HISTORY OF GREECE.
Instead of indicating the sounds of the vowels in the Greek and Latin names given in the notes, we follow the plan of Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, giving rules for pronouncing the vowels and consonants. As the two principal marks (¯ ͝ ) are in Greek and Latin used differently from what they are in English, indicating the quantity instead of quality, it will be found less confusing to adopt this method.
RULES FOR THE VOWELS.
1. Any vowel at the end of an accented syllable, and e, o, and u, at the end of an unaccented syllable, have the long English sound.
2. A, ending an unaccented syllable, has the sound of a in father, or in last.
3. I, ending a final syllable, has the long sound. At the end of an initial unaccented syllable it varies between i long and i short (like i in pin). In all other cases i, ending an unaccented syllable, is short.
4. Y is like i in the same situation.
5. Æ and æ like e in the same situation.
6. If a syllable end in a consonant the vowel has the short English sound.
7. E, in final es, like e in Andes.
RULES FOR CONSONANTS.
1. C, before e, i, y, æ, œ, is pronounced like s; before a, o, and u, and before consonants, like k.
2. G, before e, i, y, æ, and œ, or another g followed by e, has the sound of j; before a, o and u, and consonants other than g, the hard sound.
3. Ch is like k, but is silent before a mute at the beginning of a word.
4. Initial x is like z.
5. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iv, and ev, preceded immediately by the accent, change into sh and zh; but when the t follows s, t, or z, or when the accent falls on the first of the vowels following, the consonant preserves its pure sound.
6. Initial ph, before a mute, is silent.
P. 1—“Autonomy,” au-tŏn´o-my. The word is formed from the Greek words for law and self and means a law unto one’s self, or self-government.
P. 1—“Koroneia” or Coronea, cor´o-ni´a.
P. 2—“Antalkidas,” an-tal´ci-das.
P. 2—“Phœbidas,” phœb´i-das. A Lacedæmonian of whom nothing of importance is known save his part in the seizure of Thebes. Phœbidas was slain in battle by the Thebans in 378.
P. 2—“Leontiades,” le-on-ti´a-des; “Ismenias,” is-me´ni-as; “Pelopidas,” pe-lop´i-das; “Mellon,” mel´lon; “Charon,” ka´ron; “Gorgias,” gor´gi-as; “The´o-pom´pus.”
P. 3—“Hegemony,” he-gĕm´o-ny. Leadership. Formed from the Greek word for guide or leader.
P. 3—“Polymnis,” po-lym´nis.
P. 3—“Sparti,” spar´ti; the sown-men. The dragon from which these ancestors of the Theban patricians sprung guarded a well near the site of the Cadmeia. The men whom Cadmus had sent there to draw water had been killed by the monster, and in return Cadmus had slain it, sowing its teeth as Minerva advised. Fearing the armed men which sprang forth he caused a quarrel among them, in which all but five were slain.
P. 3—“Kadmus,” cad´mus. The mythical founder of Thebes, the son of a king of Phœnicia and the brother of Europa.
P. 3—“Simmias,” sim´mi-as. The two principal speakers, besides Socrates, in Plato’s “Phædon” are Simmias and his brother.
P. 3—“Tarentine,” ta-ren´tine; “Spin´tha-rus.”
P. 3—“Grote.” (1794-1871.) An English historian, famous chiefly for his History of Greece.
P. 4—“Lysis,” ly´sis. An eminent philosopher driven out of Italy about 510 B. C., during the persecution of the Pythagorean club. He spent the remainder of his life in Thebes, where he was held in the greatest honor.
P. 4—“Pythagorean Brotherhood,” pyth´a-gō´re-an. See p. 119, Vol. 1, Timayenis. As a political and social power the brotherhood died out before the death of Pythagoras, though the sect still lived and kept up their religious observances.
P. 4—“Kadmeia,” cad-me´a.
P. 5—“Polybius,” po-lyb´i-us. (204-122 B. C.) A Grecian historian.
P. 6—“Leuktra,” luke´tra; “Mantineia,” man´ti-nei´a; “Megalopolis,” meg´a-lop´o-lis; “Kleombrotus,” kle-om´bro-tus; “Agesilaus,” a-ges-i-la´us; “Kithæron,” ci-thæ´ron; “Naxos,” nax´os; “Chabrias,” cha´bri-as.
P. 7—“Timotheus,” ti-mo´the-us. The son of the famous general Conon.
P. 7—“Tegyra,” te-gy´ra; “Harmost,” har´most; “Orchomenus,” or-chom´e-nus; “Polemarch,” pōl´e-march.
P. 8—“Chæroneia,” chær´o-ne´a.
P. 8—“Eurotas,” eu-ro´tas. The largest river of Laconia.
P. 9—“Zacynthus,” za-cyn´thus. Now Zante; called by Homer the “Woody Zacynthus.”
P. 9—“Korkyra,” cor-cy´ra. Now the island of Corfu, one of the Ionian islands belonging to the nomarchy Corfu of the kingdom of Greece.
P. 9—“Periplus,” pĕs. A rare word from the Greek, meaning to sail around a sea or coast.
P. 9—“Iphikrates,” i-phic´ra-tes.
P. 9—“Poseidon,” po-si´don. The Neptune of Roman mythology, the god of the sea.
P. 9—“Helike,” hel´i-ce; “Bu´ra.”
P. 10—“Kallias,” cal´li-as. An Athenian family famous through several generations for its wealth.
P. 10—“Autokles,” au´to-cles; “Kallistratus,” cal-lis´tra-tus.
P. 10—“Bœotarch,” bœ-o´tarch. One of the chief civil officers of Bœotia.
P. 10—“Xenophon,” xen´o-phon.
P. 11—“Philo-Laconian.” Friendly to Laconia.
P. 12—“Ephors,” ěf´or.
P. 14—“Helikon,” hel´i-con.
P. 14—“Kopais,” cop´a-is. The largest lake of Greece.
P. 14—“Kreusis,” creu´sis. The harbor of the city of Thespiæ.
P. 14—“Krissæan,” cris-sæ´an; “Thespiæ,” thes´pi-æ.
P. 16—“Deimon,” dei´mon; “Sphodrias,” spho´dri-as.
P. 16—“Kleonymus,” cle-on´y-mus. The dearest friend of Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus.
P. 17—“Ægospotami,” æ´gos-pot´a-mi.
P. 17—“Peiræus,” pi-ræ´us. The principal harbor of Athens, situated about five miles southwest of the city.
P. 18—“Archidamus,” ar-chi-da´mus.
P. 18—“Pheræ.” A city of Thessaly, the site of the modern Velestino.
P. 18—“Ægosthena,” æ-gos´the-na.
P. 19—“Aristotle,” ar´is-to-tle.
P. 19—“Epiknemidian,” e-pic´ne-mid´ian; “O-pun´tian.” The inhabitants of Eastern Locris were divided into two tribes: the Locri Epicnemidii, inhabiting the northern and the Locri Opuntii the southern part.
P. 20—“Panarkadian,” pan-ar-ca´di-an. Belonging to all Arcadia.
P. 20—“Tegea,” te´ge-a; “He-ræ´a.”
P. 21—“Dorians,” do´ri-ans; “Lacedæmon,” lac´e-dæ´mon; “Kephisus,” ce-phi´sus. There are four rivers in Greece which bore this name. One the chief river of Bœotia, two in Attica (one of which is its chief river, and the one here referred to), and a fourth in Argolis.
P. 22—“Phliasians,” phli-a´si-ans; “Helots,” hē´lots, or hĕl´ots; “Kinadon,” cin´a-don.
P. 22—“Periœki,” per-i-œ´ci. From the same derivation we have the word “periecians,” or “periœcians,” meaning those who dwell on the opposite side of the globe, in the same parallel of latitude.
P. 22—“Ithome,” i-tho´me. A strong fortress had stood on the mountains for centuries.
P. 23—“Peltasts,” pel´tasts; “Pol´y-phron”; “Pol´y-do´rus.”
P. 24—“Larissa,” la-ris´sa.
P. 24—“Pharsalus,” phar-sa´lus, now “Phersala.” Chiefly celebrated for the battle fought there between Cæsar and Pompey in 48 B. C.
P. 24—“Aleuadæ,” a-leu´a-dæ; “Amyntas,” a-myn´tas; “Krannon,” cran´non; “Eurydike,” eu-ryd´i-ce; “Perdikkas,” per-dic´cas; “Pausanias,” pau-sa´ni-as.
P. 25—“Alorus,” a-lo´rus; “Oneium,” o-nei´um.
P. 26—“Pammenes,” pam´me-nes. A Theban general, and a friend of Epaminondas.
P. 26—“Dyonysius,” di´o-nys´i-us.
P. 28—“Susa,” su´sa. The Shushan of the Old Testament; the winter residence of the Persian kings.
P. 28—“Rescript.” The answer of the Roman emperor when consulted on any question was called the rescript.
P. 29—“Drachmæ,” drăch´mæ. A silver coin of the Greeks, worth about eighteen cents.
P. 30—“Chersonese,” cher´so-nese´; “Chalkidike,” chal-cid´i-ce.
P. 30—“Byzantium,” by-zan´ti-um. Now Constantinople.
P. 31—“Kynos Kephalæ,” cy´nos ceph´a-læ.
P. 31—“Magnesians.” The inhabitants of Magnesia, the most easterly portion of Thessaly. It contained the two mountains, Ossa and Pelion.
P. 31—“Phthiotæ,” phthi-o´tæ.
P. 32—“Ænianes,” æ´ni-a´nes. An ancient race originally near Ossa, but afterwards in Southern Thessaly.
P. 32—“Pallantium,” pal-lan´ti-um; “A´se-a.” Towns of Arcadia.
P. 33—“Isidas,” is´i-das.
P. 34—“Kephisodorus,” ce-phis´o-do´rus; “Gryllus,” gryl´lus; “Euphranor,” eu-phra´nor; “Mænalian,” mæ-na´li-an.
P. 35—“Tripolitza,” tre-po-lit´sa.
P. 36—“Diodorus,” di´o-do´rus. A contemporary of Cæsar and Augustus. He wrote “The Historical Library,” consisting of forty books, not half of which are extant.
P. 37—“Iolaidas,” i-o-la´i-das.
P. 38—“Status quo.” The state in which.
P. 39—“Tachos,” ta´chos; “Nectanabis,” nec-tan´a-bis.
P. 39—“Kyrene,” cy-re´ne. The chief city of Cyrenaica, in Northern Africa.
P. 40—“Klerouchi,” kle-rou´chi.
P. 41—“Thebe,” the´be; “Timoleon,” ti-mo´le-on.
P. 42—“Amphiktyonic,” am-phic´ty-on´ic.
P. 43—“Kirrhæan,” cir-rhæ´an; “Delphi,” del´phi.
P. 43—“Magnetes,” mag-ne´tes. The same as the Magnesians.
P. 43—“Perrhæbians,” per-rhæ´bi-ans; “Athamanes,” ath´a-ma´nes; “Dolopes,” dol´o-pes.
P. 44—“Philomelus,” phil´o-me´lus; “Thracidæ,” thra´ci-dæ; “Pyth´i-an.”
P. 45—“Onomarchus,” on´-o-mar´chus.
P. 46—“Illyrians,” il-lyr´i-ans; “Pæonians,” pæ-o´ni-ans; “Eupatridæ,” eu-pat´ri-dæ; “Lykophron,” lyc´o-phron. The brother-in-law of Alexander, and his assistant in his murder.
P. 47—“Æschines,” æs´chi-nes. The Athenian orator.
P. 47—“Kleobule,” cle-o-bu´le; “Gylon,” gy´lon.
P. 47—“Bosporus,” bos´po-rus. Literally the ox-ford. The name given to any straits by the Greeks, but particularly to that uniting the Sea of Azof with the Black Sea. The country on both sides this latter was called Bosporus. Its cities became important commercial centers, and from them large supplies of corn were annually sent to Athens. It was in this country that Gylon made his money.
P. 47—“Demochares,” de-moch´a-res.
P. 48—“Aphobus,” aph´o-bus; “O-ne´tor.”
P. 48—“Palæstra,” pa-læs´tra. In Greece a place for wrestling was called palæstra.
P. 48—“Plato.” The philosopher. After having been instructed by the best teachers of his time Plato became a follower of Socrates. After the death of the latter he traveled in many countries, seeking knowledge, and at last returned to Athens to open a school in his garden, near the academy. Here Plato taught and wrote almost continuously until his death, about 348 B. C. His works have come down to us very complete and perfect. They are mainly in the form of dialogues, Socrates being one of the chief characters. His most important doctrines are the existence of the soul before entering the body, its independence of the body, and its immortality.
P. 48—“Isokrates,” i-soc´ra-tes. (436-338 B. C.) One of the ten Attic orators. He was carefully educated, but as he was too timid to come forward as an orator, he devoted himself to teaching the art and writing speeches for others. Although he took no part in public affairs he loved his country, and despairing of its freedom after the battle of Chæroneia, he took his own life. His style was artificial and labored, but exercised immense influence upon oratory at Athens.
P. 49—“Isæus,” i-sæ´us. One of the ten Attic orators. Instructed by Lysias and Isokrates. We have no particulars of his life. Eleven of his orations in existence are remarkable for their vigor and purity of style.
P. 49—“Thucydides,” thu-cyd´i-des. (471?-400?) The historian. Little more is known of his life than is related by Timayenis (vol. i., p. 337). The accounts of his death are uncertain. The work which gives him his place in history is his account of the Peloponnesian war.
P. 49—“Lysias,” lys´i-as. (B. C. 458-378.) An Attic orator. When a youth, Lysias emigrated to a colony in Italy, where he finished his education. After the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily he returned to Athens, but only to be imprisoned as an enemy of the government. He escaped, and on the overthrow of the tyranny of the thirty tyrants went back to Athens, where he wrote speeches. Only thirty-five are now extant, but they are said to be specimens of the best Attic Greek.
P. 49—“Bema,” be´ma. The Greek for the stage on which speakers stood.
P. 50—“Phalerum,” pha-le´rum. The most easterly of the harbors of Athens.
P. 50—“Eunomus,” eu´no-mus; “Perikles,” per´i-cles; “Satyrus,” sat´y-rus.
P. 50—“Euripides,” eu-rip´i-des. (B. C. 480-406.)
P. 50—“Sophocles,” soph´o-cles. (B. C. 495?-406). The chief of the trio of Greek dramatists. In 468 he defeated Æschylus in a dramatic contest. His character is said to have been that of a complete Greek, combining symmetry of person, skill in music and gymnastics, self-possession, genius, taste. Only seven of his dramas have been preserved.
P. 51—“Dionysius of Halicarnassus.” A rhetorician who came from Halicarnassus, a city in Asia Minor, about B. C. 29. His most ambitious work is a history of Rome in twenty-two books.
P. 52—“Herodotus,” he-rod´i-tus.
P. 53—“Phokion,” pho´ci-on.
P. 54—“Olynthians,” o-lyn´thi-ans.
P. 55—“Perinthus,” pe-rin´thus. An important town in Thrace on the Propontis.
P. 55—“Chares,” cha´res.
P. 56—“Amphissa,” am-phis´sa. Now Salona; though destroyed by Philip, it was afterward rebuilt.
P. 56—“Elateia,” el´a-te´a. Its ruins still exist near the town of Elephtha.
P. 58—“Solon,” so´lon; “The-og´nis;” “Alkaeus,” al´ce-us; “Pindar,” pin´dar.
P. 59—“Æschylus,” Æs´chy-lus. The great tragic poet. The Athenians called Æschylus the father of tragedy because of the changes he made in the representation of plays. He introduced a second actor, provided scenic effects, gave his actors better costumes, and introduced new figures into the choral dances. Only seven of his plays are in existence.
P. 59—“Iktinus,” ic-ti´nus. A contemporary of Phidias and Pericles, and the architect of the Parthenon or temple of Minerva, on the Acropolis.
P. 59—“Polygnotus,” pol´yg-no´tus.
P. 59—“Aristophanes,” ar´is-toph´a-nes. The great comic poet of Athens, born about B. C. 444, but of whose private life almost nothing is known. His comedies are a series of caricatures on Athenians and their follies.
P. 61—“Skardus,” skar´dus; “Ber´mi-us;” “Kam-bu´ni-an;” “Ægæ,” Æ´gæ; “E-des´sa.”
P. 62—“Thermaic,” ther-ma´ic. See Sinus Thermaicus on map. “Pisistratidæ,” pis´is-trat´i-dæ.
P. 62—“Strymon,” stry´mon. The boundary between Thrace and Macedon down to the time of Philip. “Archelaus,” ar´che-la´us.
P. 63—“L’Etat, c’est moi.” “The State, it is I.”
P. 63—“Orestes,” o-res´tes; “Aëropus,” a-er´o-pus.
P. 65—“Nichomachus,” ni-chom´a-chus.
P. 66—“Argæus,” ar-gæ´us; “Amphipolis,” am-phip´o-lis.
P. 67—“Mantias,” man´ti-as; “Pangæus,” pan-gæ´us.
P. 68—“Anthemus,” an´the-mus.
P. 69—“Potidæa,” pot´i-dæ´a; “Thasians,” tha´si-ans.
P. 69—“Neoptolemus,” ne´op-tol´e-mus; “Molossi,” mo-los´si; “Æakidæ,” æ-ac´i-dæ; “Samothrake,” sam´o-thra´ce.
P. 70—“Sarissa,” sa-ris´sa.
P. 71—“Phalangites,” fal´an-gī-tes; “Hypaspists,” hy-pas´pists; “Hetæri,” het´æ-ri.
P. 72—“Paulus Æmilius,” pau´lus æ-mil´i-us. (B. C. 230-160.) A Roman general.
P. 74—“Pagasæ,” pag´a-sæ. Now Volo; also, the Pagasæan Gulf is now the Gulf of Volo.
P. 76—“Charidemus,” char-i-de´mus.
P. 78—“Dionysia,” di-o-nys´i-a. A festival in honor of the god Bacchus, celebrated in Athens in the spring, and with greater splendor than any other festival of the god.
P. 78—“Choregus.” The Greek word for a leader of the chorus.
P. 78—“Apollodorus,” a´pol-lo-do´rus.
P. 79—“Kritobulus,” crit-o-bu´lus.
P. 81—“Phalækus,” pha-læ´cus; “Tenedos,” ten´e-dos.
P. 82—“Elaphebolion,” el´a-phe-bo´li-on. The Greeks divided their year into twelve lunar months.
P. 84—“Prytaneium,” pryt-a-ne´um. The common hall of the Senate, in which they met daily.
P. 86—“Parmenio,” par-me´ni-o. Of whom Philip said “I have never been able to find but one general, and that is Parmenio.”
P. 86—“Attalus,” at´ta-lus.
P. 88—“Leonnatus,” le´on-na´tus.
P. 89—“Ambrakiot,” am-bra´ci-ot.
P. 90—“Eurymedon,” eu-rym´e-don.
P. 91—“Leonidas,” le-on´i-das. The hardy habits of self-denial which Alexander displayed were attributed by him to the teachings of the austere Leonidas.
P. 91—“Lysimachus,” ly-sim´a-chus.
P. 93—“Hæmus,” hæ´mus; “Triballi,” tri-bal´li.
P. 94—“Onchestus,” on-ches´tus; a town a little south of Lake Copias.
P. 94—“Lychnitis,” or Lychnidus, lych´ni-tis; “Kleitus,” clei´tus.
P. 94—“Glaukias,” glau´ki-as. The king of one of the Illyrian tribes.
P. 95—“Phœnix,” phœ´nix; “Proch´y-tes;” “Ephialtes,” eph´i-al´tes.
P. 95—“Sinope,” si-no´pe. The most important of all the Greek colonies on the Black Sea in Asia Minor.
P. 95—“Diogenes,” di-og´e-nes.
P. 96—“Artaxerxes,” ar´tax-erx´es; “Mne´mon;” “O´chus;” “Bagoas,” ba-go´as; “Codomannus,” cod-o-man´nus.
P. 97—“Abydos,” a´by-dos. It was from Abydos to Sestus that Leander swam to Hero.
P. 98—“Philotas,” phi-lo´tas; “Har´pa-lus;” “Er´-i-gy´i-us” (ji´yus).
P. 99—“Zeleia,” ze-li´a.
P. 99—“Arrian,” ar´ri-an, (100-170 A. D.) A native of Bithynia. One of the best writers of his time. He strove to imitate Xenophon, attached himself to the philosopher Epictetus, as Xenophon to Socrates; wrote the lectures of Epictetus to correspond to the Memorabilia. His best work is a history of Alexander’s Asiatic expedition, which, both in style and matter, is similar to the Anabasis. He wrote numerous other works, many of which are lost.
P. 100—“Justin.” Lived in the third or fourth century. Justin left a history of the Macedonian empire, compiled from a work now lost by Trogus Pompeius, who lived in the time of Augustus.
P. 100—“Granicus,” gra-ni´cus; “Skepsis,” scep´sis; “Adrasteia,” ad´ras-ti´a; “Pri-a´pus;” “Pa´ri-um;” “A-ris´be.”
P. 101—“Meleager,” me´le-a´ger; “Nikanor,” ni-ca´nor.
P. 101—“Arrhibæus,” ar´rha-bæ´us; “Ag´a-thon.”
P. 101—“Baktrians,” bac´tri-ans. The warlike inhabitants of Bactria, a northeast province of the Persian Empire.
P. 101—“Paphlagonians,” paph´la-go´ni-ans. A district on the north of Asia Minor between Bithynia and Pontus.
P. 101—“Hyrkanians,” hyr-ka´ni-ans. Hyrcania, the country of these people, is on the southern and southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea.
P. 101—“Arsites,” ar-si´tes; “Spith´ra-da´tes;” “Ar-sam´e-nes.”
P. 103—“Demaratus,” dem´a-ra´tus; “Drop´i-des.”
P. 104—“Lysippus,” ly-sip´pus.
P. 104—“Sardis.” One of the most famous cities of Asia Minor. This citadel had always been considered impregnable from its situation.
P. 105—“Miletus,” mi-le´tus.
P. 106—“Tralles,” tral´les; “Lycia,” lyc´i-a; “Pam-phyl´i-a;” “Pi-sid´i-a;” “Gordium,” gor´di-um; “San-ga´ri-us;” “Phrygia,” phryg´i-a.
P. 108—“Mesopotamia,” mes´o-po-ta´mi-a.
P. 108—“Sogdiana,” sog´di-a´na. The northeastern portion of the Persian Empire, including portions of the present country of Turkestan and Bokhara.
P. 109—“Gates of Kilikia.” See on map, p. 108, Pylæ Kikiliæ, “Amanus,” a-ma´nus.
P. 110—“Beylan,” bā´lan.
P. 112—“Kardakes,” car´da-ces.
P. 113—“Seleukis,” se-leu´cis.
P. 116—“Kœle-Syria,” cœl´e-syr´i-a. Hollow Syria. The name given to the valley between the two ranges of Mount Lebanon, in the south of Syria, and bordering on Palestine.
P. 117—“Persepolis,” per-sep´o-lis. A treasure city of the Persians situated on the north of the river Araxes.
P. 119—“Pelusium,” pe-lu´si-um; “Hephæstion,” he-phæs´ti-on.
P. 119—“Apis,” a´pis. The name given to the Bull of Memphis, worshiped by the Egyptians as a god. There were certain signs by which the animal was recognized to be the god: he must be black, a white, square mark must be on his forehead, etc. When found he was worshiped with greatest honors. Gradually the bull came to be regarded as a symbol, and Apis was identified with the sun.
P. 119—“Kanopus,” ca-no´pus.
P. 119—“Pharos.” The island is mentioned by Homer. Alexander united it to his new city by a mole. Ptolemy II. built a lighthouse here. Hence we have the name Pharos often given to such buildings. The translators of the Septuagint are said to have been confined here until they finished their task.
P. 119—“Mareotis,” ma-re-o´tis.
P. 120—“Ammon.” Originally an Ethiopian god, afterward adopted by the Egyptians. The Greeks called him Zeus Ammon, and the Romans, Jupiter Ammon. The god was represented under the form of a ram, and this seems to indicate that the original idea in the worship was that of a protector of flocks.
P. 121—“Arbela,” ar-be´la; “Gaugamela,” gau-ga-me´la.
P. 123—“Albanians.” These people came from Albania, a country on the west of the Caspian and in the southeast of Georgia.
P. 123—“Karians,” from Karia; “Menidas,” men´i-das.
P. 124—“Bessus,” bes´sus.
P. 125—“Aretas,” ar´e-tas.
P. 127—“Curtius,” cur´ti-us. The Roman historian of Alexander the Great. Nothing is known of his life. His history is fairly reliable.
P. 128—“Eulæus,” eu-læ´us. The Old Testament Ulai, rises in Media, and uniting with the Pasitigris, flows into the Persian Gulf.
P. 128—“Pasitigris,” pa-sit´i-gris.
P. 129—“Tænarus,” tæn´a-rus. Now Cape Matapan.
P. 131—“Drangiana,” dran´gi-a´na; “Ar´a-cho´si-a;” “Ge-dro´si-a;” “Par´o-pa-mis´i-dæ;” “Seistan,” sā-stan´; “Candahar,” can-da-har´; “Zurrah,” zur´rah.
P. 132—“Ecbatana,” ec-bat´-a-na.
P. 135—“Dioskuri,” di´os-cu´ri. Literally the sons of Jupiter. The heroes Castor and Pollux.
P. 136—“Oxyartes,” ox´y-ar´tes.
P. 137—“Telestes,” te-les´tes; “Phi-lox´e-mus;” “Bukephalia,” bu´ce-pha-li´a; “Akesines,” ac´e-si´nes; “Hyd-ra-o´tes;” “Hyph´a-sis.”
P. 139—“Arabitæ,” ar´a-bi´tæ; “O-ri´tæ;” “Ich´thy-oph´a-gi.”
BRIEF HISTORY OF GREECE.
The “Brief History of Greece” has not been annotated as the pronunciation of the Greek and Latin names is marked, and its foot notes are sufficient.