FOOTNOTES:
[3] See notes, p. [102], [106].
[6] Perfect, in the sense of highest stage of evolution, may seem a petitio principii. Leaving aside the consideration that no living creature is absolutely perfect, in the sense that its organization cannot become more efficient or proficient, we have here to deal with relative perfection of the whole organization. A fish or a snake is in its way more specialized than a mammal; but specialization does not necessarily mean height of development: it generally means life in a comparatively narrow groove. The acts of giving birth and nourishing the young with the mother's milk is a much higher stage than the act of laying eggs and letting them run their chance. The development of a hairy coat goes along with heightened temperature of the blood, subsequent greater independence of the surrounding temperature, and increased steady activity of the brain and other nerve-centres. The brain of the Mammalia, in its minute structure, is much more complex. This rule applies to some of the principal sense organs, chiefly the nose and the ear. The skeleton, not so much as a whole as in the various bones and joints, is more neatly finished, and built up more in conformity with 'scientific principles,' than is the case even with birds, in spite of their marvellous specialization. The same is the case with the vascular system, notably the heart and the veins, and with the excretory organs. In all of these many imperfections, still to be found in the other classes, have been corrected in Mammalia. The Primates take an easy first by their hands, and among them the apes and man himself by their brains.
[7] 'Die menschenähnlichen Affen und ihre Organisation im Vergleich zur menschlichen.' 1883.
[8] G. Schwalbe, 'In wiefern ist die menschliche Ohrmuschel ein rudimentäres Organ?'—In what Respects is the Human Outer Ear a Rudimentary Organ? (Archiv f. Anatomie und Physiologie, 1889).
[9] Wiedersheim, 'Der Bau des Menschen als Zeugniss für seine Vergangenheit.' Freiburg, 1888. Translated: 'The Structure of Man an Index to his Past History.' London, 1895.
[10] Pithecanthropus erectus. 'Eine menschenähnliche Uebergangsform aus Java' ('A Human-like Transitional Form'). Batavia, 1894.
[11] On the day after the delivery of this address Dr. Dubois exhibited the cranium of Pithecanthropus, from which he had removed the stony matrix which filled the inside, in order to examine the impression left by the cerebral convolutions. He was able to show that they also are very human, and more highly developed than those of the recent apes.
[12] L. Manouvier: 'Deuxième étude sur le Pithecanthropus erectus comme précurseur présumé de l'homme.' (Bulletins de la Soc. d'Anthropologie de Paris, 1895.)
F. Ameghino: 'Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamíferos de la república Argentina.' In Actas de la Academia nacional de Sciencias en Cordoba, 1889.—Another article in Revista Argentina de Historia natural. Buenos Aires, 1891.
A. Gaudry: 'Animaux fossiles et géologie de l'Attique.' 1862.—'Le Dryopithèque.' Mém. Soc. géol. de France: 'Paléontologie.' 1890.
O. Marsh: 'Introduction and Succession of Vertebrate Life in America.' Address, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Nashville, 1887.
H. F. Osborn: 'The Rise of the Mammalia in North America.' Address, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Madison, 1893.
L. Ruetimeyer: 'Ueber die Herkunft unserer Thierwelt,' Basel, 1867.
C. S. Forsyth Major: 'Fossil Monkeys from Madagascar.' Geological Magazine, 1896.
M. Schlosser: 'Ueber die Beziehungen der ausgestorbenen Saeugethierfaunen und ihr Verhaeltniss zur Saeugethierfauna der Gegenwart.' Biolog. Centralblatt, 1888.
[161] See notes, p. [102], [106].
[18] Wilhelm Bischoff of Munich: works on the history of the development of the rabbit, dog, guinea-pig, roe-deer. 1840-1854.
[20] 'Ueber die Entwicklung der einfachen Ascidien,' Mém. Acad. St. Petersbourg, vii. ser., tome x. (1866). Other papers in 'Archiv f. Mikroskop. Anatomie,' vii. (1871); xiii. (1877).
[21] See notes, p. [102], [106].
[22] Similar conditions seem to have prevailed among the Proreptilia; but in those of their descendants which have specialized into Reptiles and Birds the basi-occipital element becomes more and more predominant in that formation which ultimately leads to the apparently single condyle. Hence it is misleading to divide the Tetrapoda into the two main groups of Amphi-and Mono-condylia, and therefrom to conclude that the two-condyled Mammalia are more closely related to the likewise amphicondylous Amphibia than to the so-called monocondylous Reptiles.
[23] 'Ergebnisse naturwissenschaftlicher Forschungen auf Ceylon,' vols. 4 and 5. (With an atlas of 84 plates; 1893.)
[24] 'Principles of Biology': 'The Factors of Organic Evolution'; 'The Inadequacy of Natural Selection.'
[25] Abridged from Haeckel's 'Systematische Phylogenie der Vertebraten,' § 14.
[26] That this great work is now comparatively rare, although still in the second-hand market, may perhaps be urged in excuse of the fact of so many attempts made by many authors, both professional and amateur, to find fault with or to explain the principles of adaptation, variation, heredity, cænogenesis, phylogeny, etc., in complete ignorance that all these and many more fundamental questions were fully discussed more than thirty years ago in the 'Generelle Morphologie.'
[27] James Croll: 'On Geological Time, and the Probable Date of the Glacial and Upper Miocene Period,' Philos. Magazine, xxxv., 1868, pp. 363-384; xxxvi., pp. 141-154; 362-386.
[28] William Thomson: 'On the Secular Cooling of the Earth,' Transact. R. S. Edinb., xxiii., 1864, pp. 157-169.
[29] 'Geological Time as indicated by the Sedimentary Rocks of North America.' Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., xlii., 1893, pp. 129-169.
[30] Henry Shaler Williams, 'Geological Biology.' New York, 1895.
Transcriber's Notes
Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical errors. Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling are as in the original. The layout of the chart Ancestral Tree of The Mammalia has been changed from the original to enhance clarity, the essential relationships have been preserved. The second reference to footnote 3, in the same paragraph as the first, has been left blind as it is redundant.