Footnotes
[1]The first Crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land from the infidels, as they were called, was led by Godfrey of Bouillon (1096-1099), and resulted in the capture of Jerusalem. The second (1147-1149), advocated by Saint Bernard, was unsuccessful. The third (1189-1192), in which Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard the Lion-hearted of England, and Phillip Augustus of France were associated, failed in the reconquest of Jerusalem, which the Musssulmans had retaken in 1187. The fourth (1202-1204) resulted in the establishment of a Latin Empire at Constantinople, under Count Baldwin of Flanders. The fifth, under Frederick II (1228-1229), the sixth (1248-1250) and the seventh (1270-1271), under St. Louis of France, were unsuccessful.
[2]Godfrey of Bouillon was born in Brabant in 1061, and died in Jerusalem in 1100. He was made Duke of Lower Lotharingia, Germany, in 1088, and joined the Crusade in 1096. He was the leader in the capture of Jerusalem and was made its King, but preferred to be known as Protector of the Holy Sepulchre. He completed the conquest of the Holy Land by defeating the Sultan at Ascalon, 1099.
[3]Saint Bernard, a French ecclesiastic, was born in Burgundy in 1091, and died at Clairvaux in 1153. He became abbot of Clairvaux in 1115, and held that position until his death. He had great influence in ecclesiastical politics, and preached the second Crusade in 1146.
[4]The succession about this period was as follows: The Saxon dynasty (Henry I, Otto I, Otto II, and Otto III) reigned from 919 to 1002. At the death of Otto III, no representative of that dynasty was left. He was succeeded by Henry II, who reigned from 1002 to 1024. After his death the Franconian dynasty (Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV, and Henry V) occupied the throne from 1024 to 1125, the dynasty ending with the death of Henry V. The latter was succeeded by Lothair, Duke of Saxony, who reigned from 1125 to 1137. At his death, Conrad III of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was elected. He reigned from 1137 to 1152, and was succeeded by Frederick Barbarossa, his nephew, and son of Frederick, Duke of Swabia, who reigned from 1152 to 1190.
[5]Henry the Lion was the son of Henry the Proud. He was of such haughty disposition and so ambitious that he was generally disliked, but Frederick succeeded in making him Duke of Bavaria and Saxony. He did much for these duchies by building new towns and colonizing them, and by founding bishoprics.
[6]The Guelphs, or Welfs, as they were called in Germany, were the papal party in Italy in the Middle Ages. They were the founders of the house of Brunswick and Hanover to which the present English royal family belongs. The Ghibellines were the imperial and aristocratic party in Italy who derived their name from Waiblingen, an estate in Franconia. The conflict between the two parties was begun in Germany and transferred to Italy, where it raged until the end of the fifteenth century.
[7]Conrad’s election had been called hasty and irregular.
[8]Frederick’s appellation, “Barbarossa” in Italian, “Rothbart” in German, came from his red beard.
[9]This refers to Henry I (919-936) who subdued the Magyars and the Slavs (including the Bohemians), recovered German territory from Denmark, and rid Germany of all its enemies.
[10]Tortoria, in the province of Alessandria, Italy, was a conspicuous sufferer in many wars. It was destroyed by Frederick Barbarossa in 1155, again by the Ghibellines in 1163, and was several times captured in the War of the Spanish Succession.
[11]Lodi, in the province of Milan, was founded by Barbarossa in place of the Lodi destroyed in 1158. It is the locality of the great victory won by the French under Napoleon over the Austrians under Beaulieu, May 10, 1796. It is now principally famous for its Parmesan cheese and Majolica ware.
[12]Frederick’s army was composed of 100,000 foot and 15,000 horse.
[13]Crema is in the Province of Cremona and about twenty-four miles from Milan.
[14]Frederick set out for Germany attended by thirty horsemen, and at Susa only saved himself by escaping on foot at night with two followers.
[15]Frederick’s first wife was Adelaide, whom he married in 1147 and divorced in 1153, upon the pretext of kinship. In 1156 he married Beatrice, mentioned above, daughter of the Count of Burgundy.
[16]Saladin, the Egyptian Sultan, was born at Tekrit in 1137, and died at Damascus in 1193. He was made Sultan in 1173, and conquered Damascus and Syria. He defeated the Christians at Tiberias in 1187, and also captured Acre, Jerusalem, and Ascalon. The fall of Jerusalem led to the third Crusade, in which Frederick Barbarossa, Richard the Lion-hearted of England, and Philip II of France took part. In 1192 Richard forced Saladin to make a three years’ truce. Saladin died before its expiration.
[17]Guy de Lusignan succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem in 1186, on the death of Baldwin V. After his capture by Saladin he was released on renouncing his claims to the throne; but he disregarded his agreement, and in 1192 transferred his claim to Richard I of England, in exchange for Cyprus.
[18]Iconium is the ancient name of Konièh, a vilayet in Turkish Asia Minor. It was captured by Barbarossa in 1190, and was incorporated with the Turkish Empire at the close of the fourteenth century.
[19]Bela II succeeded Stephen II, and reigned from 1131 to 1141.
[20]Isaac Angelus was one of the early Grecian tyrants. His reign was so oppressive that some of his subjects rose in revolt, and, uniting with the Bulgarians, formed what is called the Bulgaro-Wallachian Kingdom. It existed until the Turks established sovereignty in Greece.
[21]The German name for Ratisbon, capital of the upper palatinate of Bavaria.
[22]Capital of the County of Presburg, Hungary.
[23]Capital of the County of Gran, and famous for its fine Cathedral.
[24]Philippopolis is now the capital of Eastern Rumelia, which is a part of Bulgaria. It was named after Philip II of Macedon.
[25]A town in Rumelia, a few miles south of Adrianople.
[26]Adrianople was founded by the Emperor Hadrian, A. D. 125, and has been the scene of many assaults. It has been stormed and taken by Bulgarians, Turks, Crusaders, and Russians.
[27]In ancient geography, Mysia was bounded on the north by the Propontis, south by Lydia, east by Bithynia, and Phrygia, and west by the Ægean; Caria, north by Lydia, south and west by the Ægean, east by Phygia; Lycia, west by the Mediterranean, north, south, and east by Caria, Phrygia, and Pamphylia; Paphlagonia, north by the Black Sea, south by Galatia, east by Pontus, and west by Bithynia; Bithynia, north by the Propontis, Bosphorus, and Euxine, south by Phrygia and Galatia, east by Paphlagonia, and west by Mysia. Lydia, on the west coast of Asia Minor, was the mightiest of all these provinces. Its King, referred to above, was Crœsus, who was captured by the Persians, under Cyrus, 546 B. C.
[28]Nicomedia was the capital of Bithynia. It was the residence of Diocletian, Constantine, and other Roman emperors.
[29]“Giaour,” a Turkish word, meaning “infidel.” It has also an added signification of contempt and hate, and was applied by the Turks to designate adherents of other religions than Mohammedanism.
[30]The handjar, an obsolete weapon, was a sword with very broad blade, and leaf-shaped. It was sometimes used as a projectile.
[31]“Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall not fall on the ground without your Father.” Matthew x, 29.
[32]The Templars were a military order, taking their name from the temple of Solomon, where they had their early headquarters in Jerusalem. The order was founded in 1118, and its object was to protect pilgrims on the way to the shrines in the Holy Land. They spread rapidly and rose to great power; but after being charged with heresy, immorality, and other offences, the order was suppressed by the Council of Vienne in 1312.
The Knights of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem were organized early in the twelfth century. The order was a religious and charitable body, and was also semi-military in character. Associations which trace their origin to this order are still in existence, among them the “Johannites” in Germany, and the Knights of St. John in England.
[33]This was the Teutonic Order, or Teutonic Knights of St. Mary’s Hospital at Jerusalem. Its name is derived from a German hospital founded at Jerusalem in 1128. It at one time played an important part in the political history of northern Europe and it had much to do with the spread of Christianity and German national life. About all left of the order now is a semi-religious knighthood in Austria presided over by an archduke, which was restored in 1840, after Napoleon suppressed the whole order (1809).
LIFE STORIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE
BIOGRAPHICAL ROMANCES
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY
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Translated from the German by
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