A
Ä, Āä, Äi, Sumerian names of moon, [301]; Ea as, [31]. Ää, the goddess, consort of Shamash, [57], [100]. Aäh, Egyptian name of moon, [301]. Abijah (a-bī´jah), King of Judah, [402], [403]. Abraham, [12]; the Isaac sacrifice, [50]; period of migration from Ur, [131], [245]; association of with Amorites, [246]; conflict with Amraphel (Hammurabi) and his allies, [246], [247]; Babylonian monotheism in age of, [160]; Nimrod and in Koran, [166], [167], [349], [350]. Achaeans (a-kē´ans), the Celts and, [377]; in Crete and Egypt, [378]; Pelasgians and, [393]; the Cyprian and Assyria, [484]. Achaemenian (a-ke-men´ian), Cyrus called an, [493]; Darius I claims to be an, [496]. See Akhamanish. Adad (äd´äd), deities that link with, [35], [57], [261], [395]; in demon war, [76]. Adad-nirari I (äd´äd-ni-rä´ri), of Assyria, [362], [363]. Adad-nirari III, [396]. Adad-nirari IV, King of Assyria, Babylonian influence in court of, [419]; as "husband of his mother", [420]; innovations of, [421]; Kalkhi library, [422]; "synchronistic history", [423]; Nebo worship, [435],436; as "saviour" of Israel, [438], [439]; Urartu problem, [439], [440]. Adad-nirari V, [442]. Adad-shum-utsur (äd´ad-shüm-ü´tsur), King of Babylonia, as overlord of Assyria, [370]. Adam, "first wife" of a demon, [67]; the shining jewel of, [185]. Adapa (ä´dä-pä), the Babylonian Thor, [72], [73]. Addu (äd´dü), as form of Merodach, [160]. Adonis (ä-dō´nis), Tammuz and myth of, [83], [84]; antiquity of myth of, [84]; blood of in river, [85]; the boat or chest of, [90], [103]; "the Garden of", [171], [172]; slain by boar, [294], [304]. Afghans, skull forms of, [8]. Ages, the mythical, Tammuz as ruler of one of the, [83], [84]; Greek flood legend and, [195], [196]; the Indian and Celtic, [196]; in American myths, [198]; Babylonian and Indian links, [199]; in Persian and Germanic mythologies, [202], [203]; various systems compared, [310] et seq.. Agni (ăg´nee), Indian fire and fertility god, [49]; Nusku and, [50]; links with Tammuz, [94]; eagle as, [168], [169]; Nergal and, [304]; the goat and, [333]; Melkarth and, [346]. Agriculture, mother worship and, [xxix], [xxx]; cults of Osiris-Isis and Tammuz-Ishtar, [xxxi]; early Sumerians and, [2]; in Turkestan and Egypt, [6]; early civilizations and, [14]; Herodotus on Babylonian, [21], [22]; irrigation and river floods, [23], [24], [26]; deities and water supply, [33]; Tammuz-Adonis myth, [85]; weeping ceremonies, [82] et seq.; Nimrod myth, [170]; demand for harvesters in Babylonia, [256]. Agum (ä´güm), Kassite kings named, [272] et seq. Agum the Great, Kassite king, recovers from Mitanni Merodach and his spouse, [272]. Ahab, King of Israel, [405]-[407] , [408], [473]. Ahaz, King of Judah, fire ceremony practised by, [50]; sundial of and eclipse record, [323], [450]; relations with Assyria, [452], [453], [459]. Ahaziah (a-ha-zī´ah), King of Israel, [408]-[410] . Ahür´ă Măz´da, eagle and ring symbol of, [347]; Ashur and, [355]; Cambyses and, [495]; identified with Merodach, [496]; reform of cult of, [497]. Air of Life, Breath and spirit as, [48], [49]. Akhamanish (a-khä-măn´ish), the Persian Patriarch, [493]; Germanic Mannus and Indian Manu and, [493]; eagle and, [493]. Akhenaton (a-khen-ä´ton), foreign correspondence of, [280] et seq.; Assyrian King's relations with, [285]; Aton cult of, [338], [422]; attitude of to mother worship, [418], [419]. Akkad (ak´kad). Its racial and geographical significance, [1]; early name of Uri or Kiuri, [2]; early history of, [109] et seq. Akkad, City of, Sargon of, [125] et seq.; Naram-Sin and, [128], [129]; in Hammurabi Age, [256]; observatory at, [321]. Also rendered Agadé. Akkadians, characteristics of, [2]; culture of Sumerian, [2], [3], [13]; the conquerors of Sumerians, [12]. Äku, moon as the "measurer", [301]. Akurgal (ä-kür´gal), King of Lagash, son of Ur-Nina, [118]. Alban, the British ancestral giant, [42]. Aleppo (a-lep´po), Hadad worshipped at, [411]. Alexander the Great, Southern Babylonia in age of, [22], [23]; his vision of Tiamat, [151]; myths of, [164]; the eagle and, [167]; Gilgamesh and, [172]; water of life, [185], [186]; Brahmans and, [207], [208]; welcomed in Babylon, [497]; Pantheon of, [497]; death of, [498]. Algebra, Brahmans formulated, [289]. Allatu (al´lä-tü). See Eresh-ki-gal. Alu (ä´lü), the, tempest and nightmare demon, [65], [68], [69]. Alyät´tes, King of Lydia, war against Medes, [494]; Median marriage alliance, [494]. Ä´mä, the mother goddess, [57], [100]. Amaziah, King of Judah, [448], [449]. Amel-marduk (ä´mel-mär´duk), "Evil Merodach", King of Babylon, [492]. Amenhotep III (ä-men-hō´tep) of Egypt, [280]; Tushratta's appeals to, [282]. Amon, wife of, [221]; the "world soul" belief and, [329]. Amorites, Land of. See Amurru. Amorites, Sargon of Akkad and, [125]-[127] ; in pre-Hammurabi Age, [217]; Sun cult favoured by in Babylon, [240]; Moon cult of in Kish, [241]; blend of in Jerusalem, [246]; raids of, [256]; as allies of Hittites, [284], [363], [364]; Philistines and, [380]; "mother right" amongst, [418]. Amphitrite, the sea goddess, [33]. Amraphel (äm´ra-phel), the Biblical, identified with Hammurabi, [131], [246], [247]. Amurru (am´ür-rü), land of Amorites, [127]; Sargon and Naram Sin in, [127]-[129] ; Gudea of Lagash trades with, [130]; Elamite overlordship of, [248]. Amurru, the god called, Merodach and Adad-Ramman and, [316]. Anahita (ana-hi´ta), Persian goddess, identified with Nina-Ishtar, [496]. An´akim, "sons of Anak", the Hittites and, [11], [12]. Anatu (an-ä´tü), consort of Anu, [138]. Anau, Turkestan, civilization of and the Sumerian, [5]; votive statuettes found at, [5]. Ancestral totems, annual sacrifice of, [294]; in Babylonia and China, [295]. Andromeda (an-drom´e-da), legend of, [152]. Angus, the Irish love god, [90], [238]. Animal forms of gods, [134], [135]. Animism, [xxxiii]; spirit groups and gods, [35], [294] et seq.; fairies and elves relics of, [79], [80]; stars and planets as ghosts, [295], [304]; star worship, [317]; Pelasgian gods as Fates, [317]. "Annie, Gentle", the Scottish wind hag, [73]. Annis, Black, Leicester wind hag, [73], [101]. An´shan, Province of, Sargon of Akkad conquers, [127]; Cyrus, King of, [493]. An´shar, the god, in group of elder deities, [37]; Anu becomes like, [124]; in Creation legend, [138] et seq.; Ashur a form of, [326], [354]; as "Assoros", [328]; as night sky god, [328]; identified with Polar star, [330], [331]; as astral Satyr (goat-man), [333]; Tammuz and, [333]; his six divinities of council, [334]. Anthat (änth´at), goddesses that link with, [268]. Anthropomorphic gods, the Sumerian, [134]-[136] . Anu (ä´nü), god of the sky, demons as messengers of, [34], [77]; in early triad, [35], [36]; among early gods, [37]; Brahma and, [38]; links with Mithra, [55]; other gods and, [53],57; as father of demons, [63]; solar and lunar attributes of, [53], [55]; wind spirits and, [72], [73], [74]; in demon war, [76]; as father of Isis, [100]; Ur-Nina and, [116]; as father of Enlil, [124]; as form of Anshar, [125], [328]; high priest of and moon god, [130]; during Isin Dynasty, [132]; in Creation legend, [138] et seq.; Merodach directs decrees of, [149]; Etana and eagle in heaven of, [166]; in Gilgamesh legend, [173] et seq.; in Deluge legend, [190] et seq.; planetary gods and, [304]; zodiacal "field of", [307]; the star spirits and, [318]; as Anos, [328]; as the "high bead", [334]; Sargon II and, [463]. An´zan. See Anshan. Apep (ä´pep), the Egyptian serpent demon, [46], [156]. Aphrodite (af-rō-dī´tē), boar lover of slays Adonis, [87]; lovers of, [103]; the "bearded" form of, [267], [301]; birds and plants sacred to, [427]; as a fate, [427], [433]; legends attached to, [437]. Apil-Sin (ä´pil-sin), King, grandfather of Hammurabi, [242]. Apis bull (ä-pis), inspiration from breath of, [49]; Cambyses sacrifices to Mithra, [495]. Apsu-Rishtu (ap´sü-rish´tü), god of the deep, like Egyptian Nu, [37], [64]; as enemy of the gods, [38]; Tiamat and, [106]; in Creation legend, [138] et seq.; reference to by Damascius, [328]. Apuatu (ä-pü´ä-tü) (Osiris) as the Patriarch, [xxxii]. Arabia, moon worship in, [52]; owl a mother ghost in, [70]; in Zu bird myth, [74], [75]; invaded by Naram Sin, [129]; Etana myth in, [166], [167]; water of life myth, [186]; Sargon II and kings of, [458]; Sennacherib in, [466]. Arabians, the, of Mediterranean race, [7]; Semites of Jewish type and, [7], [10]; prehistoric migrations of, [11], [12]. Arad Ea (är-ad-e´ä), "ferryman" of Hades water, [34]; Gilgamesh crosses sea of death with, [180] et seq. Aramaeans, migrations of, [359]; called "Suti", "Achlame", "Arimi", "Khabiri", and "Syrians", [360]; Assyria and the, [367]; as allies of Hittites, [377], [378]; state of Damascus founded by, [390]; Ashur-natsir-pal III and, [398], [399]; "mother worship" and, [434]; as opponents of sun worship, [445]; settled in Asia Minor, [461]. Archer, the Astral, Ashur, Gilgamesh, and Hercules as, [336], [337]; robed with feathers, [344]; Ashur and Sandan as, [352]. Ardat Lili (ar´dat li-li), a demon lover, [68]. Ardys, King of Lydia, Assyria helps, [486]. Ares, Greek war god, as boar slayer of Adonis, [87], [304]. Argistis I (ar´gist-is), King of Urartu, campaigns of, [441], [442], or, Argistes. Argistis II of Urartu, raids of Cimmerians and Scythians, [461]. Arioch (ä´ri-ok), the Biblical, Warad-Sin as, [247], [248]. Arithmetic, finger counting in Babylonia and India, [310]; development of, [312]. Ark, in flood legend, [191] et seq. Arles money, Babylonian farm labourers received, [256]. Armenia, Thunder god of, [261], [395]; goddess Anaitis in, [267], See Urartu. Armenians, the use of cradle board by, [4], [5]; ancestors of, [283]. Armenoid Race, the, in Semitic blend, [10]; in Asia Minor, Syria, and Europe, [11], [262]; traces of in prehistoric Egypt, [11], [263], [264]; in Palestine, [12]; culture of, [315]. Arnold, Edwin, [xxii]. Arpad (är´pad) in reign of Tiglathpileser IV, [446], [447]. Arrow, a symbol of lightning and fertility, [337]; Ashur's and the goddess Neith's, [337]n. See Archer, the Astral. Art, magical origin of, [288]. Artaxerxes, [497]. Artemis (är´te-mis), the goddess, lovers slain by, [104]; as wind hag, [104]; the "Great Bear" myth and, [296]. Artisan gods, Ea, Ptah, Khnumu, and Indra as, [30]. Aruru (ar´ü-rü), the mother goddess, [100], [160], [420]; assists Merodach to create mankind, [148]; in Gilgamesh legend, [172] et seq. Aryans (ā´ri-ans), Mitannians as, [269], [270]; Kassites and, [270]. Asa, King of Judah, burning at grave of, [350]; images destroyed by, [403]; appeal for aid to Damascus, [404]; death of, [407]. Asari (ä-sä´ri), Merodach as, and Osiris, [159]. Ash´dod, Cyprian King of, [458], [459]. Ashtoreth (äsh-tō´reth), Ishtar and, [100]; lovers of, [103]; goddesses that link with, [267]; worship of at Samaria, [439]; also rendered Ash´ta-roth. Ashur (ä´shur), Asura theory, [278]; as Aushar, "water field", the "Holy One", and Anshar, [326]; the Biblical patriarch, [327]; "Ashir" and Cappadocia, [327]; Brahma and, [328]; as Creator, [329]; bull, eagle, and lion identified with, [330]; connected with sun, Regulus, Arcturus, and Orion, [331]; King and, [331]; Isaiah's parable, [331]; as bull of heaven, [334]; winged disk or "wheel" of, [334], [335]; standard of as "world spine", [335]; the archer in "wheel", [335]; despiritualization theory, [335], [336]; the solar archer as Merodach, Hercules, and Gilgamesh, [336]; the arrow of, [337]; Babylonian deities and, [337]; Babylonian and Persian influences, [338]; as god of fertility, &c., [339]; Assyrian civilization reflected by, [340]; as corn god and war god, [340]; the Biblical Nisroch, [341]; the eagle and, [343]; Ezekiel's references to life wheel, [344] et seq.; fire cult and, [346]; Indian wheel symbol, [346], [347]; Persian wheel or disk, [347]; wheels of Shamash and Ishtar, [347]; the Egyptian Ankh, [347]; Hittite winged disk, [347], [348]; Sandan and, [347], [348]; Attis and, [348]; son of Ea like Merodach, [348]; aided by fires and sacrifices, [351]; disk a symbol of life, fertility, &c., [351]; the lightning arrow, [352]; temples of and worship of, [352]; close association of with kings, [352], [353]; association of with moon god, [353]; astral phase of, [354]; Jastrow's view, [354]; Pinches on Merodach and Osiris links, [354]; as patriarch, corn god, &c, [354], [355]; spouse of, [355]; a Baal, [355]; earthquake destroys temple of, [363]; Shalmaneser I obtains treasure for, [366]; Esarhaddon builds temple to, [476]; Sennacherib murdered in temple of, [470]; Ahura Mazda and, [496]. See Ässhur, the Biblical Patriarch. Ashur-bani-pal (ä´shur-bän´i-pal), discovery of library of, [xxii], [xxiii]; doctors and, [231], [232]; worship of Ashur and Sin, [353]; Merodach restored to Babylon by, [481], [482]; Egyptian campaign, [482]; sack of Thebes, [483]; emissaries from Gyges of Lydia visit, [483]; Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt against, [484]; suicide of Shamash-shum-ukin, [485]; Lydia aided by, [486]; Sardanapalus legend, [486]; the Biblical "Asnapper", [487]; palace of, [487]. A´shur-dan´ I, of Assyria, [370]. Ashur-dan III, reign of, [442]. Ashur-danin-apli(a´shur-dan-in´apli), revolt of in Assyria, [414], [415]. Ashur-elit-ilani (a´shur-e´lit-il-a´ni), King of Assyria, [487], [488]. Ashur-natsir-pal I (a´shur-na´tsir-pal) of Assyria, [369]. Ashur-natsii-pal III, his "reign of terror", [396]; conquests and atrocities of, [397], [398]; Babylonians overawed by, [399]; death of, [401]. Ashur-nirari IV (a´shur-ni-rä´ri), last king of Assyria's "Middle Empire", [442], [443]. Ashur-uballit (a´shur-u-bäl-lit), King of Assyria, Egypt and, [281], [282], [285]; conquests of, [284]; grandson of as King of Babylon, [284]; Arabian desert trade route, [360]. Asia Minor, hill god of, [136]; prehistoric alien pottery in, [263]. Ass, the sun god as, [329]; in Lagash chariot, [330]. "Ass of the East", horse called in Babylonia, [270]. Äs´shur, City of, Ashur the god of, [277]; Mitanni king plunders, [280]; imported beliefs in, [327]; Biblical reference to, [339]; development of god of, [355]; Merodach's statue deported to, [469]. Äs´shur, the Biblical Patriarch of Assyria, [276], [277], [327]. See Ashur. Assyria, excavations in, [xix] et seq.; Amorite migration to, [217]; Hammurabi kings as overlords of, [241], [419]; Thothmes III corresponds with king of, [276]; Biblical reference to rise of, [276], [277]; Aryan names of early kings of, [278]; Mitanni kings as overlords of, [279], [280]; Semitized by Amorites, [279]; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, [281], [282]; rise of after fall of Mitanni, [284]; struggles with Babylonia for Mesopotamia, [284]-[286] ; [361] et seq.; the national god, Ashur, [326] et seq.; Isaiah's reference to, [340]; Egyptians and Hittites allied against, [366], [368]; Old Empire Kings, [366] et seq.; Babylonia controls, [370]; character of, [372]-[375] ; periods of history of, [375]; at close of Kassite period, [380]; end of Old Empire, [386]; Second Empire of, [391] et seq.; sculpture of and Sumerian, [401]; mother worship in, [420] et seq.; Urartu's struggle with, [440]-[442] ; end of Second Empire, [443]; Third Empire, [444] et seq.; Egypt becomes a province of, [475] et seq.; last king of, [487]; fall of Nineveh, [488]; Cyaxares rules over, [493]. Astarte (as-tär´te), lovers of, [103]; animals of on Lagash vase, [120]; goddesses that link with, [267]; Semiramis and, [425]. Astrology, basal idea in Babylonian, [317]; Babylonian and Grecian, [318] et seq.; literary references to, [325]. Astrology and astronomy, [287] et seq. See Stars, Planets, and Constellations. Astronomers, eclipses foretold by in late Assyrian period, [321], [322]. Astronomy, Merodach fixes stars, &c., in Creation legend, [147], [148]; discovery that moon is lit by sun, [148] n.; Mythical Ages and, [310] et seq.; theory of Greek origin of, [319] et seq.; precession of the equinoxes, [320], [320] n.; Assyro-Babylonian observatories, [320]-[322] ; Hittites pass Babylonian discoveries to Europe, [316]; in late Assyrian and neo-Babylonian period, [479], [480]. Astyages (as-ty´a-jēz), King of the Medes, Cyrus displaces, [493]; wife of a Lydian princess, [494]. Asura fire (ă-shoo´ra), in the sea, [50], [51]. Atargatis (ät-är-gä´tis), the goddess, legend of origin of, [28]; as a bi-sexual deity, [267]; Derecto and, [277], [426], [427]; Nina and, [277], [278]. Ate (ä´te), mother goddess of Cilicia, [267]. Athaliah (ath-a-lī´ah), Queen, of Judah, [409]; reign of, [413]; Joash crowned, [413]; soldiers slay, [413], [414]. Athena (äthe´na), indigenous goddess of Athens, [105]; goat and, [337]. Athens, imported gods in, [105]. Atmospheric deities, Enlil, Indra, Ramman, &c, as, [35]; "air of life" from, [48], [49]. Aton, Akhenaton's god, the goddess Mut and, [419], [422]. Attis (ät´tis), the Phrygian god, Tammuz and, [84]; death of, [87]; as lover of Cybele, [103], [104]; deities that link with, [267]; as Jupiter, [305]; Ashur and, [354]-[355] ; symbols of, [348]. Äü-Aä, Jah as Ea, [31]. Australia, star myths in, [296], [300]. Axe, the double, symbol of god, [348]. Azag-Bau (ä´zag bä´ü), legendary queen of Kish, [114]; humble origin of, [115]. Azariah (az-a-rī´ah), King of Judah, [449].