CHAPTER VI. FOOTNOTES.
[203.] Liber Landavensis, p. 545. Ordericus Vitalis, ii. 190. It may have been conquered in 1049, after Gruffydd and Irish pirates had, according to Florence, crossed the Wye and burned 'Dymedham' (see Freeman's Norman Conquest, ii. App. P); but most likely shortly before A.D. 1065, under which date is the following entry in the Saxon Chronicle:—
'A. 1065. In this year before Lammas, Harold the Eorl ordered a building to be erected in Wales at Portskewith after he had subdued it, and there he gathered much goods and thought to have King Edward there for the purpose of hunting; but when it was all ready, then went Cradock, Griffin's son, with the whole force which he could procure, and slew almost all the people who there had been building.'
[204.] Domesday, i. 162 a.
[205.] Ibid. 162 a et seq.
[206.] 185b. See also Freeman's Norman Conquest, ii. App. SS, p. 685.
[207.] Domesday, i. 179 a.
[208.] See Leges Wallice, p. 812. 'De qualibet villa rusticana debet habere ovem fetam vel 4 denarios in cibos accipitrum.' The 54 villæ at 4d. each would make xviii s. (? whether xxviii. by an extra x. in error).
[209.] Domesday, i. 162 a.
[210.] Domesday, i. 162 a (last entry).
[211.] F. 179 a.
[212.] F. 181 a.
[213.] So f. 185b: 'In Castellaria de Carlion . . . iii. Walenses lege Walensi viventes cum iii. car. et ii. bord. cum dim. car. et reddunt iiii. sextar. mellis.'
[214.] Ancient Laws of Wales, p. 373.
[215.] Description of Wales, chap. cxvii.
[216.] C. x.
[217.] C. viii. The district of Snowdon afforded the best pasturage and Anglesey the best corn-growing land.
[218.] C. viii. and xvii. In the Isle of Man four oxen were yoked abreast to the plough, Train's Isle of Man, ii. p. 241.
[219.] C. viii.
[220.] C. xvii.
[221.] Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales. Record Commission, 1841. See preface by Aneurin Owen.
[222.] Venedotian Code. Ancient Laws of Wales, pp. 81–2, and see pp. 644–6 (Welsh Laws). Mr. Skene, in his chapter on The Tribe in Wales in his Celtic Scotland, iii. pp. 200, 201, does not seem to have grasped fully the distinction between the free tribesmen and their family land on the one hand and the Aillts and Taeogs with their geldable or register land on the other. Everything, however, turns upon this. Compare Welsh Laws, xiv. s. 31 and s. 32 (pp. 739–741), where the distinction is again clearly stated.
[223.] Ancient Laws of Wales, p. 638 (s. 45).
[224.] Id. 651 (s. 83).
[225.] P. 639 (s. 51).
[226.] Pp. 81–2.
[227.] See the surveys in the Record of Carnarvon (14th century), where the holdings are sometimes called 'Weles,' thus:—'In eadem villa sunt tria Wele libera, viz. Wele Yarthur ap Ruwon Wele Joz. ap Ruwon and Wele Keneth ap Ruwon. Et sunt heredes predicte Wele de Yarthur ap Ruwon, Eign. ap Griffiri and Hoell. ap Griffri et alii coheredes sui;' and so on of the other Weles (p. 11). This is the common form of the survey passim.
[228.] Ancient Laws, &c., of Wales, p. 741.
[229.] Id. pp. 82 and 740.
[230.] The fullest description of the rules of 'family land' are those in the Venedotian Code, c. xii., The Law of Brothers for Land, pp. 81 et seq. See also Welsh Laws, Book IX. xxxi. p. 536; also Book XIV. xxxi. pp. 739 et seq.
[231.] Ancient Laws, &c., of Wales, Glossary, p. 1001.
[232.] The Record of Carnarvon, passim. Thus 'the Wele of So-and-so, the son of So-and-so, and the heirs of this Wele are So-and-so.'
[233.] This was not payable if an investiture fee had been paid by the person dying.
[234.] Ancient Laws, &c., p. 92 and 93.
[235.] Id. p. 375.
[236.] Book of Carnarvon, passim.
[237.] Sometimes an 'uchelwr' or tribesman had taeogs under him. Ancient Laws, &c., pp. 88, 339, and 573. See also Id. p. 646. Welsh Laws.
[238.] Id. pp. 82 and 536. Welsh Laws, s. xxxii.
[239.] Id. p. 376.
[240.] Id. p. 82.
[241.] Id. p. 82.
[242.] It was sometimes called 'tir kyllidin,' or geldable land, as before stated.
[243.] Ancient Laws, &c., p. 673.
[244.] Pp. 36–7 and 212–13.
[245.] Id. pp. 88 and 646.
[246.] Pp. 93 and 376.
[247.] P. 375–6. Gwentian Code, 11, xxxv.
[248.] Ancient Laws, &c., p. 697.
[249.] P. 294 (Dimetian Code). 'The caeth—there is no galanas (death-fine) for him, only payment of his "werth" to his master like the "werth" of a beast.'
[250.] Ancient Laws, &c., pp. 90–1.
[251.] Id. p. 91, s. 14.
[252.] Id. p 91, s. 15. In Leges Wallice, p. 825, 'score pence' or 'score of silver' is translated 'uncia argenti;' ∴ 3 uncie agri should equal a 'trev.' See Liber Landavensis, pp. 70 and 317.
- 4 erw = tyddyn.
- 16 erw = randir.
- 64 erw = gavael.
- 256 erw = trev.
- 1024 erw = maenol.
[254.] The word Gabail still in Scotch Gaelic retains its meaning of a farm. The word is pronounced 'gāv´-ul.'
[255.] Ancient Laws, pp. 261. 'Four randirs are to be in the trev from which the king's gwestva is to be paid' (s. 5).
[256.] In upland districts there were 13 trevs in the maenol, p. 375.
[257.] There were seven taeog-trevs in taeog-maenols, and each contained three randirs, in two of which there were three taeog-tyddyns to each, the third being pasture for the other two. There were therefore six taeog holdings in each taeog-trev. Ancient Laws, &c., pp. 375 and 829.
[258.] Pp. 374–5.
[259.] P. 829. 'In randir continentur ccc. et xii. acre: ut in ccc. acris, araturam, et pascua et focalia possessor habeat; inde xii. domicilia.' See also p. 790. 'Id est xii. domicilia.' The Dimetian Code has it 'space for buildings on the 12 erws' (p. 263).
[260.] 'There are to be thirteen trevs in every maenol, and the thirteenth of these is the supernumerary trev.' Gwentian Code, p. 375.
[261.] Leges Wallice, Ancient Laws, &c., p. 771 et seq.
[262.] Ancient Laws, &c., p. 360.
[263.] Ancient Laws, &c., p. 325.
[264.] Id. p. 213.
[265.] Id. p. 92 (s. 5).
[266.] Liber Landavensis, p. 271, App., and p. 615.
[267.] For the translation see p. 616. For the original, p. 272, as follows: 'Ostendit ista scriptio quod dederunt Ris et luith Grethi Treb guidauc i malitiduck Cimarguich, et hic est census ejus, douceint torth hamaharuin in irham, haduceint torth in irgaem, ha huch, ha douceint mannudenn deo et sancto elindo. . . .'
[268.] For the translation see p. 617; for the original, p. 272.
[269.] See Leges Wallice, ii. 14, 'De Daunbwyt' [Dono Cibi]. Ancient Laws, &c., of Wales, p. 790.
[270.] Fol. 162 b. 'In Cirencester hundred King Edward had five hides of land. In demesne v. ploughs and xxxi. villani with x. ploughs, xiii. servi and x. bordarii, &c. The Queen has the wool of the sheep. T. R. E.: this manor rendered iii.12 modii of corn, and of barley iii. modii, and of honey vi.12 sextars, and ix.l. and v.s., and 3,000 loaves for dogs.'
This is very much like a survival of the Welsh food-rents at one of the cities conquered by the Saxons in 577.
In some other places out of Archenfield there was a mixture of Welsh and English customs.
The manor of Westwode (f. 181) was held by St. Peter of Gloucester. It contained vi. hides, 'one of which had Welsh custom, the others English.' A Welshman in this manor had half a carucate, and rendered i. sextar of honey.
And at Clive (f. 179 b), 8 Welshmen had 8 teams, and rendered x.12 sextars of honey and vi.s. v.d., and in the forest of the king was land of this manor, which T. R. E. had rendered vi. sextars of honey, and vi. sheep with lambs.
These instances are sufficient to show that in Herefordshire, as in Gloucestershire, in the newly conquered districts, the old Welsh dues of honey, sheep, &c., remained undisturbed; while in the districts which had long been under Saxon rule, in some few cases there was a mixture of services, and in others the Saxon services of ploughing on the lord's demesne had become general.
It may be assumed that when the services were thus described contrary to the usual routine of the Domesday surveyors, it was because there was something unusual about them; and that in the majority of instances where Saxon customs prevailed, no description was deemed needful. Compare the Domesday survey of Dorsetshire—a portion of the 'West Wales'—where the manors in the royal demesne are grouped so that each group renders a 'firma unius noctis,' or a 'firma dimidiæ noctis.'
[271.] Laws of Ine, No. 67. Thorpe, p. 63.
[272.] Id. No. 70. Thorpe, p. 63.
[273.] Id. p. 504.
[274.] For much curious information respecting the Welsh system of tenures, see Taylor's History of Gavel-kind. London, 1663.
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