INDEX

Ægean Sea, [33]
Africa, circumnavigation of, by the Phœnicians, [21];
in early map, [124];
geographical knowledge of, [130]
Agricola, [67]
Alectus, [78]
Alfred, sailors in time of, [17]
Algiers, pirates of, [224]
Amber, Phœnicians and, [26]
Ambleteuse, [73]
America, North, the Vikings and, [90], [91]
Amundsen, Capt. Roald, [204]
Amyntas III and shipbuilding materials, [46]
Anchor work, [258]
Anchors, metal, Athenian Navy, [44];
of the king’s galleys, middle ages, [146];
Spanish iron for, [180];
of men-o’-war, early 19th century, [278]
Andersen, Capt. Magnus, [90]
Anglo-Dutch wars, [208], [229], [230], [235], [237–40], [267]
Anne, Queen, seamen in days of, [249]
Anson’s voyage round the world, [131], [251]
Antipater of Sidon quoted, [32]
Antiphilus quoted, [33]
Arabians, the, as navigators, [122]
Arctic Circle, voyaging to, [116]
Argand lamp, [244]
Armada, the great, and seamanship, [184];
wages of seamen at time of, [208];
tactics against, [218];
the pirate and, [222]
Arthur’s, King, conquests, [116]
Artillery introduced, [180];
knowledge of, [181];
of an Elizabethan ship, [191];
17th century, [228];
18th century, [261];
on men-o’-war, [276], [283]
Asia, kings of, build large warships, [43]
Askoma, [31]
Assyrian sculptures, Phœnician biremes in, [19]
Assyrians, the, and the sea, [16]
Astrolabe, the, need for, [172];
its origin and name, [172];
its use described, [173];
improved for the sea, [174];
and Columbus, [175];
importance of those who could use it, [175];
superseded, [212]
Astronomers, the ancients as, [115]
Astronomical measurements in navigation, [27]
Athenian Navy, the, [44];
inventories of Athenian dockyards, [47]
Atlantic, the, Arab name for, [154]
Atlas, the first (Wagenaer’s), [214]
Audley, Thomas, “Book of Orders,” [182]
Augustus, [68]
Australia, rush to, [288]
Avery, David, [244]
Ayscue, Sir George, [239], [242]
Azores, the, [212], [217]
Baffin’s Bay, [88]
Bailak Kibdjaki, [150]
Ballast in ancient Greek ships, [32];
loose ballast, [289]
Baltimore, piracy at, [223]
Barometer, the, [259]
Bayeux tapestry, ships in the, [137], [138]
Beachy Head, battle of, [243]
Beacons, [243]
Beaver, Lieut. Philip, [267]
Beazley, Mr. Raymond, quoted, [126]
Bedford, Duke of, First Lord of Admiralty, and naval uniforms, [272]
Behaim, Martin, improves the astrolabe, [174]
Bells, ships’, [215], [254]
Benbow, Admiral John, [266]
“Better to break owners than orders,” [263]
Birds, observations by, [88]
Biremes, Phœnician, [19];
succeeded by trireme, [38];
number of oars, [40]
Biscay, the Bay of, [117]
“Bittacle” (i.e. binnacle), [214], [253]
“Bitter end,” the, [278]
Bitts, [278]
Bitumen caulking, [19]
“Black Book of the Admiralty,” [183]
Black Deeps, the, [227]
Blaeu, Wm. J., “The Sea Mirrour,” [215]
Blake, Admiral Robert, and Tunisian pirates, [224];
sea commander, [229];
and discontent on his ships, [236];
defects in his ships, [237];
tactics, [238], [239];
battle off Portland, [240], [241]
Boarding in naval warfare, [62], [183], [218]
Boatswain, [146]
Böckh’s “Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum,” [47]
Booms in Ancient Rhodes, [53]
Borough, Admiral William, [217]
Boteler’s “Dialogues,” [230]
Boulogne (Gesoriacum), [67], [70], [72], [79]
Bourne, William, on the cross-staff, [175];
“Arte of Shooting,” [191];
“Inventions or Devises,” [193];
“Regiment for the Sea,” [209];
first English book on navigation [211];
on the earth as a globe, [213];
“Treasure for Traueilers,” [216];
method of registering speed, [216]
Bowline, to sail on a, [168]
Boxhauling, [252]
Bridport, Lord, [267]
Brigg’s logarithms, [248]
Bristol Channel pilot cutters, [31]
Britain, Roman invasion of, [72–7]
British fleet in Roman times (Classis Britannica), [67]
British Navy, reorganised in 1618, [224];
under the Commonwealth, [229];
fashionable, [229];
captain’s pay at end of 17th century, [230];
probable strategy of to-day, [238];
ballast, [289].
See also [Elizabethan], [Tudor]
British seamanship and British supremacy, [219]
Buoys, [214], [226], [244]
Burgh, Hubert de, [143]
Bushnell, Edmund, “Complete Ship-Wright,” [224]
Bytharne, Jehan, “Book of War,” [183]
Cables of Viking ships, [108];
hemp and chain, [277], [278]
Cabot, Sebastian, [133]
Cadiz, [235];
mutiny of, [267]
Cæsar and the invasion of Britain, [5];
and his fleet, [69];
its tactics, [70];
invasion of England, [70–7];
seamanship, [74];
landing, [76];
knowledge of Gaul and Britain, [77]
Calais, [72]
Calicut, [135]
California gold rush, [288]
Caligula, [81]
Callis (pirate), [222]
Cambridge, Trinity College, MS. of pilgrim voyage, [147]
Canary Isles, [118], [121]
Cannon. See [Artillery]
Cape Barfleur, [138]
Cape Blanco, [134]
Cape Bojador, [134]
Cape Nun, [134]
Cape of Good Hope, Vasco da Gama and, [22];
doubled, [134];
named, [136]
Cape St. Vincent (Holy Promontory), [125], [127], [217]
Cape Verde Islands, [134]
Captains, tyrannical, [249]
Carausius, [78], [79]
Carpenter, [146]
Cartagena, [266]
Carthaginian fleet, the, [62]
Cartography. See [Map-making]
Catholic Church, the Portuguese and the, [131]
Catteville, the race of, [138]
Chain cables, [277]
Chanca, Dr., of Columbus’s fleet, [165]
Chaplains on Elizabethan ships, [199];
of French Navy, [230];
18th century, [249]
Charles I, mutinies of the Navy, [236]
Charles II, Navy in time of, [229];
officers, [230];
and sea charts, [243]
Charles V, [133], [170]
Charts, compilation of, [171];
Wagenaer’s, [214], [219];
Charles II and James II and, [243];
of British coast, 18th century, [256];
English, [257]
Chatham, [184];
dockyard, [226], [274]
Chavez, Alonso and Hieronymo de, [138], [171]
Chelsea pensioners on Anson’s voyage, [251]
China tea trade, [288–9]
Chinese, the, and the compass, [119];
voyages of, [119]
Chios, battle of, [52]
Chronometer, the coming of the, [178], [254]
Church services in Navy, 17th century, [227]
Cinque Ports, [140]
Circle, great, sailing, [178], [211], [213]
Civil War, the Navy during the, [236]
Classis Britannica, [67], [79]
Claudius, [67]
Clerk, John, “Naval Tactics,” [269]
Clinton (pirate), [222]
“Close-fights,” [188]
Clothing, seamen’s, 18th century, [264]
Cockpit, [282]
“Code de la Mer,” [151]
Colbert, Jean B., [230]
Colliers, London, of the 18th century, [251]
Collins, Greenville, [243]
Colonies, the, and seamanship, [230]
Colosseum, the, [69]
Colours of men-o’-war, [279];
internal, [246], [280]
Columbus, Bartolomeo, [156]
Columbus, Christopher, effect of Prince Henry’s work, [131];
his place, [136];
his log, [155];
his ships and navigation, [155];
his studies, [156];
and the Vikings, [156];
sets sail on first voyage, [157];
speed, [158];
his helmsman, [158];
reckonings, [159];
sights land, [160];
homeward bound, [160];
wreck of the Santa Maria, [161];
details of the ship, [163–4];
food, [164];
crew, [164];
religious atmosphere, [165];
subsequent voyages, [165];
third voyage, [166];
on the shape of the earth, [166];
fourth voyage, [167];
and navigating, [167];
as seaman and navigator, [169];
his achievements, [169];
reckoning by tonnage, [197]
Compass, the, use by the Chinese, [119];
by Arabians, [119];
introduced to Europe, [119];
suspension of the needle, [120];
the fleur-de-lys, [120];
its early use, [124];
liquid compass anticipated, [150];
variation recorded by Columbus, [158];
variation, [212], [213];
Elizabethan names for the, [214]
“Confessio Amantis,” [146]
Congo River, [135]
Constable, [146]
Constantinople, [152]
Cook, Capt., [263]
Copper sheathing, [275]
Corinth, triremes built at, [42];
shipbuilding at, [46]
Corn-ships of Egypt, [57]
Cortes, Martin, [171], [211]
Court-martial instituted, [218]
Craft, the working of, [5]
Cretan pirates, [53]
Crew, ship’s, of the 13th century, [141], [146]
Cross-staff, the, [174];
its use described, [176];
improved, [212]
Crusades, the, [117], [119], [121];
Crusaders’ journey from Dartmouth, [138–40]
Cyprus, temple in, commemorating a large ship, [43]
Dartmouth, [138]
Davis, John, as navigator, [155];
and circle sailing, [178];
nautical expressions in his logs, [203];
extracts from his “Traverse-Booke,” [205];
“Seaman’s Secrets,” [210]
Davis’s quadrant, [246]
Davits, [226]
Deal, Cæsar’s landing at, [73], [74]
Deane, Admiral, [240]
Decks, [142]
Deptford, seamen’s guild, [133], [171];
dockyard, [181], [226], [274]
Diaz, Bartholomew, [135]
Dock, dry, the first, [180]
Docks at Rome, [62]
Dockyards, Royal, [181], [226], [274]
Dover, [67], [72], [76];
Roman Pharos, [243]
Dover, Straits of, [72], [77]
Drake, Sir Francis, [5];
influence of Prince Henry the Navigator, [131];
as navigator, [155];
Cadiz expedition, [217];
as strategist, [217]
“Drift-sail,” [226]
Duff, Capt., of H.M.S. Mars, [279]
Duncan, Admiral, [267], [270]
Dungeness, [77], [236], [289], [290]
Dungeness beacon, [243]
Dunnage, [289]
Dutch as shipbuilders, [231]
Dutch and English seamen, 16th century, [206]
Dutch wars. See [Anglo-Dutch wars]
East India Company’s service, [284–287];
monopoly abolished and fleet disbanded, [287]
Ecnomus, battle of, [43], [62]
Eddystone Lighthouse destroyed, [272]
Edgar, King, [116]
Edward II, [144]
Edward III, poem on pilgrim ship of the time of, [147]
Edward VI, [133]
Egyptian corn-ships, [4], [57]
Egyptian kings of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. build large warships, [43]
Egyptians, the ancient, and the sea, [11], [12];
Egyptian ships, [13];
and naval warfare, [14];
navigation of, [14];
ships and boats in the life of the people, [14];
shipbuilding, [15];
not instinctively seamen, [16]
Einar Thambarskelfir, [108]
Elizabethan galleons, [5]
Elizabethan Navy, training of the seamen, [184];
seamanship, [186];
supremacy and colonial expansion, [186];
clumsy warships, [186];
types of vessels, [186];
obstacles to boarding, [188];
the tumble-home, [188];
colours of ships, [188];
steering, [189];
arrangements of the ships, [188–91];
sails, [190];
armament, [191–4];
the captain, [194];
punishments of seamen, [194];
the lieutenant, [194];
duties of the crew, [195];
watches, [196];
food, [198–202];
health, [198];
chaplain and trumpeter, [199];
life on board, [199];
contemporary account of sailing, [199];
sea terms in Elizabethan literature, [203];
their slowness, [206];
life of a captain, [207];
neglect of the seamen’s comfort, [207];
bad treatment, [208];
wages at time of the Armada, [208];
men of the service, [208];
flag saluting, [208];
cause of the impetus of the time, [209];
navigation books, [211–16];
instruments, [211], [212];
strategy, tactics, and discipline, [217];
court-martial, [218];
fleet tactics, [218];
seamanship, [219–20]
Elizabethan seamen as nautical experts, [171]
Emigration sailing ships to U.S.A., [283], [284]
English as shipbuilders, [231]
English Channel, winds, [72];
the Romans in the, [72];
tides, [74], [76];
John Davis and, [211];
piracy, [222]
Equator, the, [178]
Eric, son of Hakon, [109]
Ericson, Thorstein, [87]
Erith Dockyard, [181]
Erling Askew, [94], [101]
Erling Skialgson, [94]
Eruli, [91]
Espagnols sur Mer, Les, battle of, [144]
Eudoxus, [27]
Euphrates, shipbuilding on the, [17]
Euripides, terms in, [36]
Eustace the Monk, [143]
Exmouth, Admiral Lord, and pirates of Algiers, [224]
Exploration, claims in, [121]
Faroe Isles, [116]
Fenner, Capt., [217]
Fighting instructions, [270]
Fighting tops, [110]
Figureheads, [102], [280]
Fire, braziers of, used by Rhodians, [53]
Fireships, [53]
Flag, national, use of, by ancient Greeks, [48]
Flag saluting, [208]
Flamborough, [243]
Flamstead, John, [212]
Flemming (pirate), [222]
Fleur-de-lys on the compass, [120]
Flintshire, [243]
Flogging, [265], [286]
Fog signalling, [228]
Forelands, beacons on the, [243]
Forest of Dean, [275]
“Fothering,” [262]
Francesco da Barberino, [151]
Fraser, Edward, “Greenwich Royal Hospital,” [272]
French as shipbuilders, [231]
French Government and longitude, [254]
Froissart quoted, [145]
Galiotæ (galley-men), [141], [146]
Gama, Vasco da, [22], [131], [132], [134], [136]
Gambia, River, discovered, [134]
Gaul, Cæsar and, [77]
Genoa and the Genoese, [118], [121], [156], [180]
Geography, Phœnician influence on Greek geography, [26];
Pytheas and geographical knowledge, [27];
Greek and Roman, [114];
Ptolemy and, [116]
George II establishes Naval Academy, [250];
and naval uniform, [272]
Germany, [238]
Gibson, Richard, [240]
Gillianez, [134]
Gillingham Reach, [184]
“Glorious First of June,” A.D. 1794, [270], [271], [279]
Gloucester, [67]
Gnomon, the, [27]
Gogstad Viking ship replica, [90]
Gonzales, A., [134]
Goodwin Sands, [77]
Grapnels for boarding, [63], [101], [103]
Greece, Phœnician losses at invasion of, [20]
Greek fire, [142]
Greek ships, galley, [5];
how built, [29], [35];
warships and ramming, [30], [32];
colouring and sails, [30];
warships, oar-propelled, [31], [37];
ballast, [32];
their shape, [34];
timber employed, [35];
other details, [35–7];
sailing seasons, [37];
manning of warships, [37];
biremes and triremes, [38–40];
anchors, [44];
quickly built, [46];
materials for, [46];
shipbuilding yards, [46];
naval tactics, [47];
seamen, [47];
diekplous and periplous, [48];
admiral’s ships, [48];
signalling, [49];
seamanship, [50];
officers, [50];
a penteconter, [50–1];
summary, [51]
Greek words used in connection with ships, [34–7], [39–41]
Greeks, Phœnician influence on the, [26]
Greenland, Venetian voyage to, [122]
Greenwich Observatory founded, [230]
Gregory, ship of, [101]
Guilds, seamen’s, [133], [171]
Gulf Stream, the, [88]
Gunnery at time of Armada, [219];
at time of French wars, [280].
See also [Artillery]
Gunnstein, [109]
Gunpowder, [262]
Gunter’s scale, [248]
Haddock, Capt., [242]
Hadley’s quadrant, [254]
Hadrian’s wall, [67]
Hair, human, for ropes, [54]
Hakluyt, Richard, quoted, [116], [171], [212]
Hakon, King, [98], [101], [109], [110]
Hales, Dr., [283]
Halogaland, [97];
the Halogalanders as seamen, [105]
Halley, Edmund, on lead, latitude, and look-out, [253];
quadrant, [212]
Hamblyn, Robert, [244]
Hammocks introduced by Columbus, [164]
Hannibalian War, slaves as oarsmen, [64]
Hanseatic League, [180]
Harald, King, [93], [98], [112]
Harald Hairfair, [93]
Harek of Thiotta, [94], [100]
Harrison, John and William, invent the chronometer, [254]
Harwich beacon, [243]
Hatsopsitu’s, Queen, expedition to Punt, [12]
Hawke, Lord, [230], [268], [273]
Hawkins, Sir John, and payment for his men, [222]
Hawse-pipes, [278]
Heave to, [160]
Heimskringla, the, [105]
Hellespont, bridge of boats across the, [23]
Henry VII, [170];
encourages shipbuilding, [179]
Henry VIII, [133], [170];
decoration of his ships, [181], [182]
Henry, Prince, the Navigator, [6];
and Madeira, [122], [134];
his influence, [126], [132], [133];
settles at Sagres, [127];
and the reaching of India, [127];
his naval college, [128];
his work, [129];
sea route to India, [127], [129], [130];
and the spread of the Catholic Church, [130];
the results of his work, [131];
the work of his pupils, [132];
his discoveries, [134]
Herodotus on the Phœnicians, [21]
Hiero II of Syracuse, mosaics on ship of, [52]
Hipparchus, [115], [175]
Holland, States of, and longitude, [254]
Holmes, Mr. T. Rice, quoted, [69]
Homer, references in, to ships, [34];
ship of Homer, [35]
Hood, Admiral, [265], [270]
Houlding, Capt., [241]
Hour-glass, Vikings and the, [89];
hour and half-hourly glasses, [215], [254]
Howard, Lord, of Effingham, tactics of, [218];
and the plague on his ships, [222]
Howe, Lord, tactics of, [270], [271]
Hull, Kingston-on-, [133];
seamen’s guild, [171]
Hutchinson, William (“Practical Seamanship”), on a tyrannical captain, [249];
on seamanship, [250];
on the men of the merchant service, [251];
on colliers, [252], [257];
on boxhauling, [252];
on the steering wheel, [256];
on the barometer, [259];
on squaresails, [260];
pilots, [260];
method of stopping leaks, [263];
of scrubbing ship’s bottoms, [263];
sails, [264]
Hynmers, Richard, [215]
Hypozomata, [30]
Iceland, [116]
India, sea path to, [118];
Prince Henry the Navigator and sea route to, [127], [129], [130];
the opening of the sea route to, [134];
Portuguese expeditions to, [135];
Vasco da Gama’s voyage, [136];
Drake and the East Indian trade, [217]
Indian Ocean, [119]
Ingi, King, [93]
Irish Sea, pirates in the, [223]
Jamaica trade, [249]
James, St., shrine of, [147]
James I and pirates, [223], [224];
ships of his time, [228]
James II, Navy in the time of, [229];
and sea charts, [243]
Jervis, Admiral. See [St. Vincent, Lord]
“Jimmy Green,” [265], [283]
Jordaine, Sir Joseph, [242]
Kempenfelt, Capt., [269]
Keppel, Admiral, [266]
Kingsdown, [76]
Kingston-upon-Hull. See [Hull]
Knut, King, [94], [98], [106]
Korumba, [46]
L’s, the five, [252]
Lagos, [127], [128]
Lanterns, poop, of Stuart vessel, [246]
Launching, 17th century, [225];
of the Prince Royal, [232] et seq.;
cf. “wooden walls,” [275]
Laws, maritime, of Rhodes, [55];
Medieval codes, [151];
Venetian, [153]
Lawson, Sir John, [241]
Leaks, methods of stopping, [262]
Lebanon timber for Phœnician ships, [18]
Leif, son of Eric the Red, [91]
Leonidas of Tarentum quoted, [33]
Lestock, Richard, [266]
Levant, The, [118]
Liburnians, the, of Dalmatia, [66]
Lieutenants, 17th century, [229];
18th century, [251]
“Light of Navigation, The,” [228]
Lightbody, James, “Mariner’s Jewel,” [189], [225];
on bittacles, [214]
Lighthouses, ancient Greek, [45];
beacons, [243];
the Argand lamp, [244]
Lights on promontories in the Middle Ages, [145], [243]
Lightships, [244]
Line of battle, [242]
Lisbon, [156]
Live stock on sailing ships, [283]
Liverpool pilots, [260]
Loadstone, the, [115]
Log-book, [256]
Log-line, introduction of the, [178], [216];
patent log, [217]
Longitude, [211], [253];
rewards for instruments, [254];
by lunar observations, [254];
the chronometer invented, [254]
Look-out, the, [228]
Lotus plant, the, in Egyptian ships, [15]
Lowestoft, battle of, [242];
beacon, [243]
Lucian, [3], [57]
Lulli, Raymond, [129]
Macedonia, King of, builds large warships, [43]
Macham, discoverer of Madeira, [122]
Machico, [122]
Madeira, discovery of, [122];
rediscovery, [134]
Magazines on men-o’-war, [277]
Magellan, Ferdinand, [131]
Magister, [146]
Magnus, ship of, [112]
Magnusson, Dr. Eirikr, quoted, [105], [107]
Mahan, Admiral, quoted, [268]
Malaga, battle of, [267]
Malocello, [118], [121]
Man, Isle of, [243]
Manger, [278]
Map-making, Ptolemy and, [116];
early Venetian, [124];
portolani, [124]
Marinelli (mariners), [141], [146]
Maritime arts only among seafaring people, [11]
Maritime discovery, the ancients and, [114]
Maritime progress, Prince Henry the Navigator and, [133]
Markham, Sir Clements, quoted on Seville training in navigation, [178]
Martin V, Pope, [134]
Maskelyne, Dr., Astronomer Royal, [254]
Maspero, Prof., on the Egyptians and the sea, [11]
Masts, length of, 17th century, [225]
Match-tubs, [282]
Matthews, Admiral Thomas, [266]
Mediterranean, the, Egyptian ships on the, [12];
Phœnicians in the, [22]
Medway, the, [184]
Melinda, [136]
Men-o’-war. See [Wooden walls].
Mercator, Gerard, “Mappemonde,” [219];
chart, [248]
Meridians, converging, Ptolemy and, [116]
Messahala on the astrolabe, [175]
Meteorology. Virgil’s description of weather, [83–4]
Midshipmen, 18th century, [251]
Minnes, Vice-Admiral, [242]
Misenum, [66]
Missionaries as geographical discoverers, [117]
Monck, Admiral, [229], [241]
Monson, Sir William, “Naval Tracts,” [194], [198], [226]
Moon-dial, the, [248]
Moore’s “Midshipman’s Vocabulary,” [263]
Moorish pirates, [223]
Mozambique, [136]
Mutinies at Spithead, the Nore, etc., [267]
Mykenæans, the, and decorated sails, [51]
Myonnesos, battle of, [52]
Nansen, Dr., on Pytheas, [28];
on the Vikings, [85], [90], [92]
Napier, John, and logarithms, [224]
Narrow Seas, the, [214], [219]
Nature, man and the forces of, [10]
Naumachia, [68]
Nautæ (sailors), [141], [146]
“Nautical Almanac,” [254]
Nautical words. See [Sea terms]
Naval Academy, Portsmouth, [250]
Naval education in Portugal, [128] et seq.;
in England, [229];
in France, [230];
17th century, [248];
18th century, [250]
Naval warfare in England, early, [144];
as a science, [182];
18th-century tactics, [267], [268].
See also [Tactics]
Navigation, the beginning of, [5];
of the ancient Egyptians, [14];
of the Phœnicians, [19], [22];
Pytheas and, [27];
as described by Virgil, [83];
by instinct, [86];
of the Vikings, [86–90];
the ancients and, [114];
the Arabians and, [122];
Prince Henry the Navigator and, [128] et seq.;
first book on, by an Englishman, [211];
early English books, [211–16];
instruments of the Elizabethans, [211], [212];
in the 17th century, [224];
in the 18th century, [253];
methods of 18th-century coasters, [257]
Navy, Royal. See [British Navy]
Neco, King of Egypt, and the circumnavigation of Africa, [21]
Nelson, Lord, signal at Trafalgar, [271];
the battle of St. Vincent, [271];
the Victory, [275];
cost of a man-o’-war in his time, [276];
colours of his ships, [280]
Nemi, Lake, Roman boats, [78], [81]
Nesiar, battle of, [101]
New Forest, [275]
Newcastle colliers, [230], [251], [256]
Newcastle-on-Tyne Seamen’s Guild, [133], [171]
Nile, the, [12]
Nile barge, huge, [43]
Nocturnal, the, [248]
Nore Lightship, [244]
Nore, mutiny at the, [267]
Norse discoveries, [117]
Norsemen, the, and navigation, [2].
See also [Vikings]
North Foreland, battle off the, [242]
North-West Passage, [204]
Norwood, Richard, “Seaman’s Practice,” [216]
Nunez, Pedro, [178]
Oak for men-o’-war, [275]
Oarsmen on triremes, [39] et seq.;
on Viking ships, [112]
Octher, [116]
Officers of Navy of 18th century, [266]
Olaf Tryggvason, King, [94], [96], [100], [101], [103]
Oleron, laws of, [151]
Oppenheim, Mr. N., quoted, [182], [188]
Orfordness, [243]
Ostend, [241]
Palinurus, the pilot, [83]
Palos, [156]
Pavia University, Columbus at, [156]
Pay of Navy, mutinies, [267]
Pedro, Prince, [127]
Peloponnesian War, [38]
Penn, Admiral Sir William, [241]
Pentekontoroi (Greek warships), [37], [50], [51]
Pepys, Samuel, [229]
Petrie, Prof. Flinders, on shipbuilding in Egypt, [15], [51]
Pett, Sir Phineas, [231]
Petts, the, as shipbuilders, [231]
Philip II, neglect of, in saluting, [209]
Philip III of Spain, [254]
Phœnicians, the, as seamen, [12], [16];
build a fleet for Sennacherib, [17];
a race of seamen, [18];
their ships and crews, [18];
their navigation, [19], [22];
biremes, [19];
their losses, [20];
piracy, [20];
their voyages, [21];
circumnavigation of Africa, [21];
the first great seamen, [23];
engineers, [23];
Xenophon’s record of their ships, [23];
influence on the Greeks, [26]
Pilgrim ship of Edward III, [147]
Pilgrims as discoverers, [117]
Pilot, grand, of England, [133], [226]
Pilot major, [133], [170]
Pilots, [170]; “loadsmen,” [172];
Mersey, [260];
Tyne, [260]
Piracy, Phœnician, [20];
in Roman times, [66];
in Tudor times, [184]
Pirates, Mediterranean, [152];
in Elizabethan times, [222];
17th century, [223];
Moorish, [223];
Tunisian, [224];
Algerian, [224]
Plymouth Dockyard, [274]
Plymouth Sound, brig in, [257]
Pole, North, Pytheas and the, [27]
Polo, Marco, [130]
Popham, Admiral Edward, [229]
Popham’s, Sir Home, code, [271]
Portland, battle off, 1653, [240]
Portland beacon, [243]
Portolani, [124]
Portsmouth, first dry dock at, [180];
dockyard established, [181];
ships from, wintered on Medway, [184];
dockyard, [226], [274];
Naval Academy, [250]
Portuguese, their maritime knowledge, [125], [128];
influence of, on seamanship, [133];
concession to the King of Portugal, [134];
their discoveries, [134], [135];
discoverers able to keep at sea, [154];
enterprise in shipbuilding, [219];
as navigators, [219]
Post, Roman imperial, [57]
Powder-monkeys, [282]
Premiums on speed of tea clippers, [289]
Pressgang, the, [251]
Prester John, [135]
Privateering in Tudor times, [184];
in 18th century, [261];
tactics, [262]
Prize, division of, Elizabethan times, [197]
Provisioning by live stock, [283]
Ptolemy, [115], [116]
Ptolemy Philopator builds huge ship, [43]
Punic Wars, [62], [64]
Punt, Land of, [12]
Purser, [146]
Pursser (pirate), [222]
Pytheas of Massilia, the pioneer of navigation, [6], [27];
his voyages of discovery, [28]
Quadrant, Davis’s, [212];
Flamstead’s, [212];
Halley’s, [212]
Quadriremes and quinquiremes, [38], [42–3]
Rameses II, galleys of, [12]
Ramming, Greek warships and, [30], [41];
method of, by Rhodians, [52];
in the Middle Ages, [143]
Raud the Unchristened, [104]
Ravenna, [66]
Ravens used by the Vikings, [87]
Rawlinson, Professor George, on biremes, [19];
on Phœnician navigation, [22]
Reckonings, [256]
Rectores (masters), [141], [146]
Red Sea, the, [12]
Reef, [145]
Renaissance, the, and cartography, [124];
and shipping, [170]
Rhodes, ancient, ships of, [52];
celoces, [52];
naval tactics, [52];
ramming, [52];
naval organisation, [53];
shipbuilding, [53];
sea prowess, [54];
as a port, [54];
sea law, [55];
“Code Navale des Rhodiens,” [151]
Rhumb-lines, [213]
Richard I and his Crusader fleet, [139];
his naval tactics, [143]
Richardson, Wm., “A Mariner of England,” [264]
Rigging, wire, [289]
Rochelle, action off, [273]
Rodney, Admiral Lord, [230];
signals, [266];
Battle of the Saints, [268];
victories of, [270]
Roman boat found at Westminster, [78–81]
Roman galley, [5];
shipowners, [56–7];
merchants and barge-owners, [57];
corn-ships, [57];
warships, [61], [65];
docks, [62];
the fleets, [62], [66], [67];
naval warfare, [62];
squadrons, [64];
standing navy abolished, [64];
Romans not seamen, [64];
naval officers, [64];
piracy, [66];
the classiarii, [67];
influence of the navy on land, [68];
Cæsar’s fleet, [69];
its tactics, [70];
invasion of Britain, [72–7];
as shipwrights, [77–82];
Romano-British ships, [79];
boat found at Westminster, [78–81];
Lake Nemi boats, [78], [81–2];
Virgil’s descriptions, [82–4]
Roman pharos at Dover, [243]
Rome, victualling of, [56];
docks at, [62]
Romney Marsh, [77]
Ropes, ancient Greek, [31]
“Rosa Solis,” [207]
Royal Naval College, [250]
Royal Navy. See [British Navy]
Rudders of Viking ships, [107];
change of position of rudders, [146], [152]
Rupert, Prince, [242]
Ruyter’s, Admiral de, [242]
Sagas, descriptions from the, [92] et seq.
Sagres, [127–9]
Sailing season, [151]
Sailors. See [Seamen]
Sails, ancient Greek, [30];
in the Middle Ages, [137], [145];
of the Elizabethan ships, [190];
18th century, [264];
spritsails, [265];
beginning of the 19th century, [283]
St. Albans (Aldhelm’s) Head light, [145], [243]
St. Andrew’s cross, [209]
St. George’s ensign, [183], [209]
St. Vincent, Admiral Lord, [230], [270]
St. Vincent, battle of, [271]
Saints, Battle of the (1782), [265], [268], [270]
Salamis, battle of, triremes at, [38]
Saluting by flag, [208]
Sandgate, [76]
Sandwich, Earl, [240], [242]
Sandwich, [276]
Scandinavians as sailors, [93]
“Scarfing,” [282]
Schey, Rear-Admiral, [243]
Scribes on Mediterranean ships, [153]
Scuppers, [278]
Sea, humanity’s debt to the, [6];
fear of the, [11]
Sea sayings, [263]
Sea sense, the, [8]
Sea terms in Homer, etc., [35] et seq.;
in Elizabethan literature, [203];
in current use, [206]
Seamanship becoming a lost art, [4];
slowness of advance in early times, [120];
of the Middle Ages, [137] et seq.;
first book on, [151];
of time of Columbus, [160];
early treatises on, [171];
East India Company’s service and, [287];
in the 19th century, [274]
Seamen, hardships of, [3], [7];
the want of consideration for, [7];
the seaman character, [8];
bond between, [8];
of the 18th century, [251], [266]
Sennacherib and his fleet, [16]
Senofern and shipbuilding in ancient Egypt, [15]
Seppings, Sir Robert, [282]
Sesostris, sacred barge of, [16];
huge Nile barge, [43]
Seville, Contractation House, [170]
Seville training in navigation, [178]
Sextant, the, [174], [254]
Seyffert, Dr. Oskar, and Greek ships, [38]
Shakespeare and sea terms, [203]
Sheathing with copper, [226], [275]
Sheer hulk, [275]
Sheerness Dockyard, [274]
Ship of the 13th century described, [140];
fighting methods, [142]
Shipbuilding in ancient Egypt, [15];
earliest English book on, [224];
of wooden ships under cover, [282]
Shipowners, Roman, servants of the State, [52–3]
Ships, ancient Egyptian, [13–16]
Ships, measuring of, [224];
construction of, 17th century, [227];
painted red internally, [246], [280]
Ship’s bottoms, scrubbing, [263]
Ships named:
Association, [273]
Assurance, [240]
Bison, [103]
Blanche Nef, [138]
Capitana, [165]
Centaur, [82]
Chimæra, [82]
Crane, [96], [101], [104]
Dorsetshire, [273]
Dragon, [104]
Eagle, [273]
Edinburgh, [273]
Elizabeth, [204]
Fairfax, [241]
Falcon, [288]
Fiery Cross, [288]
George, [237]
Goddess Isis, [59]
Great Harry, [181]
Helene, [204]
Long Worm, [96], [101]
Marigalante, [197]
H.M.S. Mars, [279]
Mary (Charles II), [5], [241]
Mauretania, [4]
H.M.S. Minerva, [264]
Nina, [155], [157] et seq.
Olympic, [4]
Pinta, [155], [157] et seq.
Prince Royal, [231–5]
Pristis, [82]
Radians, [79]
Red Lion, [204]
Royal James, [242]
Ruby, [241]
San Felipe, [217], [218]
Santa Maria, [155] et seq.;
described, [163]
Scylla, [82]
Seaforth, [289]
Short Worm, [97], [101], [103], [104]
Sovereign of the Seas, [244]
Speaker, [241]
Sunneshine, [204]
Swiftsure, [237]
Taeping, [290]
Triumph, [240], [241]
Vanguard, [241]
Victory (Nelson’s), [275]
Worm, [97], [101], [103], [104]
Ships, types of, named:
Aphraktos, [65]
Barque, [204]
Bireme, [19], [40], [66]
Brig, [252], [257]
Carabela (caravel), [128], [137], [157], [168]
Carack, [219]
Celox, [52]
Ceol, [110]
Clipper, [274], [288], [289]
Cock-boat, [199]
Collier, [251], [256]
Dieres, [52]
Dragon, [96], [112]
Dromon, [94]
East Indiaman, [249], [274], [284]
Frigate, [276]
Galleon, [199]
Galley, [12], [46]
Kataphraktos, [65]
Kaupskip, [95]
Keel, [110]
Knörr, [95]
Lateener, [168]
Lembus, [65], [66]
Liburnian, [66]
Man-o’-war, “high charged,” [186];
“wooden walls,” [274]
Navis aperta, [66]
Navis tecta, [65]
Pentekontoros, [37], [38], [50], [51], [65]
Penteres, [52]
Pinnace, [190]
Privateer, [261]
Quadrireme, [42], [51], [65]
Quinquireme, [38], [43], [51], [62], [64–6]
Skeid, [95]
Skuta, [95]
Snekkja, [95]
Tea clipper, [274], [288], [289]
Three-decker, [276], [283]
Tetreres, [52]
Triemiolia, [52]
Triremes, [24], [38–40], [50], [51], [54], [62], [65], [66], [79]
Shoreham, battle of, [183]
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, wreck of, [254];
on Great Storm, [272]
Sicily, King of, builds large warships, [43]
Sidney, Sir Philip, [190]
Sidon, sailors of, [17], [20], [22]
Signal book, [270]
Signalling, ancient Greek, [49];
in Tudor times, [183];
17th century, [227]
Signals, Rodney’s, [266], [268]
Sigurd, King, [93], [95], [100], [106]
Sigurd, Bishop, [104]
“Skipper,” [206]
Skopti, [109]
Slave trade, Phœnician, [20]
Sluys, battle of, [144]
Smith, Capt. John, “Accidence,” [195];
account of life aboard an Elizabethan ship, [199];
on pirates, [222]
Sofala, [136]
Solebay, battle of, [242]
Sounding lead, Vikings use, [89]
South Pole, [204]
Southampton Water, [263]
Spain and iron supplies, Tudor times, [180];
jealousy of, in Elizabethan days, [209]
Spaniards and gunnery, Armada, [219]
Spanish warships, sailors cook for themselves on board, [153];
signalling in the, [183]
Spars, steel, [289]
Speed recording without log, [158]
Spithead, mutiny at, [267]
Spritmast, [283]
Squaresails, [260]
Starboard, [108]
Statham’s “Privateers and Privateering,” [261]
Steel, Robert, and Son, Greenock, [288]
Steering wheels, [256], [272–3]
Sterns, decorated, [280], [282]
Stokes Bay, [239]
Storm, great, of 1703, [272]
Strabo on the Sidonian navigation, [22]
Stuart seamanship, [235]
Stuart warships, [244];
rig and sails, [244];
decks and armament, [245–6];
workmanship and decoration, [245–8]
Sturmanni (steersmen), [141], [146]
Suez Canal, [288]
Surgeons, [282]
Svein, King, [93], [101], [108]
Swearing, [265]
Swin Channel, [214], [258]
Syria, [152]
Tacking, the art of, [10]
Tactics, naval, 17th century, [238];
in Anglo-Dutch war, [239];
line-ahead, [239];
schools of, [240];
18th century, [268];
French, [268];
Clerk’s “Naval Tactics,” [269];
Lord Howe’s changes, [270];
Jervis’s tactics, [271]
Tampion’s portable barometer, [259]
Tartaglia, Nicholas, “Arte of Shooting,” [216]
Tea clippers, [288], [289]
Tetricus the Elder, [78]
Texel, mutiny off the, [267]
Thames estuary, [77], [214], [258]
Thames, Roman boat found in the, [78–81]
Thames waterman as seaman, [12]
Thanet, [77]
Themistocles and a navy, [38]
Thole-pins, [35]
Thorburg Shavehewer, [96], [97]
Thorleif the Sage, [109]
Thorowgood, Capt. Thomas, [236]
Tides, the, Pytheas and, [28];
in the English channel, [74], [76]
Tigris, shipbuilding on the, [17]
Tillers, steering, in use, 1703, [272]
Timber of ancient Greek vessels, [35]
Time as recorded by Elizabethans, [215]
Tin, Phœnicians and, [21], [26]
Tonnage, reckoning by, [197]
Torr, Mr. Cecil, quoted, [45], [49], [54]
Torres, Capt. Antonio de, [197]
Torrington, Lord, [243]
Tower of London, [184]
Trade routes, ancient, and the Phœnicians, [26]
“Trade” wind, [207]
Trafalgar, battle of, [279];
Nelson’s signal, [271]
“Trani, Loi de,” [151]
Travel, desire for, [121]
Traverse board, [256]
Trestle-trees, [207]
Triremes, Greek, [38];
arrangement of, [39];
number of oars, [40];
rigging, [42]
Tristan, [134]
Tromp, Marten, [238], [239]
Trumpeter on Elizabethan ships, [199]
Tudor colours, the, [181]
Tudor period, sailors in the, [17]
Tudor ships, life on, [179];
victualling, [179];
health, [179];
shipbuilding, [180];
naval weapons, [180];
foreign shipbuilding for Henry VIII, [180];
artillery, [181];
decorated ships, [181], [182];
crew of the Great Harry, [181];
rate of pay, [182];
fleet orders, [182];
signalling, [183];
tactics, [183]
Tunisian pirates, [224]
Tyne, the, [257];
Tyne pilots, [260]
Uniforms originate in France, [230];
adopted in English Navy, [271];
how blue and white originated, [272]
Union Jack, [245]
United States, emigration sailing ships to, [283];
length of voyage, [284]
Veneti, the, [69]
Venetian maps, [124];
shipping season restricted, [152];
shipping laws, [153];
and the Atlantic, [154];
position on the sea, [154];
decline, [154]
Venetians, the, [118], [122]
Venice, Arsenal at, [180]
Ventilation of ships, [283]
Vikings, the, ships, [4], [5];
as seamen, [16];
as warriors and explorers, [85];
their sea sense, [86];
sense of time, [87];
navigation methods, [87–90];
and discovery of North America, [90];
replica of Gogstad ship’s voyage, [90];
extent of voyages, [90];
provisioning, [91];
descriptions from the Sagas, [92–5];
moving of ships, [93];
winter sailing, [92], [93];
species of craft, [95];
building a ship, [96];
fitting-out season, [100];
naval tactics, [101];
sails, [105];
steering, [107];
cables, [108];
precedence for berthing, [109];
row-boats, [109];
mooring, [110];
fighting tops, [110];
awnings, [110];
messing, [111];
bailing, [112];
oarsmen, [112];
fighters and seamen, [113];
as discoverers, [117], [121]
Virgil’s description of ships and sea, [82–4]
Vivaldi, [118]
Volusenus, [72]
Voyages without navigational methods, [6]
Wagenaer’s atlas, [214];
charts, [219]
War and shipbuilding, [85]
War vessels, ancient, [43], [44]
Wars of the Roses, [85]
“Watches” in Elizabethan ships, [196]
Water-compass, [119]
West Indies, [170]. See also [Columbus]
Westminster, Roman boat found at, [78–81]
Whales, observations by, [88]
Whipstaff, [189]
William the Conqueror, [5], [138]
Winds, waves, and tides, awe of, [10]
Wissant, [75]
Wolf the Red, [97]
“Wooden walls,” [274];
oak for the, [275];
the life of, [275];
building, [275];
rig, description, and cost, [276];
cables, [277], [278];
colours of, [279], [280];
gunnery, [280]
Woolwich Dockyard established, [181], [226], [274]
Woolwich, launch at, in 1610, [232]
Wright, Edward, “Haven-finding Art,” “Certaine Errors in Navigation,” [212]
Xenophon on Phœnician ships, [23]
Xerxes and the Phœnicians, [23]
Yarmouth Roads, [257]
Young, Capt., and neglect of Dutch to salute, [208]
Zamorano, Roderigo, [133], [171]
Zeno, the brothers, [122]

WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD.
PRINTERS, PLYMOUTH

I. Body Plan, etc., of an Early Nineteenth-Century 74-Gun Ship.

[(Larger)]

II. A Portable Crab Winch of the Early Nineteenth Century.

III. Longitudinal Plan of an Early Nineteenth-Century 74-Gun Ship.

[(Larger)]

IV. A 330-Ton Merchant Ship of the Early Nineteenth Century.

Upper illustration shows method of framing. Lower illustration gives plan of upper deck, indicating positions of windlass, masts, hatches, capstan, pump, etc. (See [Chapter X].)

V. Shrouds of Mainmast, Early Nineteenth-Century Ship.

VI. Design of the Stern of an Early Nineteenth-Century 330-Ton Merchant Ship.

VII. Midship Section of 330-Ton Merchant Ship of the Early Nineteenth Century.

VIII. Longitudinal Plan of an Early Nineteenth-Century 330-Ton Merchantman.

Length between perpendiculars, 108 ft. 3¼ in. Extreme breadth, 27 ft. 6 in. Depth, 12 ft. Length on keel, 82 ft.

IX. Plans of an Early Nineteenth-Century 74-Gun Ship.

[(Larger)]

X. Iron Clipper Sailing Ship “Lord of the Isles.”

Length between perpendiculars, 185 ft. Extreme breadth, 29 ft. 1000 tons displacement.

XI. The Wooden Clipper Ship “Schomberg.”

Length between perpendiculars, 262 ft. 6 in. Extreme breadth, 45 ft. 2600 tons burthen.

Plan XI, left and right sides