Exercises upon the Different Parts of Italian Speech, with References to Veneroni's Grammar / to which is added an abridgement of the Roman history, intended at once to make the learner acquainted with history, and the idiom of the Italian language

by Ferdinando Bottarelli

On the Construction of Verbs.

The Auxiliary Verb avére, requires an accusative Case.

1. 1. You have a son
   2. avére figlio
   3. who has
   4. the finest qualities
   5. bello qualità
   6. in the world;
   7. mondo
   8. he has
   9. avére
   10. a sweet countenance,
   11. piacévole fisonomia
   12. a great deal of civility,
   13. molto civiltà
   14. and very obliging manners;
   15. cortése maniera
   16. in short, he has
   17. the love of every body,
   18. affetto tutto
   19. and you are happy
   20. éssere fortunato
   21. in having such a son.

1. 1. A man is very happy
   2. uómo molto felíce
   3. who has
   4. the fear of God
   5. timóre Dio
   6. and the love of his neighbours,
   7. amóre prossimo
   8. though
   9. [1]benchè
   10. he should not have
   11. the riches of fortune.
   12. richézza fortúna.

1. 1. Those who
   2. have wealth,
   3. avére [2]richézza
   4. and have no
   5. charity for the poor,
   6. carità povero
   7. shall not share
   8. partecipáre
   9. God’s mercy.
   10. Dio misericordia.

1. 1. A man
   2. uómo
   3. that has
   4. wit,
   5. spírito
   6. and no behaviour,
   7. condótta
   8. is despicable.
   9. sprezzábile.

1. 1. I have
   2. scholars
   3. scoláro
   4. who have
   5. sense,
   6. giudizio
   7. and are diligent;
   8. éssere diligénte
   9. but I have
   10. others who are
   11. altro che
   12. dull,
   13. ottusi
   14. and very idle.
   15. pigro.

1. 1. If you have
   2. avére
   3. good manners,
   4. buóno maniera
   5. civility
   6. civiltà
   7. and complaisance,
   8. compiacénza
   9. you will be
   10. éssere
   11. loved by every body.
   12. amáto tutto.

[1] Benchè governs the subjunctive mood.

[2] See Gram. p. 211, on the articles del, dello, della, &c.

Sometimes the Verb avére is used instead of éssere, especially when we speak of cold, heat, hunger, thirst, or of the age of any one.

1. 1. I was very cold
   2. avére freddo
   3. when
   4. I came,
   5. veníre
   6. but
   7. am very warm
   8. avére caldo
   9. now.
   10. adesso.

1. 1. You eat
   2. mangiáre
   3. as if
   4. come se
   5. you were not hungry.
   6. avére fame.

1. 1. I beg your pardon,
   2. domandáre perdóno
   3. I eat heartily;
   4. mangiáre di buón gusto
   5. for I was very hungry.
   6. avére molto appetito.

1. 1. Are you not thirsty
   2. avére sete
   3. yet?
   4. ancóra?

1. 1. Yes, sir,
   2. si, signóre
   3. I am very thirsty,
   4. avére gran sete
   5. but I won’t drink yet;
   6. ma volére bere ancóra
   7. for if I drink
   8. se bevére
   9. when I am hungry,
   10. quando avére fame
   11. it prevents me from
   12. impedíre
   13. eating.
   14. mangiáre.

1. 1. How old is
   2. quanto anno avére
   3. your uncle?
   4. zio?

1. 1. He is not yet
   2. avére ancóra
   3. seventy years old.
   4. settánta anno.

1. 1. You surprise me,
   2. sorpréndere
   3. I thought
   4. crédere
   5. he was eighty.
   6. avére ottánta.

1. 1. And you, sir,
   2. e signóre
   3. how old are you?
   4. anno avére?

1. 1. I am not twenty
   2. avére venti
   3. yet.
   4. ancóra.

On the Verb Substantive éssere. The Verb Substantive éssere requires the following noun in the Nominative Case.

1. 1. Our master
   2. nostro maestro
   3. is diligent;
   4. éssere diligénte
   5. but I have been hitherto
   6. éssere stato sinóra
   7. very idle;
   8. pigro
   9. I have done as
   10. avére fatto come
   11. the drones.
   12. cacchióne.

1. 1. I have lost
   2. avére pérdere
   3. my parents’ love,
   4. genitóre affetto
   5. who always provided
   6. che mi hanno sempre forníre
   7. all things necessary for me:
   8. tutto necessário
   9. I have been unworthy
   10. éssere stato indégno
   11. of their care;
   12. cura
   13. but I will deserve
   14. ma volére meritáre
   15. to be called
   16. éssere chiamáre
   17. the most diligent
   18. diligénte
   19. of all our scholars
   20. tutto scoláro
   21. for the time to come.
   22. all’avveníre.

1. 1. The lion
   2. leóne
   3. is accounted
   4. passáre per
   5. the most generous of animals,
   6. generóso animale
   7. because
   8. perchè
   9. he is more placable
   10. placábile
   11. than the others.
   12. altro.

1. 1. The sanguinary minds
   2. sanguinário animo
   3. of some men
   4. uómo
   5. are more barbarous
   6. éssere barbaro
   7. than wild beasts.
   8. fíera
   9. Man is a creature
   10. Uómo creatúra
   11. of upright body:
   12. dritto corpo
   13. when he is old,
   14. quando vécchio
   15. his body bends
   16. corpo inchinársi
   17. towards the earth;
   18. verso terra
   19. and his soul ascends
   20. ánima ascéndere
   21. to heaven,
   22. ciélo
   23. which is his habitation
   24. for ever.
   25. dimóra.

1. 1. How are you
   2. come stare
   3. this morning?
   4. mattína?
   5. I am very well,
   6. stare beníssimo
   7. thank you.
   8. grazie.

1. 1. How do your
   2. [1]stare
   3. father
   4. padre
   5. and mother
   6. madre
   7. do?

1. 1. I hope
   2. speráre
   3. my father is well.
   4. padre stare bene
   5. He was well
   6. the last time
   7. último volta
   8. I saw him,
   9. vedére
   10. but my mother
   11. ma madre
   12. has not been well
   13. éssere stato bene
   14. these two or three days.
   15. [2]due tre giórno
   16. And how are you, sir?
   17. stare signóre?

1. 1. I should be well enough,
   2. stare ene abbastanza
   3. if I had money.
   4. [3]se avére danáro.

1. 1. I hope
   2. speráre
   3. your lady is well.
   4. signóra stare bene.

1. 1. She is perfectly well,
   2. stare perfettaménte bene
   3. at your service.
   4. servízio.

1. 1. I am very glad
   2. rallegrársi
   3. to hear
   4. sentíre
   5. she is so well.
   6. stare così bene.

1. 1. What weather is it
   2. [4] tempo fare
   3. to-day,
   4. oggi
   5. I wish to know?
   6. [5]volére sapére?

1. 1. It is
   2. the finest
   3. bello
   4. weather in
   5. the world.
   6. mondo.

1. 1. Is it hotter
   2. fare caldo
   3. in Spain
   4. Spagna
   5. than in Italy?
   6. Itália?

1. 1. It is hotter
   2. fare
   3. there
   4. in summer,
   5. estáte
   6. but it is very cold
   7. ma fare freddo
   8. in winter.
   9. inverno.

1. 1. If
   2. it is fine weather
   3. fare bello tempo
   4. to-morrow,
   5. dománi
   6. we will go
   7. andáre
   8. in the country.
   9. campágna.

1. 1. I believe
   2. crédere
   3. it will not be fine weather,
   4. fare bello tempo
   5. for
   6. perchè
   7. it is very
   8. dark
   9. oscúro
   10. to-night.
   11. questa séra.

[1] When we inquire after any one’s health, we make use of the verb stare, instead of fare.

[2] These two or three days, i. e. da due o tre giorni in quà.

[3] If I had money, Se avessi danari, and not avevo.

[4] When we speak of the weather, we use the third person singular of the verb fare, instead of the verb éssere.

[5] Use the optative mood, and say, vorrei.

Personal Verbs governing a Genitive Case.

The Verb aver pietà governs the Genitive.

1. 1. I have no pity
   2. avére pietà
   3. on the misery
   4. della miséria
   5. of those, who
   6. being young and strong,
   7. éssere gióvine forte
   8. love better
   9. amáre
   10. to beg
   11. accattáre
   12. from door to
   13. porta
   14. door,
   15. than to work
   16. in che lavoráre
   17. for their bread;
   18. per guadagnarsi pane
   19. but I pity much
   20. ma avére pietà
   21. the blind,
   22. ciéco
   23. and old people,
   24. i vecchi
   25. who are incapable
   26. éssere incapáce
   27. of doing any thing for
   28. fare alcuna cosa
   29. their living.
   30. vitto.

1. 1. I pity my brother,
   2. avére pietà fratéllo
   3. I pity
   4. his folly,
   5. pazzia
   6. for he has wasted
   7. perchè dilapidáre
   8. all the fortune
   9. tutto patrimonio
   10. my father left him.
   11. padre lasciáre.

The verb burlarsi governs the Genitive.

1. 1. Men are
   2. uómo éssere
   3. often inclined
   4. spesso inclináto
   5. to laugh at
   6. burlársi
   7. others’ misfortunes,
   8. di altri disgrázia
   9. instead of
   10. in vece di
   11. having pity on them.
   12. avére pietà.

1. 1. Those who
   2. quello che
   3. call themselves Christians,
   4. chiamársi Cristiáno
   5. and do not live
   6. non vívere
   7. according to their religion,
   8. secóndo religióne
   9. mock God
   10. burlársi Iddío
   11. and his doctrine.
   12. dottrína.

1. 1. Do not jeer at
   2. burlársi
   3. others’ poverty,
   4. altro povertà
   5. for you do not know
   6. non sapére
   7. how long
   8. quanto tempo
   9. fortune will be favourable
   10. fortúna éssere favorévole
   11. to you;
   12. and if
   13. e se
   14. you should become poor,
   15. diventáre póvero
   16. every one
   17. ognúno
   18. would laugh at you.
   19. rídersi di.

1. 1. It is
   2. éssere
   3. a great mark of folly
   4. grande segno pazzía
   5. to laugh
   6. ridére
   7. at every thing.
   8. di tutto.

The verb pentirsi governs the Genitive.

1. 1. If you repent sincerely
   2. se pentírsi sinceraménte
   3. for the fault
   4. colpa
   5. you have committed,
   6. avére commésso
   7. God will forgive you;
   8. Iddío perdonáre
   9. for he does not
   10. perchè
   11. love
   12. amáre
   13. the death of a sinner,
   14. morte peccátore
   15. but he will have him
   16. volére
   17. to repent of his sins.
   18. pentírsi peccáto.

1. 1. It is not enough
   2. non bastáre
   3. to say,
   4. dire
   5. I repent of my ill conduct,
   6. pentírsi cattívo condótta
   7. and of my bad life,
   8. mala vita
   9. if you do not shew
   10. se mostráre
   11. the effects
   12. effétto
   13. of your repentance
   14. pentiménto
   15. by a new
   16. nuóvo
   17. and better life.
   18. migliór vita.

The verb rallegrarsi governs the Genitive.

1. 1. A good Christian
   2. buóno Cristiáno
   3. ought never
   4. dovére mai
   5. to rejoice at
   6. rallegrársi
   7. others’ misfortunes.
   8. altro disgrázia.

1. 1. I rejoice at
   2. rallegrársi
   3. the good success
   4. buóno riuscíta
   5. you had
   6. avére
   7. in your business.
   8. affare.

1. 1. Come and rejoice
   2. veníre
   3. with me
   4. meco
   5. at the good news
   6. buóno nuóva
   7. I received
   8. ricévere
   9. to-day.
   10. oggi.

1. 1. How will you have me
   2. come volére
   3. rejoice at
   4. rallegrársi
   5. a thing
   6. cosa
   7. I do not know?
   8. non sapére?

1. 1. Tell me
   2. dire
   3. first of all
   4. avanti ogni cosa
   5. what news
   6. nuóva
   7. I must rejoice at.
   8. dovére rallegrársi.

The verb ricordársi governs the Genitive.

1. 1. Do you remember
   2. ricordársi
   3. the promise
   4. proméssa
   5. you made me
   6. fare
   7. yesterday?
   8. jéri?

1. 1. I do not remember it
   2. non ricordársi
   3. at all.
   4. affatto
   5. Do you not remember
   6. the sum of money
   7. somma danáro
   8. you said
   9. dire
   10. you would lend me?
   11. prestáre?

1. 1. I assure you
   2. assicuráre
   3. I had forgotten it,
   4. avére scordáto
   5. I remember it
   6. ricordársi
   7. very well
   8. beníssimo
   9. now.
   10. adésso.

The verb languíre requires a Genitive case.

1. 1. He who languishes
   2. quello languíre
   3. with thirst,
   4. di sete
   5. gives greater thanks
   6. réndere grande grázia
   7. to the man who
   8. offers him water,
   9. offeríre acqua
   10. than if a prince
   11. che se príncipe
   12. gave him a crown.
   13. dare coróna.

1. 1. The man who
   2. uómo
   3. languishes
   4. languíre
   5. for love
   6. amóre
   7. ought to be pitied.
   8. dovére compiánto.

The verbs obbedíre and disobbedíre require a Dative.

1. 1. We ought not only
   2. dovére non solo
   3. to obey
   4. obbedíre
   5. our parents,
   6. genitori
   7. but also
   8. ma anche
   9. our superiors,
   10. superióre
   11. if we would obey
   12. se volére obbedíre
   13. God’s commands.
   14. comandaménto.

1. 1. One sees very seldom
   2. si vedére raraménte
   3. a child prosper
   4. figliuólo prosperáre
   5. in this world,
   6. mondo
   7. who does not obey
   8. obbedíre
   9. his father and mother.
   10. padre madre.

1. 1. When God commanded
   2. quando Iddío comandáre
   3. Abraham to sacrifice Isaac,
   4. Abramo sacrificáre Isácco
   5. his only son,
   6. único figlio
   7. he immediately obeyed
   8. súbito obbedíre
   9. the Lord’s voice;
   10. Signóre voce
   11. but the angel of the Lord
   12. ma ángelo Signóre
   13. did not permit him
   14. perméttere
   15. to slay the child,
   16. uccídere fanciullo
   17. and told him
   18. dire
   19. his obedience
   20. obbediénza
   21. had been agreeable
   22. éssere stato grato
   23. to God.
   24. Dio.

The verb parláre will have a Dative Case of the Person.

1. 1. God speaks
   2. Iddío parláre
   3. to sinners
   4. peccatóre
   5. sometimes
   6. qualche volta
   7. most gently,
   8. benignamente
   9. that he may draw them
   10. affine di trárre
   11. to obedience;
   12. obbediénza
   13. he speaks to them of
   14. parláre
   15. the blessed life
   16. beáta vita
   17. which he has prepared fo
   18. avére preparáto
   19. his servants;
   20. servo
   21. sometimes
   22. qualche volta
   23. he speaks to them of the
   24. parláre
   25. abyss
   26. abísso
   27. which shall be
   28. éssere
   29. the reward of sin;
   30. mercéde peccáto
   31. yet his promises
   32. pure proméssa
   33. and threatenings
   34. mináccia
   35. move not
   36. muóvere
   37. stubborn minds.
   38. ostináto mente.

The verbs preténdere and aspiráre govern the Dative Case.

1. 1. All those who
   2. tutto quello
   3. call themselves Christians
   4. chiamársi Cristiáno
   5. pretend to
   6. preténdere
   7. everlasting life;
   8. etérno vita
   9. but few
   10. ma pochi
   11. are they that would suffer
   12. sono soffríre
   13. the least thing
   14. minimo cosa
   15. to deserve it;
   16. meritáre
   17. but if it is a point
   18. se si tratta
   19. to aspire to
   20. aspiráre
   21. some employment,
   22. qualche impiégo
   23. or dignity,
   24. dignità
   25. there is none but would suffer
   26. non vi è nissúno che non sopporti
   27. a great deal of
   28. molto
   29. fatigue,
   30. fatíca
   31. labour,
   32. lavóro
   33. and pain
   34. pena
   35. to obtain it.

The verb giuocáre (when one speaks of all sorts of games) governs the Dative Case.

1. 1. I do not love
   2. amáre
   3. to play
   4. giuocáre
   5. at games of chances,
   6. giuóco azzardo
   7. as at cards,
   8. come carta
   9. or at dice,
   10. dadi
   11. but I love to play
   12. ma amáre giuocáre
   13. sometimes
   14. qualche volta
   15. at bowls,
   16. bocce
   17. at billiards,
   18. bigliárdo
   19. at tennis,
   20. pallacórda
   21. or at nine-pins.
   22. o birilli.

1. 1. Do you never play
   2. mai giuocáre
   3. at cards,
   4. carte
   5. at chess,
   6. scacchi
   7. or draughts?
   8. dama?

1. 1. I play
   2. giuocáre
   3. sometimes
   4. at piquet
   5. picchétto
   6. to please the company.
   7. far piacére compagnía.

Verbs governing an Accusative Case of the Person, and a Genitive of the Thing.

The verbs accusáre, biasimáre, avvertíre, and assólvere, will have the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing.

1. 1. One boy
   2. ragázzo
   3. accuses another
   4. accusáre altro
   5. of idleness;
   6. pigrízia
   7. the master hears
   8. maéstro sentíre
   9. their tales,
   10. stória
   11. but punishes
   12. ma puníre
   13. him only whom he thinks
   14. solaménte quello crédere
   15. guilty
   16. colpévole
   17. and deserving of punishment.
   18. degno castígo.

1. 1. Every one
   2. tutti
   3. blames you
   4. biasimáre
   5. for your
   6. negligence
   7. negligénza
   8. and ignorance.
   9. ignoránza.

1. 1. I often admonished you
   2. spesso avvertíre
   3. of your duty;
   4. vostro dovére
   5. if you do not improve
   6. se profittáre
   7. as well as others,
   8. come altro
   9. it is not my fault.
   10. non è colpa.

1. 1. When a judge acquits
   2. quando giúdice assólvere
   3. a man of a crime
   4. uno delítto
   5. he is guilty of,
   6. reo
   7. if he commits again
   8. se comméttere di nuovo
   9. the same fault,
   10. stesso fallo
   11. he deserves
   12. merita
   13. a double punishment.
   14. dóppio castígo.

The verb condannáre governs the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing; but when it signifies to condemn to death, the name of the punishment ought to be put in the Dative Case.

1. 1. Every one
   2. ogn’ uno
   3. condemns you
   4. condannáre
   5. very much
   6. molto
   7. for the action
   8. azióne
   9. you committed
   10. comméttere
   11. the other day.
   12. altro giórno.

1. 1. During the persecution
   2. nel tempo della persecuzióne
   3. in France,
   4. Fráncia
   5. many brave gentlemen
   6. molto bravo cavaliére
   7. were condemned,
   8. condannáre
   9. some to the
   10. gallows,
   11. forca[1]
   12. and some to the
   13. galleys,
   14. galéra
   15. for the defence of
   16. difésa
   17. their religion.
   18. religióne.

[1] Nouns ending in ca and ga, make che and ghe in the plural, as forca, forche; pága, paghe.

The verb ottenére will have an Accusative of the Thing, and an Ablative of the Person.

1. 1. A scholar who
   2. scoláro
   3. obtains
   4. ottenére
   5. his master’s favour
   6. maéstro favóre
   7. is more happy than
   8. più felíce
   9. he who is idle,
   10. pigro
   11. who loses his honour,
   12. pérdere onóre
   13. wastes his time,
   14. consumáre tempo
   15. and continues a blockhead,
   16. continuáre ad éssere sciocco
   17. though
   18. benchè
   19. play be pleasant
   20. giuóco éssere piacévole
   21. to him
   22. for a little while.
   23. poco.

Verbs governing an Accusative Case of the Dative.

The verbs invitáre, esortáre, will have an Accusative of the Person, and a Dative of the Thing.

1. 1. God invites
   2. Iddio invitáre
   3. sinners
   4. peccatóre
   5. to eternal happiness,
   6. etérno felicità
   7. he calls them to
   8. chiamáre
   9. repentance,
   10. pentiménto
   11. he speaks
   12. parláre
   13. most graciously
   14. benignaménte
   15. to them.

1. 1. He has prepared for
   2. preparáre
   3. penitent sinners
   4. peniténte peccatóre
   5. all that belongs to
   6. tutto appartenére
   7. blessedness,
   8. felicità
   9. all that they can
   10. tutto potére
   11. desire.
   12. bramáre.

1. 1. Remember
   2. ricordársi
   3. your master’s words;
   4. maéstro paróla
   5. he exhorts you to
   6. esortáre
   7. industry,
   8. indústria
   9. which is
   10. éssere
   11. beneficial
   12. vantaggióso
   13. to yourselves;
   14. your pains
   15. lavóro
   16. shall produce
   17. prodúrre
   18. a great advantage;
   19. grande vantággio
   20. he uses his best endeavours
   21. fare ogni suo sforzo
   22. for your benefit;
   23. utile
   24. be not your own enemies.
   25. éssere di voi stessi nemíco.

Paragonáre requires an Accusative of the first Noun, (either of the Person or of the Thing) and the other in the Dative.

1. 1. If we compare
   2. se paragonáre
   3. the longest life
   4. lungo vita
   5. to eternity,
   6. eternità
   7. it is very
   8. short.
   9. corto.

1. 1. If we compare
   2. comparáre
   3. the happiest condition
   4. felíce condizióne
   5. of this world
   6. mondo
   7. to everlasting life,
   8. etérno vita
   9. it is miserable, and
   10. miserábile
   11. not worthy our desire.
   12. indegno desidério
   13. If we compare
   14. paragonáre
   15. the number of good men
   16. número buóno
   17. to the multitude of wicked,
   18. moltitúdine malvágio
   19. it is small.
   20. píccolo.

Dare and restituíre will have an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.

1. 1. I will soon give
   2. presto dare
   3. my mother
   4. madre
   5. the money
   6. danáro
   7. she entrusted me
   8. confidáre
   9. with.

1. 1. God will give
   2. Iddío dare
   3. a reward
   4. mercéde
   5. to those men
   6. who please him,
   7. quello piacére
   8. and to
   9. those whom
   10. quello che
   11. he has set up
   12. avére costituíto
   13. governors of the world.
   14. governatóre mondo.

1. 1. I returned
   2. restituíre
   3. my master
   4. maéstro
   5. the book
   6. libro
   7. which I borrowed;
   8. prender ad impréstito
   9. he lent it to me,
   10. prestáre
   11. and it was my duty
   12. éssere dovére
   13. to read it,
   14. léggere
   15. and not to keep it;
   16. tenére
   17. though
   18. benchè[1]
   19. books delight me very much,
   20. libro piacére moltíssimo
   21. I ought to restore them
   22. dovére restituíre
   23. to those whom
   24. quello cui
   25. they belong to.
   26. appartenére.

[1] Benchè governs the subjunctive mood. See Gram. p. 209.

These verbs dovére, prométtere, and pagáre, will have an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.

1. 1. I owe him money,
   2. dovére danáro
   3. because I promised
   4. perchè prométtere
   5. to pay him
   6. pagáre
   7. another man’s debt;
   8. altro débito
   9. but at present
   10. ma adésso
   11. I have myself
   12. avére io stesso
   13. need of money,
   14. bisógno danáro
   15. that I may pay
   16. pagáre
   17. what I owe to
   18. dovére
   19. my creditors.
   20. creditóre.

1. 1. When
   2. quando
   3. will you pay me
   4. volére pagáre
   5. what you owe me?
   6. dovére?

1. 1. I promise you
   2. prométtere
   3. I will pay it to you
   4. pagáre
   5. next week.
   6. próssimo settimána.

Insegnáre requires an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.

1. 1. I have been
   2. [1]éssere stato
   3. twelve years
   4. dódici anno
   5. in this country,
   6. paése
   7. during which time
   8. nel quale tempo
   9. I have had the honour
   10. avére avúto onóre
   11. of teaching
   12. insegnáre
   13. several ladies and gentlemen
   14. molta signóra signóre
   15. the Italian language.
   16. Italiáno
   17. Masters
   18. maéstro
   19. ought to teach
   20. dovére insegnáre
   21. children
   22. ragázzo
   23. not only the things
   24. non solaménte cosa
   25. which concern science;
   26. risguardáre sciénza
   27. but they ought also
   28. ma dovére anche
   29. to teach them things
   30. insegnáre cosa
   31. which concern
   32. risguardáre
   33. their soul
   34. ánima
   35. and their salvation:
   36. salvazióne
   37. for
   38. perchè
   39. science
   40. scienza
   41. without religion is
   42. an unprofitable thing.
   43. inutile.

[1] I have been twelve years in this country; render, Sono dódici anni che sto in questo paése.

Of the construction of the Infinitive, with the preposition di.

When after the verbs astenérsi, consideráre, and avvertíre, there follows an Infinitive, it ought to be put with the Preposition di.

1. 1. Rash men
   2. temerário uómo
   3. often propose
   4. spesso propórsi
   5. to do things which
   6. fare cosa
   7. are above their capacity.
   8. éssere superióre capacità
   9. A man that
   10. uómo
   11. abstains
   12. astenérsi
   13. from eating and
   14. mangiáre
   15. drinking to excess,
   16. bere all’eccésso
   17. from swearing,
   18. bestemmiáre
   19. and keeping bad company,
   20. frequentáre compagnía
   21. may be called
   22. potere chiamáre
   23. an honest man.
   24. onésto uómo.

1. 1. I thought of going
   2. pensáre andáre
   3. this morning
   4. questa mattina
   5. to see
   6. vedére
   7. Mr. —— but
   8. il Signór —— ma
   9. a friend of mine
   10. amíco
   11. advised me
   12. consigliáre
   13. not to go there.
   14. andáre.

1. 1. I had a mind to advise you
   2. avére voglia consigliáre
   3. not to keep company with
   4. andáre compagnía
   5. that man who
   6. uómo
   7. brought this trouble
   8. causáre disturbo
   9. upon you;
   10. but I since resolved
   11. ma poi risolvérsi
   12. to say nothing
   13. dire niente
   14. about it,
   15. for fear of
   16. per timóre
   17. disobliging you.
   18. dispiacére.

The verbs supplicáre, consigliáre, incaricársi, and costríngere, will have an Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. I have a mind
   2. avére vóglia
   3. to compel
   4. costríngere
   5. Mr. ——
   6. il Signor ——
   7. to pay me
   8. pagáre
   9. the money he owes me;
   10. danáro dovére
   11. nevertheless
   12. nulladimeno
   13. I should be very glad
   14. avére a caro
   15. not to put him to trouble,
   16. non dare briga
   17. because
   18. perchè
   19. he has always been
   20. éssere sempre stato
   21. my friend:
   22. amíco
   23. what do you advise me
   24. consigliáre
   25. to do
   26. fare
   27. in this case?
   28. caso?

1. 1. I beg of you
   2. pregáre
   3. to have
   4. avére
   5. a little patience;
   6. paziénza
   7. I take the charge
   8. incaricársi
   9. to get you
   10. ricuperáre
   11. your money.
   12. danáro.

The verbs proibíre, desideráre, differíre, procuráre, impedíre, speráre, fíngere, affrettársi, require also an Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. God forbids us
   2. Iddío proibíre
   3. to sin,
   4. peccáre
   5. nevertheless
   6. nulladiméno
   7. we never desist
   8. mai desístere
   9. from offending him,
   10. offéndere
   11. we always defer
   12. sempre differíre
   13. obeying his voice;
   14. obbedíre voce
   15. we seem to strive
   16. parére procuráre
   17. to disobey him
   18. disobbedíre
   19. in every thing.
   20. ogni cosa
   21. If we hope to share
   22. speráre avére parte
   23. in the merits of
   24. mérito
   25. our blessed Saviour’s sufferings,
   26. beáto Salvatóre patimenti
   27. let nothing hinder us
   28. niénte impedíre
   29. from beginning
   30. principiáre
   31. this day
   32. oggi
   33. to use all our endeavours
   34. fare tutto sforzo
   35. to deserve it;
   36. meritáre
   37. let us make haste
   38. affrettársi
   39. to begin
   40. principiáre
   41. the great work
   42. grande ópera
   43. of our salvation;
   44. salvazióne
   45. let us not feign
   46. fíngere
   47. to be converted,
   48. éssere convertíto
   49. but let us convert ourselves
   50. convertíre
   51. in good earnest,
   52. da davvéro
   53. for nobody can deceive
   54. nessúno potére ingannáre
   55. God.

The verbs meditáre, parláre, perméttere, prométtere, propórre, presúmere, preténdere, protestáre, rifiutáre, risólvere, auguráre, will also have an Infinitive with the Preposition di, after them.

1. 1. Never meditate to do
   2. mai meditáre fare
   3. any wrong
   4. torto
   5. to your neighbour.
   6. próssimo
   7. When you speak of
   8. quando parláre
   9. undertaking
   10. intrapréndere
   11. some great
   12. grande
   13. thing,
   14. cosa
   15. permit me to tell you,
   16. perméttere dire
   17. that you ought
   18. dovére
   19. to consult
   20. your friends
   21. amíco
   22. before you begin it.
   23. prima cominciáre.

1. 1. Never promise to do
   2. mai prométtere fare
   3. any thing,
   4. cosa
   5. unless you are sure
   6. se non éssere sicúro
   7. to do it.
   8. fáre.

1. 1. Never presume to have
   2. presúmere avére
   3. more understanding
   4. intendiménto
   5. than those who
   6. che quello
   7. have
   8. the care of
   9. cura
   10. your conduct.
   11. condótta.

1. 1. Do not pretend ever to prosper
   2. preténdere mai prosperáre
   3. in this world,
   4. mondo
   5. if you have not
   6. se avére
   7. the fear of God.
   8. timóre Dio.

1. 1. If you protest
   2. protestáre
   3. to God with
   4. an humble and
   5. úmile
   6. sincere heart
   7. sincéro cuóre
   8. to amend your life,
   9. emendáre vita
   10. he will receive you
   11. ricévere
   12. among his children.
   13. fra figliuólo.

1. 1. Never refuse
   2. rifiutáre
   3. to do a good office
   4. réndere servízio
   5. to your friends,
   6. amíco
   7. when it is in your
   8. power.
   9. potére.

1. 1. Do you desire to pass
   2. desideráre passáre
   3. for an honest man?
   4. galántuómo
   5. Endeavour
   6. procuráre
   7. to do all you can
   8. fare tutto potére
   9. to oblige
   10. obbligáre
   11. every body.
   12. chicchessia.

When there follows after the Verb avére either of these substantives permissióne, desidério, vóglia, cura, costúme, bisógno, motivo, ragióne, torto, dritto, occasióne, the following Verb must be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. I believe
   2. crédere
   3. you have a mind to play;
   4. avére vóglia giuocáre
   5. but I will not give you
   6. ma volére dare
   7. leave
   8. permissióne
   9. to go out
   10. uscíre
   11. till
   12. [1]finchè
   13. you have done your
   14. avére fare
   15. exercise.
   16. esercízio
   17. You are in the right, sir,
   18. [2] ragióne signóre
   19. to forbid me
   20. proibirmi
   21. to go out,
   22. d’andar fuori
   23. and I am in the wrong
   24. [3] torto
   25. to desire it—I have
   26. desideráre
   27. no cause
   28. motivo
   29. to be angry with you,
   30. éssere cóllera
   31. for it is not
   32. éssere
   33. your custom
   34. costúme
   35. to be idle.
   36. pigro.

[1] Finchè governs the subjunctive mood.

[2] You are in the right, sir, Ella ha ragióne.

[3] I am in the wrong, sir, ho torto.

When a Verb is followed by l’opportunità, l’occasione, il tempo, il mezzo, la volontà, il cuóre, il potére, l’autorità, that Verb ought to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. When I have
   2. quando [1]avére
   3. an opportunity to see
   4. occasione vedére
   5. your father,
   6. padre
   7. I will tell him
   8. dire
   9. how much
   10. quanto
   11. you deserve
   12. meritáre
   13. to be praised for
   14. éssere lodáto
   15. your uncommon diligence.
   16. straordinário diligénza.

1. 1. Whilst we have
   2. mentre [2]avére
   3. it in our power to acquire
   4. potére acquistáre
   5. knowledge,
   6. cognizióne
   7. let us improve
   8. profittáre
   9. such precious opportunity.
   10. tale prezióso opportunità.

1. 1. I wonder how
   2. maravigliársi
   3. men have the heart
   4. uómo avére cuóre
   5. to hate
   6. odiársi
   7. one another.
   8. gli uni gli altri.

1. 1. God has given
   2. Iddio dáre
   3. to kings
   4. Re
   5. power to command,
   6. potére comandáre
   7. and to judges
   8. giúdice
   9. authority to judge.
   10. autorità giudicáre.

[1] I have, put it in the future, and say, avrò.

[2] We have it, is changed into it is for the Italian idiom.

When after the Verb substantive éssere there follows either of these nouns conténto, obbligáto, in pena, sul punto, in perícolo, the following Verb is to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.

1. 1. I am very glad
   2. éssere conténto
   3. to hear that
   4. sentíre
   5. you overcame your
   6. víncere
   7. enemies,
   8. nemíco
   9. and I should have been sorry
   10. [1]rincréscere
   11. to have heard
   12. sentire
   13. the contrary.
   14. contrário.

1. 1. I return you
   2. réndere
   3. many thanks
   4. molto grázia
   5. for your friendship,
   6. amicízia
   7. for I was in danger of
   8. perchè éssere in perícolo
   9. losing my suit.
   10. pérdere lite.

1. 1. I was anxious
   2. ansióso
   3. to know
   4. sapére
   5. what had happened to you;
   6. succédere
   7. and if
   8. se
   9. you had not come,
   10. éssere veníre
   11. I was on the point of
   12. éssere sul punto
   13. going to see you.
   14. venire vedére.

[1] I should have been sorry; mi sarébbe rincresciúto.

The Verbs avvezzársi, impiegáre, incoraggíre, eccitáre, invitáre, esibírsi, dilettársi, tenérsi pronto, lavoráre, will have after them an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or ad before a vowel.

1. 1. We ought
   2. dovere
   3. to employ
   4. impiegáre
   5. the days of our life
   6. giórno vita
   7. in preparing ourselves
   8. preparársi
   9. for the other world.
   10. altro mondo.

1. 1. Masters who
   2. maéstro
   3. use mildness
   4. usáre dolcézza
   5. in teaching
   6. insegnáre
   7. their scholars,
   8. scoláro
   9. encourage them more
   10. incoraggíre
   11. to learn well
   12. imparáre bene
   13. than those who
   14. use
   15. usáre
   16. too much severity.
   17. troppo severità
   18. An honest man
   19. onésto uómo
   20. takes always pleasure
   21. dilettársi sempre
   22. in obliging his friends.
   23. favorire amíco.

1. 1. The love of God
   2. amóre Dío
   3. invites us
   4. invitáre
   5. to love
   6. amáre
   7. one another.

1. 1. Let us keep ourselves
   2. tenérsi
   3. in readiness
   4. pronto
   5. to appear before
   6. comparíre innánzi
   7. the living God.
   8. vivénte Dío.

1. 1. Let us labour
   2. lavoráre
   3. continually
   4. continuaménte
   5. to obtain
   6. ottenére
   7. eternal life.
   8. etérna vita.

When vi è, or v’è, precedes the Adverb niénte, the next Verb must be in the Infinitive with the Preposition da, or a.

1. 1. There is nothing to fear
   2. non vi è niénte temére
   3. in serving God.
   4. [1]servíre Iddío.

1. 1. There is nothing to say
   2. non v’è niénte dire
   3. to what you have done.
   4. avére fatto.

1. 1. There is nothing to do
   2. niénte fare
   3. in that at present.
   4. adésso.

1. 1. There is nothing so easy to learn
   2. niénte così fácile imparáre
   3. as the Italian language.
   4. Italiáno lingua.

[1] In serving God, nel servíre Iddío.

When an Adverb of quantity follows v’è, it requires an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or da.

1. 1. There is a great deal of
   2. v’è gran [1]
   3. satisfaction
   4. soddisfazióne
   5. in teaching
   6. insegnáre
   7. diligent boys,
   8. diligénte ragázzo
   9. but there is a great deal of trouble
   10. gran incomodo
   11. in instructing
   12. istruíre
   13. idle scholars.
   14. pigro scoláro.

1. 1. There is a great deal
   2. v’è molto
   3. to say against
   4. dire contro
   5. the conduct of
   6. condótta
   7. wicked people;
   8. malvágio gente
   9. but there is nothing
   10. non v’è niénte
   11. to say against
   12. dire contro
   13. the conduct of
   14. condótta
   15. honest people.
   16. onésto gente.

[1] See Gram. p. 210, a great deal of.