CHAP. V.
(Of the World, 3790—Of Rome, 490.)
[1]After this, a [2]war [3]broke out [4]between the Romans and the [5]Carthaginians, in the year of the city 490, [6]occasioned by the [7]ambition and [8]formidable [9]power of each of them. [10]Hiero, king of Syracuse, and [11]ally of the Carthaginians, [12]made war against the [13]Mamertini, who had [14]seized upon Messana. They [15]applied to the Romans for [16]help, who [17]carrying over an [18]army into [19]Sicily, [20]fell upon Hiero, and the Carthaginians. The [21]fortune of the war was for a [22]long time very [23]doubtful; the Carthaginians [24]being successful by [25]sea, and the Romans by [26]land. The most [27]memorable [28]person in all this war was [29]Attilius Regulus, who having [30]brought the Carthaginians [31]very low by two [32]victories [33]obtained over them at sea and land; and [34]refusing to [35]grant them [36]peace but upon [37]hard terms, he was [38]vanquished by [39]Xantippus the [40]Lacedæmonian [41]general, and [42]taken [43]prisoner with 15,000 [44]men, 30,000 being [45]slain, in the year 498. Being [46]afterwards [47]sent to [48]Rome by the [49]Carthaginians, to [50]treat with the [51]senate upon an [52]exchange of [53]prisoners, he [54]interposed to [55]prevent it, and [56]returning to [57]Carthage, was [58]put to [59]death in the most [60]cruel [61]manner [62]imaginable, as [63]many [64]authors [65]tell us. The [66]first among the Romans that [67]obtained a [68]victory by sea, was C. [69]Duilius, in the first year of this [70]war. C. [71]Lutatius [72]gained [73]another in the 23rd and [74]last year; in which he [75]made an end of the war with the Carthaginians, [76]near the [77]island of the [78]Ægates. A [79]peace was [80]concluded upon these [81]terms, that they should [82]quit all the islands which [83]lie between Italy and Africa, and should [84]pay [85]yearly 2,200 [86]talents for [87]twenty years [88]together. This [89]happened in the year of the city 513, and 241 before [90]Christ.
In the year 519, the [91]temple of [92]Janus was [93]shut, which very rarely [94]happened in Rome; but upon the [95]breaking out of new wars, it was [96]soon [97]open again. The [98]Ligures, the Sardi, and Corsi were [99]subdued; after which the Romans [100]had war with the [101]Illyrians, and their [102]queen Teuta, which war was [103]ended in [104]three years time. There [105]happened [106]about this [107]time a [108]dreadful [109]irruption of the [110]Gauls. The [111]Insubres and [112]Boii, having [113]first [114]sent for some [115]transalpine Gauls, [116]fell upon the Romans, [117]on account of the [118]land in Picene, that had been [119]taken from the Galli [120]Senones, and [121]disposed of by [122]Flaminius, [123]tribune of the [124]people, by virtue of the [125]Agrarian law, [126]made in the year of the city 452. They were [127]several times [128]worsted, and the Insubres [129]entirely [130]subdued, and king [131]Virdumarus [132]slain by C. [133]Marcellus, the [134]consul, who was the only person after [135]Romulus that [136]consecrated [137]Opima Spolia to [138]Jupiter Feretrius. In this war Hiero, king of Sicily, [139]sent the Romans a [140]vast quantity of [141]corn, the [142]price of which he [143]received after the war was [144]ended.
After this, [145]followed a [146]second war with the Carthaginians, four and twenty years after the [147]end of the [148]former; which [149]indeed did not [150]last [151]so long, but was [152]so much more [153]terrible for the [154]dreadful [155]slaughter that was made in it ([156]says Florus) that if [157]any one [158]compared the [159]losses on [160]each side, the [161]people that [162]proved [163]victorious [164]seemed more [165]likely to be [166]conquered. The first cause of this war was the [167]same with that of the former, [168]ambition and the [169]impatience of the Carthaginians [170]under their [171]servitude. The first cause of this [172]combustion was [173]Hannibal, the son of [174]Hamilcar, who was [175]general of the [176]Carthaginians in the [177]former [178]war, and had [179]accepted the [180]conditions of peace [181]with a heavy heart. For after [182]affairs were [183]settled in Africa, being [184]sent into [185]Spain, in the year of the city 517, he [186]carried along with him Hannibal, who [187]was then nine years old, having [188]first [189]brought him before an [190]altar, and [191]made him [192]swear that he [193]never would be a [194]friend to the Romans. Hamilcar being [195]slain about nine years after, Asdrubal, his son-in-law, was [196]put in his [197]place. He [198]sent for Hannibal, and being slain himself eight years after, was [199]succeeded by him, [200]being in the 27th year of his age. [201]As soon as he was made [202]general, he [203]conquered all Spain within the river [204]Iberus. After that he [205]fell upon the [206]town of [207]Saguntum with all his [208]forces, and [209]took it, after a [210]siege of seven [211]months. The [212]Saguntines having [213]in vain [214]waited for [215]assistance from the Romans, [216]were all destroyed [217]partly by the [218]enemy’s [219]sword, and [220]partly by their own [221]hands. This war [222]broke out in the year of the city 536; and [223]lasted seventeen years.
Upon the first [224]coming of Hannibal into Italy, both the [225]consuls were [226]defeated, P. [227]Cornelius at [228]Ticinum, and [229]Sempronius at Trebia. They [230]received a greater [231]overthrow the [232]following year near the [233]Thrasymene [234]lake. [235]In the mean time, Q. [236]Fabius Maximus being made [237]dictator by the [238]people, [239]recovered in some [240]measure the Roman [241]affairs. But the most [242]fatal [243]stroke was that of Cannæ, in the year of the city 538, [244]occasioned by the [245]rashness of one of the [246]consuls, [247]Terentius Varro. [248]Forty thousand Romans were [249]killed in that [250]battle: [251]however, their [252]courage was not [253]cast down by this [254]overthrow; [255]for they would not [256]redeem those that had been [257]taken [258]prisoners, in the battle of Cannæ. In the year 540, the [259]consul [260]Marcellus [261]besieged [262]Syracuse, which had [263]declared for the Carthaginians; it was [264]wonderfully [265]defended a long time by the [266]contrivance of [267]Archimedes, who was an [268]excellent [269]astronomer, but more [270]famous for the [271]invention of [272]military [273]engines. It was [274]taken [275]at last with [276]much [277]difficulty, after a [278]siege of three years. We are [279]told that Archimedes being very [280]intent upon his [281]study at that time, and not [282]minding the [283]hurry, and [284]noise of the [285]army, when they [286]broke into the [287]town, was [288]killed by a [289]soldier; that Marcellus was much [290]concerned for his [291]death, having [292]given [293]strict [294]charge to his [295]men to [296]spare his [297]life.
[298]In the mean time, [299]Lævinus the [300]prætor [301]stopt [302]Philip king of [303]Macedon, who having made an [304]alliance with Hannibal, was [305]ready to [306]come into Italy, and [307]forced him to [308]burn his [309]fleet, and [310]retreat into Macedon, in the year of the city 542. But in Spain, the two [311]brothers P. and C. [312]Scipio, who had [313]till then [314]prevented Hasdrubal’s [315]passage into Italy to his brother Hannibal, and had [316]performed a great many [317]gallant actions, were both slain, and their [318]armies [319]destroyed. L. Marcus, a Roman knight, being [320]chosen general, by the [321]votes of the [322]soldiers, [323]upheld their [324]tottering [325]cause; by whose [326]conduct in one [327]day, and a [328]night, two [329]camps of the [330]enemy were [331]taken by [332]assault, and about [333]thirty-seven thousand [334]men [335]slain. The [336]same year [337]Tarentum, [338]except the [339]citadel, was taken by Hannibal; and Capua [340]besieged by the Romans; and Hannibal [341]marched to Rome to [342]draw them from it. But a [343]sudden [344]storm [345]arising, [346]forced him from the [347]walls, and the [348]sight of it. Capua was after that [349]surrendered to the Romans, the [350]grandees of which [351]poisoned themselves; the [352]senators were [353]beheaded, and the city [354]deprived of its [355]liberty.
There was a [356]son of that P. Scipio, who, as we have said was [357]killed in [358]Spain, [359]named [360]likewise P. Scipio, who after the [361]death of his [362]father and [363]uncle, was [364]sent into Spain, [365]being but twenty-four years old. There having [366]performed very great [367]things, and [368]vanquished Hasdrubal, the son of [369]Gisco and [370]Mago, [371]he drove the Carthaginians out of Spain, in five years after he [372]came there; from thence [373]passing over into Africa, he [374]made an [375]alliance with [376]Syphax, king of the [377]Masylians, and after that with Masanissa, king of the [378]Masasulians. These things [379]were done in the year 548, and the [380]third from the [381]death of [382]Marcellus; who having been [383]successful in [384]several [385]battles with Hannibal, was [386]at last, [387]trepanned by an [388]ambuscade, and slain. In the [389]following year, Hasdrubal was [390]cut off, with his [391]army [392]before he could [393]join his [394]brother, by the two [395]consuls, [396]Claudius Nero and [397]Livius Salinator. Hannibal was [398]then in Apulia, [399]opposed by Nero the consul. [400]Livy was [401]encamped in [402]Cisalpine Gaul [403]against Hasdrubal, Nero [404]marched [405]through Italy [406]privately, in six [407]days time, [408]came to the [409]camp of his [410]colleague with a [411]part of his [412]army, and having [413]conquered the [414]enemy, [415]returned to his camp before Hannibal [416]perceived that he was [417]gone. There are [418]said to have been 56,000 of the [419]enemy [420]slain in the [421]battle, and 5,400 [422]taken [423]prisoners. The head [424]of Hasdrubal was [425]thrown before the [426]advanced guard of the Carthaginians by Nero.
P. Scipio [427]resolved to [428]carry the [429]war into Africa, that he might [430]draw Hannibal out of Italy; but [431]at first that being [432]looked upon as a [433]rash [434]design, he had neither [435]money nor [436]men from the [437]government. [438]Wherefore, having [439]raised none but [440]volunteers, and [441]borrowed money, he first [442]went to [443]Sicily, and [444]from thence to Africa, in the year 550; [445]when the [446]image of the [447]Idæan mother was [448]brought from [449]Pessinus in [450]Phrygia, to Rome, [451]according to the [452]advice of [453]the oracle.
The general [454]employed [455]against him by the [456]Carthaginians was Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco, who had [457]contracted his daughter [458]Sophonisba to Masanissa. But the Carthaginians had [459]given her to [460]Syphax, (who being [461]in love with the [462]young lady, [463]laid waste their [464]country in the [465]absence of her [466]father and [467]husband) to [468]take him off from the Roman [469]alliance: at which [470]usage Masanissa being [471]incensed, he [472]gave himself up [473]entirely to the Roman [474]interest, and was very [475]serviceable to them in [476]reducing the Carthaginians.
[477]After a great many [478]overthrows, the Carthaginians [479]found themselves [480]obliged to [481]recall Hannibal out of Italy, to the [482]defence of their country, where, after a [483]fruitless [484]overture of [485]peace, he was [486]vanquished by Scipio, and an [487]end was put to the [488]war, after it had [489]lasted seven years.
The second [490]Punic war was [491]followed by the [492]Macedonian, [493]against king Philip. That which put the Romans upon it was the [494]former injuries [495]Philip had done them, [496]as likewise the late [497]vexation he had given their [498]allies, [499]especially the Athenians, who being [500]harassed by the king, [501]fled to the Romans. [502]At length [503]Titus Quinctius Flaminius [504]put an end to the war, four years after it [505]began, by the [506]conquest of Philip at [507]Cynoscephalæ, in [508]Thessaly.
After this [509]followed the war with [510]Antiochus, king of Asia, who having [511]recovered Syria, and [512]conquered Scopas, the general of [513]Ptolemæus Epiphanes, [514]began now to be [515]formidable to the Romans, [516]against whom Hannibal did not a little [517]inflame him; who, for [518]fear of the same [519]enemy, had [520]fled to the king. The [521]ambassadors of the [522]Ætolians too, who were now [523]averse to the Roman [524]alliance, [525]contributed not a [526]little towards it. Antiochus [527]therefore having [528]clapped up a peace with [529]Ptolemy, to whom he [530]gave his daughter Cleopatra in [531]marriage, and [532]granted [533]Cœlo Syria, and [534]Judea by way of [535]portion, [536]made war upon the Romans, which being begun in the year of the city 562, [537]lasted three years in all. For in the year 565, L. [538]Cornelius Scipio the [539]consul, [540]going over into Asia, with his brother P. Scipio [541]Africanus, as his [542]lieutenant, did, by the [543]assistance, [544]chiefly of his [545]counsel, [546]conquer Antiochus. Livy [547]tells us, there were 50,000 [548]foot [549]slain in one [550]battle, and 4,000 [551]horse. A peace was [552]granted Antiochus [553]upon the following condition [554]among others, that he should [555]recede [556]from all the countries [557]on this side [558]mount Taurus.
After Antiochus was [559]conquered, the Ætolians were [560]reduced by Fulvius the consul; and the same year the Gallo-Greci were [561]subdued by the other [562]consul, Cneius Manlius.
In the 149th [563]Olympiad [564]died three [565]famous generals, P. Scipio, Hannibal, and [566]Philopæmen. Scipio was [567]impeached for [568]taking [569]money of Antiochus for the peace [570]he granted him; after which he [571]retired to [572]Liturnum in Campania, and [573]died there in the year of the city 570. Hannibal a year or two after (for [574]historians are not [575]agreed upon the [576]matter) being [577]demanded of Drusias, king of Bythynia, by the Roman [578]ambassadors, [579]in order to be [580]put to [581]death, [582]poisoned himself. [583]About the [584]same time Philopæmen, general of the [585]Achæans, was [586]taken by the [587]Messenians, and [588]slain, after he had [589]forced to a [590]submission the Lacedæmonians, who had [591]thrown off the Achæan [592]alliance.
In the mean time Philip, being [593]checked [594]rather than [595]conquered in the [596]former war, was [597]very busy in [598]making [599]preparations for [600]another; but before [601]matters were [602]ripe [603]enough [604]for that purpose, he died, and was [605]succeeded by his son [606]Perseus, who [607]went on with the [608]preparations of war [609]against the Romans; which was [610]finished in four years after its [611]beginning with the [612]ruin of him and the [613]kingdom of Macedon [614]together, in the year of the city 586. The general [615]employed by the Romans in that war, was [616]Paulus Æmilius, who in one [617]battle, [618]wherein were slain 20,000 [619]men, and 11,000 [620]taken [621]prisoners, [622]put a [623]final period to the [624]Macedonian [625]empire in the [626]11th year of king Perseus. About the same time, [627]Gentius, king of the [628]Illyrians, being [629]trepanned into an [630]alliance by Perseus, was [631]conquered by [632]Amicius the [633]prætor.
After the [634]conquest of Antiochus, the Macedonians [635]rebelled again, but were [636]subdued, and Macedon [637]reduced to the [638]rank of a [639]province.
Some time after a war [640]broke out with the [641]Achæans, who having [642]pulled down all the [643]walls of [644]Lacedæmon, and [645]taken away their [646]ancient [647]laws, had [648]obliged them to [649]unite with them; which the Lacedæmonians [650]complained of to the Romans, who [651]sent [652]against the Achæans Metellus the prætor, by whom they were [653]defeated in two [654]engagements at [655]Thermopylæ, and in [656]Phocis; and [657]presently after [658]entirely reduced by the consul [659]L. Nummius, and [660]Corinth, the [661]metropolis of their [662]nation, [663]burnt.
The same year Carthage was [664]taken and [665]destroyed. The [666]occasion of this war was a [667]difference [668]between Masanissa and the Carthaginians [669]about their [670]territories; which [671]controversy being [672]referred to the Romans, they obliged the Carthaginians to [673]give up the [674]country in [675]dispute, and [676]money, also, to Masanissa. But the Romans had [677]before-hand [678]resolved [679]utterly to [680]raze Carthage, [681]right or wrong, [682]chiefly at the [683]instigation of [684]Marcus Cato the censor, who, whenever he [685]gave his [686]opinion upon any [687]debate in the [688]senate, [689]used [690]finally to [691]add, Carthage [692]must be [693]destroyed. [694]Wherefore in the year of the city 605, Carthage was [695]besieged by the consuls [696]Manilius and [697]Censorinus. They soon after [698]surrendered to the Romans; but being [699]ordered to [700]demolish their city, and [701]fix themselves at ten [702]miles [703]distance from the [704]sea, they were so [705]inflamed with [706]fury and [707]despair, that they [708]held out even [709]beyond their [710]strength, [711]till in the fourth year, the [712]same in which [713]Corinth was destroyed, it was [714]taken by [715]P. Cornelius Scipio, the [716]proconsul, who was [717]Paulus Æmilius’s son, and had been [718]adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus. At the [719]beginning of the war Masanissa, king of the [720]Numidians, [721]died, in the 97th year of his [722]age, having [723]left behind him forty-four sons, and [724]continued [725]an ally of the Romans near 60 years.
FOOTNOTES
[1] dopo
[2] guerra
[3] destarsi
[4] tra
[5] Cartaginése
[6] causáre
[7] ambizióne
[8] formidábile
[9] potére
[10] Gerone
[11] alleáto
[12] guerreggiáre
[13] Mamertíni
[14] usurpáto
[15] ricorrere
[16] ajúto
[17] trasportáre
[18] armáta
[19] Sicília
[20] attaccáre
[21] sorte
[22] lungo tempo
[23] incérto
[24] prosperando
[25] mare
[26] terra
[27] memorábile
[28] persóna
[29] Attílio Régolo
[30] abbattúto
[31] fortemente
[32] vittória
[33] riportáto
[34] rifiutáre
[35] accordáre
[36] pace
[37] dure condizioni
[38] vinto
[39] Santíppo
[40] Lacedémone
[41] generále
[42] fatto
[43] prigióne
[44] uómo
[45] uccíso
[46] indi
[47] mandáto
[48] Roma
[49] Cartaginési
[50] trattáre
[51] senáto
[52] cámbio
[53] prigioniéro
[54] interpórre
[55] impedíre
[56] tornáre
[57] Cartágine
[58] messo
[59] morte
[60] crudéle
[61] maniéra
[62] immaginábile
[63] molto
[64] autóre
[65] rapportáre
[66] primo
[67] riportáre
[68] vittória
[69] Duílio
[70] guerra
[71] Lutázio
[72] guadagnare
[73] altro
[74] último
[75] termináre
[76] vicíno
[77] ísola
[78] Egáte
[79] pace
[80] conclúso
[81] condizióne
[82] abbandonáre
[83] situáto
[84] pagáre
[85] annualménte
[86] talénto
[87] venti
[88] di séguito
[89] succédere
[90] Cristo
[91] témpio
[92] Giáno
[93] chiúso
[94] raraménte
[95] scopiáre
[96] presto
[97] apérto
[98] Líguri
[99] vinto
[100] guerreggiáre
[101] Illírici
[102] regína
[103] termináre
[104] tre anni
[105] avveníre
[106] incírca
[107] tempo
[108] terríbile
[109] incursióne
[110] Galli
[111] Insúbri
[112] Boj
[113] prima
[114] mandáre
[115] transalpíno
[116] attaccáre
[117] a cagióne
[118] terra
[119] tolto
[120] Sénoni
[121] distribuíre
[122] Flaminio
[123] tribuno
[124] pópolo
[125] legge Agrária
[126] fatto
[127] parécchie volte
[128] malmenato
[129] affátto
[130] soggiogato
[131] Virdumáro
[132] uccíso
[133] Marcéllo
[134] cónsole
[135] Rómolo
[136] consacráre
[137] Opíma spóglia
[138] Gióve Ferétrio
[139] mandáre
[140] imménsa quantità
[141] grano
[142] prezzo
[143] ricévere
[144] termináto
[145] seguíre
[146] secóndo
[147] fine
[148] precedénte
[149] alla verità
[150] duráre
[151] cotánto
[152] tanto
[153] più
[154] terríbile
[155] orréndo
[156] macéllo
[157] al dire di Floro
[158] paragonáre
[159] pérdita
[160] da ambe le parti
[161] nazione
[162] sortíre
[163] vittorióso
[164] parére
[165] più presto
[166] vinto
[167] stesso
[168] ambizióne
[169] impaziénza
[170] sotto
[171] servitù
[172] incéndio
[173] Anníbale
[174] Amílcare
[175] generále
[176] Cartaginési
[177] antecedénte
[178] guerra
[179] accettáto
[180] condizióne
[181] di mal animo
[182] affáre
[183] stabilíto
[184] mandáto
[185] Spagna
[186] condurre seco
[187] avére allóra nove anni
[188] primieraménte
[189] presentáto
[190] altáre
[191] fatto
[192] giuráre
[193] mai
[194] amíco
[195] uccíso
[196] messo
[197] posto
[198] mandár a cercáre
[199] succédere
[200] in età di venti sette anni
[201] súbito che
[202] fatto
[203] conquistáre
[204] fiúme Ibéro
[205] investíre
[206] città
[207] Sagúnto
[208] forza
[209] préndere
[210] assédio
[211] mese
[212] Saguntíni
[213] indárno
[214] aspettáto
[215] assisténza
[216] períre tutti
[217] parte
[218] nemíco
[219] spada
[220] parte
[221] mano
[222] principiáre
[223] duráre
[224] venúta
[225] cónsole
[226] sconfítto
[227] Cornélio
[228] Ticíno
[229] Semprónio
[230] ricévere
[231] rotta
[232] seguénte
[233] Trasiméne
[234] lago
[235] nell’ istésso témpo
[236] Fábio Mássimo
[237] dittatóre
[238] pópolo
[239] rimettere
[240] modo
[241] affáre
[242] fatále
[243] colpo
[244] cagionáto
[245] temerità
[246] cónsole
[247] Terénzio Varróne
[248] quaránta mila
[249] uccíso
[250] battáglia
[251] con tutto ciò
[252] corággio
[253] abbattuto
[254] rotta
[255] così che
[256] riscattáre
[257] preso
[258] prigioniéro
[259] cónsole
[260] Marcéllo
[261] assediáre
[262] Siracúsa
[263] dichiaráto
[264] maravigliosaménte
[265] diféso
[266] ingégno
[267] Archímede
[268] eccellénte
[269] astrónomo
[270] famóso
[271] invenzióne
[272] militáre
[273] mácchina
[274] preso
[275] alla fine
[276] molto
[277] difficoltà
[278] assédio
[279] dire
[280] fisso
[281] stúdio
[282] badáre
[283] confusióne
[284] strépito
[285] armáta
[286] avventársi
[287] città
[288] uccíso
[289] soldáto
[290] afflítto
[291] morte
[292] dato
[293] precíso
[294] órdine
[295] génte
[296] salváre
[297] vita
[298] nell’ istésso tempo
[299] Lavínio
[300] pretóre
[301] fermáre
[302] Filíppo
[303] Macedónia
[304] alleánza
[305] stava per
[306] veníre
[307] forzáre
[308] abbruciáre
[309] flotta
[310] ritirársi
[311] fratéllo
[312] Scipióne
[313] fin allóra
[314] impedíto
[315] passággio
[316] fare
[317] azioni valorose
[318] armáta
[319] distrútta
[320] elétto
[321] voto
[322] soldáto
[323] sostenére
[324] vacillánte
[325] causa
[326] condótta
[327] giórno
[328] notte
[329] campo
[330] nemíco
[331] preso
[332] assálto
[333] trenta sette mila
[334] uómo
[335] uccíso
[336] stesso
[337] Táranto
[338] eccettuáto
[339] cittadella
[340] assediáto
[341] marciáre
[342] trarre
[343] repentíno
[344] tempésta
[345] sollevársi
[346] lo costrínse d’allontanarsi
[347] muro
[348] vista
[349] reso
[350] grande
[351] avvelenársi
[352] senatóre
[353] decapitáto
[354] priváto
[355] libertà
[356] figlio
[357] ammazzáto
[358] Spagna
[359] nomináto
[360] pariménte
[361] morte
[362] padre
[363] zio
[364] mandáto
[365] non avéndo che 24 anni
[366] fatto
[367] cosa
[368] vinto
[369] Giscóne
[370] Magóne
[371] scacciáre
[372] veníre
[373] passáre
[374] fare
[375] alleánza
[376] Sifáce
[377] Masiliáni
[378] Masasuliáni
[379] succédere
[380] terzo
[381] morte
[382] Marcéllo
[383] fortunáto
[384] molto
[385] battáglia
[386] alla fine
[387] tiráto
[388] imboscata
[389] seguente
[390] tagliáto a pezzi
[391] armáta
[392] prima che
[393] unírsi
[394] fratéllo
[395] cónsole
[396] Claudio Neróne
[397] Lívio Salinatóre
[398] allóra
[399] oppósto
[400] Lívio
[401] accampáto
[402] Gállia Cisalpína
[403] contro
[404] marciáre
[405] attravérso
[406] segretaménte
[407] giórno
[408] veníre
[409] campo
[410] colléga
[411] parte
[412] armáta
[413] vinto
[414] nemíco
[415] tornáre
[416] accórgersi
[417] andáto
[418] dire
[419] nemíco
[420] uccíso
[421] battáglia
[422] preso
[423] prigioniéro
[424] testa
[425] gettáta
[426] la guárdia avanzáta
[427] risólvere
[428] portáre
[429] guerra
[430] trarre
[431] alla prima
[432] consideráto
[433] temerário
[434] diségno
[435] danáro
[436] gente
[437] govérno
[438] perciò
[439] leváre
[440] voluntário
[441] pigliar ad imprestito
[442] andáre
[443] Sicília
[444] di là
[445] quando
[446] simulácro
[447] madre Idéa
[448] portáto
[449] Pessínno
[450] Frígia
[451] secóndo
[452] consíglio
[453] orácolo
[454] impiegáto
[455] contro
[456] Cartaginési
[457] promésso
[458] Sofonísba
[459] dato
[460] Sifáce
[461] innamoráto
[462] gióvane
[463] devastáre
[464] paése
[465] assénza
[466] padre
[467] consórte
[468] distrárre
[469] alleánza
[470] tratto
[471] irritáto
[472] dedicarsi
[473] affátto
[474] interésse
[475] utile
[476] debelláre
[477] dopo
[478] sconfítta
[479] trovársi
[480] obbligáto
[481] richiamáre
[482] difesa
[483] vano
[484] trattativa
[485] pace
[486] vinto
[487] termináto
[488] guerra
[489] duráto
[490] Púnico
[491] seguíto
[492] Macédonico
[493] contro
[494] precedénte
[495] ingiúria
[496] come anche
[497] fastídio
[498] confederáto
[499] specialménte
[500] molestáre
[501] volgersi
[502] alla fine
[503] Tito Quínzio Flamínio
[504] termináre
[505] principiáre
[506] col vincere
[507] Cinoscefále
[508] Tesságlia
[509] seguíre
[510] Antíoco
[511] ricuperáto
[512] conquistato
[513] Toloméo Epífane
[514] principiáre
[515] formidábile
[516] contro
[517] infiammáre
[518] paúra
[519] nemíco
[520] fuggíto
[521] ambasciadóre
[522] Etoliáni
[523] contrário
[524] alleánza
[525] contribuíre
[526] poco
[527] perciò
[528] fatto una pace finta
[529] Toloméo
[530] dare
[531] matrimónio
[532] concédere
[533] Celo Síria
[534] Giudéa
[535] dote
[536] impréndere guerra
[537] duráre
[538] Cornélio Scipióne
[539] cónsole
[540] passáre
[541] l’Africáno
[542] luogotenénte
[543] ajúto
[544] sopra tutto
[545] consíglio
[546] vincere
[547] dire
[548] soldati d’infantería
[549] uccíso
[550] battáglia
[551] cavalleria
[552] concésso a
[553] con questo patto
[554] fra
[555] ritirarsi
[556] da tutto il paese
[557] di quà dal
[558] monte Tauro
[559] vinto
[560] debelláto
[561] soggiogáto
[562] cónsole Gneo Mánlio
[563] Olimpíade
[564] moríre
[565] famóso
[566] Filopeméno
[567] accusato
[568] d’aver ricevuto
[569] danáro
[570] accordáre
[571] ritirársi
[572] Litúrno
[573] moríre
[574] istórico
[575] d’accórdo
[576] cosa
[577] richiésto
[578] ambasciadóre
[579] acciò
[580] messo
[581] morte
[582] avvelenársi
[583] incírca
[584] stesso tempo
[585] Achei
[586] preso
[587] Messenj
[588] uccíso
[589] costrétto
[590] sommettersi
[591] rinunziato
[592] alleánza
[593] sbattuto
[594] piuttósto
[595] debelláto
[596] precedénte
[597] affaccendáto
[598] fare
[599] preparatívo
[600] altro
[601] cosa
[602] matúro
[603] abbastánza
[604] a questo effetto
[605] gli successe
[606] Perséo
[607] continuáre
[608] preparatívo
[609] contro
[610] termináto
[611] princípio
[612] rovína
[613] regno
[614] ancóra
[615] impiegáto
[616] Páolo Emílio
[617] battáglia
[618] nella quále
[619] uómo
[620] fatto
[621] prigioniéro
[622] méttere
[623] termine
[624] Macedonico
[625] império
[626] undécimo
[627] Génzio
[628] Illírj
[629] trascinato
[630] alleánza
[631] vinto
[632] Amício
[633] pretóre
[634] sconfitta
[635] ribellársi
[636] soggiogáto
[637] ridótto
[638] forma
[639] província
[640] accendersi
[641] Achei
[642] demolíto
[643] mura
[644] Lacedemónia
[645] leváre via
[646] antíco
[647] legge
[648] obbligáre
[649] unírsi
[650] lamentársi
[651] mandáre
[652] contro
[653] sconfítto
[654] battáglia
[655] Termópile
[656] Focíde
[657] poco dopo
[658] affátto
[659] L. Númmio
[660] Corínti
[661] metrópoli
[662] nazióne
[663] bruciáto
[664] preso
[665] distrútto
[666] cagióne
[667] disputa
[668] tra
[669] rispétto a
[670] território
[671] controvérsia
[672] referito
[673] abbandonáre
[674] paése
[675] dispúta
[676] danáro
[677] anticipataménte
[678] risólvere
[679] intieraménte
[680] spianáre
[681] a diritto o a torto
[682] sopra tutto
[683] istigazióne
[684] Marco Catóne censóre
[685] dare
[686] opinióne
[687] discussióne
[688] senáto
[689] solére
[690] per conclusione
[691] aggiúngere
[692] bisógna
[693] distrútto
[694] perciò
[695] assediáto
[696] Manílio
[697] Censoríno
[698] arréndersi
[699] comandáto
[700] demolíre
[701] stabilírsi
[702] miglia
[703] di distánza
[704] mare
[705] infiammáto
[706] collera
[707] disperazióne
[708] sostenérsi
[709] oltre
[710] forza
[711] infíno
[712] stesso
[713] Corínto
[714] preso
[715] P. Cornélio Scipióne
[716] procónsole
[717] Páolo Emílio
[718] adottáto
[719] princípio
[720] Numídi
[721] moríre
[722] età
[723] lasciáto
[724] continuáto
[725] nell’alleanza