CHAPTER XIV NOTES

[335.1] Dalton, 160, 216, 252, 273, 317, 321; Risley, passim.

[335.2] Hunter, Rur. Bengal, 188. No one reading the Indian evidence can be left in any uncertainty as to the meaning of the red lead. See Crooke, 197, 294; N. Ind. N. and Q., passim.

[336.1] i. Risley, 243; ii. 96, 222, 263. Cf. i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 152.

[336.2] i. Doolittle, 67-105; i. Gray, 193-209.

[336.3] Th. Volkov, in iii. L’Anthropologie, 541, 544, 545. A red cloth hung on a girl’s tent constitutes an offer of marriage among the Transylvanian Gipsies. Von Wlislocki, Volksdicht., 351.

[336.4] Dalton, 220; i. Risley, 138.

[336.5] i. Risley, 449, 450.

[337.1] i. Risley, 456, citing Grierson’s Behar Peasant Life.

[337.2] ii. Risley, 189.

[337.3] i. Risley, 475.

[337.4] Ibid. 532.

[337.5] ii. Risley, 201.

[338.1] i. Risley, 532.

[339.1] Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 32.

[339.2] The Weekly Sun, 28 Jan. 1893, quoting from Mr. Creagh’s notes of his visit contributed to a newspaper published in British North Borneo. I am indebted to Mr. Edward Clodd for calling my attention to this. Zipporah’s expression in Exodus iv. 25, 26, points to a similar ceremony among the early Hebrews. See Trumbull, 222.

[340.1] Landes, Contes Annam., 207 (Story No. 84).

[340.2] Codrington, 395 note.

[341.1] H. F. Feilberg, in iii. Am Urquell, 3, citing Haukenaes.

[342.1] Castrén, Vorlesungen, 323.

[342.2] Antè, [p. 247]. In a Lapp story the hero, betrothed to the sun’s sister and separated from her, goes in search of her. When he finds her she is at the point of death from sorrow. He pricks her in the hand, and sucks her blood; whereupon she revives, and they are happily married. Poestion, 233. In Bret Harte’s story of Sally Dows, the heroine sucks the hero’s blood from a snake-wound, and is told by an old Negress that this has bound them together, so that she can marry nobody else. We cannot doubt that the author found this in Negro superstitions. Contrast, however, the effect of this incident with that of the Irish tale of The Wooing of Emer, already referred to, [p. 255].

[342.3] De Mensignac, 21, quoting Arago’s Voyage autour du Monde. As to the use of red paint, meaning blood, by Australian natives, see decisive examples in ii. Curr, 36; xxiv. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 171.

[343.1] Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 267.

[343.2] F. Fawcett, in v. Folklore, 24; ii. Journ. Ind. Arch., 358.

[344.1] Dalton, 216.

[344.2] Lewin, 129, 177.

[345.1] iii. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 81.

[345.2] xxx. Sacred Bks., 49.

[345.3] Dr. Leitner, in v. Asiatic Q. Rev., 2d ser., 153.

[345.4] Paulitschke, 248, citing Massaja.

[345.5] Dorsey, Cegiha Lang., 342.

[346.1] ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 330.

[346.2] ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 314, 319; Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 32, 33.

[346.3] Krauss, Sitte und Brauch, 275-6, 459.

[346.4] A. G. Contis, in iv. Mélusine, 125.

[346.5] Rodd, 105; Schroeder, 83.

[346.6] ii. Witzschel, 235; Spiess, Obererz., 37.

[346.7] Bérenger-Féraud, 195; Schroeder, 82, 235.

[347.1] ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 46.

[347.2] Monseur, 36.

[347.3] vii. Rev. Trad. Pop., 682, citing Manuel des Cérémonies (1494); Schroeder, 83.

[347.4] Featherman, Aram., 62, 75.

[348.1] Schroeder, 82; Pigorini-Beri, 14; Ralston, Songs, 269; vii. Mélusine, 4; viii. Rev. Trad. Pop., 542; iii. Zeits. des Vereins, 267; Krauss, Sitte und Brauch, 356, 386; Trumbull, 73; Kolbe, 171; Töppen, 81; ii. Heimskringla, 153.

[349.1] Kolbe, 147; Winternitz, in Congress (1891) Report, 281, quoting Romanoff, Rites of the Greek Church; Odd Ways, 82, 87, 102, 108.

[349.2] See an account of an Armenian wedding in London, according to the rites of the Armenian National Church, Daily News, 28 Jan. 1892.

[349.3] Bellew, 222.

[349.4] Dalton, 193; i. Risley, 325. Among some allied tribes, when the bride is conducted to her husband’s dwelling she is seated on a pile of unhusked rice. Oil is then poured over her head, and she is presented with some boiled rice and meat cooked in her new home. This she simply touches with her hand, and declares herself to belong to her husband’s kili. Featherman, Tur., 60. The touching is doubtless the simplified equivalent of tasting, the simplification being accompanied by words explanatory of the intention of the rite. Compare the Abruzzian ceremony, ii. De Nino, 10.

[350.1] ii. Risley, 8.

[350.2] Lewin, 202.

[350.3] G. Dumoutier, in viii. Rev. Trad. Pop., 405.

[350.4] xxvii. Sacred Bks., 441; xxviii. 429.

[350.5] i. Doolittle, 86.

[350.6] Griffis, 249. This does not appear to be now, at all events, the operative part of the ceremony. Similar variations have affected the ceremony elsewhere.

[351.1] vi. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 26; iii. Journ. Ind. Arch., 490; iv. 431; iii. L’Anthropologie, 193; Trumbull, 192, 193; ii. Risley, 325.

[351.2] iv. Rev. Trad. Pop., 362.

[351.3] Schroeder, 235.

[352.1] Th. Volkov, in ii. L’Anthropologie, 558.

[352.2] A. de Lazarque, in ix. Rev. Trad. Pop., 580.

[352.3] F. Pulci, in xiii. Archivio, 417.

[353.1] Featherman, Tur., 88.

[353.2] R. Parkinson, in ii. Internat. Archiv., 38.

[354.1] Burton, Sindh, 345.

[354.2] Featherman, Tur., 30; i. Risley, 497; Hodgson, 178. So among the Mussulman Malabars of Ceylon the bridegroom’s sister ties a consecrated cord around the bride’s neck. Featherman, Tur., 203.

[354.3] Hunter, Rur. Bengal, 207.

[354.4] ii. Risley, 69.

[354.5] Lubbock, 84, citing Hale’s United States Exploring Exped. Compare the Kewat ceremony, i. Risley, 456.

[355.1] Ellis, i. Polyn. Res., 272.

[355.2] R. Parkinson, in ii. Internat. Archiv, 39; Hertz, 38 note, citing Abel Rémusat.

[355.3] Dr. W. Svoboda, in v. Internat. Arch., 193, citing the Jesuit Barbe.

[355.4] F. Fawcett, in v. Folklore, 23.

[356.1] Featherman, Tur., 490.

[356.2] O. Knoop, in iii. Zeits. f. Volksk., 230.

[356.3] Du Chaillu, ii. Midnight Sun, 240.

[356.4] Zingerle, Sagen, 457; Töppen, 76; A. Herrmann, in v. Am Urquell, 110.

[356.5] Schwela, in iii. Zeits. f. Volksk., 478.

[356.6] Rogers, 112.

[357.1] Gregor, 95.

[357.2] ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 66, 50. At Nagialmagy, in Hungary, young married women assemble on Saint Joseph’s day and the day following, on the market-place and sell their kisses to all comers. ix. Rev. Trad. Pop., 359.

[358.1] Filippo Seves, in xii. Archivio, 527.

[358.2] Ostermann, 347; i. Rivista, 560.

[358.3] Bérenger-Féraud, 200, 194. A species of bride-dance seems to be practised at Heideboden, in Hungary, and perhaps also in various places of Italy and Greece. De Gubernatis, Usi Nuz., 189.

[358.4] Herod. iv. 172; Lubbock, 535, quoting Mela; Diodorus Sic. v. 1.

[359.1] Fison and Howitt, 201-5. The punishment for a guilty wife among some of the North American tribes was similar to that of the Kurnai. See Featherman, Aoneo-Mar., 161. Cf. Robertson Smith, Kinship, 137. Other traces of the Nasamonian rite are to be found among the North American Indians. See, for example, a curious Ponka legend given by Dorsey, Cegiha, 616.

[362.1] ii. Garcilasso, 442. Elsewhere (i. 59) he speaks of the participants as “the nearest relations of the bride and her most intimate friends.” He only refers vaguely to the peoples addicted to this form of the rite, and cites Pedro de Cieza as making the same assertion. I have not seen De Cieza’s work; but Mr. Markham observes that he refers to New Granada, not Peru. I am strongly inclined to suspect, on more grounds than one, that Garcilasso’s information is not to be relied on; and that, wherever the custom was followed, it was the bridegroom’s rather than the bride’s relations who took part. Did a somewhat similar custom obtain in Paraguay? See Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 435. It is to be distinguished from a well-known East Indian custom which springs from a different motive. See Hertz, 41.

[362.2] Mrs. French Sheldon, in xxi. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 365. A relic of the same custom is found in Guatemala, where the marriage is consummated, not by the bridegroom, but by a kinsman, to whom the bride is brought by the bridegroom’s mother for the purpose. Stoll, 8.

[363.1] Capt. J. S. King, in vi. F.L. Journ., 124.

[363.2] Krauss, Sitte und Brauch, 382, 456, 608.

[365.1] iv. Rep. Austr. Ass., 672. See Morgan, Anc. Soc., 424.

[366.1] Featherman, Aram., 75.

[366.2] Volkov, in ii. L’Anthropologie, 538, 539 note, quoting several authorities.

[367.1] Macpherson, 133. Cf. the customs of other tribes, i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 124, 139, 177.

[367.2] Marsden, 256.

[367.3] Codrington, 238.

[367.4] Casalis, 207; Featherman, Nigr., 642.

[367.5] Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 472, 459.

[367.6] Stoll, 8. See note, ante, [p. 362].

[368.1] i. Bancroft, 411.

[370.1] See Lubbock, 131, 535; MacLennan, 341; Westermarck, 72. An exception must be made for the Babylonian and similar cases which do not appear referable to the exercise of communal marriage-rights.

[371.1] i. Risley, 229.

[371.2] i. Risley, 231. A similar distinction of guilt is drawn by the Dhánuks (i. ibid., 221), the Ghasiyas of South Mirzapur (i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 167), the Dusadhs (ii. ibid., 32), the Kharwars (ii. ibid., 34), the Bhuts, though nominally Mohammedan (ii. ibid., 50), and other tribes. So also in Ladák, iii. N. Ind. N. and Q., 168.

[371.3] i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 168.

[371.4] Featherman, Drav., 184.

[372.1] Featherman, Aoneo-Mar., 590.

[372.2] Herod. i. 216.

[372.3] Forbes, in xiii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 426; Trumbull, 54.

[373.1] Robertson Smith, Kinship, 137.

[373.2] Risley, passim. So also the Chukmas of the Chittagong Hills; Lewin, 187. And the Chinese; i. Gray, 219.

[373.3] Gen. xxxviii. 8; Deut. xxv. 5.

[373.4] B. W. Schiffer, in v. Am Urquell, 224: Dalyell, 313, citing Leo of Modena.

[374.1] Sacred Bks., xxv., 337, 361, 365; ii., 164.

[374.2] Sibree, 246.

[374.3] Casalis, 199.

[375.1] Risley, passim; Dalton, 16, 63, 138, 273, 321.

[375.2] Elliot, i. N.-W. Prov., 136. See also, ibid., 5, 121, 274, 326; N. Ind. N. and Q., passim.

[375.3] ii. N. Ind. N. and Q., 24.

[375.4] i. Ibid. 157.

[376.1] i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 84.

[376.2] Biddulph, 76, 82; iii. N. Ind. N. and Q., 168.

[376.3] Fosberry, in i. Journ. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 189.

[376.4] Featherman, Drav., 558, 244. See Marco Polo, li., as to another Tartar tribe.

[376.5] Marsden, 220, 228. Cf. ii. L’Anthropologie, 257.

[376.6] Modigliani, 553.

[377.1] Modigliani, Isola delle Donne, 212, 215.

[377.2] Parkinson, in ii. Internat. Arch., 39.

[377.3] Man, in xii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 139, 141.

[377.4] Featherman, Oceano-Mel., 308.

[377.5] Featherman, Nigr., 288, 290, 596, 762; Paulitschke, 205.

[378.1] Ellis, Yoruba, 185.

[378.2] Westermarck, 513, 514, quoting Shooter.

[378.3] Featherman, Aoneo-Mar., 390. This liability is perhaps annexed to the inheritance; but it is certainly regarded as a liability rather than a right. Rep. Nat. Mus. (1888), 254.

[378.4] Stoll, 7.

[378.5] Featherman, Aoneo-Mar., 319.

[378.6] Grinnell, Blackfeet L.T., 218; Dorsey, Omaha Soc., 258, 367.

[379.1] i. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 184, 185.

[379.2] Powers, 356.

[379.3] Featherman, Chiapo-Mar., 100.

[379.4] Turner, Samoa, 98; iv. Rep. Austr. Ass., 642.

[379.5] Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 87.

[379.6] iv. Rep. Austr. Ass., 628.

[379.7] ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 601.

[379.8] Rev. B. Danks, in xviii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 292.

[379.9] Boas, in vi. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 615, quoting Lyon.

[380.1] Dawson, 7, 27. See as to the natives of Northern Queensland, xiii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 298; as to various tribes of South Australia and its northern territory, xxiv. ibid., 170, 178, 181, 194; as to other tribes, ii. Curr, 197, 425, 474; iii. 21, 546.

[380.2] Garnett, ii. Wom., 234.

[380.3] Saxo, 87; Elton’s version, 106; i. Corp. Poet. Bor., 105. These mythological cases as testimony to an obsolete custom of polyandry may be compared with similar references in ancient Hindu writings quoted by Westermarck, 457.

[381.1] ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 314, 320; vi. Journ. Ind. Arch., 319.

[381.2] iii. N. Ind. N. and Q., 168.

[381.3] i. Bancroft, 731.

[381.4] Cooper, 153.

[382.1] Grinnell, Blackfeet L.T., 217.

[382.2] Featherman, Aoneo-Mar., 213, 175, 274, 308, 319; Chiapo-Mar., 268, 16, 168; Brinton, Amer. Race, 96.

[382.3] Dorsey, Omaha Soc., 261.

[382.4] Fisher, in i. Journ. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 286. As to the Walla-Wallas, see Kane, 267, 270.

[382.5] Brinton, Amer. Race, 48.

[383.1] iv. L’Anthropologie, 641.

[383.2] i. Risley, 6, 17, 32, 135, 170, 192, 268, 307, 416; ii., 65, 69, 96, 186, 229, 293.

[383.3] Shortt, in vii. Trans. Ethn. Soc., N.S., 240.

[383.4] Featherman, Tur., 558.

[383.5] xxv. Sacred Bks., 291.

[383.6] Paulitschke, 204.

[383.7] Chatelain, 119.

[384.1] Lev. xviii. 18.

[384.2] Featherman, Oceano-Mel., 297, 406.

[384.3] Rev. S. Ella, in iv. Rep. Austr. Ass., 628.

[384.4] ii. Rep. Austr. Ass., 331.

[385.1] Volkov, in ii. L’Anthropologie, 568.

[386.1] i. De Groot, 3; xxviii. Sacred Bks., 238, 264; xxvii. 442.

[386.2] Robertson Smith, Kinship, 148, 176; cf. 66.

[387.1] MacLennan, Studies, 103, citing Latham’s Descriptive Ethnology.

[387.2] ii. L’Anthropologie, 117, quoting a communication by M. Crampe to the Société de Géographie. Cf. the customs of giving up a child or paying for him mentioned by Paulitschke, 202; xxiii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 4.

[389.1] i. Risley, 150.

[389.2] Marsden, 225, 236, 262; Modigliani, Batacchi, 35.

[390.1] Featherman, Tur., 63.

[390.2] ii. Risley, 282.

[390.3] iii. Zeits. f. Volksk., 391, 479.

[390.4] xxvii. Sac. Bks., 77; xxviii., 299. In case of divorce, however, she returns to the parental home, ii. De Groot, 507.

[391.1] ii. Risley, 80; App., 97.

[391.2] i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 132.

[391.3] Lev. xxi. 1-4; xxii. 10-13.

[391.4] Aulus Gellius, xiii. 10.

[393.1] Featherman, Tur., 107.

[394.1] Featherman, Tur., 263.

[394.2] Ibid., Tur., 283.

[395.1] iii. Zeits. f. Volksk., 433.

[395.2] Volkov, in ii. L’Anthropologie, 553.

[396.1] Krauss, Sitte und Brauch, 278, 275, 277.

[396.2] Codrington, 237.

[396.3] Burton, Sindh, 272.

[396.4] Smith, Guinea, 144.

[397.1] ii. Kerr, 237.

[397.2] Featherman, Aram., 422.

[397.3] Hickson, 282.