TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. Page.
Raw Materials Used in Soap Making [1-30]
1. Soap Defined [1]
2. Oils and Fats [1-2]
3. Saponification Defined [2-3]
4. Fats and Oils Used in Soap Manufacture [3-4]
Fullers' Earth Process for Bleaching Tallow [4-6]
Method for Further Improvement of Color in Tallow [6]
Vegetable Oils [6-9]
Chrome Bleaching of Palm Oil [9-12]
Air Bleaching of Palm Oil [12-16]
5. Rancidity of Oils and Fats [16-18]
Prevention of Rancidity [18]
6. Chemical Constants of Oils and Fats [18-19]
7. Oil Hardening or Hydrogenating [19-21]
8. Grease [21-22]
9. Rosin (Colophony, Yellow Rosin, Resina) [22-23]
10. Rosin Saponification [23-24]
11. Naphthenic Acids [24-25]
12. Alkalis [25-26]
Caustic Soda [26]
Caustic Potash [26-28]
Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) [28-29]
Potassium Carbonate [29]
13. Additional Material Used in Soap Making [29-30]
CHAPTER II.
Construction and Equipment of a Soap Plant [31-34]
CHAPTER III.
Classification of Soap Making Methods [35-46]
1. Full Boiled Soaps [36-42]
2. Cold Process [43-44]
3. Carbonate Saponification [45-46]
CHAPTER IV.
Classification of Soaps [47-104]
1. Laundry Soap [48]
Semi-Boiled Laundry Soap [49-50]
Settled Rosin Soap [50-54]
2. Chip Soap [54-55]
Cold Made Chip Soap [55-56]
Unfilled Chip Soap [56]
3. Soap Powders [56-59]
Light Powders [60-61]
4. Scouring Powders [61]
5. Scouring Soap [61-62]
6. Floating Soap [62-65]
7. Toilet Soap [65-68]
Cheaper Toilet Soaps [68-69]
Run and Glued-up Soaps [69-71]
Curd Soap [71-72]
Cold Made Toilet Soaps [72-73]
Perfuming and Coloring Toilet Soaps [73-75]
Coloring Soap [75-76]
8. Medicinal Soaps [76-77]
Sulphur Soaps [77]
Tar Soap [77]
Soaps Containing Phenols [77-78]
Peroxide Soap [78]
Mercury Soaps [78]
Less Important Medicinal Soaps [78-79]
9. Castile Soap [79-81]
10. Eschweger Soap [81-82]
11. Transparent Soap [82-84]
Cold Made Transparent Soap [84-87]
12. Shaving Soaps [87-90]
Shaving Powder [90]
Shaving Cream [90-93]
13. Pumice or Sand Soaps [93-94]
14. Liquid Soaps [94-95]
15. Use of Hardened Oils in Toilet Soaps [96-98]
16. Textile Soaps [98]
Scouring and Fulling Soaps for Wool [98-100]
Wool Thrower's Soap [100-101]
Worsted Finishing Soaps [101]
Soaps Used in the Silk Industry [101-103]
Soaps Used for Cotton Goods [103-104]
17. Sulphonated Oils [104-105]
CHAPTER V.
Glycerine Recovery [105-126]
1. Methods of Saponification [105-106]
Recovery of Glycerine from Spent Lye [106-113]
Twitchell Process [113-118]
Autoclave Saponification [118]
Lime Saponification [118-120]
Acid Saponification [120-121]
Aqueous Saponification [121]
Splitting Fats with Ferments [121-123]
Krebitz Process [123-125]
2. Distillation of Fatty Acids [125-126]
CHAPTER VI.
Analytical Methods [127-164]
1. Analysis of Oils and Fats [128]
Free Fatty Acids [128-130]
Moisture [130]
Titer [130-132]
Determination of Unsaponifiable Matter [132-133]
Test for Color of Soap [133-134]
Testing of Alkalis Used in Soap Making [134-137]
2. Soap Analysis [137-138]
Moisture [138-139]
Free Alkali or Acid [139-142]
Insoluble Matter [143]
Starch and Gelatine [143-144]
Total Fatty and Resin Acids [144]
Determination of Rosin [144-147]
Total Alkali [147-148]
Unsaponifiable Matter [148]
Silica and Silicates [148-149]
Glycerine in Soap [149-150]
Sugar in Soap [150]
3. Glycerine Analysis [150-151]
Sampling [151]
Analysis [151-154]
Acetin Process for the Determination of Glycerol [155-156]
The Method [156-159]
Ways of Calculating Actual Glycerol Contents [159-160]
Bichromate Process for Glycerol Determination
Reagents Required [160-161]
The Method [161-162]
Sampling Crude Glycerine [162-164]
CHAPTER VII
Standard Methods for the Sampling and Analysis of Commercial Fats and Oils [165-195]
1. Scope, Applicability and Limitations of the Methods [165-166]
Scope [165]
Applicability [166]
Limitations [166]
Sampling [166-169]
Tank Cars [166-167]
Barrels, Tierces, Casks, Drums, and Other Packages [168]
2. Analysis [169-183]
Sample [169]
Moisture and Volatile Matter [170-172]
Insoluble Impurities [172-173]
Soluble Mineral Matter [173]
Free Fatty Acids [174]
Titer [174-175]
Unsaponifiable Matter [176-177]
Iodine Number-Wijs Method [177-181]
Saponification Number (Koettstorfer Number) [181]
Melting Point [181-182]
Cloud Test [182-184]
3. Notes of the Above Methods [184-196]
Sampling [183]
Moisture and Volatile Matter [184-187]
Insoluble Impurities [187]
Soluble Mineral Matter [187-188]
Free Fatty Acid [188-189]
Titer [189]
Unsaponified Matter [190-193]
Melting Point [193-196]
Plant and Machinery [198-219]
Illustrations of Machinery and Layouts of the Plant of a Modern Soap Making Establishment [198-219]
Appendix [219-237]
Useful Tables
Index [239]