FOOTNOTES:
[1] Provincial Medical Journal, March, 1892.
[2] Histoire de Medicine depuis son Origine, etc.
[3] Pratt’s British Grasses, pp. 69, 125.
[4] Vol. ii. p. 384.
[5] Miss Gordon Cumming.
[6] Science Gossip.
[7] Morley’s Life of Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 129.
[8] Ringer, Materia Medica, Fifth Edition, p. 454.
[9] Berdoe, The Healing Art, p. 18.
[10] Prehistoric Times, Fifth Edition, p. 430.
[11] Primitive Culture, vol. i. p. 32.
[12] Hist. America, Book IV. chap. ii.
[13] Primitive Folk, p. 10.
[14] Nordenskiöld, Voyage of the Vega.
[15] India’s Teaching, p. 192.
[16] Tr. Eth. Soc., vol. iii. p. 235. Grey, Australia, vol. ii. p. 337. Boniveh, Tasmanians, pp. 183, 195.
[17] Journ. Ind. Archip., vol. i. p. 307.
[18] Journ. Ind. Archip., vol. iii. p. 110, vol. iv. p. 194.
[19] Taylor, New Zealand, pp. 48, 137.
[20] Folk Medicine, p. 3.
[21] Ibid., p. 7.
[22] Hodgson, Abor. of India, p. 170; cited in Folk Med., p. 10.
[23] Folk Med., p. 11.
[24] Ibid., p. 11.
[25] Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 114.
[26] Hunter, Rural Bengal, p. 210.
[27] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” Ency. Brit.
[28] Ency. Brit., vol. iv. p. 58.
[29] Ibid.
[30] Ibid., vol. xiii. p. 607.
[31] Ibid., vol. xxi. p. 853.
[32] Western Africa, p. 217.
[33] Lenormant, Chaldean Magic and Sorcery, pp. 258-262.
[34] Kalevala, 15th runa.
[35] Sir Joseph Hooker, Himalayan Journals, Ed. 1891, p. 416.
[36] Lang, Custom and Myth, p. 208.
[37] Folk Medicine, pp. 17, 18.
[38] E. Palmer, Notes on Australian Tribes.
[39] The Medical Profession in Ancient Times (New York, 1856).
[40] Denmark, its Hygiene and Demography, 1891, p. 57.
[41] The Races of Man, p. 292.
[42] Proc. Roy. Soc., xxvii. 309, 1878.
[43] Tylor’s Anthropology, p. 344.
[44] Tylor’s Anthropology, p. 354.
[45] Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 103.
[46] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” Ency. Brit.
[47] Ellis, Polyn. Res., vol. i. pp. 363, 395; vol. ii. pp. 193, 274. Schoolcraft, part iv. p. 49.
[48] Roman Paul, xix., in Life of Colon.
[49] D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, vol. ii. pp. 207, 231 (Caribs).
[50] Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 131.
[51] Races of Man, p. 61.
[52] Dr. G. W. Parker, on “The People of Madagascar,” Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1883, p. 478.
[53] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 187.
[54] A. H. Keane, On the Botocudos.
[55] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 293.
[56] Ibid., p. 475.
[57] Principles of Sociology, vol. i. p. 222.
[58] Clem. Alex., Miscellanies, book vi.
[59] Ibid.
[60] History of America, book iv. 7.
[61] Wallace, Travels on the Amazon, chap. xvii.
[62] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 10.
[63] Forrest, Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. iii. p. 319.
[64] Origin of Civilization, p. 26.
[65] Nat. His. Man., p. 535.
[66] Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 232.
[67] Primitive Folk, p. 237.
[68] Ibid., p. 80.
[69] Th. Halm, Globus, xviii.
[70] Landas, Superstitions Annamites.
[71] Primitive Folk, pp. 83, 84.
[72] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 473.
[73] Prof. Monier Williams, and Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 234.
[74] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 427.
[75] Starcke, Primitive Family, p. 32.
[76] Primitive Folk, p. 234.
[77] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 299.
[78] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 310.
[79] National Dispensatory, p. 986.
[80] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 251.
[81] Ibid., p. 251.
[82] Ibid., p. 11.
[83] Ibid., p. 132.
[84] Wh. Jour., vol. iv., 2nd sec., p. 519.
[85] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 132.
[86] Herbert Spencer’s Principles of Sociology, vol. i. p. 50.
[87] Sydenham’s Works, vol. i. Preface to Medical Observations.
[88] See British Medical Journal, July 30th, 1892, p. 238.
[89] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1884, p. 295.
[90] Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, p. 483. Ellis, vol. ii. p. 277.
[91] Massage, by W. E. Green, M.R.C.S. (Prov. Med. Jour., May 2nd, 1892, p. 242).
[92] Hist. de la Méd., vol. vii. p. 1.
[93] See also Surgeon Fletcher’s report in the U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, vol. v. 1882.
[94] Hist. de la Méd., tome vii. p. 208.
[95] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 70.
[96] Ibid.
[97] Ibid., p. 76.
[98] Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, tom. xxi. p. 5. Hottentots and negroes in Central Africa, according to Livingstone, have from remote times practised inoculation in a similar manner.
[99] Hist. de la Méd., vol. vii. p. 34.
[100] Pettigrew’s Medical Superstition, p. 24.
[101] Principles of Sociology, Herbert Spencer, vol. i. p. 374.
[102] Ibid.
[103] Meliosma simplicifolia, or Millingtonia.
[104] Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 222.
[105] Wallace, Travels on the Amazon, chap. xvii.
[106] Barth, Travels in Africa, Ed. 1890, p. 416.
[107] Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 136.
[108] Ibid., p. 251.
[109] Hooker, Himalayan Journals, Ed. 1891, p. 204.
[110] Blavatsky, Caves and Jungles of Hindostan, p. 13.
[111] Quoted in the article on “Drunkenness” in Ency. Brit.
[112] See Third Annual Report of the Massachusetts Board of Health.
[113] Early Hist. Mankind, p. 288.
[114] Hist. Gén. des Antilles habiteés par les Français: Paris, 1667, vol. ii. p. 371, etc.
[115] Early Hist. Mankind, p. 294.
[116] iii. 4, 17.
[117] Pt. iii., Canto i.
[118] Notes to his edition of Hudibras, 1744, loc. cit.
[119] Starcke, The Primitive Family, p. 52.
[120] Ibid.
[121] Vol. ii. p. 275.
[122] Reclus, Primitive Folk, p. 202.
[123] Ibid., p. 192.
[124] Natural History, Book xxviii., ch. 23.
[125] De Civ., Lib. vi. 9.
[126] Hist. Med., Eng. Trans., p. 16.
[127] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Médicine.
[128] Lib. de Iside et Osiride.
[129] Official Guide Brit. Mus., “Egyptian Antiquities,” pp. 107-8.
[130] Clem. Alex., Strom., lib. vi. p. 196.
[131] vii. 56.
[132] Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii. p. 358.
[133] Ammianus Marcellinus, i. 16, says, for a doctor to recommend his skill, it was sufficient to say that he had studied at Alexandria.
[134] Clem. Alex., Strom.
[135] Hist. Med. Education, p. 24.
[136] Book ii. 84.
[137] Ancient Egyptians, vol. iii. p. 477.
[138] Plin. xix. 5.
[139] Official Guide, p. 111.
[140] Chabas, Mélanges Égyptologiques, p. 64.
[141] Ebers, Egypt, vol. ii. p. 62.
[142] Contra Celsum, lib. 8.
[143] Chaldæan Magic, p. 96.
[144] Ibid., pp. 96, 97.
[145] Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs, vol. ii. p. 184.
[146] Hist. Egypt, by Brugsch-Bey, vol. ii. p. 163-4.
[147] Odyssey, iv. 229-232.
[148] Chap. xlvi., v. 11.
[149] Pliny, Nat. Hist., viii. 27.
[150] Chabas, loc. cit., p. 66.
[151] Pharaohs and Fellahs, Amelia B. Edwards, p. 219.
[152] Uarda, vol. i. p. 32.
[153] Ibid.
[154] Baas’ Hist. Med. (Eng. Trans.), p. 19.
[155] History of Egypt, vol. i. p. 58.
[156] Mélanges Égyptologiques, Paris, 1862, p. 117.
[157] Priests and physicians were educated in high schools, the highest degree in which was that of the “scribes,” who were maintained at the cost of the king. Ebers, Uarda, vol. i. p. 20.
[158] Lefébure has treated the subject in Le Mythe Osirien.
[159] See Cooper’s Surgical Dict., art. “Surgery.”
[160] Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt, p. 146.
[161] Pharaohs and Fellahs, Amelia B. Edwards, p. 254.
[162] Superstitions of Medicine, etc., p. 7.
[163] Uarda, Ebers.
[164] Brugsch, Hist. Egypt, vol. ii. p. 296.
[165] Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt, p. 153.
[166] Ibid., p. 172.
[167] Ebers, Egypt, vol. ii. p. 61.
[168] Gen. xxxi. 19, 30.
[169] Chap. iii. 4.
[170] Isis Unveiled, vol. i. p. 570.
[171] Judges xvii.-xviii.
[172] Ezekiel xxi. 19-22.
[173] Primitive Culture, vol. i. p. 267. 2 Samuel xxiv. 16; 2 Kings xix. 35.
[174] 3tes Heft, p. 25.
[175] Ibid., p. 27.
[176] Races of Man, p. 153.
[177] Ibid., p. 293.
[178] Antiquities of Israel, p. 90.
[179] “Finditur usque ad urethram à parte inferâ penis.”—Eyre, vol. ii. p. 332.
[180] Arabian Nights, vol. ii. p. 160, note 3.
[181] Antiquities of Israel, p. 156.
[182] Wars, vii. 6, 3.
[183] Book VIII. chap. iii. 5.
[184] Antiq., Book VI. chap. viii. 2.
[185] Note to Whiston’s Josephus, loc. cit.
[186] 1 Sam. xvi. 15.
[187] Religious Encyclopædia, vol. ii. p. 1454.
[188] Medica Sacra, p. 40 et seq.
[189] Arabian Nights, vol. ii. p. 4.
[190] Ecclesiasticus xxxviii. 1, 3, 4, 12. From the many references to disease in this book, it has been supposed by some commentators that the author was a physician. The writer of the article on “Medicine,” in Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, remarks that “if he was so, the power of mind and wide range of observation shown in this work, would give a favourable impression of the standard of practitioners; if he was not, the great general popularity of the study and practice may be inferred from its thus becoming a common topic of general advice offered by a non-professional writer.”
[191] Wars of the Jews, Book II. chap, viii; Antiq., xviii. 1, 5.
[192] See Lightfoot on the Colossians.
[193] Works, vol. i. p. 10.
[194] Ibid., vol. vii. p. 7.
[195] History of Medicine, p. 36.
[196] “‘How doth a man revive again in the world to come?’ asked Hadrian; and Joshua Ben Hananiah made answer, ‘From luz in the backbone.’ He then went on to demonstrate this to him. He took the bone luz, and put it into water, but the water had no action on it; he put it in the fire, but the fire consumed it not; he placed it in a mill, but could not grind it; and laid it on an anvil, but the hammer crushed it not.”—Lightfoot.
[197] Alexandria and her Schools, p. 74.
[198] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I. 2, 4.
[199] A History of the Jews, Book xxiii.
[200] Ibid.
[201] G. S. Faber, The Cabiri, vol. i.
[202] Art. on “Babylon,” by Rev. A. H. Sayce, in Ency. Brit.
[203] Hist. Babylonia, Geo. Smith, pp. 21, 22.
[204] Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, pp. 139, 140.
[205] See on this the chapter on “The Religious Systems of the Accadian Magic Books,” Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, chap. xi.
[206] Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 42.
[207] Ibid., p. 179.
[208] Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 181.
[209] Ibid., pp. 204-209.
[210] Ibid., p. 35.
[211] Ibid., p. 36.
[212] Ibid., p. 36.
[213] Ibid., p. 41.
[214] See E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” Ency. Brit.; Records of the Past, vols. i., iii.; Birch’s trans. Book of the Dead; Lenormant, Maspero, and others.
[215] Herodotus, Book I. 197, tr. Rawlinson.
[216] Records of the Past, vol. i. p. 135.
[217] Hist. Babylon, p. 22.
[218] Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 6.
[219] Nineveh and its Palaces, Joseph Bonomi, p. 164.
[220] Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 140.
[221] Assyrian Talismans and Exorcisms, trans. by H. F. Talbot. Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 143.
[222] Folk Medicine, p. 165.
[223] From Baas’ Hist. Med., p. 28.
[224] See Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, chap. i.
[225] Indian Wisdom, p. xxvi.
[226] Indian Wisdom, p. 84.
[227] Ibid., p. 89.
[228] Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct., 1892, p. 287.
[229] Hist. India, 4th ed., p. 48.
[230] Hist. India, 4th ed., p. 123.
[231] Hist. Philos., vol. i. p. 394.
[232] School of Philos., p. 547.
[233] Max Müller: Zend-Avesta, 83.
[234] Ordinances of Menu, Trübner’s Oriental Series. Lect. xi. 48-54.
[235] The first fine is the lowest, i.e. two hundred and fifty panas. In the Atharvaveda also physicians are spoken of in disrespectful terms. “Various are the desires of men; the wagoner longs for wood, the doctor for diseases.” A Brahman by the code of Menu was forbidden to follow the profession of a physician, as it was classed amongst those which were most impure.[236] At certain funeral ceremonies the same Code excluded such persons as “physicians, atheists, thieves, spirit drinkers, men with diseased nails or teeth, dancers, etc.”[237]
[236] Elphinstone, Hist. of India, 4th edition, p. 41.
[237] Ordinances of Menu, iii. 150-168.
[238] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 41.
[239] Hunter’s Indian Empire, p. 109.
[240] Asiatic Quarterly Rev., Oct. 1892, p. 290.
[241] Ibid.
[242] Tract vi. p. 125.
[243] Weber, Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 270.
[244] Ibid.
[245] Wise’s Hindu Medicine, p. 184.
[246] Hindu Medicine, p. 8.
[247] Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 268.
[248] Wise’s Hindu Medicine, p. 213.
[249] There would seem to be an artful idea under these signs. Most of them have no relation whatever to the patient’s condition, but are of great importance to the doctor’s convenience, and are evidently arranged to suit his own purposes.
[250] Ainslie’s Materia Indica, vol. ii. p. 525.
[251] Arrian’s Indian History, vol. ii. p. 232 (ed. 1729).
[252] Strabo, Geography, Book xv. c. 1.
[253] Indian History, vol. ii. p. 219.
[254] Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 150.
[255] Weber, Sanskrit Literature, p. 265.
[256] Tracts on India, p. 139.
[257] Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 134.
[258] Monier Williams, Indian Wisdom, p. 56.
[259] Ibid., p. 57.
[260] Indian Wisdom, p. 66.
[261] John ix. 2.
[262] Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct. 1892, p. 288.
[263] Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct. 1892, p. 288.
[264] A Manual of Budhism, pp. 238.
[265] Probably the Taxila of the Greeks. See Strabo, Book xv. c. 1, § 61.
[266] A doctrine re-discovered by our bacteriologists.
[267] Haeser.
[268] Materia Indica, vol. ii. p. vii.
[269] Ibid.
[270] Ibid., p. viii.
[271] Oriental Magazine, March, 1823.
[272] Wise, Hist. Hind. Med., vol. i. pp. 131, 132.
[273] Indian Empire, p. 106.
[274] Oriental Magazine, vol. i. (1823), pp. 349-356.
[275] Indian Empire, p. 108.
[276] Ibid.
[277] Ibid., p. 146.
[278] Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus.
[279] Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 153.
[280] Prof. H. H. Wilson’s Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus.
[281] Brit. Med. Journ., June 25, 1892, p. 1382.
[282] Mocre, History of the Small-pox, p. 33, quoted in Pettigrew’s Medical Superstitions, p. 81.
[283] Paris’s Pharmacologia, p. 26.
[284] Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 150.
[285] Asiatic Quarterly Rev., Oct. 1892, p. 291.
[286] Selections from the Records of the Government of India. Foreign Department. No. CVIII. Rajputana Dispensary, Vaccination, Jail, and Sanitary Report for 1872-73. By Surgeon-Major (now Surgeon-General Sir W.) Moore, C.I.E., Honorary Surgeon to the Viceroy of India.
[287] See an article entitled “A New Light on the Chinese,” in Harper’s Magazine, December, 1892.
[288] Prof. Teile, in art. “Religions,” Ency. Brit.
[289] Cummings, Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 188.
[290] Baas, Hist. Med.
[291] “Doctoring in China,” National Review, May, 1889.
[292] Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 145.
[293] Folk Medicine, p. 4; Dennys, Folklore of China, p. 96.
[294] Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 153.
[295] Ibid., vol. i. p. 275.
[296] Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 265.
[297] Ibid., vol. i. p. 275.
[298] Ibid., vol. i. p. 154.
[299] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 116.
[300] Sacred Books of the East, vol. xi. p. 272.
[301] Travels in Tartary, vol. i. chap. vii.
[302] National Dispensatory, p. 754.
[303] Gordon Cumming’s Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 174.
[304] “Doctoring in China,” National Review, May, 1889.
[305] Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. ii. p. 321.
[306] Southey, Common Place Book, ser. iv. p. 547.
[307] Ency. Brit., art. “Surgery.”
[308] Chambers’ Journal, Dec. 29, 1888, p. 831.
[309] Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 173.
[310] Ibid., vol. i. p. 173.
[311] Folk Lore of China, p. 49.
[312] Ibid.
[313] Travels in Tartary.
[314] Travels in Tartary.
[315] Travels in Tartary, vol. i. chap. ix.
[316] La Magie et l’Astrologie, p. 13.
[317] Vorlesungen über die Finnische Mythologie, p. 173.
[318] La Magie et l’Astrologie, p. 283, and foll.; also Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 212.
[319] National Druggist.
[320] Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta.
[321] Zend-Avesta; Vendîdâd. Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 219.
[322] Ibid.
[323] Rig-Veda, x. 97, 17.
[324] Vendîdâd, Fargard xx. 7.
[325] Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 83.
[326] Herod., i. 138.
[327] Zend-Avesta. Translated by J. Darmesteter in Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 187. This throws a curious light on a custom which has been observed in operation all over the world, of taking care not to throw about hair or nail-cuttings, lest the devil should get hold of them.
[328] Zend-Avesta, Introduction, v. xciii. § 13.
[329] Our word Peony derives its Latin name (Pæonia) from the name of Apollo the Healer. He cured the gods of their diseases, and healed their wounds by means of this root.
[330] vii. 23.
[331] Wheelwright’s translation of Pindar. Third Pythian Ode, 80-95.
[332] Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 219 note.
[333] Il., V. 447.
[334] Sophoc., Ajax.
[335] Cicero, De Nat. Deor., iii. 22.
[336] Prometheus. Plays of Æschylus, Morley’s Ed.
[337] Book XIX.
[338] Hist. de la Médicine, Pt. I., liv. i., ch. xiv.
[339] Ibid.
[340] I am indebted to an article on “The Medicine of Homer” in The British Medical Journal for much of the information in this section.
[341] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., liv. ii., ch. ix.
[342] Arctinus, Ethiopis. Translated in Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Education, p. 35.
[343] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., bk. i., ch. xviii.
[344] Lib. VIII., cap. 26.
[345] Cic., Tusc. Dis., III. 1.
[346] Hippocr., De Prisca Medic.
[347] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., liv. ii., c. iv.
[348] Laertius, Lib. I., c. 113.
[349] Hist. Med., p. 88.
[350] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 46.
[351] See on this Dr. Greenhill’s remarks in Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biography, loc. cit.
[352] Aristotle, Hist. Animal., iii. 2.
[353] Ency. Brit., Ninth Ed., vol. iii. p. 178.
[354] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 88.
[355] Ibid., p. 89.
[356] Laertius, c. 77, c. 59.
[357] Ibid., c. 62.
[358] Diodor., i. 69, 98.
[359] Grote, vol. iv. p. 529.
[360] Book xx. 73.
[361] See “Pythagorean Philosophy,” Ency. Brit.
[362] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 89. Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 14. Dr. Adams, Introd. Hippoc., vol. i. p. 134.
[363] Histoire de la Médicine, Pt. I., liv. i., c. iv.
[364] Lib. 3, cap. 4.
[365] Sprengel, Hist. Méd., p. 36.
[366] Pratt, Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 57.
[367] Herod., iii. 137.
[368] Hist. Nat., xxviii. c. 29.
[369] De Carnibus.
[370] Vol. i. p. 151.
[371] Ovid’s Metamorph., Dryden’s translation, Book XV.
[372] The following are translations of some of the tablets suspended in the temples, as given in Hieron Mercurialis (De Art. Gymnast., Amstel., 4to, 1672, pp. 2, 3):—
“Some days back a certain Caius, who was blind, learned from an oracle that he should repair to the temple, put up his fervent prayers, cross the sanctuary from right to left, place his five fingers on the altar, then raise his hand and cover his eyes. He obeyed, and instantly his sight was restored, amidst the loud acclamations of the multitude. These signs of the omnipotence of the gods were shown in the reign of Antoninus.”
“A blind soldier, named Valerius Apes, having consulted the oracle, was informed that he should mix the blood of a white cock with honey, to make up an ointment to be applied to his eyes for three consecutive days. He received his sight, and returned public thanks to the gods.”
“Julian appeared lost beyond all hope from a spitting of blood. The gods ordered him to take from the altar some seeds of the pine, and to mix them with honey, of which mixture he was to eat for three days. He was saved, and came to thank the gods in presence of the people.”—(Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Medicina.”)
[373] The multitude of “Eau de Cologne” makers calling themselves “Farina” is a case in point.
[374] Adams, Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 7.
[375] Galen, De Sanitate tuenda.
[376] Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 11.
[377] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 91.
[378] All-heal.
[379] Dr. Puschmann, in his History of Medical Education, p. 42, translates this passage: “Castration will I not carry out even on those who suffer from stone, but leave this to those people who make a business of it.” The words in the Greek are οὐ τεμέω δὲ ουδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, and much controversy has been excited by them. Some commentators of great authority think the passage forbids castration, as disgraceful things are being spoken of, such as giving poisons and procuring abortion. Certainly there is no reason for supposing that the doctors of the period would object to perform lithotomy though it is the fact that there was a class of operators who were a sort of unscientific specialists in the practice.
[380] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 93.
[381] Plut., Symp., viii. 4, § 4.
[382] Plato, De Leg., xi.
[383] Ibid., iv.
[384] Cos gave birth to Ptolemy Philadelphus, the second of the Greek kings of Egypt, to Ariston the philosopher, and to Apelles the painter.
[385] Vol. ii. p. 569.
[386] Vol. vi. p. 1152.
[387] Works of Hippocrates, Syd. Soc., vol. ii. p. 565.
[388] Œuvres Complètes d’Hippocrate, Tom. I., Introd., ch. i. p. 3.
[389] Adams, Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 18.
[390] Epidem., vi.
[391] Ibid., i.
[392] Derivation is the drawing of humours from one part of the body to another, as from the eye by a blister on the neck; revulsion differs from this only by the force of the medicine and the distance of the disorder from the part to which it is applied. He treated fevers by preparations which increase the amount of fluid in the blood, as by water, buttermilk, whey, etc. This was called the diluent system. At the same time he used mild aperients and sometimes venesection.
[393] Νοὐσων φύσιες ἰητροἰ. Epid., vi. 5, l.t. iii. p. 606.
[394] See for all this surgical information Ashurst’s International Encyclopædia of Surgery, vol. vi.
[395] Genuine Works of Hippocrates, vol. i. pp. 20, 21.
[396] Adams, Genuine Works of Hippocrates, vol. i. pp. 129, 130.
[397] Probably masks or inanimate figures (Adams).
[398] Baas, Hist. Med., Eng. Trans., pp. 111, 112.
[399] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., bk. iv.
[400] Celsus, De Medic., Prælat, in lib. i.
[401] Hist. Nat., xxvi. 6.
[402] On the question of the authenticity of this epistle see Dr. Adams’ commentary in his Paulus Ægineta, vol. i. p. 186.
[403] Hist. de la Méd., vol. i. pp. 422-3.
[404] Œuvres d’Hippocr., vol. i. p. 202, etc.
[405] Cæl. Aurel., De Morb. Acut., iii. 17.
[406] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd. Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 35.
[407] Études Biographiques par Paul-Antoine, Cap. p. 26. The Treatise on Stones by Theophrastus is one of the first works we possess on the study of minerals.
[408] Alexandria and her Schools, p. 6.
[409] Galen, De Uteri Dissect., c. 5, vol. ii. p. 895.
[410] De Anima, c. 10, p. 757.
[411] De Medic., i. Præf., p. 6.
[412] Baas, Hist. of Med., pp. 121-123.
[413] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 76.
[414] Plutarch’s Life of Demetrius.
[415] He modified his opinions on the nerves by careful dissections, and greatly improved his physiology.
[416] Baas, Hist. of Med., pp. 121-123.
[417] Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. II. c. iii.
[418] Dr. W. A. Greenhill, art. “Dogmatici,” Smith’s Dict. Class. Ant. Briefly, this was as much as to say that a man could not be an educated doctor who had not practised, or at least seen, human vivisection. As these have not been performed since the fifteenth century, when, as we shall learn, they were practised by Italian anatomists, it follows, according to the argument, that the Alexandrian physicians were better educated than our own!
[419] De Med., vii. 26. See also Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 220.
[420] Plin., Hist. Nat., xxvi. 6.
[421] De Med., Præfat.
[422] Celsus, Of Medicine.
[423] Life of Demetrius.
[424] Hist. Med., p. 129.
[425] Hist. de la Méd.; Pt. II., bk. iii., ch. xiii.
[426] Celsus, Of Medicine, chap. iv. Futvoye’s Trans.
[427] Dr. Francis Adams. Preface to Works of Paulus Ægineta, p. xii.
[428] iii. 131.
[429] Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 611.
[430] Herodotus, iv. 68.
[431] Hist. de la Méd., vol. vi. p. 28.
[432] Smith’s Dict. Ant., art. “Therapeutica.”
[433] Titus Livius, lib. i., cap. xxxi. Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xxviii., c. ii.
[434] De Civ. Dei., lib. iv. cap. xxi.
[435] Ibid., cap. xxiii.
[436] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 131.
[437] Puschmann, Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 86.
[438] Ibid., p. 97. Baas, Hist. Med., p. 152.
[439] Hist. Nat., xxix. 8.
[440] Life of Cato the Censor.
[441] Hist. Nat., xxix. cap. 8.
[442] Epist. 93.
[443] See Baas, Hist. of Med., and Dr. Habershon’s note on this subject, p. 133.
[444] Bostock, Hist. of Med.
[445] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 98.
[446] Epigrams, x. 56.
[447] Hist. Med. Educ., p. 131.
[448] Cels., lib. vii. p. 337, ed. Targ. Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., tom. vii. p. 38.
[449] Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 117.
[450] Galen, x. 987. Plin., Nat. Hist., xxix. 8.
[451] Nat. Hist., xxix. 5.
[452] Smith’s Dict. Ant., p. 611.
[453] Puschmann’s Med. Educ., 126.
[454] Cæl. Aurel., De Morb. Chron., iii. 8.
[455] Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., vol. vi. p. 138.
[456] Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 137.
[457] Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., vol. ii. p. 24.
[458] Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 140.
[459] Cæl. Aurel., De Morb. Chron., i. l. p. 286.
[460] Sat., x. 221.
[461] Galen, Introd., c. l., tom. xiv., pp. 663, 684. Ed. Kühn.
[462] De Medic., lib. i., Præf.
[463] Le Clerc, Hist. Méd., Part II., liv. iv., sec. i., ch. 1.
[464] Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 143.
[465] Prof. W. Turner, art. “Anatomy,” Ency. Brit.
[466] Dr. Ch. Creighton, art. “Surgery,” Ency. Brit.
[467] Grundriss der Geschichte der Medicin.
[468] A. C. Celsi Med. Præf., ad lib. 7.
[469] De re Med., lib. 1.
[470] Hist. de la Méd., vol. ii. p. 50.
[471] Sprengel, Hist. Méd., vol. ii. p. 37.
[472] Baas, Grund. der Ges. der Med., p. 144.
[473] Mechanical Account of Poisons.
[474] Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., ix. 17.
[475] National Dispensatory, p. 1515.
[476] Conf. Gal. Comment. in Hippocr., lib. vi.; De Morb. Vulgar., vi., § 5, tom. xvii. p. ii. p. 337.
[477] History of Inventions, art. “Apothecaries.”
[478] Plin., lib. xxxiv. cap. 11.
[479] C. Steph., 1133.
[480] Peloponnesian War, ii. 48.
[481] Annal., xiii. c. 15, 16.
[482] Nero, 33.
[483] The Instructor, Book II.
[484] Seneca, De Benefic., vi. 15, 16, 17.
[485] John Henry Newman’s Life of Apollonius Tyanæus.
[486] By Lord Herbert and Mr. Blount.
[487] Newman’s Life of Apollonius.
[488] Galen, De Temperamentis.
[489] Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Pneumatici.” See also Sprengel and Le Clerc.
[490] Smith’s Dict. Ant., art. “Eclectici.”
[491] Nat. Hist., xx. 40; xxiv. 120.
[492] vi. 236; xiii. 98; xiv. 252.
[493] See Baas, Hist. Med., p. 167.
[494] De Causis Diuturnorum Morborum, etc., lib. ii. cap. xiii.
[495] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 167.
[496] Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., Introd. vol. i. p. 15.
[497] Bostock, Hist. of Med.
[498] Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 389.
[499] De Usu, Part iii. 10.
[500] Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 386. Sprengel, ii. p. 150.
[501] De Motu Musc.
[502] Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 388.
[503] See for a full account of Galen’s doctrine of the pulse, Dr. Adams’ Commentary on Paulus Ægineta, vol. ii. p. 12.
[504] De Dignosc. Puls., iii. 3, vol. viii. p. 902.
[505] Dr. Greenhill in Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog.
[506] Galen’s Art of Physic.
[507] Ency. Brit., art. “Surgery.”
[508] Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog., art. “Galen.”
[509] Cardan, De Subtil.
[510] Hist. of Med., vol. i. p. 115.
[511] Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biog., vol. i. p. 126.
[512] Alexandria and her Schools, p. 113.
[513] Freind, Historia Medicinæ, p. 383.
[514] Ibid., p. 380.
[515] Smith’s Dict. Ant.
[516] Hist. Med.
[517] Freind, Hist. Med.
[518] Ibid.
[519] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 201.
[520] Ibid.
[521] North Brit. Rev., vol. 47.
[522] Browning’s Parleyings, p. 44.
[523] Cato, De re Rustica, c. 2.
[524] Sat. vi.
[525] Prescott says, Conquest of Mexico, chap, ii., that among the Aztecs, “Hospitals were established in the principal cities for the cure of the sick, and the permanent refuge of the disabled soldier; and the surgeons were placed over them, ‘who were so far better than those in Europe,’ says an old chronicler, ‘that they did not protract the cure, in order to increase the pay.’”
[526] Ecclesiastical History, lib. vi. ch. xlii.
[527] Butler’s Lives of the Saints. St. Basil the Great.
[528] Ibid., loc. cit.
[529] p. 153.
[530] Eccl. Hist., lib. vii. c. xxi.
[531] See Balmez, European Civilization, p. 436.
[532] Can. 10. Concil. iv. (Mans. vii.).
[533] Fleury’s Eccl. Hist., Book xxi. 3, note e.
[534] Ibid., xxiii. 24.
[535] Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd., p. 56.
[536] Ency. Brit., vol. i. p. 181.
[537] Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 189.
[538] Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., Amelia B. Edwards, p. 243.
[539] Preface to Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. p. xxi.
[540] Ibid., vol. i. p. xxiii.
[541] Vulpes, Illustrazione di tutti gli Strumenti chirurgici scavati in Ercolano e in Pompei, Napoli, 1847.
[542] Ibid.
[543] Vulpes, ut supra.
[544] Medical Superstitions, p. 56
[545] Marsden, Hist. Sumatra, p. 189.
[546] Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, p. 61.
[547] Custom and Myth, p. 148.
[548] Custom and Myth., p. 150.
[549] Rivers of Life, J. G. R. Forlong.
[550] Anthropological Journal, vol. xii. p. 572.
[551] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 68.
[552] Hooker, Himalayan Journ., Ed. 1891, p. 141.
[553] Travels in Africa, Ed. 1890, p. 488.
[554] Plin., xxi. 104.
[555] Plin., xxii. 24.
[556] Plin., xxx. 30.
[557] Official Guide, Brit. Museum Galleries, 1892, pp. 122-3.
[558] From Ritual of the Dead. Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 90.
[559] Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt, p. 94.
[560] Pratt’s Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 50.
[561] Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. 20.
[562] Ibid., Book. xxx. chap. 24.
[563] Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., Smith’s art. “Amulets.”
[564] H. N. xxv. 9.
[565] Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Therapeutica.” See also “Amulets,” p. 45.
[566] Hist. Med., p. 772.
[567] Vol. ii. p. 139.
[568] Heathen charm.
[569] A blackberry.
[570] Nightmare was considered to be the work of an evil spirit.
[571] Plin., xxx. 30.
[572] See the twenty-second and twenty-fourth books of Pliny’s Natural History.
[573] Lib. ix. cap. 4, p. 538, Ed. 1556.
[574] Galen de Facult. Simpl., lib. vi. p. 792, Ed. Kühn.
[575] “A Gnostic device. See Montfauçon, plates 159, 161, 163.”
[576] This also is Gnostic.
[577] Mr. Cockayne considers this to be probably Gnostic; some of the words are pure nonsense.
[578] Quoted by Mr. Cockayne in his Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i., Preface, pp. xviii., xix., xx.
[579] Anatomy of Melancholy, Part 2, sec. 5.
[580] Rev. C. A. John’s Flowers of the Field.
[581] Brand’s Observations, vol. ii. p. 67.
[582] Hist. Nat., xxxvii. 10.
[583] Brand’s Observations, etc., vol. ii. p. 63.
[584] Burton’s Anatomy, p. 454.
[585] Saxon Leech Book, II. ch. lxvi.
[586] See Curious Myths of Middle Ages, S. B. Gould, Appendix C, p. 273.
[587] Morley’s Life of Corn. Agrippa, vol. i. p. 165.
[588] History of Medicine, p. 107.
[589] Secret Miracles of Nature, Eng. trans. fol., Lond. 1658, p. 164.
[590] Vulgar Errors.
[591] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i., Pref., p. xxxii.
[592] Brand’s Popular Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 139.
[593] Encylopædia of Antiquities, vol. i. p. 336.
[594] Medical Superstitions, p. 45.
[595] Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 5th Ed., p. 23.
[596] Park’s Travels, vol. i. p. 357.
[597] Astley’s Voyages, vol. ii. p. 35.
[598] Siberia, p. 310.
[599] Vambery’s Travels in Central Asia, p. 50.
[600] Masson’s Travels in Belochistan, etc., vol. i. pp. 74, 90, 312, vol. ii. pp. 127, 302.
[601] The Thoughts of Blaise Pascal, Bell’s Ed. 1890, p. 2.
[602] L’Amulette de Pascal. Médecine et Médecins. Par E. Littré. Paris, 1872.
[603] Arnot’s Hist. Edin.
[604] Vol. i. p. 192.
[605] Præcepta de Medicina of Serenus Samonicus.
[606] Lardner, Works, vol. ix. pp. 290-364.
[607] Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, p. 52.
[608] Vol. iii. p. 29.
[609] Morley’s Life of Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 80.
[610] Ibid., p. 81.
[611] Henry’s Hist. of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 147.
[612] Meryon, Hist. Med., pp. 113, 114; Strutt’s Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 279.
[613] Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 279.
[614] Ibid., p. 281.
[615] Plin., Hist. Nat., lib. xxx. c. i.
[616] Diod. Sicul., lib. v. cap. 35.
[617] The Chronicles of England, vol. i. pp. 278, 279.
[618] The Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 278.
[619] Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. iv.
[620] See note on Pliny’s passage, “Ut dedisse Persis videri possit,” in Bohn’s Pliny’s Nat. Hist., vol. v. p. 426.
[621] Holinshed, Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 506.
[622] Hist. Med., p. 249.
[623] Hist. Med. Education, p. 187.
[624] Ibid., p. 186.
[625] Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology, translated by Stallybrass, vol. i. p. 133.
[626] Ibid., vol. i. p. 42.
[627] See Tennyson’s poem, The Victim.
[628] Grimm.
[629] Ibid.
[630] Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. ii. p. 586.
[631] Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology, p. 588.
[632] Ibid., p. 602.
[633] Ibid., p. 604.
[634] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 874.
[635] Eccl. Hist., lib. iii. cap. 18.
[636] Strutt’s Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 345.
[637] Chronicles of England, vol. ii. p. 248.
[638] Bede, Eccles. Hist., lib. v. cap. 3.
[639] Chronicles of England, vol. ii. p. 248.
[640] Strutt’s Horda Angel Cynnan, vol. i. p. 70.
[641] Strutt, The Chronicles of England, vol. i. p. 344. Bede, Eccl. Hist., iii. 18.
[642] Leech Book, ii. p. 289.
[643] Ibid., p. xxv.
[644] A valuable expectorant which is largely used at the present time.
[645] Recherches critiques sur l’âge et origine des traductions Latines d’Aristote. Paris, 1819.
[646] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii., Preface, p. xxix.
[647] Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England, vol. ii. Edited by Rev. O. Cockayne. (Rolls Series.)
[648] MS. Reg., 12. D. xvii.
[649] Leech Book, I. xiii. p. 57.
[650] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 117.
[651] The doctor and the patient.
[652] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 137.
[653] Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 137-8.
[654] Church bells were anciently used more to frighten the fiends away than for calling together the worshippers.
[655] Psalms cxix., lxviii., and lxix.
[656] A formula of Benediction.
[657] Polypodium vulgare.
[658] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. pp. 138-9.
[659] Leech Book, III. vol. ii. p. 343.
[660] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 335.
[661] Ibid., p. 335.
[662] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. ii. p. 307.
[663] Ibid., vol. i. Preface, p. xxvii.
[664] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. Preface, pp. xxvi., xxvii.
[665] Leech Book, iii. p. 307.
[666] Myv. Arch., iii. p. 129.
[667] Meddygon Myddfai, Preface, p. ix.
[668] Llanover MS.
[669] Ancient Laws and Institutions of Wales, vol. ii. p. 515.
[670] Meddygon Myddfai, p. xi.
[671] Ibid., p. xiii.
[672] Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, vol. i. p. 41 etc.
[673] Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, vol. i. p. 315.
[674] Ibid., p. 507.
[675] The Physicians of Myddvai, Llandovery, 1861.
[676] Leges Wallica, l. 4. Henry’s Hist. of Eng., vol. i. p. 320.
[677] Ancient Laws, etc., of Wales, v. i. p. 313.
[678] See on this Balmez, European Civilization, p. 214.
[679] Pococke, Hist. Dynast., p. 128; Freind, Hist. Med., Lat. Ed., p. 472.
[680] Puschmann, Hist. of Med. Educ., p. 156.
[681] L. Leclerc, Hist. de la Méd. Arabe, i. p. 38.
[682] Freind, Hist. Med., p. 473, Ed. 1733.
[683] Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.
[684] Weber, Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 266.
[685] Royle, Antiquity of Hindu Medicine.
[686] Weber, p. 266.
[687] Puschmann, p. 160.
[688] Leo Afric., De viris Illust. ap. Arab. Bib.
[689] The Saracens, p. 191.
[690] Ibid.
[691] Ibid., pp. 191, 192.
[692] Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.
[693] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 158.
[694] Freeman’s Saracens, p. 54.
[695] Kingsley’s Alexandria, p. 148.
[696] Sismondi, Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 51.
[697] Hist. Med., p. 123.
[698] See Thompson’s Hist. Chem., vol. i. p. 112.
[699] Berington’s Lit. Hist. Middle Ages, p. 415.
[700] Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., ch. lii.
[701] Imp. Dict. Biog., art. “Averrhoès.”
[702] Puschmann, p. 162.
[703] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 220.
[704] Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 66.
[705] Ibid.
[706] Decline and Fall, etc., chap. lii.
[707] Dictionary of Islam, art. “Da’wah.”
[708] Baas, History of Medicine, p. 224.
[709] Sismondi, Literature of Europe, vol. i. p. 68.
[710] Ibid.
[711] Dr. W. A. Greenhill, in Smith’s Dict. Classical Biog.
[712] Ibid., in life of Rhazes, in Imp. Dict. Biog.
[713] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 231.
[714] Berington, Lit. Hist. Middle Ages, p. 428.
[715] Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. vi. pp. 105-119.
[716] Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. vi. p. 119.
[717] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 233.
[718] Arabic writer, quoted by Baas, Hist. Med., p. 221.
[719] Freeman’s Saracens, p. 4.
[720] Ibid., p. 6.
[721] Philosophy of History, p. 342.
[722] Chateaubriand, Analyse de l’Histoire de France, Seconde Race.
[723] Goodwin, Lives of the Necromancers, pp. 29, 30.
[724] Cap, Études Biographiques, Ser. ii. p. 326.
[725] See Whewell’s Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. i. p. 305.
[726] Decline and Fall.
[727] Mullinger’s University of Cambridge, p. 334.
[728] As Haydn gives them.
[729] Ency. Brit., art. “Anatomy.”
[730] Rise and Constitution of Universities, p. 157.
[731] Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 214.
[732] Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 216.
[733] Ibid., p. 217.
[734] Ibid. See also Dubouchet, “Documents pour servir à l’histoire de l’université de médicine de Montpellier,” in the Gaz. hebd. des sciences med. de Montpellier, 1887, No. 4.
[735] Ibid., p. 218.
[736] Surgical Dict., art. “Surgery.”
[737] Cooper’s Surgical Dictionary, art. “Surgery.”
[738] In vit. Ric. pri., p. 490.
[739] Strutt’s Horda Angel-Cynnan, vol. ii. p. 26.
[740] Wood, Hist. Univ. of Oxford, vol. i. p. 62.
[741] Henry, Hist. Great Britain, vol. vi. p. 114.
[742] Jessen.
[743] L’École de Salerne.
[744] Laurie, Rise, etc., of Universities, p. 112.
[745] European Civilization, p. 216.
[746] Storia docum. della scuola med. di Salerno, p. 157, et seq.
[747] S. de Renzi, Collectio Salernitana, iii. 325.
[748] Laurie’s Rise, etc., of Universities, p. 112.
[749] See Puschmann’s Hist. Med., p. 199.
[750] Ibid.
[751] Ibid., p. 113.
[752] Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.
[753] Hist. Med., p. 262.
[754] IV. 75.
[755] Laurie, Rise, etc., of Universities, p. 113.
[756] Laurie’s Rise, etc., of the Universities, pp. 113, 114.
[757] Daremberg, L’École de Salerne, p. 146.
[758] Collect. Salern., t. ii. pp. 737-768.
[759] Anomymi Salernitani de adventu medici ad ægrotum. Ed. A. G. E. Th. Henschel, Vratisl., 1850. De Renzi, Collect. Salern., ii. 74-81, v. 333-349. Puschmann, Hist. Med., p. 203. Daremberg, L’École de Salerne, p. 148.
[760] The whole coast between Salerno and Amalfi and the surrounding parts are some of the loveliest places in Italy.
[761] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 201.
[762] Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.
[763] See Dr. Haeser’s Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin, p. 290.
[764] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 203.
[765] Meryon, History of Medicine, p. 162. See also Beckmann’s Hist. of Inventions, art. “Apothecaries.”
[766] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 263.
[767] Note in Baas’ Hist. Med., p. 263.
[768] Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.
[769] To be precise, “M. Baudry de Balzac computes from 1474 to 1846, 240 editions of The School of Salerno. It was translated into French, German, English, Breton, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Provençal, Bohemian, Hebrew, and Persian. The number of manuscripts which contain this poem is more than 150.” (Daremberg, L’École de Salerne.)
[770] Iodine was not known at this time; and the virtue of the sponge, if any, was doubtless due to the iodine it contained.
[771] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 299.
[772] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 206. De Renzi, Collect. Salernit., ii. 445, 513, 628, 650, etc.
[773] Hist. diplom. Frid. II. imperat. Paris, 1854. T. iv., pars. 1, p. 149, tit. 44, quoted in Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Education, p. 207.
[774] Hist. diplom. Frid. II., op. cit. p. 235, lib. 3, tit. 46, etc., quoted in Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 208.
[775] A gold tarenus weighed twenty grains.
[776] Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Educ., p. 210.
[777] Aubrey, Hist. England, vol. i. p. 487.
[778] Art. “Astrology,” Ency. Brit., vol. ii. p. 741.
[779] Médecine et Médecins, p. 125.
[780] Tom. iii. p. 9.
[781] Principles of Sociology, vol. i. p. 53.
[782] Ency. Brit., art. “Bacon, Roger.”
[783] History of Inductive Sciences, vol. i. p. 341.
[784] Ibid., p. 342.
[785] Mullinger’s Hist. Cambridge Univ., p. 170 note.
[786] Hist. Univ. Oxford.
[787] Or College of SS. Cosmas and Damian. See p. 234 of this work.
[788] Wood’s University of Oxford, vol. i. p. 293.
[789] Aubrey, Hist. England, vol. i. p. 426.
[790] Aubrey, Hist. England, vol. i. p. 682.
[791] Baas, Hist. Med.
[792] Ency. Brit., art. “Anatomy.”
[793] Ibid.
[794] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Educ., p. 246.
[795] Ency. Brit., art. “Medicine.”
[796] Hist. of Univ. of Oxford, vol. i. p. 444.
[797] Ibid., p. 446.
[798] Ibid., p. 447.
[799] Epidemics of the Middle Ages, p. 13.
[800] Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 96.
[801] Ibid., p. 100.
[802] History of Inventions, loc. cit.
[803] Hist. Med. Superstit., pp. 37, 38.
[804] Loseley MSS., p. 263.
[805] The Loseley MSS., p. 264.
[806] Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, B. v. c. 3.
[807] English Chronicle, p. 1,038.
[808] Stow’s Chron., p 381.
[809] Horda Angel-Cynnan, vol. ii. p. 71.
[810] Ibid.
[811] Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. ii. p. 23.
[812] History of the Papacy, etc., vol. ii.
[813] Ency. Brit., art. “Leonardo.”
[814] Hist. Epidemics, p. 181.
[815] Chronicles, vol. iii. p. 482.
[816] Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 186.
[817] Ibid.
[818] Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 118.
[819] See Beckmann’s Hist. Inv., art. “Quarantine.”
[820] Meryon, Hist. Med., vol. i. p. 339.
[821] University of Oxford, vol. i. pp. 564, 565.
[822] Chronicles of England, etc., vol. i. p. 273.
[823] Mullinger’s Univ. Cambridge, p. 168.
[824] Art. “Pathology,” Ency. Brit., xviii. p. 404.
[825] Vickers’ Martyrdoms of Literature, p. 169.
[826] Aglio’s Antiquities of Mexico, vol. viii. p. 234.
[827] Ibid., vol. vi. p. 526.
[828] Aglio’s Antiquities of Mexico, vol. vi. p. 272.
[829] Morley, Life of Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 213.
[830] H. C. Agripp., ep. 23, lib. i. p. 702. Prefixed also to all editions of the De Occ. Phil. (Note by Mr. Morley.)
[831] Whewell, Hist. of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. p. 177.
[832] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 386.
[833] De abditis rerum causis, Florent., 1507.
[834] Epidemics, p. 218.
[835] 3 Henry VIII., c. 9.
[836] Dr. Goodall’s History of the College of Physicians.
[837] Aubrey, Hist. Eng., vol. ii. p. 535.
[838] Ibid.
[839] Hist. Eng., vol. ii. p. 296.
[840] Munk, Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, p. 1.
[841] Wood, Hist. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 862.
[842] I am indebted for the above facts to Dr. Furnivall’s edition of Vicary’s Anatomie, published for the Early English Text Society.
[843] Captain Cox, his Ballads and Books. Dr. Furnivall’s edition, published for the Ballad Society, p. ci.
[844] Pratt, Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 91.
[845] Munk’s Roll of the Royal College, etc., p. 62.
[846] Times, May 20, 1876, p. 6. Hallam, Literary History, etc., vol. ii. p. 233.
[847] Hist. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 62.
[848] De morbis contagiosis, lib. ii. cap. ix.
[849] Ency. Brit.
[850] Literature of Europe, chap. ix. sect. 2, 13.
[851] Portal, Tiraboschi, ix. 34.
[852] Hist. Med., p. 427.
[853] Lit. of Europe, chap. ix. sect. 2.
[854] Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Education, p. 305.
[855] Laënnec, Diseases of the Chest, etc., p 112.
[856] Meryon, Hist. Med., vol. i. p. 467.
[857] Works, vol. xiii. p. 394.
[858] p. 436, ed. 1827.
[859] Brand’s Popular Antiquities, vol. iii. p. 160.
[860] Furnivall’s ed. Boorde, Early English Text Society, 1870, p. 121.
[861] Breviary of Health, fol. 80 b.
[862] In Dr. Furnivall’s Captain Cox, published for the Ballad Society, 1891, p. 35.
[863] Evelyn’s Diary, vol. ii. p. 151.
[864] Notes to Pepys’ Diary, vol. i. p. 90.
[865] William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle, Book II. chap. 13.
[866] Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 225.
[867] See for a complete history of the royal gift of healing Pettigrew’s Medical Superstitions, p. 117.
[868] Meryon, Hist. Med., vol. i. p. 423.
[869] Hakluyt’s Voyages, vol. iii. p. 280.
[870] Description of England, chap. xix.
[871] See Gamgee, “Third Historical Fragment,” in Lancet, 1876.
[872] Cap. Études Biographiques, sec. i. pp. 84-89.
[873] Cornelius Agrippa, vol. i. p. 62.
[874] Ency. Brit., vol. xv. p. 782.
[875] See the article on Bacon in Ency. Brit., vol. iii. p. 217.
[876] Œuvres, iii. 24.
[877] Ibid., vi. 234.
[878] Ibid., vi. 89.
[879] Ibid., ix. 426.
[880] Œuvres, x. 204.
[881] Ibid., iv. 452 and 454.
[882] Ency. Brit., art. “Descartes.”
[883] Wood, Hist. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 883.
[884] Ibid.
[885] See Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. p. 212.
[886] Munk, Roll of the R.C.P., etc., p. 281.
[887] Philosophical Transactions, May 7th, 1666.
[888] Dr. Latham’s Life of Sydenham.
[889] Ibid.
[890] De Spiritu, v. 1078. There is some doubt as to the genuineness of this work.
[891] Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 394.
[892] Ibid.
[893] Christianismi Restitutio (1553).
[894] Ency. Brit., art. “Harvey.”
[895] De Re Anatomica (1559).
[896] Whewell, loc. cit.
[897] Sylvius discovered their existence; but Fabricius remarked that they were all turned towards the heart.
[898] Ency. Brit., art. “Harvey.”
[899] Generation of Animals.
[900] Harvey, On the Circulation. Dr. Bowie’s edit.
[901] Harvey, On the Circulation of the Blood. Bohn’s edit., revised by Dr. Bowie, 1889.
[902] Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. p. 206. Willis, Anatomy of the Brain, chaps. xv.-xvii.
[903] Pharmaceutike Rationalis, London, 1675. Præfatio.
[904] Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. ii. p. 546.
[905] Ibid., p. 547.
[906] Life of Cullen, vol. ii. p. 536.
[907] Cooper’s Surgical Dictionary, p. 773.
[908] Cap. Études Biographiques, Ser. i. p. 120.
[909] See British Medical Journal, June 11, 1892, p. 1263.
[910] Baas’ Hist. Med., p. 159.
[911] Ibid.
[912] Ibid., p. 184.
[913] Ibid., p. 187.
[914] The Doctor, p. 39.
[915] Denmark, Hygiene and Demography, p. 57.
[916] Hist. Med., p. 517.
[917] Ibid., p. 545.
[918] Ibid., p. 547.
[919] Gomme, Ethnology in Folklore, p. 114.
[920] Dyer, English Folklore, p. 150.
[921] Rogers, Social Life in Scotland, iii. 226.
[922] Gomme, Ethnology in Folklore, pp. 114, 115. Dyer, English Folklore, p. 147. Rogers, Social Life in Scotland, iii. 225.
[923] Boyle, Porousness of Animal Bodies. Works, vol. iv. p. 767. Floyer, Touchstone of Medicines, vol. i. p. 154.
[924] Medical Superstitions, p. 161.
[925] Sir K. Digby, Powder of Sympathy, p. 97.
[926] Ibid., p. 76.
[927] Pettigrew’s Medical Superstitions, p. 155.
[928] Pers. Narr., iv. 195.
[929] Himalayan Journals, ed. 1891, p. 371.
[930] Ibid., p. 214.
[931] Medica Sacra, p. 62.
[932] Pliny, Nat. Hist., bk. xxxi. c. 32.
[933] Pharmaceutical Journal.
[934] John Russell’s Boke of Nurture, 991-1000.
[935] Pellitory of the wall, which abounds in nitrate of potass.
[936] Probably Peucedanum officinale.
[937] Danewort.
[938] St. John’s wort.
[939] Centaury.
[940] Plantain.
[941] Glechoma hederacea.
[942] Galium Aparine, prescribed in Leechdoms, v. 2, p. 345, for a “salve against the elfin race and nocturnal [goblin] visitors, and for the woman with whom the devil hath carnal commerce.”
[943] Avens.
[944] Bruise wort, pimpernel, or perhaps for Hembriswort, daisy.
[945] Smallage, or wild-water parsley.
[946] Brooklime.
[947] Scabious.
[948] John Russell’s Boke of Nurture, Harl. MS. 4011, Fol. 171. The notes are from Dr. Furnivall’s edition.
[949] State Trials, 951.
[950] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Magic,” Ency. Brit. See Ellis, Polynesian Researches; Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia; Polack, Manners and Customs of New Zealanders; Waitz, vols. v., vi.; all works mentioned by Dr. Tylor.
[951] Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. Pref., xxxii.
[952] Nat. Hist., Book xxx. chap. i.
[953] Goodwin, Lives of the Necromancers, pp. 127-132.
[954] Heroid., vi. 91.
“Simulacraque cerea fingit,
Et miserum tenuis in jecur urget acus.”
[955] Gordon Cumming’s Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 336.
[956] Vol. i. p. 336. See also In the Hebrides, pp. 263-265. C. F. Gordon-Cumming.
[957] Ethnology in Folklore, p. 51.
[958] Plato, Laws, lib. xi.
[959] Nat. Hist., Book xxviii. ch. 24.
[960] Ethnology in Folklore, p. 87.
[961] Idyl ii.
[962] Hecker’s Epidemics, p. 102.
[963] Book xxi. 92.
[964] Book xxiv. 42.
[965] Sir James Emerson Tennent’s Ceylon, vol. ii. p. 545.
[966] Custom and Myth, p. 200.
[967] Ibid., p. 169.
[968] Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 141.
[969] Saxon Leechdoms.
[970] Eynatten, Manualis Exorcismorum, 1619, p. 220, quoted in Saxon Leechdoms, vol. i. Preface, p. xliv.
[971] Short Discoverie, etc., 4to, London, 1612, p. 71.
[972] Brand’s Popular Antiquities, 1842, vol. iii. p. 6.
[973] London, 1886, p. 167.
[974] Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie.
[975] Mysteries of Magic, Waite, pp. 167, 168.
[976] Daily Chronicle, June 11th, 1892.
[977] Simpson, “Ancient Buddhist Remains in Afghanistan,” Fraser’s Mag., New Ser., No. cxxii., Feb. 1880, pp. 197, 198.
[978] Mysteries of Magic, A. E. Waite (London, 1886), p. 135.
[979] Mysteries of Magic, p. 157.
[980] Dyer, English Folklore, p. 154.
[981] Denny’s Folklore of China, p. 51; Irish Popular and Medical Superstitions, p. 3.
[982] Folk Medicine, p. 99.
[983] Notes and Queries, 5th S., vol. vi. p. 97.
[984] Folk Medicine, p. 33.
[985] Pliny.
[986] Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 137.
[987] Folk Medicine, p. 41.
[988] Paris’s Pharmacologia, p. 51.
[989] The Doctor, p. 59.
[990] Vol. ii. pp. 175, et seq.
[991] Whewell, Hist. of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. p. 184.
[992] Whewell, Hist. of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. p. 185.
[993] Περὶ ψυχῆς, ii. 2.
[994] Life of Dr. Cullen, vol. i. p. 102.
[995] Whewell’s History of Scientific Ideas, vol. ii. pp. 16, 17.
[996] Cap. xiv. p. 233.
[997] Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. pp. 177, 178.
[998] Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. i. pp. 177, 178.
[999] Cullen’s Works, vol. i. pp. 405, 406.
[1000] Thomson’s Life of Dr. Cullen, vol. i. p. 185.
[1001] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 750.
[1002] Works, vol. i. p. 442.
[1003] Thomson’s Life of Cullen, vol. ii. p. 134.
[1004] Munk’s Roll of the R. Coll. Phys.
[1005] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 262. He published in 1765, A Discourse on the Institution of Medical Schools in America.
[1006] Philosophical Transactions, vol. xlix. p. 477, and Munk’s Roll of the R. Coll. Phys., vol. ii. p. 282. This was one of the cases in which experiments on the lower animals have been of service to mankind. Mr. Spry’s character for veracity seems to have been re-established by them.
[1007] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 648.
[1008] The Gold-headed Cane.
[1009] Medica Sacra (1755), pp. 21, 22.
[1010] Surgical Dictionary, art. “Surgery.”
[1011] Resection is the removal of the articular extremity of a bone, or the ends of the bones in a false articulation.
[1012] Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 422.
[1013] Hist. Med. Education, p. 427.
[1014] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 677.
[1015] Munk’s Roll of the Royal Coll. Phys., vol. ii. p. 125.
[1016] Ibid.
[1017] Ibid., p. 130.
[1018] Literature of Europe, vol. iv. p. 354.
[1019] Munk’s Roll of the R. Coll. Phys., vol. ii. p. 408.
[1020] Roll of the R. Coll. of Phys., vol. ii. p. 160.
[1021] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 713.
[1022] Published by the Pharmaceutical Society, 1880.
[1023] Hist. Med., p. 868.
[1024] Letter to Hufeland.
[1025] Medical Profession, p. 93.
[1026] Medical Profession, p. 93.
[1027] De Magnete, p. 48.
[1028] Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, vol. iii. p. 7.
[1029] History of Inventions, vol. i. p. 72.
[1030] Ibid., p. 74.
[1031] Laënnec, Treatise on Diseases of the Chest, p. 5.
[1032] A few only of the more prominent physicians, surgeons, and scientists are mentioned here; to do more would interfere with the plan of this work.
[1033] Ency. Brit., art. “Animal Magnetism,” vol. xv. p. 279.
[1034] Voyage fait à Londres en 1814. See also Cooper’s Surgical Dict., art. “Fractures.”
[1035] “Discovery of Chloroform,” in Miller’s Surgery, pp. 756-758, 2nd Ed.
[1036] p. 28.
[1037] Ency. Brit., art. “Insanity.”
[1038] Hospitals and Asylums of the World.
[1039] Adams’ Hippocrates, vol. i. p. 77.
[1040] Ency. Brit., art. “Insanity.”
[1041] Hospitals and Asylums, vol. i. p. 62.
[1042] Hist. Med., p. 347.
[1043] Cruikshank, Bacteriology, p. 2.
[1044] Woodhead, Bacteria and their Products, p. 52.
[1045] Opera Medico-Physica, Tractatio de Contagio, le Lue Bovina, de Variolis; de Scarlatina.
[1046] Bacteria and their Products, p. 59.
[1047] Schwann (1810-1882) discovered the influence of the lower fungi in causing fermentation and putrefaction, so that he may be called the father of the germ theory of disease.
[1048] Manual of Bacteriology, p. 16.
[1049] Bacteria and their Products, p. 328.
[1050] See Appendix E, Cruikshank’s Bacteriology, p. 414.
[1051] Cruikshank, Bacteriology, p. 192.
[1052] Ibid., p. 196.
[1053] Woodhead, Bacteria, etc., p. 327.
[1054] Parkes’ Hygiene, Introduction.
[1055] Baas, Hist. of Med., p. 1083.
[1056] Lancet, Oct. 29th, 1892, p. 1013.
[1057] Professor Charcot in the New Review, Jan., 1893.
[1058] See p. 320 of this work.
[1059] Charcot, The Faith Cure.
[1060] Baas, Hist. Med., p. 1100.
[1061] Ency. Brit., art. “Physiology,” vol. xix. p. 23.