FOOTNOTES
[1] “Phœnicia,” by George Rawlinson. London, 1889.
[2] I have availed myself of Mr. H. G. Dakyns’ excellent translation of “The Works of Xenophon,” Vol. III, Part I. London, 1897.
[3] Given in “Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology,” by J. W. Mackail. London, 1911.
[4] Ibid.
[5] Ibid.
[6] “A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities.” London, 1902.
[7] See Fig. 24 of “Sailing Ships and their Story.”
[8] Given on page 212 of Mackail, ut supra.
[9] Taken from Plate LII in “Peintures Antiques de Vases Grecs de la Collection de Sir John Coghill, Bart.,” par James Millingen. Rome, 1817.
[10] “Journal of Hellenic Studies,” Vol. XII, p. 203.
[11] “Journal of Hellenic Studies,” Vol. XI, p. 193.
[12] “Rhodes in Ancient Times,” by Cecil Torr. Cambridge, 1885.
[13] “Six Dialogues of Lucian,” translated into English by S. T. Irwin. London, 1894.
[14] “The Remains of Ancient Rome,” by J. H. Middleton. London, 1892.
[15] “Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul,” by T. Rice Holmes. Oxford, 1911.
[16] “Sailing Ships and their Story.”
[17] See article in “The Yachting Monthly,” Vol. XII, p. 81, “The Shipwrights of Rome.”
[18] “Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times,” by Fridtjof Nansen, 2 vols. London, 1911.
[19] That is to say they were still existing about A.D. 1180.
[20] That is to say 148 feet: grass-lying means straight.
[21] See “The Saga Library,” edited by William Morris and Eirikr Magnusson. London, 1905. I am indebted to this edition for the extracts which I here make from the Sagas, and also for some valuable matter given in the notes to that edition.
[22] “The Story of the British Navy.” London, 1911.
[23] Grieves.
[24] Haste.
[25] Arrange.
[26] “You’re standing too close beside your mate so that he cannot haul.”
[27] Shout.
[28] Go aloft.
[29] Taylia = “tally aft the sheet”—“haul aft,” etc.
[30] Stow.
[31] “No nearer”—“don’t come any nearer to the wind.”
[32] “Thou failest”—“you’re slacking.”
[33] “Wartake” may mean “war-tackle,” but what exactly that signifies no one to-day has been able to suggest.
[34] i.e. lay the cloth.
[35] “Pery” means “squall.”
[36] “Thow canst no whery” = “you mustn’t complain”—“you know nothing about these matters.”
[37] Malmsey.
[38] Boiled nor roast.
[39] “My head will be cleft in three”—“my head is splitting.”
[40] “Gere” means “tools.” Lightly constructed cabins were knocked together on these Viking-like ships by the ship’s carpenter to accommodate passengers.
[41] Lie.
[42] Evidently some of the passengers had to sleep in the hold, whence the stench of the bilge-water and the accumulation of filth made their life very trying.
[43] “Dawn of Navigation,” in “Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute,” Vol. XXXII. Annapolis, 1906.
[44] Far from having been expressly built for exploration, the Santa Maria had been constructed for the well-known trading voyages to Flanders. The Pinta and Nina had been built for the Mediterranean trade.
[45] Sir Clements Markham states that the bonnet was usually cut one-third the size of the mizzen, or one-quarter of the mainsail, being secured to the leach by eyelet holes.
[46] The italics are mine.
[47] i.e. “lie at hull”—the Elizabethan word for “heave to.”
[48] i.e. lie to a drift-sail or sea-anchor.
[49] i.e. an azimuth compass.
[50] This is thought to have been some instrument showing how the line of the course cuts the several meridians, those meridians being drawn upon their proper inclination.
[51] The derivation of the word Flame-borough or Flamborough at once suggests a burning beacon.
[52] “Greenwich Royal Hospital,” by Edward Fraser.