CHAPTER XV NOTES
[401.1] On the Couvade generally the reader may consult Tylor, Early Hist., 291; H. Ling Roth, in xxii. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 204; Ploss, i. Kind, 143; Von Dargun, 18; and the correspondence in The Academy for 29th Oct., 5th, 12th, 19th Nov., 10th, 17th Dec. 1892.
[404.1] Modigliani, 555; Ploss, i. Kind, 36.
[404.2] Codrington, 228.
[405.1] Von den Steinen, 334, 338, 503, 434.
[406.1] Addy, 91. Compare the tale, cited suprà, [p. 11], of the mother whose digging-stick broke when her child was taken away. In a Chinese tale a grown-up son feels pain when his mother bites her finger. i. Doolittle, 454.
[407.1] Tylor, Early Hist., 292, quoting Du Tertre.
[408.1] Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 64.
[411.1] Grimm, Teut. Myth., 1845.
[411.2] Temme, Altmark, 87, 78.
[411.3] ii. Am Urquell, 123.
[411.4] De Zmidgrodzki, in vi. Rev. Trad. Pop., 40; Temme, Altmark, 88.
[411.5] i. Kohlrusch, 340.
[411.6] Temme, Altmark, 74.
[411.7] Schiffer, in iv. Am Urquell, 170.
[412.1] Tylor, Early Hist., 304, citing Wuttke.
[412.2] Grimm, Teut. Myth., 1796; ii. Witzschel, 249. Other German examples will be found in Grimm, Teut. Myth., 1779, 1786, 1799, 1845; Temme, Altmark, 74, 88; ii. Witzschel, 244, 250; Ploss, i. Kind, 213, 216; Von Wlislocki, Siebenb. Sachs., 152; Hillner, 38; vi. Am Urquell, 93; Spiess, Obererz., 36.
[412.3] ii. Am Urquell, 198.
[413.1] Ploss, i. Kind, 216.
[413.2] Knoop, Posen, 116.
[413.3] Kaindl, 6.
[413.4] Marchesa di Villamarina, in i. Rivista, 72.
[414.1] Bérenger-Féraud, 171; i. Strackerjan, 48; vi. Am Urquell, 93; ii. Bull. de F.L., 151.
[414.2] ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 9.
[414.3] Julie Filippi, in ix. Rev. Trad. Pop., 465.
[414.4] Ostermann, 381.
[414.5] viii. Journ. Am. F.L., 22.
[414.6] ii. Bull. de F.L., 152.
[414.7] Lady Vere de Vere, in i. Rivista, 447.
[415.1] Ostermann, 381; i. Rivista, 635; ii. 45.
[415.2] Von Wlislocki, in iii. Am Urquell, 93.
[416.1] Dr. Krauss, in vii. Internat. Archiv, 168, 188, 191, 193, 196. See also Wilken, ii. Haaropfer, 68, quoting Grimm.
[417.1] Kaindl, 25, 40.
[417.2] Pigorini-Beri, 287.
[418.1] ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 9.
[419.1] Diod. Sic., iv. The Roman form seems to have been similar; Lubbock, 96, citing Müller, Das Mutterrecht.
[420.1] Krauss, Sitte und Brauch, 600, quoting Jukic; 599.
[420.2] ii. Laisnel de la Salle, 13, 39; Kolbe, 176.
[420.3] Brayley, 36. A Swedish superstition requires a mother of a child begotten before marriage, herself to hold the child at the font, otherwise it will not be legitimate. Grimm, Teut. Myth., 1830, quoting Fernow’s Beskrifning öfver Wärmeland.
[421.1] A. Weidemann, in iii. Am Urquell, 259.
[421.2] Girald. Cambr., Topog. xxiii.; Saxo, 82, 200; Elton’s version, 99, 245.
[421.3] Paulitschke, 193, citing Abbadie, Géog. de l’Ethiopie.
[421.4] Lubbock, 97, quoting Parkyn.
[421.5] Hearn, 105.
[421.6] xxv. Sac. Bks. 352.
[422.1] As to adoption generally, in addition to the citations above, see, among others, Paulitschke, 209; Robertson Smith, Kinship, 44, 149; Aulus Gellius, v. 19; Hunter, Captivity, 19, 35, 249; ii. Domenech, 324, 350; Featherman, Aoneo-Mar., 184, 310, 320; Chiapo-Mar., 274; Codrington, 42; Marsden, 229; vi. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 580; ix., 419; i. Crantz, 165; i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 152, 204; D’Arbois, i. Droit Celt., 251; Kaindl, 26. Biddulph, 82, describes fosterage in the Hindoo Koosh. Mr. Parkinson, in ii. Internat. Arch., 33, speaks of adoptive parents and children in the Kingsmill Islands. Adoption, however, seems there rather of the nature of sponsorship. It creates rights and duties, but does not involve detachment from the family of birth. A similar custom appears elsewhere in Polynesia.
[424.1] Ramage, 241. Mr. Ramage’s journey took place in 1828, and the incident referred to occurred at some previous date not indicated. May we hope the Italian peasant knows better by this time?
[425.1] Strack, 86, citing The Book of the Pious.
[425.2] L. F. Sauvé, in ii. Mélusine, 254; Le Braz, 231; A. de Cock, in x. Rev. Trad. Pop., 249.
[425.3] Callaway, Tales, 284.
[426.1] Daily News, 14th July 1894.
[427.1] Ellis, Ewe-speaking Peoples, 208; Yoruba, 176, 300.
[429.1] Dalton, 64.
[429.2] ii. Binger, 260; Ellis, Yoruba, 299.
[429.3] Fison and Howitt, 157 note.
[430.1] i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 82.
[430.2] The provisions of the Irish laws are carefully analysed, D’Arbois, i. Droit Celt.
[430.3] Professor Kovalevsky, in the interesting paper mentioned ante, [p. 230] note, which he read to the British Association at Oxford last year, gave some account of the Lex Barbarorum of Daghestan, a code written down in the last century, but embodying the ancient customs of the Chevsurs, Pschavs and Touchains of Daghestan, who speak a dialect of Georgian. The population is organised in gentes, called touchoum; and every touchoum incurs joint responsibility for the acts of its members. “Consanguinity,” says the professor, “to the remotest degree makes a man jointly responsible.… In case of murder or wounding, not only the trespasser but each one of the members of his touchoum, or gens, has to expect vengeance on the part of the touchoum to which the victim belonged. The same mutual responsibility exists in the case of forcible entry.” It is noteworthy that each touchoum claims descent from some mythical ancestor.
[431.1] Bartels, 205, quoting some writer I have not traced. The want of exact references is too frequently a serious blot on German scholarship. Dr. Bartels is shamefully guilty in this respect.
[432.1] Dyer, 171, quoting a paper by Mr. Chanter in ii. Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association (1867), 39.
[432.2] Prof. Mikhailovskii, in xxiv. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 126.
[432.3] Featherman, Nigr., 134, citing A Walk across Africa, by J. A. Grant (1803).
[433.1] v. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 426.
[433.2] vii. Rep. Bur. Ethn., 338, 350, 346.
[434.1] ii. Sax. Leechd., 136.
[434.2] Featherman, Drav., 246; Chiapo-Mar., 464; Papuo-Mel., 502; Nigr., 36, 750; xxiv. Journ. Anthr. Inst., 66.
[435.1] Richardson, The Folly of Pilgrimages, 70.
[435.2] i. Doolittle, 149. In Sardinia it is a common remedy, not merely in cases of bite by the famous spider, but for other diseases also, to bury the sick man up to his neck in earth, and to cause seven maidens, seven wives or seven widows, according as he is a bachelor, a married man or a widower, to dance round him. F. Valla, in xiv. Archivio, 40, 49. This seems referable to the same order of ideas.
[435.3] Suprà, [p. 94]; i. N. Ind. N. and Q., 6.
[436.1] E. Regàlia, in xiii. Archivio, 489.
[436.2] ii. De Groot, 507, 621.
[436.3] Andree, ii. Ethnog. Par., 11, citing Wuttke.
[437.1] Landor, 225, 227. See Batchelor, 211, as to other Ainu tribes.
[437.2] Anthony Jully, in v. L’Anthropologie, 400.
[437.3] Julian Ralph, in lxxxiv. Harper’s New Monthly Mag., 177.
[437.4] Featherman, Papuo-Mel., 179.
[437.5] Codrington, 269.
[437.6] Du Chaillu, Eq. Afr., 18.
[438.1] i. De Groot, 90, 93, 64, 89.
[439.1] ii. De Groot, 441; ii. Gray, 25, 305.
[439.2] iv. Internat. Arch., 9. The Hawaiian practice of flinging the dead into a volcano or into the sea perhaps belongs to the class of superstitions dealt with in the above paragraph. Ellis, Hawaii, 336.
[439.3] Taylor, 208.
[444.1] Fison and Howitt, 170.