamationis, i. [399].
• Stallion, mane of the, ii. [268].
• Stallions, two, attacking a third, i. [75];
  • fighting, ii. [241];
  • small canine teeth of, ii. [258].
• Stansbury, Capt., observations on pelicans, i. [77].
• Staphylinidæ, hornlike processes in male, i. [374].
• Starfishes, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Stark, Dr., on the death-rate in towns and rural districts, i. [175];
  • on the influence of marriage on mortality, i. [176];
  • on the higher mortality of males in Scotland, i. [302].
• Starling, American field, pugnacity of male, ii. [51].
• Starling, red-winged, selection of a mate by the female, ii. [116].
• Starlings, three, frequenting the same nest, i. [269], ii. [106];
  • new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Statues, Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, &c., contrasted, ii. [350].
• Stature, dependence of, upon local influences, i. [114].
• Staudinger, Dr., his list of Lepidoptera, i. [312];
  • on breeding Lepidoptera, i. [311].
• Staunton, Sir G., hatred of indecency a modern virtue, i. [96].
• Stealing of bright objects by birds, ii. [112].
• Stebbing, T. R., on the nakedness of the human body, ii. [375].
• Stemmatopus, ii. [278].
• Stenobothrus pratorum, stridulating organs of, i. [357].
• Sterility, general, of sole daughters, i. [170];
  • when crossed, a distinctive character of species, i. [214].
• Sterna, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. [228].
• Stickle-back, polygamous, i. [271];
  • male, courtship of the, ii. [2];
  • male, brilliant colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. [14];
  • nidification of the, ii. [20].
• Sticks used as implements and weapons by monkeys, i. [51].
• Sting in bees, i. [254].
• Stokes, Capt., on the habits of the great Bower-bird, ii. [70].
• Stonechat, young of the, ii. [220].
• Stone implements, difficulty of making, i. [138];
• as traces of extinct tribes, i. [237].
• Stones, used by monkeys for breaking hard fruits and as missiles, i. [140];
  • piles of, i. [233].
• Stork, black, sexual differences in the bronchi of the, ii. [60];
  • red beak of the, ii. [227].
• Storks, ii. [226], [230];
  • sexual difference in the colour of the eyes of, ii. [128].
• Strange, Mr., on the Satin Bower-bird, ii. [69].
• Stretch, Mr., on the numerical proportion in the sexes of chickens, i. [306].
• Strepsiceros kudu, horns of, ii. [255];
  • markings of, ii. [300].
• Stridulation, by males of Theridion, i. [339];
  • of the Orthoptera and Homoptera discussed, i. [360];
  • of beetles, i. [378].
• Stripes, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. [131];
  • disappearance of, in adult mammals, ii. [303].
• Strix flammea, ii. [105].
• Structure, existence of unserviceable modifications of, i. [153].
• Struggle for existence, in man, i. [180], [185].
• Struthers, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [28].
• Sturnella ludoviciana, pugnacity of the male, ii. [51].
• Sturnus vulgaris, ii. [105].
• Sub-species, i. [227].
• Suffering, in strangers, indifference of savages to, i. [94].
• Suicide, i. [172];
  • formerly not regarded as a crime, i. [94];
  • rarely practised among the lowest savages, i. [94].
• Suidæ, stripes of young, ii. [184].
• Sumatra, compression of the nose by the Malays of, ii. [352].
• Sumner, Archb., man alone capable of progressive improvement, i. [49].
• Sun-birds, nidification of, ii. [169].
• Superstitions, i. [182];
  • prevalence of, i. [99].
• Superstitious customs, i. [68].
• Superciliary ridge in man, ii. [316], [318].
• Supernumerary digits, more frequent in men than in women, i. [276];
  • inheritance of, i. [285];
  • early development of, i. [292].
• Supra-condyloid foramen in the early progenitors of man, i. [206].
• Suspicion, prevalence of, among animals, i. [39].
• Sulivan, Sir B. J., on two stallions attacking a third, ii. [241].
• Swallow-tail Butterfly, i. [393].
• Swallows deserting their young, i. [84], [90].
• Swan, black, red beak of the, ii. [227];
  • black-necked, ii. [230];
  • white, young of, ii. [211];
  • wild, trachea of the, ii. [59].
• Swans, ii. [226], [230];
  • young, ii. [208].
• Swaysland, Mr., on the arrival of migratory birds, i. [259].
• Swinhoe, R., on the common rat in Formosa and China, i. [50];
  • on the sounds produced by the male Hoopoe, ii. [62];
  • on Dicrurus macrocercus and the Spoonbill, ii. [179];
  • on the young of Ardeola, ii. [190];
  • on the habits of Turnix, ii. [202];
  • on the habits of Rhynchæa bengalensis, ii. [203];
  • on Orioles breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214], [215].
• Sylvia atricapilla, young of, ii. [219].
• Sylvia cinerea, aerial love-dance of the male, ii. [68].
• Sympathy, i. [168];
  • among animals, i. [77];
  • its supposed basis, i. [82].
• Sympathies, gradual widening of, i. [100].
• Syngnathous fishes, abdominal pouch in male, i. [210].
• Sypheotides auritus, acuminated primaries of the male, ii. [64];
  • ear-tufts of, ii. [73].
• 
  T.
• Tabanidæ, habits of, i. [254].
• Tadorna variegata, sexes and young of, ii. [206].
• Tadorna vulpanser, ii. [114].
• Tahitians, i. [183];
  • compression of the nose by the, ii. [352].
• Tail, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, i. [29];
  • convoluted body in the extremity of the, i. [30];
  • absence of, in man and the higher apes, i. [150], [194];
  • variability of, in species of Macacus and in baboons, i. [150];
  • presence of, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206];
  • length of, in pheasants, ii. [156], [164], [166];
  • difference of length of the, in the two sexes of birds, ii. [164].
• Tait, Lawson, on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. [168].
• Tanager, scarlet, variation in the male, ii. [126].
• Tanagra æstiva, ii. [180];
  • age of mature plumage in, ii. [213].
• Tanagra rubra, ii. [126];
  • young of, ii. [220].
• Tanais, absence of mouth in the males of some species of, i. [255];
  • relations of the sexes in, i. [315];
  • dimorphic males of a species of, i. [328].
• Tankerville, Earl, on the battles of wild bulls, ii. [240].
• Tanysiptera, races of, determined from adult males, ii. [190].
• Tanysiptera sylvia, long tail-feathers of, ii. [165].
• Taphroderes distortus, enlarged left mandible of the male, i. [344].
• Tapirs, longitudinal stripes of young, ii. [184], [303].
• Tarsi, dilatation of front, in male beetles, i. [343].
• Tarsius, i. [200].
• Tasmania, half-castes killed by the natives of, i. [220].
• Tattooing, i. [232];
  • universality of, ii. [339].
• Taste, in the Quadrumana, ii. [296].
• Taylor, G. on Quiscalus major, i. [307].
• Tea, fondness of monkeys for, i. [12].
• Tear-sacks, of Ruminants, ii. [280].
• Teebay, Mr., on changes of plumage in spangled Hamburgh fowls, i. [281].
• Teeth, rudimentary incisor, in Ruminants, i. [17];
  • posterior molar, in man, i. [25];
  • wisdom, i. [26];
  • diversity of, i. [108];
  • canine, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206];
  • canine, of male mammals, ii. [241];
  • in man, reduced by correlation, ii. [325];
  • staining of the, ii. [339];
  • front, knocked out or filed by some savages, ii. [340].
• Tegetmeier, Mr., on the abundance of male pigeons, i. [306];
  • on the wattles of game-cocks, ii. [98];
  • on the courtship of fowls, ii. [117];
  • on dyed pigeons, ii. [118].
• Tembeta, ii. [341].
• Temper, in dogs and horses, inherited, i. [40].
• Tench, proportions of the sexes in the, i. [308], [309];
  • brightness of male, during breeding season, ii. [13].
• Tenebrionidæ, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Tennent, Sir J. E., on the tusks of the Ceylon Elephant, ii. [248], [258];
  • on the frequent absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, ii. [321];
  • on the Chinese opinion of the aspect of the Cingalese, ii. [345].
• Tennyson, A., on the control of thought, i. [101].
• Tenthredinidæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314];
  • fighting habits of male, i. [364];
  • difference of the sexes in, i. [365].
• Tephrodornis, young of, ii. [190].
• Terai, i. [237].
• Termites, habits of, i. [364].
• Terns, white, ii. [228];
  • and black, ii. [230].
• Terns, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. [228].
• Terror, common action of, upon the lower animals and man, i. [39].
• Testudo nigra, ii. [28].
• Tetrao cupido, battles of, ii. [50];
  • sexual difference in the vocal organs of, ii. [56].
• Tetrao phasianellus, dances of, ii. [68];
  • duration of dances of, ii. [100].
• Tetrao scoticus, ii. [170], [185], [194].
• Tetrao tetrix, ii. [170], [185], [194];
  • pugnacity of the male. ii. [45].
• Tetrao umbellus, pairing of, ii. [49];
  • battles of, ii. [50];
  • drumming of the male, ii. [61].
• Tetrao urogalloides, dances of, ii. [100].
• Tetrao urogallus, pugnacity of the male, ii. [45].
• Tetrao urophasianus, inflation of the œsophagus in the male, ii. [57].
• Thamnobia, young of, ii. [190].
• Thaumalea picta, display of plumage by the male, ii. [89].
• Thecla, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. [389].
• Thecla rubi, protective colouring of, i. [392].
• Theridion, i. [337];
  • stridulation of males of, i. [339].
• Theridion lineatum, variability of, i. [338].
• Thomisus citreus, and T. floricolens, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [337].
• Thompson, J. H., on the battles of sperm-whales, ii. [240].
• Thompson, W., on the colouring of the male char during the breeding season, ii. [14];
  • on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. [103];
  • on the finding of new mates by Peregrine falcons, ii. [104].
• Thorax, processes of, in male beetles, i. [370].
• Thorell, T., on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, i. [315].
• Thornback, difference in the teeth of the two sexes of the, ii. [6].
• Thoughts, control of, i. [101].
• Thrush, pairing with a blackbird, ii. [113];
  • colours and nidification of the, ii. [170].
• Thrushes, characters of young, ii. [185], [269].
• Thug, his regrets, i. [94].
• Thumb, absence of, in Ateles and Hylobates, i. [140].
• Thury, M., on the numerical proportion of male and female births among the Jews, i. [301].
• Thylacinus, possession of the marsupial sack by the male, i. [208].
• Thysanura, i. [348].
• Tibia, dilated, of the male Crabro cribrarius, i. [343].
• Tibia and femur, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, i. [119].
• Tierra del Fuego, marriage-customs of, ii. [373].
• Tiger, colours and markings of the, ii. [302].
• Tigers, depopulation of districts by, in India, i. [134].
• Tillus elongatus, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [368].
• Timidity, variability of, in the same species, i. [40].
• Tineina, proportion of the sexes in, i. [310].
• Tipula, pugnacity of male, i. [349].
• Tits, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [174].
• Toads, ii. [25];
  • male, treatment of ova by some, i. [210];
  • male, ready to breed before the female, i. [260].
• Toe, great, condition of, in the human embryo, i. [17].
• Tomtit, blue, sexual difference of colour in the, ii. [174].
• Tonga Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, ii. [322], [349].
• Tooke, Horne, on language, i. [55].
• Tools, flint, i. [183];
  • used by monkeys, i. [51];
  • use of, i. [137].
• Top-knots in birds, ii. [74].
• Tomicus villosus, proportion of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Tortoise, voice of the male, ii. [331].
• Tortures, submitted to by American savages, i. [95].
• Totanus, double moult in, ii. [81].
• Toucans, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171];
  • beaks and ceres of the, ii. [227].
• Towns, residence in, a cause of diminished stature, i. [115].
• Toynbee, J., on the external shell of the ear in man, i. [21].
• Trachea, convoluted and imbedded in the sternum, in some birds, ii. [59];
  • structure of the, in Rhynchæa, ii. [203].
• Trades, affecting the form of the skull, i. [147].
• Tragelaphus, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [288].
• Tragelaphus scriptus, dorsal crest of, ii. [282];
  • markings of, ii. [299], [300].
• Tragopan, i. [270];
  • swelling of the wattles of the male, during courtship, ii. [72];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [91];
  • markings of the sexes of the, ii. [134].
• Tragops dispar, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [30].
• Training, effect of, on the mental difference between the sexes of man, ii. [329].
• Transfer of male characters to female birds, ii. [193].
• Transmission, equal, of ornamental characters, to both sexes in mammals, ii. [297].
• Traps, avoidance of, by animals, i. [49];
  • use of, i. [137].
• Treachery, to comrades, avoidance of, by savages, i. [88].
• Tremex columbæ, i. [365].
• Tribes, extinct, i. [160];
  • extinction of, i. [236].
• Trichius, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [368].
• Trimen, R., on the proportion of the sexes in South African butterflies, i. [310];
  • on the attraction of males by the female of Lasiocampa quercus, i. [312];
  • on Pneumora, i. [358];
  • on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. [367];
  • on moths brilliantly coloured beneath, i. [397];
  • on mimickry in butterflies, i. [412];
  • on Gynanisa Isis, and on the ocellated spots of Lepidoptera, ii. [132];
  • on Cyllo Leda, ii. [133].
• Tringa, sexes and young of, ii. [216].
• Tringa canutus, ii. [82].
• Triphæna, coloration of the species of, i. [395].
• Tristram, H. B., on unhealthy districts in North Africa, i. [244];
  • on the habits of the chaffinch in Palestine, i. [307];
  • on the birds of the Sahara, ii. [172];
  • on the animals inhabiting the Sahara, ii. [224].
• Triton cristatus, ii. [24].
• Triton palmipes, ii. [24].
• Triton punctatus, ii. [24], [25].
• Troglodytes vulgaris, ii. [198].
• Trogons, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171], [173].
• Tropic-birds, white only when mature, ii. [228].
• Tropics, freshwater fishes of the, ii. [17].
• Trout, proportion of the sexes in, i. [308];
  • male, pugnacity of the, ii. [3].
• Trox sabulosus, stridulation of, i. [380].
• Truth, not rare between members of the same tribe, i. [95];
  • more highly appreciated by certain tribes, i. [100].
• Tulloch, Major, on the immunity of the negro from certain fevers, i. [243].
• Tumbler, almond, change of plumage in the, i. [294].
• Turdus merula, ii. [170];
  • young of, ii. [219].
• Turdus migratorius, ii. [185].
• Turdus musicus, ii. [170].
• Turdus polyglottus, young of, ii. [219].
• Turdus torquatus, ii. [170].
• Turkey, swelling of the wattles of the male, ii. [72];
  • variety of, with a top-knot, ii. [74];
  • recognition of a dog by a, ii. [110];
  • wild, pugnacity of young male, ii. [48];
  • wild, notes of the, ii. [60];
  • male, wild, acceptable to domesticated females, ii. [119];
  • wild, first advances made by older females, ii. [121];
  • wild, breast-tuft of bristles of the, ii. [179].
• Turkey-cock, scraping of the wings of, upon the ground, ii. [61];
  • wild, display of plumage by, ii. [87];
  • fighting habits of, ii. [98].
• Turner, Prof. W., on muscular fasciculi in man referable to the panniculus carnosus, i. [19];
  • on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. [28];
  • on muscles attached to the coccyx in man, i. [29];
  • on the filum terminale in man, i. [30];
  • on the variability of the muscles, i. [109];
  • on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. [123];
  • on the development of the mammary glands, i. [209];
  • on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, i. [210].
• Turnix, sexes of some species of, ii. [201], [207].
• Turtle-dove, cooing of the, ii. [60].
• Tuttle, H., on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Tylor, E. B., on emotional cries, gestures, &c., of man, i. [54];
  • on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. [66];
  • on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, i. [181];
  • on the origin of counting, i. [181];
  • on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of man, i. [232].
• Type of structure, prevalence of, i. [211].
• Typhœus, stridulating organs of, i. [378];
  • stridulation of, i. [380].
• Twins, tendency to produce, hereditary, i. [133].
• Twite, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [307].
• 
  U.
• Ugliness, said to consist in an approach to the lower animals, ii. [354].
• Umbrella-bird, ii. [58], [59].
• Umbrina, sounds produced by, ii. [23].
• United States, rate of increase in, i. [131];
  • influence of natural selection on the progress of, i. [179];
  • change undergone by Europeans in the, i. [246].
• Upupa epops, sounds produced by the male, ii. [62].
• Uraniidæ, coloration of the, i. [396].
• Uria troile, variety of, (= U. lacrymans), ii. [127].
• Urodela, ii. [24].
• Urosticte Benjamini, sexual differences in, ii. [151].
• Use and disuse of parts, effects of, i. [116];
  • influence of, on the races of man, i. [247].
• Uterus, reversion in the, i. [123];
  • more or less divided, in the human subject, i. [123], [130];
  • double, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206].
• 
  V.
• Vaccination, influence of, i. [168].
• Vancouver Island, Mr. Sproat on the savages of, i. [239];
  • natives of, eradication of facial hair by the, ii. [348].
• Vanellus cristatus, wing tubercles of the male, ii. [48].
• Vanessæ, i. [387];
  • resemblance of lower surface of, to bark of trees, i. [392].
• Variability, causes of, i. [111];
  • in man, analogous to that in the lower animals, i. [112];
  • of the races of man, i. [225];
  • greater in men than in women, i. [275];
  • period of, relation of the, to sexual selection, i. [296];
  • of birds, ii. [124];
  • of secondary sexual characters in man, ii. [320].
• Variation, correlated, i. [30];
  • laws of, i. [113];
  • in man, i. [185];
  • analogous, i. [194];
  • analogous, in plumage of birds, ii. [74].
• Variations, spontaneous, i. [131].
• Varieties, absence of, between two species, evidence of their distinctness, i. [215].
• Variety, an object in nature, ii. [230].
• Variola, communicable between man and the lower animals, i. [11].
• Vauréal, i. [29].
• Veddahs, monogamous habits of, ii. [363].
• Veitch, Mr., on the aversion of Japanese ladies to whiskers, ii. [349].
• Vengeance, instinct of, i. [89].
• Venus Erycina, priestesses of, ii. [357].
• Vermes, i. [327].
• Vermiform appendage, i. [27].
• Verreaux, M., on the attraction of numerous males by the female of an Australian Bombyx, i. [312].
• Vertebræ, caudal, number of, in macaques and baboons, i. [150];
  • of monkeys, partly imbedded in the body, i. [151].
• Vertebrata, ii. [1];
  • common origin of the, i. [203];
  • most ancient progenitors of, i. [212];
  • origin of the voice in air-breathing, ii. [331].
• Vesicula prostatica, the homologue of the uterus, i. [31], [208].
• Vibrissæ, represented by long hairs in the eyebrows, i. [25].
• Vidua, ii. [181].
• Vidua axillaris, i. [269].
• Villerme, M., on the influence of plenty upon stature, i. [115].
• Vinson, Aug., on the male of Epeira nigra, i. [338].
• Viper, difference of the sexes in the, ii. [29].
• Virey, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Virtues, originally social only, i. [93];
  • gradual appreciation of, i. [165].
• Viscera, variability of, in man, i. [109].
• Viti Archipelago, population of the, i. [225].
• Vlacovich, Prof., on the ischio-pubic muscle, i. [127].
• Vocal music of birds, ii. [51].
• Vocal organs of man, i. [58];
  • of birds, i. [59]; ii. [163];
  • of frogs, ii. [28];
  • of the Insessores, ii. [55];
  • difference of, in the sexes of birds, ii. [56];
  • primarily used in relation to the propagation of the species, ii. [330].
• Vogt, Carl, on the origin of species, i. [1];
  • on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on the semilunar fold in man, i. [23];
  • on the imitative faculties of microcephalous idiots, i. [57];
  • on microcephalous idiots, i. [121];
  • on skulls from Brazilian caves, i. [218];
  • on the evolution of the races of man, i. [230];
  • on the formation of the skull in women, ii. [317];
  • on the Ainos and negroes, ii. [321];
  • on the increased cranial difference of the sexes in man with race-development, ii. [329];
  • on the obliquity of the eye in the Chinese and Japanese, ii. [344].
• Voice in mammals, ii. [274];
  • in monkeys and man, ii. [319];
  • in man, ii. [330];
  • origin of, in air-breathing vertebrates, ii. [331].
• Von Baer, definition of advancement in the organic scale, i. [211].
• Vulpian, Prof., on the resemblance between the brains of man and of the higher apes, i. [11].
• Vultures, selection of a mate by the female, ii. [116];
• colours of, ii. [229].
• 
  W.
• Waders, young of, ii. [217].
• Wagner, R., on the occurrence of the diastema in a Kafir skull, i. [126];
  • on the bronchi of the black stork, ii. [60].
• Wagtail, Ray’s, arrival of the male before the female, i. [260].
• Wagtails, Indian, young of, ii. [190].
• Waist, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [117].
• Waitz, Prof., on the number of species of man, i. [226];
  • on the colour of Australian infants, ii. [318];
  • on the beardlessness of negroes, ii. [321];
  • on the fondness of mankind for ornaments, ii. [338];
  • on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. [243];
  • on negro ideas of female beauty, ii. [346];
  • on Javanese and Cochin Chinese ideas of beauty, ii. [347].
• Walckenaer and Gervais, on the Myriapoda, i. [340].
• Waldeyer, M., on the hermaphroditism of the vertebrate embryo, i. [207].
• Wales, North, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Walker, Alex., on the large size of the hands of labourers’ children, i. [117].
• Walker, F., on sexual differences in the diptera, i. [348].
• Wallace, Dr. A., on the prehensile
• • use of the tarsi in male moths, i. [256];
  • on the rearing of the Ailanthus silk-moth, i. [311];
  • on breeding Lepidoptera, i. [311];
  • proportion of sexes of Bombyx cynthia, B. yamamai, and B. Pernyi, reared by, i. [313];
  • on the development of Bombyx cynthia and B. yamamai, i. [346];
  • on the pairing of Bombyx cynthia, i. [401];
  • on the fertilisation of moths, i. [406].
• Wallace, A. R., on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on the power of imitation in man, i. [39];
  • on the use of missiles by the orang, i. [52];
  • on the varying appreciation of truth among different tribes, i. [100];
  • on the limits of natural selection in man, i. [137], [158];
  • on the occurrence of remorse among savages, i. [165];
  • on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. [168];
  • on the use of the convergence of the hair at the elbow in the orang, i. [193];
  • on the contrast in the characters of the Malays and Papuans, i. [216];
  • on the line of separation between the Papuans and Malays, i. [218];
  • on the sexes of Ornithoptera Crœsus, i. [310];
  • on protective resemblances, i. [322];
  • on the relative sizes of the sexes of insects, i. [346];
  • on Elaphomyia, i. [349];
  • on the Birds of Paradise, i. [269];
  • on the pugnacity of the males of Leptorhynchus angustatus, i. [375];
  • on sounds produced by Euchirus longimanus, i. [381];
  • on the colours of Diadema, i. [388];
  • on Kallima, i. [392];
  • on the protective colouring of moths, i. [394];
  • on bright coloration as protective in butterflies, i. [395];
  • on variability in the Papilionidæ, i. [402];
  • on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, i. [403];
  • on the protective nature of the dull colouring of female butterflies, i. [403], [405], [414];
  • on mimickry in butterflies, i. [412];
  • on the mimickry of leaves by Phasmidæ, i. [414];
  • on the bright colours of caterpillars, i. [416];
  • on brightly-coloured fishes frequenting reefs, ii. [17];
  • on the coral snakes, ii. [31];
  • on Paradisea apoda, ii. [74], [78];
  • on the display of plumage by male Birds of Paradise, ii. [88];
  • on assemblies of Birds of Paradise, ii. [101];
  • on the instability of the ocellated spots in Hipparchia Janira, ii. [132];
  • on sexually limited inheritance, ii. [155];
  • on the sexual coloration of birds, ii. [166], [196], [197], [200], [206];
  • on the relation between the colours and nidification of birds, ii. [166], [171];
  • on the coloration of the Cotingidæ, ii. [177];
  • on the females of Paradisea apoda and papuana, ii. [193];
  • on the incubation of the cassowary, ii. [204];
  • on protective coloration in birds, ii. [223];
  • on the hair of the Papuans, ii. [340];
  • on the Babirusa, ii. [264];
  • on the markings of the tiger, ii. [302];
  • on the beards of the Papuans, ii. [322];
  • on the distribution of hair on the human body, ii. [375].
• Walrus, development of the nictitating membrane in the, i. [23];
  • tusks of the, ii. [241], [248];
  • use of the tusks by the, ii. [257].
• Walsh, B. D., on the proportion of the sexes in Papilio Turnus, i. [310];
  • on the Cynipidæ and Cecidomyidæ, i. [314];
  • on the jaws of Ammophila, i. [342];
  • on Corydalis cornutus, i. [342];
  • on the prehensile organs of male insects, i. [342];
  • on the antennæ of Penthe, i. [343];
  • on the caudal appendages of dragon-flies, i. [344];
  • on Platyphyllum concavum, i. [356];
  • on the sexes of the Ephemeridæ, i. [361];
  • on the difference of colour in the sexes of Spectrum femoratum, i. [361];
  • on sexes of dragon-flies, i. [361];
  • on the difference of the sexes in the Ichneumonidæ, i. [365];
  • on the sexes of Orsodacna atra, i. [368];
  • on the variation of the horns of the male Phanæus carnifex, i. [370];
  • on the coloration of the species of Anthocharis, i. [393].
• Wapiti, battles of, ii. [240];
  • traces of horns in the female, ii. [245];
  • attacking a man, ii. [253];
  • crest of the male, ii. [282];
  • sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. [289].
• Warbler, Hedge-, ii. [198];
• young of the, ii. [209].
• Warblers, Superb, nidification of, ii. [169].
• Wariness, acquired by animals, i. [50].
• Warington, R., on the habits of the sticklebacks, ii. [2], [20];
  • on the brilliant colours of the male stickleback during the breeding season, ii. [14].
• Wart-hog, tusks and pads of the, ii. [265].
• Watchmakers, short-sighted, i. [118].
• Water-hen, ii. [40].
• Waterhouse, C. O., on blind beetles, i. [367];
  • on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. [367].
• Waterhouse, G. R., on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. [332].
• Water-ouzel, autumn song of the, ii. [54].
• Waterton, C., on the pairing of a Canada goose with a Bernicle gander, ii. [114];
  • on hares fighting, ii. [239];
  • on the Bell-bird, ii. [79].
• Wattles, disadvantageous to male birds in fighting, ii. [98].
• Wealth, influence of, i. [169].
• Weale, J. Mansel, on a South African caterpillar, i. [416].
• Weapons, employed by monkeys, i. [51];
  • use of, i. [137];
  • offensive, of males, i. [257];
  • of mammals, ii. [241] et seq.
• Weaver-bird, ii. [54].
• Weaver-birds, rattling of the wings of, ii. [62];
  • assemblies of, ii. [101].
• Webb, Dr., on the wisdom teeth, i. [25].
• Wedgwood, Hensleigh, on the origin of language, i. [56].
• Weevils, sexual difference in length of snout in some, i. [255].
• Weir, Harrison, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in pigs and rabbits, i. [305];
  • on the sexes of young pigeons, i. [306];
  • on the songs of birds, ii. [52];
  • on pigeons, ii. [109];
  • on the dislike of blue pigeons to other coloured varieties, ii. [118];
  • on the desertion of their mates by female pigeons, ii. [119].
• Weir, J. Jenner, on the nightingale and blackcap, i. [259];
  • on the relative sexual maturity of male birds, i. [261];
  • on female pigeons deserting a feeble mate, i. [262];
  • on three starlings frequenting the same nest, i. [269];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in Machetes pugnax and other birds, i. [306], [307];
  • on the coloration of the Triphænæ, i. [395];
  • on the rejection of certain caterpillars by birds, i. [417];
  • on sexual differences of the beak in the goldfinch, ii. [40];
  • on a piping bullfinch, ii. [52];
  • on the object of the nightingale’s song, ii. [52];
  • on song-birds, ii. [53];
  • on the pugnacity of male fine-plumaged birds, ii. [93];
  • on the courtship of birds, ii. [94];
  • on the finding of new mates by Peregrine-falcons and Kestrels, ii. [104];
  • on the bullfinch and starling, ii. [105];
  • on the cause of birds remaining unpaired, ii. [107];
  • on starlings and parrots living in triplets, ii. [107];
  • on recognition of colour by birds, ii. [110];
  • on hybrid birds, ii. [113];
  • on the selection of a greenfinch by a female canary, ii. [115];
  • on a case of rivalry of female bullfinches, ii. [121];
  • on the maturity of the Golden pheasant, ii. [213].
• Weisbach, Dr., measurement of men of different races, i. [216];
  • on the greater variability of men than of women, i. [275];
  • on the relative proportions of the body in the sexes of different races of man, ii. [320].
• Welcker, M., on Brachycephaly and Dolichocephaly, i. [148];
  • on sexual differences in the skull in man, ii. [317].
• Wells, Dr., on the immunity of coloured races from certain poisons, i. [243].
• Westring, on the stridulation of Reduvius personatus, i. [350];
  • on the stridulating organs of the Coleoptera, i. [382];
  • on sounds produced by Cychrus, i. [382];
  • on the stridulation of males of Theridion, i. [339];
  • on the stridulation of beetles, i. [379];
  • on the stridulation of Omaloplia brunnea, i. [381].
• Westphalia, greater proportion of female illegitimate children in, i. [301].
• Westropp, H. M., on the prevalence of certain forms of ornamentation, i. [233].
• Westwood, J. O., on the classification of the Hymenoptera, i. [188];
  • on the Culicidæ and Tabanidæ, i. [254];
  • on a Hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, i. [272];
  • on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus cervus and Siagonium, i. [313];
  • on the absence of ocelli in female mutillidæ, i. [341];
  • on the jaws of Ammophila, i. [342];
  • on the copulation of insects of distinct species, i. [342];
  • on the male of Crabro cribrarius, i. [343];
  • on the pugnacity of male Tipulæ i. [349];
  • on the stridulation of Pirates stridulus, i. [350];
  • on the Cicadæ, i. [351];
  • on the stridulating organs of the crickets, i. [354];
  • on Pneumora, i. [357];
  • on Ephippiger vitium, i. [355], [358];
  • on the pugnacity of the Mantides, i. [360];
  • on Platyblemnus, i. [361];
  • on difference in the sexes of the Agrionidæ, i. [362];
  • on the pugnacity of the males of a species of Tenthredinæ, i. [364];
  • on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. [375];
  • on Bledius taurus and Siagonium, i. [375];
  • on lamellicorn beetles, i. [378];
  • on the coloration of Lithosia, i. [396].
• Whale, Sperm-, battles of male, ii. [240].
• Whales, nakedness of, i. [148].
• Whately, Archb., language not peculiar to man, i. [53];
  • on the primitive civilisation of man, i. [181].
• Whewell, Prof., on maternal affection, i. [40].
• Whiskers, in monkeys, i. [192].
• White, Gilbert, on the proportion of the sexes in the partridge, i. [306];
  • on the house-cricket, i. [352];
  • on the object of the song of birds, ii. [52];
  • on the finding of new mates by white owls, ii. [105];
  • on spring coveys of male partridges, ii. [107].
• Whiteness, a sexual ornament in some birds, ii. [232];
  • of mammals inhabiting snowy countries, ii. [298].
• White-throat, aerial love-dance of the male, ii. [68].
• Widow-bird, polygamous, i. [269];
  • breeding plumage of the male, ii. [84], [97];
  • female, rejecting the unadorned male, ii. [120].
• Widows and widowers, mortality of, i. [176].
• Wigeon, pairing with a pintail duck, ii. [114].
• Wilckens, Dr., on the modification of domestic animals in mountainous regions, i. [120];
  • on a numerical relation between the hairs and excretory pores in sheep, i. [248].
• Wilder, Dr. Burt, on the greater frequency of supernumerary digits in men than in women, i. [276].
• Williams, on the marriage-customs of the Fijians, ii. [374].
• Wilson, Dr., on the conical heads of the natives of North-Western America, ii. [351];
  • on the Fijians, ii. [352];
  • on the persistence of the fashion of compressing the skull, ii. [353].
• Wing-spurs, ii. [162].
• Wings, differences of, in the two sexes of butterflies and Hymenoptera, i. [345];
  • play of, in the courtship of birds, ii. [95].
• Winter, change of colour of mammals in, ii. [298].
• Witchcraft, i. [68].
• Wives, traces of the forcible capture of, i. [182].
• Wolf, winter change of the, ii. [298].
• Wolff, on the variability of the viscera in man, i. [109].
• Wollaston, T. V., on Eurygnathus, i. [344];
  • on musical curculionidæ, i. [378];
  • on the stridulation of Acalles, i. [384].
• Wolves learning to bark from dogs, i. [44];
  • hunting in packs, i. [75].
• Wolves, black, ii. [294].
• Wombat, black varieties of the, ii. [294].
• Women distinguished from men by male monkeys, i. [13];
  • preponderance of, in numbers, i. [302];
  • effects of selection of, in accordance with different standards of beauty, ii. [355];
  • practice of capturing, ii. [360], [364];
  • early betrothals and slavery of, ii. [366];
  • selection of, for beauty, ii. [372];
  • freedom of selection by, in savage tribes, ii. [372].
• Wonder, manifestations of, by animals, i. [42].
• Wonfor, Mr., on sexual peculiarities in the wings of butterflies, i. [345].
• Woolner, Mr., observations on the ear in man, i. [22].
• Wood, J., on muscular variations in man, i. [109], [128], [129];
  • on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, i. [275].
• Wood, T. W., on the colouring of the orange-tip butterfly, i. [394];
  • on the habits of the Saturniidæ, i. [398];
  • on the habits of Menura Alberti, ii. [56];
  • on Tetrao cupido, ii. [56];
  • on the display of plumage by male pheasants, ii. [89];
  • on the ocellated spots of the Argus pheasant, ii. [144];
  • on the habits of the female Cassowary, ii. [204].
• Woodcock, coloration of the, ii. [226].
• Woodpecker, selection of a mate by the female, ii. [116].
• Woodpeckers, ii. [56];
  • tapping of, ii. [62];
  • colours and nidification of the, ii. [171], [174], [223];
  • characters of young, ii. [185], [199], [209].
• Wormald, Mr., on the coloration of Hypopyra, i. [397].
• Wounds, healing of, i. [13].
• Wren, ii. [198];
  • young of the, ii. [209].
• Wright, C. A., on the young of Orocetes and Petrocincla, ii. [220].
• Wright, Chauncey, on correlative acquisition, ii. [335];
  • on the enlargement of the brain in man, ii. [391].
• Wright, Mr., on the Scotch deerhound, ii. [261];
  • on sexual preference in dogs, ii. [271];
  • on the rejection of a horse by a mare, ii. [272].
• Wright, W. von, on the protective plumage of the Ptarmigan, ii. [81].
• Writing, i. [182].
• Wyman, Prof., on the prolongation of the coccyx in the human embryo, i. [16];
  • on the condition of the great toe in the human embryo, i. [17];
  • on variation in the skulls of the natives of the Sandwich Islands, i. [108];
  • on the hatching of the eggs in the mouths and branchial cavities of male fishes, i. [210], ii. [20].
• 
  X.
• Xenarchus, on the Cicadæ, i. [350].
• Xenorhynchus, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, ii. [129].
• Xiphophorus Hellerii, peculiar anal fin of the male, ii. [9], [10].
• Xylocopa, difference of the sexes in, i. [366].
• 
  Y.
• Yarrell, W., on the habits of the Cyprinidæ, i. [309];
  • on Raia clavata, ii. [2];
  • on the characters of the male salmon during the breeding season, ii. [4], [14];
  • on the characters of the rays, ii. [6];
  • on the gemmeous dragonet, ii. [8];
  • on the spawning of the salmon, ii. [19];
  • on the incubation of the Lophobranchii, ii. [21];
  • on rivalry in song-birds, ii. [53];
  • on the trachea of the swan, ii. [60];
  • on the moulting of the anatidæ, ii. [85];
  • on an instance of reasoning in a gull, ii. [108];
  • on the young of the waders, ii. [217].
• Yellow fever, immunity of negroes and mulattoes from, i. [243].
• Youatt, Mr., on the development of the horns in cattle, i. [284].
• Yura-caras, their notions of beauty, ii. [347].
• 
  Z.
• Zebra, rejection of an ass by a female, ii. [295];
  • stripes of the, ii. [302].
• Zebus, humps of, i. [284].
• Zigzags, prevalence of, as ornaments, i. [233].
• Zincke, Mr., on European emigration to America, i. [179].
• Zootoca vivipara, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [36].
• Zygænidæ, coloration of the, i. [396].

THE END.

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LONDON:

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.

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January, 1871.

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