CONTENTS

PAGE
[CHAPTER I]
Introduction[1]
Distinction between creases and ridges[1]
Origin of the inquiry[2]
Summaries of the subsequent chapters[3-21]
Viz. of ii., [3];iii., [4];iv., [5];
v., [5]; vi., [8]; vii., [10];
viii., [12];ix., [13]; x., [14];
xi., [16];xii., [17];xiii., [19];
[CHAPTER II]
Previous Use of Finger Prints[22]
Superstition of personal contact[22]
Rude hand-prints[23]
Seals to documents[23]
Chinese finger marks[24]
The tipsahi of Bengal[24]
Nail-marks on Assyrian bricks[25]
Nail-mark on Chinese coins[25]
Ridges and cheiromancy—China, Japan, and by negroes[26]
Modern usage—Bewick, Fauld, Tabor, and G. Thompson[26]
Their official use by Sir W. J. Herschel[27]
[CHAPTER III]
Methods of Printing[30]
Impression on polished glass or razor[30]
The two contrasted methods of printing[31]
General remarks on printing from reliefs—ink; low relief of ridges; layer of ink; drying due to oxidisation[32-34]
Apparatus at my own laboratory—slab; roller; benzole (or equivalent); funnel; ink; cards[35-38]
Method of its manipulation[38-40]
Pocket apparatus[40]
Rollers and their manufacture[40]
Other parts of the apparatus[41]
Folders—long serviceable if air be excluded[42]
Lithography[43]
Water colours and dyes[44]
Sir W. Herschel’s official instructions[45]
Printing as from engraved plates—Prof. Ray Lankester; Dr. L. Robinson[45]
Methods of Dr. Forgeot[46]
Smoke prints—mica; adhesive paper, by licking with tongue[47-48]
Plumbago; whitening[49]
Casts—sealing-wax; dentist’s wax; gutta-percha; undried varnish; collodion[49-51]
Photographs[51]
Prints on glass and mica for lantern[51]
Enlargements—photographic, by camera lucida, pantagraph[52-53]
[CHAPTER IV]
The Ridges and their Uses[54]
General character of the ridges[54]
Systems on the palm—principal ones; small interpolated systems[54-55]
Cheiromantic creases—their directions; do not strictly correspond with those of ridges[56-57]
Ridges on the soles of the feet[57]
Pores[57]
Development:—embryology; subsequent growth; disintegration by age, by injuries[58-59]
Evolution[60]
Apparent use as regards pressure—theoretic; experiment with compass points[60-61]
Apparent use as regards rubbing—thrill thereby occasioned[62-63]
[CHAPTER V]
Patterns: their Outlines and Cores[64]
My earlier failures in classifying prints; their causes[64-66]
The triangular plots[67]
Outlines of patterns—eight sets of ten digits given as examples[69-70]
Supplies of ridges to pattern[71]
Letters that read alike when reversed[71]
Magnifying glasses, spectacles, etc.[72]
Rolled impressions, their importance[73]
Standard patterns, cores, and their nomenclature[74-77]
Direction of twist, nomenclature[78]
Arches, loops, whorls[78]
Transitional cases[79]
The nine genera[80]
Measurements—by ridge-intervals; by aid of bearings like compass[82-84]
Purkenje—his Commentatio and a translation of it in part[84-88]
[CHAPTER VI]
Persistence[89]
Evidence available[89]
About thirty-five points of reference in each print[90]
Photo-enlargement; orientation; tracing axes of ridges[90-91]
Ambiguities in minutiæ[91]
V. H. Hd. as child and boy, a solitary change in one of the minutiæ[92]
Eight couplets from other persons[93]
One from Sir W. G.[95]
Summary of 389 comparisons[96]
Ball of a thumb[96]
Results as to persistence[97]
[CHAPTER VII]
Evidential Value[100]
Method of rough comparison[100]
Chance against guessing a pattern[101]
Number of independent elements in a print—squares respectively of one, six, and five ridge-intervals in side[101-103]
Interpolation, three methods of[103-105]
Local accidents inside square[107]
Uncertainties outside it[109]
Compound results[110]
Effect of failure in one, two, or more prints[111]
Final conclusions—Jezebel[112-113]
[CHAPTER VIII]
Peculiarities of the Digits[114]
Frequency per cent of arches, loops, and whorls generally, and on the several digits[114-115]
Characteristic groups of digits[116-118]
Relationships between the digits[119]
Centesimal scale of relationship[124-126]
Digits of same and of different names[130]
[CHAPTER IX]
Methods of Indexing[131]
Use of an index[131]
Method of few conspicuous differences in many fingers[131]
Specimen index[133]
Order in which the digits are noted[134]
Examples of indexing[135]
Effect of regarding slopes[135]
Number of index-heads required for 100 sets in each of twelve different methods[136-138]
i and o in forefingers only[138]
List of commonest index-headings[140]
Number of headings to 100 sets, according to the digits that are noted[142]
Transitional cases; sub-classifications[143-144]
Symbols for patterns[144]
Storing cards[145]
Number of entries under each head when only the first three fingers are noted[146]
[CHAPTER X]
Personal Identification[147]
Printers and photographers[147]
Use of means of identification to honest persons; in regard to criminals[148-149]
Major Ferris, Mr. Tabor, N. Borneo[149-153]
Best digits for registration purposes[153]
Registration of criminals—M. Bertillon[154]
Details of Bertillonage; success attributed to it; a theoretic error[155-158]
Verification on a small scale[158-162]
Experiences in the United States[163]
Body marks; teeth[165-166]
Value of finger prints for search in a register[166]
Identification by comparison[167]
Remarks by M. Herbette[168]
[CHAPTER XI]
Heredity[170]
Different opinions[170]
Larger meaning of heredity[170]
Connection between filial and fraternal relationships[171]
Fraternity, a faulty word but the best available[171]
A and B brothers[172]
Test case of calculated randoms[173]
Fraternities by double A. L. W. events[175]
The C. standard patterns[177]
Limitation of couplets in large fraternities[178]
Test of accurate classification[179]
Fraternities by double C. events[181]
Centesimal scale applied[184]
Twins[185]
Children of like-patterned parents[187]
Simple filial relationship[190]
Influences of father and mother[190]
[CHAPTER XII]
Races and Classes[192]
Data for races[192]
Racial differences are statistical only[193]
Calculations by Mr. F. H. Collins[193]
Hebrew peculiarities[194]
Negro peculiarities, questionable[196]
Data for different classes in temperament, faculty, etc., and results[197]
M. Féré[197]
[CHAPTER XIII]
Genera[198]
Type, meaning of[198]
Law of frequency of error[198]
Discussion of three elements in the loops on either thumb[200-207]
Proportions of typical loops[209]
The patterns are transmitted under conditions of panmixia, yet do not blend[209]
Their genera are not due to selection; inference[210]
Sports; variations[211]