BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
[1] Statement of Chancellor von Bethmann Hollweg to the Reichstag, December 10, 1910, in Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 2 Session, Volume 262, pp. 3561b et seq. Cf., also, The Annual Register, 1910, pp. 314–315, 335–336; Shuster, op. cit., pp. 225 et seq. The informal agreement reached at Potsdam was confirmed by a treaty of August 19, 1911. The Annual Register, 1911, pp. 357–358. For the diplomatic correspondence arising out of the Potsdam Agreement cf. de Siebert, op. cit., Chapter IX.
[2] Korff, op. cit., pp. 163–164. Baron Korff believes, also, that the Potsdam Agreement was forced upon the weak and vacillating Nicholas II by the unscrupulous and bullying William II.
[3] Supra, pp. 65–66, 147–153. For German estimates of the importance of the Potsdam Agreement see a reasoned and temperate speech by Dr. Spahn, of the Catholic Centre, and an impassioned and boisterous speech by Herr Bassermann, of the National Liberals. Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 2 Session, Volume 266 (1911), PP. 5973 et seq., 5984 et seq.
[4] The Times, January 18, 1911.
[5] Quoted by W. M. Fullerton, Problems of Power (new and revised edition, New York, 1915), p. 171.
[6] Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, fifth series, Volume 21 (1911), pp. 241–244.
[7] Journal Officiel, Débats parlementaires, Chambre des Députés, January 13, 1911, pp. 33–34. M. Jaurès was one of the Frenchmen who felt that their Government never should have opposed the Bagdad Railway in the first instance.
[8] Ibid., January 16, pp. 64 et seq.; Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, Volume 21 (1911), pp. 82 et seq., 243–244; The Times, January 17 and 19, 1911.
[9] Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, Volume 21 (1911), p. 82.
[10] Cf. supra, pp. 224–225.
[11] Cf. G. Saint-Yves, “Les chemins de fer français dans la Turquie d’Asie,” in Questions diplomatiques et coloniales, Volume 37 (1914), pp. 526–531; Anatolia, pp. 51–52.
[12] It was proposed that the Anatolian Railways should construct three branches: one from a point east of Bulgurlu north and north-east to Kaisarieh and Sivas; a second from Angora east to the aforementioned branch, joining it near Kaisarieh; a third from Adabazar to Boli. The branch of the Bagdad Railway from Nisibin to Diarbekr and Arghana was authorized by the concession of 1903.
[13] Much of the present account of the negotiations of the years 1910–1914 is based upon documentary material furnished by Dr. von Gwinner and upon additional information supplied by Sir Henry Babington Smith and Djavid Bey. Almost everything heretofore published has been very general in character, but one may find some illuminating details in the following: R. de Caix, “La France et les chemins de fer de l’Asie turque,” in Questions diplomatiques et coloniales, Volume 36 (1913), pp. 386–387; Armenia and Kurdistan, p. 36; Commerce Reports, No. 18a (1915), pp. 2–3; Stenographische Berichte, XIII Legislaturperiode, 1 Session, Volume 291 (1913), pp. 6274c et seq.; American Journal of International Law, April, 1918; Commandant de Thomasson, “Les négotiations franco-allemandes,” in Questions diplomatiques et coloniales, Volume 37 (1914), pp. 257 et seq.
[14] For certified copies of the minutes of the meetings of August 19–20 and September 24–26, 1913, and for the text of the convention of February 15, 1914, the author is indebted to Dr. von Gwinner.
[15] Stenographische Berichte, XIII Legislaturperiode, 1 Session, Volume 291 (1913), p. 6274c. No. 111 of a series of despatches published by the German Foreign Office (Berlin, 1915), an English translation of which is to be found in E.D. Morel’s Diplomacy Revealed (London, 1921), pp. 282–283.
[16] Parliamentary Papers, No. Cmd. 964 (1920).
[17] Cf. de Caix, op. cit., pp. 386–387.
[18] It should be made clear that not all the terms of the Franco-German agreement were carried out before the beginning of the Great War. Because of the delay in the negotiations with Great Britain (cf. infra) the exchange of Bagdad Railway securities for Imperial Ottoman Bonds was not completed, with the result that, when the War came, French bankers still held an interest in the Bagdad Railway Company.
[19] Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, fifth series, Volume 59 (1914), pp. 2179–2189. Sir Mark Sykes (1879–1919) had traveled extensively in the Near and Far East and was the author of many books on the political and economic problems of those regions. During the Great War he was commissioned by the British Government to negotiate with France regarding the delimitation of the Allies’ interests in Mesopotamia and Syria. He was one of the authors of the Sykes-Picot Treaty of 1916.
[20] Supra, pp. 111–112, 228–229.
[21] Memorandum of Djavid Bey, cited in Chapter IX, supra.
[22] Haldane, op. cit., passim; W. von Hohenzollern, My Memoirs, 1878–1918, pp. 142–156; supra, pp. 198–199; The Annual Register, 1912, pp. 16, 332; Count de Lalaing, Belgian Minister in London, to M. Davignon, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs, February 9 and 16, 1912, despatches Nos. 88 and 90, translated in Morel, op. cit., pp. 228–230.
[23] Supra, pp. 205–207.
[24] Baron Marschall died in September, 1912, after only a few weeks of service at his new post. He was succeeded by Prince Lichnowsky, who took up his duties in London in November. Regarding the lecture tour of Sir Harry Johnston see the authentic account by Bernadotte Schmitt, England and Germany, 1740–1914, pp. 355–356. Herr von Jagow’s opinion of the importance of an Anglo-German understanding on the Near East is to be found in his reply to Prince Lichnowsky, in the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung of March 23, 1918, translated by Munroe Smith, The Disclosures from Germany, pp. 130–131.
[25] Regarding the Anglo-Turkish negotiations cf. Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, Volume 53 (1913), pp. 392–395; Stenographische Berichte, XIII Legislaturperiode, 1 Session, Volume 291 (1913), pp. 6274c-6294d; Karl Helfferich, Die Vorgeschichte des Weltkrieges, pp. 143 et seq.; Mesopotamia, pp. 97–98; The Times (London), May 17 and May 31, 1913; The Quarterly Review, Volume 228 (1917), pp. 517–521; de Siebert, op. cit., Chapter XX.
[26] Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, Volume 53 (1913), p. 393.
[27] Stenographische Berichte, XIII Legislaturperiode, 1 Session, Volume 289 (1913), p. 4744d. Cf., also, ibid., pp. 4744c-4746c; Volume 290 (1913), p. 5326a-c.
[28] For copies of this and other agreements the author is indebted to Dr. von Gwinner, of the Deutsche Bank.
[29] For the text of the agreement cf. E.M. Earle, “The Secret Anglo-German Convention of 1914 regarding Asiatic Turkey,” in the Political Science Quarterly (New York), Volume XXXVIII (1923), pp. 41–44.
[30] “Correspondence between His Majesty’s Government and the United States Ambassador respecting Economic Rights in Mandated Territories,” Parliamentary Papers, No. Cmd. 675 (1921); The Daily News (London), June 26, 1920; G. Slocombe, “The Oil Behind the War Scare,” in The Daily Herald (London), October 12 and 13, 1922; The Disclosures from Germany, p. 238.
[31] Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, Volume 64 (1914), pp. 116–117.
[32] For the complete text of the convention, cf. E. M. Earle, “The Secret Anglo-German Convention of 1914 regarding Asiatic Turkey,” loc. cit., pp. 24–44.
[33] Fullerton, op. cit., p. 307.
[34] Prince Lichnowsky, quoted from The Disclosures from Germany, pp. 71–72.
[35] Saint-Yves, loc. cit., pp. 526–531; Anatolia, pp. 49 et seq. Regarding the earlier development of Italian economic interests in Turkey cf. supra, pp. 105–107.
[36] For an interesting discussion of this point see Ahmed Djemal Pasha, Erinnerungen eines türkischen Staatsmannes (Munich, 1922), translated into English under the title, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913–1919 (New York, 1923), pp. 107–115 of the translation, pp. 113–122 of the German text. (Hereafter page references are given for the translation only).
[37] Baron Beyens, Belgian minister in Berlin, to M. Davignon, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs, No. 111 of the Belgian documents, translated in Morel’s Diplomacy Revealed, p. 283. The quotation from von Jagow is from The Disclosures from Germany, p. 251.
[38] Regarding the German military mission to Turkey cf. Djemal Pasha, op. cit., pp. 65–70, 101–102; Liman von Sanders, Fünf Jahre Türkei (Berlin, 1919); Field Marshal von der Goltz, Die Militärische Lage der Türkei nach dem Balkankriege (Berlin, 1913); The Disclosures from Germany, pp. 57 et seq.
[39] Djemal Pasha, op. cit., p. 108.
[40] Ibid., pp. 107–115. Regarding other aspects of German military and diplomatic successes in Turkey during 1914, cf. Anatolia, pp. 44–45; Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story (New York, 1918); Karl Helfferich, Die deutsche Türkenpolitik, pp. 28 et seq., and Die Vorgeschichte des Weltkrieges, passim; André Chéradame, The Pan German Plot Unmasked (New York, 1917)—all representing widely divergent points of view.