Index.
Abdu-l-Kadir Maluk, Mulla, Shah of Badáún, his general history of India, and other works, [151] note.
Abhîra, or Âbhîra, at the mouth of the Indus, [204].
Abiria, the, of Ptolemy, [204].
Ablative, the, in Chinese, [119] note.
Abraham, the language of, [278].
Abu Saleh, his translation from Sanskrit into Arabic, [150].
Abyssinian language, ancient and modern, [281].
Academy, New, doctrines of the, embraced in Rome, [107].
Accusative, formation of the, in Chinese, [118] note.
Achæmenian dynasty, inscriptions of the, [210].
Adelung, his Mithridates, [142].
Adjectives, formation of, in Tibetan, [113] note.
in Chinese, [119] note.
Ælius Stilo, Lucius, his lectures in Rome, on Latin grammar, [109].
Affinity, indications of true, in the animal and vegetable world, [26], [27].
Afghanistan, the language of, [210].
Africa, South, dialects of, [64].
African language, an imaginary, [223].
Âge, history of the French word, [292].
Agglutination in the Turanian family of languages, [291].
Aglossoi, the, of the Greeks, [92].
Agriculture of the Chaldeans, work on the, [279].
Punic work of Mago on, [94] note.
Ahirs, the, of Cutch, [204].
Akbar, the Emperor, his search after the true religion, [151].
Akbar, his foundation of the so-called Ilahi religion, [151].
works translated into Persian for him, [151].
not able to obtain a translation of the Veda, [152].
Albania, origin of the name, [242].
Albanian language, origin of the, [201].
Albertus Magnus, on the humanizing influence of Christianity, quoted, [129] note.
Alchemy, causes of the extinction of the science, [19].
Alexander the Great, influence of his expedition in giving the Greeks a knowledge of other nations and languages, [93].
his difficulty in conversing with the Brahmans, [93].
Alexandria, influence of, on the study of foreign languages, [96].
critical study of ancient Greek at, [97].
Algebra, translation of the famous Indian work on, into Arabic, [149].
Algonquins, the one case of the, [221] note.
America, Central, rapid changes which take place in the language of the savage tribes of, [62].
great number of languages spoken by the natives of, [62].
Hervas's reduction of them to eleven families, [63].
Amharic, or modern Abyssinian, [281].
Anatomy, comparative, science of, [27].
Anglo-Saxon, the most ancient epic in, [177].
Angora, in Galatia, battle of, [308].
Anquetil Duperron, his translation of the Persian translation of the Upanishads into French, [154].
his translation of the works of Zoroaster, [168], [206].
Apollo, temple of, at Rome, [102].
AR, the root, various ramifications of, [252].
Arabic, influence of, over the Turkish language, [83].
ascendency of, in Palestine and Syria, [281].
original seat of Arabic, [281].
ancient Himyaritic inscriptions, [281].
earliest literary documents in Arabic, [281].
relation of Arabic to Hebrew, [281].
Aramaic division of Semitic languages, [276].
two dialects of, [276].
Ariana, the, of Greek geographers, [240].
Ariaramnēs, father of Darius, origin of the name, [241].
Aristotle on grammatical categories, [97], [126].
Armenia, origin of the name, [242].
Arpinum, provincial Latin of, [67].
Article, the, original meaning of the word, [98].
the Greek, restored by Zenodotus, [99].
Ârya. See [Aryan].
Ârya-âvarta, India so called, [237].
Aryan, an Indo-European family of languages, [43], [80], [177].
mode of tracing back the grammatical fragments of the Aryan languages to original independent words, [231-233].
Aryan grammar, [234].
northern and southern divisions of the, [211].
the original Aryan clan of Central Asia, [212].
period when this clan broke up, [212].
formation of the locative in all the Aryan languages, [219].
Aryan civilization proved by the evidence of language, [235].
origin and gradual spreading of the word Arya, [236].
original seat of the Aryans, [238].
the Aryan and Semitic the only families of speech deserving that title, [282].
genealogical table, [394], [395].
Asia Minor, origin of the Turks of, [306].
Asiatic Society, foundation of the, at Calcutta, [158].
Aśoka, King, his rock inscriptions, [146].
Assyria, various forms of the name, [247].
Astrology, causes of the extinction of the science, [19].
Astronomy, origin of the word, [16].
the Ptolemæan system, although wrong, important to science, [26].
Auramazda, of the cuneiform inscriptions, [207]. See [Ormuzd].
Auxentius on Ulfilas, [181-186] note.
Baber, his Indian empire, [299].
Babylonia, literature of, [278].
probability of the recovery of, from the cuneiform inscriptions, [278].
Barabas tribe, in the steppes between the Irtish and the Ob, [304].
Barbarians, the, of the Greeks, [91].
seemed to have possessed greater facility for acquiring languages than either Greeks or Romans, [94].
the term Barbarian as used by the Greeks and Romans, [127].
unfortunate influence of the term, [127].
Bashkirs, race of the, in the Altaic mountains, [303].
Basil, St., his denial that God had created the names of all things, [40] note.
Baziane tribe, in the Caucasus, [303].
Beaver, the, sagacity of, [24].
Behar, Pâli once the popular dialect of, [146].
Beowolf, the ancient English epic of, [177].
Berber, dialects of Northern Africa, origin of the, [282].
Berners, Juliana, on the expressions proper for certain things, [72].
Berosus, his study and cultivation of the Greek language, [94].
his history of Babylon, [95].
his knowledge of the cuneiform inscriptions, [95].
Bible, number of obsolete words and senses in the English translation of 1611, [45].
Bibliandro, his work on language, [131] note.
Birúni, Abu Rihan al, [150].
his “Taríkhu-l-Hind,” [150].
Bishop and sceptic derived from the same root, [257].
Boëthius, Song of, age of the, [196].
Bohemian, oldest specimens of, [201].
Bonaparte, Prince L., his collection of English dialects, [70].
Booker's “Scripture and Prayer-Book Glossary” referred to, [45].
Books, general destruction of, in China in 213, b. c. [227].
Bopp, Francis, his great work, [166].
results of his “Comparative Grammar,” [234].
Botany, origin of the word, [15].
the Linnæan system, although imperfect, important to science, [26].
Brahman, the highest being, known through speech, [88].
Brahmans, their deification of language, [87].
their early achievements in grammatical analysis, [88].
difficulties of Alexander in conversing with them, [93].
Brâhmanas, the, on language, [87].
Brennus, [199].
Brown, Rev. Mr. on the dialects of the Burmese, [63].
Brutes, faculties of, [351].
instinct and intellect, [353].
language the difference between man and brute, [354].
the old name given to brutes, [379].
Buddhism, date of its introduction into China, [147].
Bulgarian Kingdom on the Danube, [319].
language and literature, [200].
Bulgaric branch of the Finnic class of languages, [319].
Bulgarian tribes and dialects, [319].
Buriates, dialects of the, new phase of grammatical life of the, [64].
Burmese language and literature, [63].
dialects, [63].
Burnouf, Eugène, his studies of Zend, [168], [206].
and of cuneiform inscriptions, [168].
Cæsar, Julius, publication of his work “De analogia,” [110].
invented the term ablative, [110].
Carneades forbidden by Cato to lecture at Rome, [109].
Carthaginian language, closely allied to Hebrew, [280].
Case, history of the word, [111].
Cases, formation of, in the Aryan languages, [218].
Cassius, Dionysius, of Utica, his translation of the agricultural work of Mago, [95] note.
Castor and Pollux, worship of, in Italy, [102].
Castren on the Mongolian dialects, [64].
Cat, origin of the word, [365].
Catherine the Great of Russia, her “Comparative Dictionary,” [143].
Cato, his history of Rome in Latin, [104].
his acquisition of the Greek language in his old age, [106].
reasons for his opposition to everything Greek, [106].
Caucasus, tribes of the, [303].
Celtic language, substantive existence of, [79].
Celtic, a branch of the Indo-European family of languages, [198].
Celts, their former political autonomy, [198].
Chaldee, in what it consisted, [276].
fragments in Ezra, [276].
language of the Targums, [277].
literature of Babylon and Nineveh, [278].
the modern Mendaïtes or Nasoreans, [279].
Changes, historical, affecting every variety of language. [44].
rapid changes in the languages of savage tribes, [44].
words or senses obsolete in English since 1611, [45].
smaller changes, [45].
grammatical changes, [46].
laws of, in language, [73].
Children, probable influence of the language of, on the gradual disappearance of irregular conjugations and declensions, [75].
Chili, language of, [293] note.
China, date of the introduction of Buddhism into, [147].
Chinese Buddhist pilgrims to India, [149].
conquered by the Mongols, [299].
Chinese language, ancient, no trace of grammar in, [86], [117].
notes by M. Stanislas Julien, on Chinese substantives and adjectives, [118] note.
formation of the locative in Chinese, [218].
and of the instrumental, [218].
number of roots in Chinese, [265].
number of words in the Chinese dictionary, obsolete, rare, and in use, [265] note.
no analysis required to discover its component parts, [272].
mode of using a predicative root in, [268].
roots in Chinese, [287].
the parts of speech determined in Chinese by the position of the word in a sentence, [288].
rudimentary traces of agglutination in Chinese, [329].
imitative sounds in, [366] note.
list of Chinese interjections, [369] note.
natural selection of roots in, [386].
Chingis-Khán, founds the Mongolian empire, [296].
Christianity, humanizing influence of, [128].
Chudic branch of the Finnic languages, [317].
Chudic, the national epic of the Finns, [317].
Cicero, his provincial Latin, [67].
quoted as an authority on grammatical questions, [109].
Cæsar's De analogia dedicated to Cicero, [110].
Class dialects, [66].
Classical, or literary languages, origin of, [65].
stagnation and inevitable decay of, [68].
Classification, in the physical sciences, [24].
object of classification, [27].
Colchis, dialects of, according to Pliny, [61].
Conjugation, most of the terminations of, demonstrative roots, [270].
Constantinople, taking of, [308].
Copernicus, causes which led to the discovery of his system, [29].
Cornish, last person who spoke, [80].
Cosmopolitan Club, [107].
Crates of Pergamus, his visit to Rome, [109].
his public lectures, there on grammar, [109].
Cuckoo, the word, [361].
Cuneiform inscriptions, the, deciphered by Burnouf, [168].
importance of the discovery of the inscriptions of Darius and Xerxes, [206].
progress in deciphering, [278].
letter from Sir H. Rawlinson quoted, [278].
D, origin of the letter, in forming English preterites, [231].
Dacian language, the ancient, [126] note, [195] note.
Dame, origin of the word, [226].
Danish language, growth of the, [71], [191].
Darius, claimed for himself an Aryan descent, [241].
Dative, case in Greek, [221].
in Chinese, [118] note.
Daughter, origin of the word, [57].
Decay, phonetic, one of the processes which comprise the growth of language, [51].
instances of phonetic decay, [52-54].
Declension, most of the terminations of, demonstrative roots, [270].
Dello, dell, origins of the Italian, [75].
Democritus, his travels, [94].
Dialect, what is meant by, [58].
Dialects, Italian, [58], [69].
French, [59].
Modern Greek, [58].
Friesian, [59].
English, [60].
the feeders rather than the channels of a literary language, [60], [70].
Grimm on the origin of dialects in general, [60].
difficulty in tracing the history of dialects, [61].
American dialects, [63].
Burmese, [63].
of the Ostiakes, [63].
Mongolian, [64].
Southern Africa, [64].
class dialects, [66].
unbounded resources of dialects, [71].
dialectical growth beyond the control of individuals, [74].
Dictionary, Comparative, of Catherine the Great of Russia, [143].
Did, origin of, as a preterite, [233].
Diez, Professor, his “Comparative Grammar of the Six Romance Dialects,” [196].
Dionysius Thrax, the author of the first practical Greek grammar, [100].
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on the Pelasgi, [125] note.
Discussion, etymology of, [52].
Dorpat dialect of Esthonian, [318].
Du, origin of the French, [74].
Dual, the, first recognized by Zenodotus, [99].
Dumaresq, Rev. Daniel, his “Comparative Vocabulary of Eastern Languages,” [143].
Duret, Claude, his work on language, [132] note.
Dutch language, work of Goropius written to prove that it was the language spoken in Paradise, [135].
age of Dutch, [178].
Earl, origin of the title, [226].
Earth, guess of Philolaus as to its motion round the sun, [29].
Eddas, the two, [191].
the name Edda, [194] note.
Egypt, number of words in the ancient vocabulary of, [266].
Egyptian language, family to which it is referable, [282].
Elder, origin of the word, [226].
Elements, constituent, of language, [250].
English language, changes in the, since the translation of the Bible in 1611, [46].
richness of the vocabulary of the dialects of, [60].
real sources of the English language, [69].
Prince L. Bonaparte's collection of English dialects, [70].
the English language Teutonic, [80].
full of words derived from the most distant sources, [84].
proportion of Saxon to Norman words, [84].
tests proving the Teutonic origin of the English language, [85].
genitives in English, [117].
nominatives and accusatives, [119].
origin of grammatical forms in the English language, [120].
number of words in the English language, [266] note.
number of words in Milton, Shakspeare, and the Old Testament, [267].
Ennius, [105].
his translations from Greek into Latin, [105].
Eos, original meaning of the name, [21].
Ephraem Syrus, [276] note.
Epicharmus, his philosophy translated into Latin by Ennius, [105].
Epicurus, doctrines of, embraced, in Rome, [107].
Erin, Pictet's derivation of the name, [245].
Mr. Whitley Stokes's remarks on the word Erin, [245] note.
Espiègle, origin of the word, [260].
Esths, or Esthonians, their language, [318].
dialects of, [318].
Estienne, Henry, his grammatical labors anticipated by the Brahmans, 500 b. c. [88].
his work on language, [131] note.
Ethiopic, or Abyssinian, origin of the, [281].
Eudemos, on the Aryan race, [241].
Euhemerus, of Messene, his neologian work translated into Latin, by Ennius, [105].
Eulalia, Song of, age of the, [196].
Euripides, first translated into Latin, by Ennius, [105].
Ewald, on the relation of the Turanian to the Aryan languages, [338].
Ezour-Veda, the, [156] note.
Ezra, Chaldee fragments in the Book of, [276].
Fabius Pictor, his history of Rome in Greek, [104].
Fa-hian, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, [149].
Families of languages, tests for reducing the principal dialects of Europe and Asia to certain, [172].
Fatum, original meaning of the name, [21].
Feeble, origin of the word, [123].
Feizi and the Brahman, story of, [152].
Feu, origin of the French word, [123].
Finnic class of languages, [315].
branches of Finnic, [316].
the “Kalewala,” the “Iliad” of the Finns, [318].
tribes, original seat of the, [315].
their language and literature, [317].
national feeling lately arisen, [317].
Finnish, peculiarity of its grammar, [119].
Firdusi, language in which he wrote his “Shahnameh,” [210].
Fire-worshippers. See [Parsis].
Firoz Shah, translations from Sanskrit into Persian, made by order of, [150].
Flaminius, his knowledge of Greek, [103].
Flemish language and literature, [178].
French dialects, number of, [58].
laws of change in the French language, [73].
nominatives and accusatives, [119].
French, origin of grammatical terminations in French, [229].
origin of the French future in rai, [229].
Friesian, multitude of the dialects of, [59].
language and literature, [178].
Fromage, origin of the French word, [123].
Future, the, in French, [229].
in Latin, [230].
in Greek, [230].
in Chinese, [388].
in other languages, [231].
Galatia, foundation and language of, [199].
Galla language of Africa, family to which it belongs, [282].
Ganas, the, or lists of remarkable words in Sanskrit, [116].
Garo, formation of adjectives in, [113] note.
Gâthâs, or songs of Zoroaster, [209].
Gebelin, Court de, his “Monde Primitif,” [140].
compared with Hervas, [140].
Gees language, [281].
Genitive case, the term used in India, [111].
terminations of the genitive in most cases, identical with the derivative suffixes by which substantives are changed into adjectives, [112].
mode of forming the genitive in Chinese, [118] note.
formation of genitives in Latin, [220].
Geometry, origin of the word, [15].
German language, history of the, [179].
Gipsies, language of the, [211].
Glass, painted, before and since the Reformation, [20].
Gordon, Captain, on the dialects of Burmese, [63].
Goropius, his work written to prove that Dutch was the language spoken in Paradise, [135].
Gospel, origin of the word, [122].
Gothic, a modern language, [122].
similarity between Gothic and Latin, [127].
class of languages to which Gothic belongs, [189].
number of roots in it, [265] note.
Goths, the, and Bishop Ulfilas, [187].
Grammar, the criterion of relationship in almost all languages, [85].
English grammar unmistakably of Teutonic origin, [85].
no trace of grammar in ancient Chinese, [86].
early achievements of the Brahmans in grammar, [88].
and the Greeks, [89].
origin of grammar, [90].
causes of the earnestness with which Greek grammar was taken up at Rome, [108].
the Hindú science of grammar, [116].
origin and history of Sanskrit grammar, [116].
origin of grammatical forms, [120].
historical evidence, [121].
collateral evidence, [122].
genealogical classification, [124].
comparative value of grammar in the classification of languages, [170].
comparative grammar, [214].
Bopp's “Comparative Grammar,” [214].
origin of grammatical forms, [215].
mode of tracing back the grammatical framework of the Aryan languages to original independent words, [231-234].
result of Bopp's “Comparative Grammar,” [234].
Aryan grammar, [234].
Turkish grammar, [308].
Turkic grammar, [309].
Grammatici, the, at Rome, [103].
Greek language, the, studied and cultivated by the barbarians, Berosus, Menander, and Manetho, [94], [95].
critical study of ancient Greek at Alexandria, [97].
the first practical Greek grammar, [100].
generally spoken at Rome, [101].
Greek, earnestness with which Greek grammar was taken up at Rome, [108], [110].
principles which governed the formation of adjectives and genitives, [113] note.
spread of the Greek grammar, [114].
genitives in Greek, [117].
the principle of classification, never applied to speech by the Greeks, [124].
Greeks and Barbarians, [125].
Plato's notion of the origin of the Greek language, [126].
similarity between Greek and Sanskrit, [142].
affinity between Sanskrit and Greek, [159].
formation of the dative in Greek, [221].
the future in Greek, [230].
number of forms each verb in Greek yields, if conjugated through all its voices, tenses &c., [272] note.
modern, number of the dialects of, [58].
Greeks, their speculations on languages, [89].
the Grammarians, [90].
reasons why the ancient Greeks never thought of learning a foreign language, [92].
first encouragement given by trade to interpreters, [93].
imaginary travels of Greek philosophers, [94] note.
the Greek use of the term Barbarian, [127].
Gregory of Nyssa, St., his defence of St. Basil, [40] note.
Grimm, on the origin of dialects in general, quoted, [60].
on the idiom of nomads, quoted, [71].
his “Teutonic Grammar,” [167].
Growth of language, [47], [66].
examination of the idea that man can change or improve language, [48].
causes of the growth of language, [50].
Guichard, Estienne, his work on language, [132] note.
Guebres. See [Parsis].
Halhead, his remarks on the affinity between Greek and Sanskrit, quoted, [159].
his “Code of Gentoo Laws,” [159] note.
Hamilton, Sir W., on the origin of the general and particular in language, [377] note.
Harald Ilaarfagr, King of Norway, his despotic rule and its consequences, [192].
Haru-spex, origin of the name, [259].
Harun-al-Rashid, translations made from Sanskrit works at his court, [149].
Haug, his labors in Zend, [209].
Haussa language of Africa, family to which it belongs, [282].
Hebrew, idea of the fathers of the church that it was the primitive language of mankind, [132].
amount of learning and ingenuity wasted on this question, [133].
Leibniz, the first who really conquered this prejudice, [135].
number of roots in, [265].
ancient form of the, [280].
Aramean modifications of, [280].
swept away by Arabic, [281].
Hekate, an old name of the moon, [22].
“Heljand,” the, of the Low Germans, [178].
Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, [198].
Herat, origin of the name, [247].
Hermippus, his translation of the works of Zoroaster into Greek, [96].
Herodotus, his travels, [94].
on the Pelasgi, [125] note.
Hervas, his reduction of the multitude of American dialects to eleven families, [63].
his list of works published during the 16th century, on the science of language, [131] note.
account of him and of his labors, [139].
compared with Gebelin, [140].
his discovery of the Malay and Polynesian family of speech, [141].
Hickes, on the proportion of Saxon to Norman words in the English language, [84].
Himyaritic, inscriptions in, [281].
Hindústání, real origin of, [70].
the genitive and adjective in, [113] note.
Urdu-zeban, the proper name of Hindústání, [316].
Hiouen-thsang, the Chinese pilgrim, his travels into India, [149].
Hiram, fleet of, [202].
History and language, connection between, [76].
Hliod, or quida, of Norway, [193].
Saemund's collection of, [193].
Hoei-seng, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, [149].
Homer, critical study of, at Alexandria, [97].
influence of the critical study of, on the development of grammatical terminology, [98].
Horace, on the changes Latin had undergone in his time, [67].
Hors, origin of the French word, [123].
House, name for in Sanskrit, and other Aryan languages, [236], and note.
Humanity, the word not to be found in Plato or Aristotle, [128].
Humboldt, Alex. von, on the limits of exact knowledge, quoted, [29].
Humboldt, William von, his patronage of Comparative Philology, [167].
Hungarians, ancestors of the, [320].
language of the, [320], [321].
its affinity to the Ugro-Finnic dialects, [321].
Huron Indians, rapid changes in the dialects of the, [62].
Hyades, origin of the word, [17].
Ibn-Wahshiyyah, the Chaldean, his Arabic translation of “the Nabatean Agriculture,” [279].
account of him and his works, [279] note.
Iceland, foundation of an aristocratic republic in, [192].
intellectual and literary activity of the people of, [192].
later history of, [193].
Icelandic language, [190].
Iconium, Turkish, sultans of, [307].
Illumination of Manuscripts, lost art of, [20].
Illyrians, Greek and Roman writers on the race and language of the, [126] note.
Illyrian language, the ancient, [196] note.
Illyrian languages, [200].
India, the Mulla Abdu-l-Kádir Maluk's general history of, [151] note.
origin of the name of India, [228].
Indian Philosophers, difficulty of admitting the influence of, on Greek philosophers, [94] note.
Indies, East and West, historical meaning of the names, [227].
Indo-European family of languages. See [Aryan].
Inflectional stage of language, [324].
Instrumental, formation of the, in Chinese, [119] note, [218].
Interjectional theory of roots, [367].
Interpreters, first encouragement given to, by trade, [93].
Irán, modern name of Persia, origin of the, [242].
Iranic class of languages, [205].
Iron, name for, in Sanskrit and Gothic, [236].
Iron, the Os of the Caucasus calling themselves, [243].
Italian dialects, number of, [58], [197].
natural growth of, [67].
real sources of, [69].
Italians, the, indebted to the Greeks for the very rudiments of civilization, [101].
Italic class of languages, [196].
Italy, dialects spoken in, before the rise of Rome, [197].
Its, as a possessive pronoun, introduction of, [46].
Jerome, St., his opinion that Hebrew was the primitive language of mankind, [132].
Jews, literary idiom of the, in the century preceding and following the Christian era, [277].
and from the fourth to the tenth centuries, [277].
their adoption of Arabic, [277].
their return to a kind of modernized Hebrew, [277].
Jones, Sir William, his remarks on the affinity between Sanskrit and Greek, [159].
Julien, M. Stanislas, his notes on the Chinese language, [118] note.
Justinian, the Emperor, sends an embassy to the Turks, [302].
“Kalewala,” the, the “Iliad” of the Finns, [318].
Kapchakian empire, the, [297].
Kara-Kalpak tribes near Aral-Lake, [304].
Karelian dialect of Finnic, [318].
Karians, Greek authors on the, [125] note.
Kempe, André, his notion of the languages spoken in Paradise, [135] note.
Kepler, quoted, [129] note.
Khi-nie, the Chinese pilgrim, his travels into India, [149].
Kirgis tribe, the, [305].
Kirgis Hordes, the three, [305].
Kirgis-Kasak, tribe of the, [305].
Kumüks, tribe of the, in the Caucasus, [303].
Kuthami, the Nabatean, his work on “Nabatean Agriculture,” [280].
period in which he lived, [280] note.
Laban, language of, [278].
Language, science of, one of the physical sciences, [11], [31].
modern date of the science of, [13].
names of the science of, [14].
meaning of the science of, [14].
little it offers to the utilitarian spirit of our age, [20].
modern importance of the science of, in political and social questions, [22].
the barrier between man and beast, [23].
importance of the science of, [33].
realm of, [35].
the growth of, in contradistinction to the history of, [38].
Dr. Whewell on the classification of, [38] note.
examination of objections against the science of, as a physical science, [39].
considered as an invention of man, [39].
the science of, considered as a historical science, [42].
historical changes of, [44].
almost stationary amongst highly civilized nations, [45].
growth of, [47].
the idea that man can change or improve language examined, [48].
causes of the growth of, [50].
processes of the growth of:—
1. phonetic decay, [51].
2. dialectical regeneration, [58].
laws of change in, [73].
futile attempts of single grammarians and purists to improve, [75].
connection between language and history, [77].
independent of historical events, [79].
no possibility of a mixed, [82].
the Empirical Stage in the historical progress of the science of, [87].
speculations of the Brahmans and Greeks, [87].
the classificatory stage of, [115].
empirical or formal grammar, [117].
genealogical classification of, [124].
Hervas's catalogue of works published during the 16th century on the science of language, [131] note.
Leibniz, [135] et seq.
Hervas, [139].
Adelung, [142].
Catherine the Great, [143].
importance of the discovery of Sanskrit, [146], [170].
value of comparative grammar, [170].
glance at the modern history of language, [173].
distinction between the radical and formal elements of, [215].
constituent elements of, [250].
morphological classification, [275], [286].
the inflectional stage of, [324].
consideration of the problem of a common origin of languages, [326] et seq.
former theories, [345].
proper method of inquiry, [347].
man and brutes, faculties of, [350].
the difference between man and brute, [354].
the inward power of which language is the outward sign and manifestation, [355].
universal ideas, [356].
general ideas and roots, [356].
the primum cognitum and primum appellatum, [370].
knowing and naming, [378].
language and reason, [383].
sound and thought, [384].
natural selection of roots, [386].
nothing arbitrary in language, [389].
origin and confusion of tongues, [391].
the radical stage of language, [285], [286].
the terminational stage, [285], [288].
the inflectional stage, [285].
Languages, number of known, [35].
teaching of foreign languages comparatively a modern invention, [91].
reason why the ancient Greeks never learned foreign languages, [91].
“The Mountain of Languages,” [93].
genealogical classification of, [166].
tests for reducing the principal dialects in Europe and Asia to certain families of languages, [174].
genealogical classification not applicable to all languages, [174].
radical relationship, [176].
comparative grammar, [214].
Languages, formal and radical elements of, [216].
all formal elements of language originally substantial, [228].
degrees of relationship of, [284].
all languages reducible in the end to roots, [286].
Langue d'Oil, ancient song in the, [198].
Laps, or Laplanders, [319].
their habitat, [319].
their language, [319].
Latin, what is meant by, [67].
changes in, according to Polybius, [67].
the old Salian poems, [67].
provincialisms of Cicero, [67].
stagnation of Latin when it became the language of civilization, [68].
Latin genitives, [117].
similarity between Gothic and Latin, [127].
genealogical relation of Latin to Greek, [172].
the future in Latin, [230].
Leibniz, the first to conquer the prejudice that Hebrew was the primitive language of mankind, [135].
and the first to apply the principle of inductive reasoning to the subject of language, [135].
his letter to Peter the Great, quoted, [136].
his labors in the science of language, [137].
his various studies, [138].
on the formation of thought and language, quoted, [373].
Lesbos, dialects of the island of, [59].
Lettic language, the, [199].
Lewis, Sir Cornewall, his criticisms on the theory of Raynouard, [171].
Linnæus, his system, although imperfect, important to science, [26].
Literary languages, origin of, [65].
inevitable decay of, [68].
Lithuanian language, the, [199].
the oldest document in, [199].
Livius Andronicus, [104].
his translation of the Odyssey into Latin verse, [104].
Livonians, dialect of the, [318].
Locative, formation of the, in all the Aryan languages, [219].
in Chinese, [119] note, [218].
in Latin, [220].
Locke, John, on language as the barrier between man and brutes, quoted, [24].
on universal ideas, quoted, [356].
his opinion on the origin of language, [40].
Lord, origin of the word, [122].
Lord's Prayer, number of languages in which it was published by various authors in the 16th century, [131] note.
Lucilius, his book on the reform of Latin orthography, [109].
Lucina, a name of the moon, [21].
Luna, origin of the name, [21].
Lusatia, language of, [200].
Lycurgus, his travels mythical, [94].
Macedonians, ancient authors on the, [125] note.
Madam, origin of word, [226].
Mago, the Carthaginian, his book on agriculture in Punic, [94] note.
Man, ancient words for, [381].
Man and brutes, faculties of, [349].
difference between man and brutes, [354].
Mandshu tribes, speaking a Tungusic language, [296].
grammar of, [323].
imitative sounds in, [366] note.
Manetho, his study and cultivation of the Greek language, [95].
his work on Egypt, [95].
his knowledge of hieroglyphics, [95].
Manka, the Indian, his translations from Sanskrit into Persian, [149].
Masora, idiom in which it was written, [277].
Maulána Izzu-d-din Khalid Khani, his translations from Sanskrit into Persian, [150].
Même, origin of the French word, [57].
Menander, his study and cultivation of the Greek language, [95].
his work on Phenicia, [95].
Mendaïtes, or Nasoreans, the “Book of Adam” of the, [279].
Ment, origin of the termination in French adverbs, [55].
Mescheräks, tribe of the, their present settlements, [304].
Milton, John, number of words used by, in his works, [267].
Ming-ti, the Emperor of China, allows the introduction of Buddhism into his empire, [147].
sends officials to India to study the doctrines of Buddha, [148].
Missionaries, their importance in elucidating the problem of the dialectical life of language, [62].
Moallakat, or “suspended poems,” of the Arabs, [281].
Moffat, Rev. Robert, on the dialects of Southern Africa, [64].
Monboddo, Lord, on language as the barrier between man and brutes, quoted, [24].
his “Ancient Metaphysics” quoted, [160] and note.
Mongolian dialects, entering a new phase of grammatical life, [64].
Mongolian class of languages, [296].
grammar of, [323].
Mongols, their original seat, [296].
three classes of them, [296].
their conquests, [297].
dissolution of the empire, [299].
their present state, [300].
their language, [300].
Moon, antiquity of the word, [16].
Moravia, devastated by the Mongols, [299].
Mortal, origin of the word, [382].
Much and Very, distinction between, [48].
Muhammed ben Musa, his translation of the Indian treatise on algebra into Arabic, [149].
Mythology, real nature of, [21], [237].
Nabateans, the, supposed to have been descendants of the Babylonians and Chaldeans, [279].
the work of Kuthami on “Nabatean Agriculture,” [280].
National languages, origin of, [64].
Nature, immutability of, in all her works, [42].
Dr. Whewell quoted, [42].
Nebuchadnezzar, his name stamped on all the bricks made during his reign, [283].
Neo-Latin dialects, [196].
Νεμέτζιοι, the, of Constantinus Porphyrogeneta, [91] note.
Nestorians of Syria, forms and present condition of their language, [276], note.
Nicopolis, battle of, [307].
No and nay, as used by Chaucer, [225].
Nobili, Roberto de, [155].
his study of Sanskrit, [155].
Nogái tribes, history of the, [303].
Nomad languages, [290].
indispensable requirements of a nomad language, [292].
wealth of, [71].
nomadic tribes and their wars, [315].
their languages, [316].
Nominalism and Realism, controversy between, in the Middle Ages, [22].
Norman words in the English language, proportion of, to Saxon words, [84].
Norway, poetry of, [192].
the hliod or quida,[193].
the two Eddas, [191-194].
Norwegian language, stagnation of the, [70].
Number of known languages, [35].
Obsolete words and senses since the translation of the Bible in 1611, [45].
Onomatopoieia, theory of, [358].
Ophir of the Bible, [203].
Origen, his opinion that Hebrew was the primitive language of mankind, [132].
Origin of language, consideration of the problem of the common, [326] et seq.
Ormuzd, the god of the Zoroastrians, mentioned by Plato, [207].
discovery of the name Auramazda in the cuneiform inscriptions, [207].
origin of the name Auramazda or Ormuzd, [207].
Os, the, of Ossethi, calling themselves Iron, [243].
Oscan language and literature, the [196].
Osmanli language, the, [301], [306].
Ostiakes, dialects of the, [63].
Owl-glass, stories of, [260].
Pâli, once the popular dialect of Behar, [146].
Panætius, the Stoic philosopher at Rome, [107].
Pânini, Sanskrit grammar of, [116].
Pantomime, the, and the King, story of, [368].
Paolino de San Bartolomeo, Fra, first Sanskrit grammar published by, [142], [158].
Paradise, languages supposed by various authors to have been spoken in, [135], [136].
Parsi, period when it was spoken in Persia, [210].
Parsis, or fire-worshippers, the ancient, [205].
their prosperous colony in Bombay, [205].
their various emigrations, [205] note.
their ancient language, [205], [210].
Pascatir race, the, [320].
Pater, origin of the Latin word, [57].
Pay, to, origin of the word, [124],
Pedro, Padre, the missionary at Calicut, [154].
Pehlevi, or Huzvaresh language, [210].
Pelasgi, Herodotus on the, [125] note.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus on the, [125] note.
Percussion, etymology of, [53].
Perion, his work on language, [131] note.
Permian tribes and language, [320].
Permic branch of the Finnic class of languages, [319].
the name of Perm, [319].
the Permic tribes, [320].
Persia, origin of the Turkman, or Kisilbash of, [302].
Persian language, [83].
influence of the, over the Turkish language, [83].
the ancient Persian language. See [Zend], [Zend-avesta].
Persian, subsequent history of Persian, [210].
Peshito, meaning of the word, [276] note.
Philolaus, the Pythagorean, his guess on the motion of the earth round the sun, [29].
Philology, comparative, science of, [31].
a historical science, [32].
aim of the science, [81].
Phœnician, closely allied to Hebrew, [280].
Plato, his notion of the origin of the Greek language, [126].
on Zoroaster, quoted, [206] note.
Plautus, Greek words in the plays of, [104].
all his plays mere adaptations of Greek originals, [104].
Pleiades, the, origin of the word, [17].
Poland invaded by the Mongols, [299].
Polish, oldest specimens of, [200].
Polybius, on the changes Latin had undergone in his time, [67].
Pons, Father, his report of the literary treasures of the Brahmans, [157].
Pott, Professor, his “Etymological Researches,” [167].
his advocacy of the polygenetic theory, [342] note.
Prâkrit idioms, the, [146].
Prâtiśâkhyas, the, of the Brahmans, [116].
Priest, origin of the word, [122].
Priscianus, influence of his grammatical work on later ages, [114].
Protagoras, his attempt to change and improve the language of Homer, [48].
Provençal, the daughter of Latin, [171].
not the mother of French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, [171].
the earliest Provençal poem, [196].
Prussian, the old, language and literature of, [200].
Ptolemy, his system of astronomy, although wrong, important to science, [26].
Ptolemy Philadelphus and the Septuagint, [96] note.
Ptōsis, meaning of the word in the language of the Stoics, [111].
Publius Crassus, his knowledge of the Greek dialects, [106].
Pushtú, the language of Afghanistan, [210].
Pythagoras, his travels mythical, [94].
Pyrrha, original meaning of the name, [22].
Quatremère on the Ophir of the Bible, [204] note.
Quinsy, origin of the word, [380] note.
Quintilian, on the changes Latin had undergone in his time, [67].
on the omission of the final s in Latin, [68] note.
Radical relationship of languages, [176].
Radicals. See [Roots].
Rask, Erasmus, his studies of Zend, [167], [206].
Raven, the word, [362].
Raynouard, his labors in comparative grammar, [171].
criticisms of his theory of the Langue Romane, [171].
Realism and Nominalism, controversy between, in the Middle Ages, [22].
Regeneration, dialectical, one of the processes which comprise the growth of language, [58].
Respectable, origin of the word, [256].
Reval dialect of Esthonian, [318].
Rig-Veda, the, quoted, [88] note.
Romance languages, their Latin origin, [170].
modifications of, [195].
their origin in the ancient Italic languages, [196].
Romane, the Langue, [171].
Romanese language of the Grisons, [196].
translation of the Bible into, [196] note.
lower, or Enghadine, [196] note.
Romans, their use of the term Barbarian, [127].
Rome, Greek generally spoken at, [101]
influence of Greece on Rome [102].
changes in the intellectual atmosphere of, caused by Greek civilization, [106].
the religious life of Rome more Greek than Roman, [107].
expulsion of the Greek grammarians and philosophers from Rome, [108].
compromise between religion and philosophy, [108].
wide interest excited by grammatical studies in Roman society, [109].
Roots or radicals, [252].
classes of roots, primary, secondary, and tertiary, [262-264].
demonstrative and predicative roots, [267].
how many forms of speech may be produced by the free combination of these constituent elements, [275].
all languages reducible in the end to roots, [286].
the radical stage of language, [287].
general ideas and roots, [356].
origin of roots, [357].
the bow-wow theory, [358].
the pooh-pooh theory, [366].
natural selection of roots, [386].
Russia devastated by the Mongols, [299].
Sabius, a word not found in classical Latin, [103] note.
Sænund, Sigfusson, his collection of songs in Iceland, [193].
Sagard Gabriel, on the languages of the Hurons, quoted, [62].
Salian poems, the, and later Latin, [67].
Sálotar, translation of his work on veterinary medicine from Sanskrit into Persian, [150].
Sanskrit, formation of adjectives in, [113] note.
grammar, [116].
similarity between Greek and, [142].
importance of the discovery of, [146].
history of the language, [146].
doubts as to its age and authenticity examined, [147].
accounts given by writers of various nations who became acquainted with the language and literature of India, [148].
the Muhammedans in India, and their translations of Sanskrit works into Arabic and Persian, [149].
European Missionaries, [155].
studies and work of Frederick Schlegel, [164].
importance of the discovery of, in the classification of languages, [172].
its genealogical relation to Greek and Latin, [172].
antiquity of, [202].
Iranic languages, relation to, [205].
formation of the locative in, [219].
number of roots in, [265].
Sassanian dynasty, Persian language of the, [210].
Saxon language, proportion of Saxon to Norman words in the English language, [84].
Savage tribes, rapid changes which take place in the languages of, [44], [62].
Scaliger, I. I., his “Diatribe de Europæorum Linguis,” [132] note.
Scandinavian branch of the Teutonic class of languages, [190].
the East and West Scandinavian races, [191].
Schlegel, Frederick, his Sanskrit studies, [164].
his work “On the Language and Wisdom of the Indians,” [164].
how his work was taken up in Germany, [166].
his view of the origin of language, [216].
August W. von, his “Indische Bibliothek,” [167].
his criticism of the theory of Raynouard, [171].
Sciences, uniformity in the history of most, [14].
the empirical stage, [15].
Sciences, the necessity that science should answer some practical purpose, [19].
the classificatory stage, [25].
the theoretical or metaphysical stage, [28].
impulses received by the physical sciences from the philosopher and poet, [29].
difference between physical and historical science, [32].
Scipios, influence of the “Cosmopolitan Club” at the house of the, [107].
Scythian words mentioned by Greek writers, [243].
Semitic family of languages, [43].
study of, [131].
constituent elements of the, [272].
divisions of the Semitic family of speech, [275].
Aramaic class, [276].
Hebraic class, [280].
Arabic class, [281].
intimate relations of the three classes to each other, [281].
Berber dialects, [282].
the Semitic and Aryan, the only families of speech deserving that title, [282].
genealogical table, [396].
Senior, the title, [226].
Septuagint, the, and Ptolemy Philadelphus, [96] note.
Serpent, origin of the word, [380].
Shakespeare, William, total number of words used by, in his plays, [267].
Siberia, Tungusic tribes of, [296].
Turkic tribes settled there, in, [304].
dialects, [304].
Sibulla, meaning of the word, [103] note.
Sibylla of Cumæ, oracles of the, written in Greek, [103].
Sigfusson. See [Sænund].
Sigismund, the Emperor, and the Bohemian schoolmaster, anecdote of, [47].
Silesia invaded by the Mongols, [299].
Sir, origin of the word, [226], [227].
Siriane tribes, their habitat, [320].
their language, [319].
Sister, origin of, [57].
“Skalda,” the, of Snorri Sturluson, [193].
Slavonic tribes, their settlement in Moesia, [196] note.
languages, properly so called, [200].
Slovinian language, the, [200].
Smith, Adam, his opinion on the origin of language, [40].
on the formation of thought and language, quoted, [371].
Sydney, on the superiority of mankind over brutes, quoted, [348].
Snorri Sturluson, his prose Edda, [193].
his “Heimskringla,” [193].
his “Skalda,” [193].
Solomon's fleet of Tharshish, [202].
Song-yun, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, [149].
Sound, small number of names formed by the imitation of, [365].
Spec, offshoots of the root, [257].
Species, origin of the Latin, [260].
Squirrel, origin of the name, [365].
Stewart, Dugald, his opinion on the origin of language, [41].
his doubts as to the age and authenticity of Sanskrit, [147].
his view of the affinity of Greek and Sanskrit, [164].
on the origin of language, quoted, [343].
Stoics, philosophy of the, in Rome, [107].
Strabo on the Barbarians, [125] note.
Sturluson. See [Snorri].
Sugar, origin of the word, [364].
Swedish language, growth of the, [71], [191].
Syria, origin of the Turks of, [306].
Syriac language, date of the translation of the Bible into the, [276].
meaning of Peshito, [276] note.
decline and present position of the language, [276].
Talmud of Jerusalem, and that of Babylon, literary idiom of the Jews in the, [277].
Targums, language in which they were written, [277].
Targums, most celebrated of them, [277] note.
“Tarikhu-l-Hind,” the, of Al Birúni, [150].
Tatar tribes, [297].
terror caused by the name, [297].
the Golden Horde, [298].
Tataric language, [297].
sometimes used in the same sense as Turanian, [297].
Tavastian dialect of Finnic, [318].
Terminations, grammatical, Horne Tooke's remarks on, quoted, [251].
Terminology, grammatical of the Greeks and Hindus, coincidences between the, [115].
Testament, the New, translated into Persian, [151].
Old, number of words in the, [267].
Teutonic class of languages, [177].
the English language, a branch of, [80].
Tharshish, Solomon's fleet of, [202].
Themistocles, his acquaintance with the Persian language, [93].
Thommerel, M., on the proportion Saxon words bear to Norman in the English language, [84].
Thracians, ancient authors on the, [126] note.
Thunder, origin of the word, [364].
Tiberius Gracchus, his knowledge of Greek, [103].
Tiberius the Emperor, and the grammarians, anecdote of, [47].
Tibetan language, how adjectives are formed in the, [113] note.
Timur, Mongolian empire of, [299].
Tooke, Horne, on grammatical terminations, quoted, [251].
his answer to the interjectional theory of roots, [367].
Torgod Mongols, the, [300].
Trade first encouraged the profession of interpreters, [93].
Turanian family of languages, [43].
origin of term Turanian, [238].
Turanian races, [243].
Turanian names mentioned by Greek writers, [243].
component parts of Turanian speech, [272].
Tungusic idioms, new phase of grammatical life of the, [64].
Tungusic class of languages, [296].
geographical limits of the, [296].
grammar of, [323].
Turanian family of languages, [288].
a terminational or agglutinative family of languages, [288], [291].
divisions of the Turanian family, [289].
the name Turanian, [289].
characteristic features of the Turanian languages, [290], [291].
account of the languages of the Turanian family, [296].
genealogical table, [397].
Turkic class of languages, [300].
grammar, [309].
profuse system of conjugation, [323].
Turkish language, influence of imported words over the whole native aspect of the, [83].
two classes of vowels in, [295].
ingenuity of Turkish grammar, [308].
its advance towards inflectional forms, [337].
Turkman, or Kisil-bash, origin of the, of Persia, [302].
Turks, history of the, [301].
origin of the Turks of Asia Minor and Syria, [306].
origin and progress of the Osmanlis, [306].
spread of the Osmanli dialect, [306].
Turner, Sharon, on the proportion of Norman to Saxon words in the English language, [84].
Turvasa, the Turanian, [243].
Twenty, origin of the word, [52].
Ugric branch of the Finnic class of languages, [320].
Ulfilas, Bishop, notice of him and of his Gothic translation of the Bible, [181].
Umbrian language and literature, [197].
Upanishads, the, translated from Sanskrit into Persian by Dárá, [154].
translated into French by Anquetil Duperron, [154].
Uralic languages, [315].
Uran'hat tribes, on the Chulym, [304].
Urdu-zeban, the proper name of Hindustání, [316].
Usbeks, history of the, [302].
Vâch, the goddess of speech, her verses quoted from the Rig-Veda, [88] note.
Varro, de Re Rust, on Mago's Carthaginian agricultural work, quoted, [95] note.
his work on the Latin language, [109].
appointed by Cæsar librarian to the Greek and Latin library in Rome, [110].
Vasco da Gama, takes a missionary to Calicut, [154].
Vedas, the, [116].
differences between the dialect of the Vedas and later Sanskrit, [116].
objections of the Brahmans to allow the Vedas to be translated, [152].
story of Feizi, [152].
Verbs, formation of the terminations of, in the Aryan dialects, [222].
modern formations, [222].
Very and much, distinction between, [48].
Vibhakti, in Sanskrit grammar, [116].
Voguls, the, [320].
Votiakes, idiom of the, [319].
habitat of the, [320].
Vyâkarana, Sanskrit name for grammar, [116].
Wallachian language, the, [195] note.
Wends, language of the, [201].
Whewell, Dr., on the science of language, [38] note.
Wilkins, Mr., on the affinity between Sanskrit and Greek, [160].
Windic, or Slavonic languages, [199].
divisions and subdivisions of, [199].
Witsen, Nicholas, the Dutch traveller, his collection of words, [136] note.
Xavier, Francis, his organization of the preaching of the Gospel in India, [154].
his gift of tongues, [154].
Yakuts, tribe of the, [304].
dialect of the, [305].
Yea and Yes, as used by Chaucer, [225].
Zend, Rask's studies of, [167].
Burnouf's, [168].
Zend-avesta, the, [167].
the words Zend and Zend-avesta, [205] note.
Anquetil's translation of, [206].
Rask and Burnouf's labors, [206].
Zend-avesta, authority of the Zend-avesta for the antiquity of the word Arya, [239].
Zenodotus, his restoration of the article before proper names in Homer, [99].
the first to recognize the dual, [99].
Zeus, original meaning of the word, [21].
Zoroaster, or Zarathustra, his writings (the Zend-avesta) translated into Greek, [96].
translated by Anquetil Duperron, [168].
his Gâthâs, or songs, [209].
age in which he lived, [209].
not the same as Jaradashti in the Veda, [209].
Zoroastrians. See [Parsis].
original seat of the, [248].