CHAPTER VIII. FOOTNOTES.

[339.] Liber de Hyda, p. 63.

[340.] Liber de Hyda, pp. 67 et seq.

[341.] The per-centage is under-estimated, owing to the repetition of various forms of the same name having been excluded in counting those ending in ham, but not in counting the total number of places.

[342.] In Essex the h is often dropped, and the suffix becomes 'am.'

[343.] Chartularium Sithiense, p. 97.

[344.] Traditiones et Antiquitates Fuldenses. Dronke, Fulda, 1844.

[345.] Traditiones Corbeienses. Wigand, 1843.

[346.] Urkundenbuch der Abtei St. Gallen, A.D. 700–840. Wartmann, Zurich, 1863.

[347.] Historia Frisingensis, Meichelbeck, 1729.

[348.] Traditiones possessionesqne Wizenburgenses. Spiræ, 1842.

[349.] Codex Laureshamensis Diplomaticus, 1768.

[350.] The following are examples of the interchange of villa and heim in the names of places mentioned in the charters of the Abbey of Wizenburg in the district of Spires. The numbers refer to the charters in the Traditiones Wizenburgenses.

So also, among the manors of the Abbey of St. Bertin, 'Tattinga Villa' granted to the abbey in A.D. 648 (Chart. Sithiense, p. 18), called afterwards 'Tattingaheim' (p. 158). See also Codex Dip. ii. p. 227, 'Oswaldingvillare' interchangeable with 'Oswaldingtune,' in England. See also Codex Laureshamensis, iii. preface.

[351.] See Traditiones Wizenburgenses, pp. 269 et seq. Codex Laureshamensis, iii. pp. 175 et seq.

[352.] See among the Lorsch charters that of Hephenheim (A.D. 773). 'Hanc villam cum sylva habuerunt in beneficio Wegelenzo, pater Warini, et post eum Warinus Comes filius ejus in ministerium habuit ad opus regis et post eum Bougolfus Comes quousque eam Carolus rex Sancto Nazario tradidit' (I. p. 16).

[353.] See again the case of Hephenheim. 'Limites. Inprimis incipit a loco ubi Gernesheim marcha adjungitur ad Hephenheim marcham,' &c.

[354.] 'Villam aliquam nuncupatam Hephenheim sitam in Pago Renense, cum omni merito et soliditate sua, et quicquid ad eandem villam legitime aspicere vel pertinere videtur.' See also the case of the Manor of 'Sitdiu,' with its twelve sub-estates upon it, granted to the Abbot of St. Bertin A.D. 648. Chartularium Sithiense, p. 18.

[355.] Lex Salica, xxxix. (cod. ii.), 4. 'Nomina hominum et villarum semper debeat nominare.'

xlv. (De Migrantibus). When any one wants to move from one 'villa' to another, he cannot do so without the licence of those 'qui in villa consistunt;' but if he has removed and stayed in another 'villa' twelve months, 'securus sicut et alii vicini maneat.'

xiv. 'Si quis villa aliena adsalierit. . . .'

xlii. v. 'Si quis villam alienam expugnaverit. . . .'

Capitulare Ludovici Primi, ix. 'De eo qui villam alterius occupaverit' (Hessels and Kern's edition, p. 419).

Chlodovechi Regis Capitula (id. p. 408), A.D. 500–1. 'De hominem inter duas villas occisum.'

[356.] Lex Salica, xlv.

[357.] Id. xiv.

[358.] This inference is drawn by Dr. P. Roth, Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, p. 74. See also Waitz, V. G. ii. 31.

[359.] Hessels and Kern's edition, pp. 422–3.

[360.] By the authors of the Lex Emendata. Note 39, p. 451.

[361.] Note 216, p. 528.

[362.] Tit. xxvi. (1) 'Si quis lidum alienum extra consilium domini sui ante Regem per denarium ingenuum dimiserit IIIIM. den. qui faciunt sol. c. culp. judicetur, et capitate domino ipsius restituat. (2) Res vero ipsius lidi legitimo domino restituantur. (3) Si quis servum alienum,' &c. &c. (H. and K. 136–144).

There were also Roman tributarii, Tit. xli. 'Si quis Romanum tributarium occiderit,' &c. (s. 7).

[363.] See on this point Roth, pp. 83 et seq.

[364.] Varro. i. 13.

[365.] Cato, R. R. 2. Columella, R. R. i. 6–8. M. Guerard says of the 'villicus,' 'Cet officier est le même que nous retrouvons au moyen âge sous son ancien nom de villicus, ou sous le nom nouveau de major.' Polyptique d'Irminon, i. 442.

[366.] Columella, De Re Rustica, i. 8.

[367.] Plutarch, Cato, c. 21. See Cod. Theod. IX. xii.

[368.] 'Classes etiam non majores quam denum hominum faciundæ, quas decurias appellaverunt antiqui et maxime probaverunt.'—Columella, i. 9.

[369.] Fragment Jur. Rom. Vatic. 272. Huschke, p. 774.

[370.] Polyptique d'Irminon, i. pp. 45 and 456.

[371.] Bede, III. c. xxiv. 'Singulæ possessiones decem erant familiarum.'

[372.] See also the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, anno 777, where mention is made of '10 bonde lands' given to the monks at Medeshampstede.

[373.] Varro, i. xvii.

[374.] Columella, i. vii.

[375.] 'Si quis colonus originalis vel inquilinus ante hos triginta annos de possessione discessit,' &c.—Cod. Theod. v. tit. x. 1.

[376.] Cod. Just. xi. tit. xlvii. 22.

[377.] Cod. Just. xi. tit. xlix. 1.

[378.] Frontini, Lib. ii. De controversiis Agrorum. Lachmann, p. 53. 'Frequenter in provinciis . . . . habent autem in saltibus privati non exiguum populum plebeium et vicos circa villam in modum munitionum.'

[379.] Cod. Theod. v. tit. iv. 3, A.D. 409. By this edict liberty is given for landowners to settle upon their property, as free coloni, people of the recently conquered 'Scyras' (a tribe inhabiting the present 'Moravia').

[380.] Sid. Apol. Epist. ii. xii. He complains that a governor partial to barbarians 'implet villas hospitibus.'

[381.] Cod. Theod. lib. vii. tit. viii. 5. Compare as regards the Burgundian settlement the passages in the Burgundian Laws, carefully commented upon in Binding's 'Das Burgundisch-Romanische Königreich, von 443 bis 532 A.D.,' 1, c. i. s. ii. et seq.

[382.] Binding, p. 36. And they called them villas. Leges Burg. T. 38–9.

[383.] Roth's Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, p. 81.

[384.] Hist. Francorum, f. 344.

[385.] Hist. Francorum, f. 295.

[386.] Polyptique d'Irminon. Large donations were made to the abbey as early as A.D. 558 by the Frankish King Hildebert. See M. Guerard's Introduction, p. 35.

[387.] Chartularium Sithiense, pp. 18 and 158.

[388.] Mr. Coote has pointed out many remains of this centuriation in Britain; and the inscriptions on many centurial stones are given in Hübner's collection.

[389.] Siculus Flaccus, Lachmann and Rudorff, i. pp. 136–8.

[390.] Cod. Theod. lib. vii. tit. xx. 3. A.D. 320. 'Constantinus ad universos veteranos.' 'Let veterans according to our command receive vacant lands, and hold them "immunes" for ever; and for the needful improvement of the country let them have also 25 thousand folles, a pair of oxen (boum quoque par), and 100 modii of different kinds of grain, &c. (frugum).'

Ib. s. 8. 'Valentinianus et Valens ad universos provinciales,' A.D. 364. 'To all deserving veterans we give what dwelling-place (patriam) they wish, and promise perpetual "immunity."

'Let them have vacant or other lands where they chose, free from stipendium and annual "præstatio." Further, we grant them for the cultivation of these lands both animals and seed, so that those who have been protectores (body-guards) should receive two pairs of oxen (duo boum paria) and 100 modii, of each of the two kinds of corn (fruges)—others after faithful service a single pair of oxen (singula paria boum) and 50 modii of each of the two kinds of corn, &c. If they bring male or female slaves on to the land, let them possess them "immunes" for ever.'

[391.] In Verrem, Actio 2, lib. iii. 27.

[392.] Varro, De Re Rustica, i. 44. Columella, ii. 9. Guerard, Irminon, i. 1.

[393.] Siculus Flaccus, De Condicionibus Agrorum. Lachmann and Rudorff, i. pp. 154–6.

[394.] In the division of the land between the Romans and Visigoths the amount allotted 'per singula aratra' was to be 50 aripennes (i.e. 25 jugera). Lex Visigothorum, x. 1, 14 (A.D. 650 or thereabouts).

The Liber Coloniarum I. describes the 'ager jugarius' as 'in quinquagenis jugeribus,' the 'ager meridianus in xxv. jugeribus.' Lachmann, i. 247. Here we have the normal divisions of the centuria of 200 jugera into holdings of 25 and 50 jugera. On the other hand, the Lex Thoria, B.C. 111, fixed 30 jugera as the largest holding to be recognised on the public lands. Rudorff, p. 213 (Corp. Jur. Lat. 200, 1. 14).

[395.] P. 142. 'Quam maxime secundum consuetudinem regionum omnia intuenda sunt.'

[396.] P. 143. See also Frontinus, p. 43, and Hyginus, p. 115, and p. 128 on the same point.

[397.] P. 152.

[398.] Siculus Flaccus, Lachmann, p. 152. 'Præterea et in multis regionibus comperimus quosdam possessores non continuas habere terras, sed particulas quasdam in diversis locis, intervenientibus complurium possessionibus: propter quod etiam complures vicinales viæ sint, ut unusquisque possit ad particulas suas jure pervenire. Sed et de viarum conditionibus locuti sumus. Quorundam agri servitutem possessoribus ad particulas suas eundi redeundique præstant. Quorundam etiam vicinorum aliquas silvas quasi publicas, immo proprias quasi vicinorum, esse comperimus, nec quemquam in eis cedendi pascendique jus habere nisi vicinos quorum sint: ad quas itinera sæpe, ut supra diximus, per alienos agros dantur.'

[399.] Teams of six and of eight oxen in the plough are mentioned in the Vedas. 'Altindisches Leben,' H. Zimmer. Berlin, 1879, p. 237.

[400.] Hyginus, Lachmann and Rudorff, i. 113.

[401.] See Codex Theodosianus, vii. tit. xx. s. 9, A.D. 366.

[402.] In Cod. Theod. vii. xx. s. 10, A.D. 369, 'læti' are mentioned; and in s. 12, A.D. 400, 'lætus Alamannus Sarmata, vagus, vel filius veterani,' are mentioned together.

[403.] Compare the Welsh aillt, or alltud (Saxon althud, foreigner), and the Aldiones of the Lombardic laws, with the Læti.

[404.] B. iv. c. iii. s. 4.

[405.] Germania, 28.

[406.] The importance of the Limes or Pfahlgraben as marking the extent of Roman rule to the east of the Rhine, has recently been fully realised. See Wilhelm Arnold's Deutsche Urzeit, c. iii. 'Der Pfahlgraben und seine Bedeutung.' See also 'Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen' (Berlin, 1882), Abth. 48, c. viii. And Mr. Hodgkin's interesting paper on 'The Pfahlgraben' in Archæologia Æliana, pt. 25, vol. ix. new series. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1882.

[407.] Gibbon, c. ix., quoting Dion. Cas., lxxi. and lxxii.

[408.] Zosimus, i. p. 68. Excerpta, Mon. Brit. lxxv.

[409.] Wietersheim's Geschichte der Völkerwanderung (Dahn), i. 245. Guerard's Polypt. d'Irminon, i. p. 252.

[410.] 'Tuo, Maximiane Auguste, nutu, Nerviorum et Treverorum arva jacentia Lætus postliminio restitutus et receptus in leges Francus excoluit.' Eumen. Panegyr. Constantio Cæs., c. 21. Guerard, i. 250.

[411.] Eumen. Paneg. Constantio, 9. Guerard, i. 252.

[412.] Zeuss, Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme, pp. 582–4, quoting the will of St. Widrad, Abbot of Flavigny in the eighth century: 'In pago Commavorum,' 'in pago 'Ammaviorum.' In the Notitia Occidentis, cxl., there is mention of Læti from this district—Præfectus Lætorum Lingonensium. Boeking, p. 120.

[413.] Kaiser Diocletian und seine Zeit, von Theodor Preuss, Leipzig, 1869 (pp. 54–5).

[414.] 'Quo [Constantio] mortuo, cunctis qui aderunt adnitentibus, sed præcipue Eroco Alamannorum rege, auxilii gratia Constantium comitato, imperium capit.' Mon. Brit. Excerpta. Ex Sexti Aurelii Victoris Epitome (p. lxxii.).

[415.] Ammianus Marcellinus, bk. xvii. c. i. 7.

[416.] Am. Marc. bk. xviii. c. ii. s. 3.

[417.] Id. xxix. c. iv. 7.

[418.] Id. bk. xx. c. viii. 13.

[419.] Among the 'Præfecti Lætorum et Gentilium' there is mention of the Præfectus Lætorum Teutonicianorum, Batavorum, Francorum, Lingonensium, Nerviorum, and Lagensium. Notitia Occ. cxl. Böcking, p. 120. See also the valuable annotation 'De Lætis.' Böcking, 1044 et seq.

[420.] Cod. Theod. vii. 6, 3. Per viginti juga seu capita conferant vestem. . .

Id. xi. 16, 6. Pro capitibus seu jugis suis. . .

[421.] Cod. Theol. xi. 17, 4. 'Universi pro portione suæ possessionis jugationis que ad hæc munia coarctentur.'

[422.] Cod. Theod. lib. vii. tit. xx. 4.

[423.] See Syrisch-Römisches Rechtsbuch aus dem Fünften Jahrhundert (Bruns und Sachan), Leipzig, 1880, p. 37; and Marquardt's Staatsverwaltung, ii. 220. See also Hyginus, De Limitibus Constituendis, Lachmann, &c., p. 205, where there is mention of 'arvum primum, secundum,' &c., in Pannonia.

[424.] Marquardt, ii. 237.

[425.] Not that the Roman jugerum was equal in area to the Saxon acre. It was much smaller, and of quite a different shape, at least in Italy. The acreage of the jugum no doubt varied very much, as did also the acreage of the yard-land.

[426.] It is even possible and probable that the Gallic coinage in Roman times, mentioned in the Pauca de Mensuris (Lachmann and Rudorff, p. 373), 'Juxta Galios vigesima pars unciæ denarius est . . . duodecies unciæ libram xx. solidos continentem efficiunt, sed veteres solidum qui nunc aureus dicitur nuncupabant,'—the division of the pound of silver into 12 ounces, and these into 20 pennyweights—with which we found the Welsh tunc pound to be connected, may also have had something to do with the contents of the centuria and jugum. At all events, the division of the pound into 240 pence was very conveniently arranged for the division of a tax imposed upon holdings of 240 acres, or 120 acres, or 60 acres, or 30 acres, or the 10 acres in each field. In other words, the coinage and the land divisions were remarkably parallel in their arrangement, as we found was also the case with the scutage of the Hundred Rolls, and the scatt penny of the villani in the Boldon Book.

[427.] Eumenius, Pan. Constantini, Marquardt, S. V., ii. 222.

[428.] Cod. Theod. lib. xi. tit. i. 14.

[429.] See also Ammianus. xxvii. 8, 7. Coote, 131.

[430.] Cod. Theod. lib. xi. tit. vii. 2. Idem A ad Pacatianum Vicarium Britanniarum. Unusquisque decurio pro ea portione conveniatur, in qua vel ipse vel colonus vel tributarius ejus convenitur et colligit; neque omnino pro alio decurione vel territorio conveniatur. Id enim prohibitum esse manifestum est et observandum deinceps, quo[d] juxta hanc nostram provisionem nullus pro alio patiatur injuriam. Dat. xii. Kal. Dec. Constantino A. et Licinio C. Coss. (319).

[431.] Hyginus. Lachmann, &c., i. 205.

[432.] Cod. Theod. lib. xi. tit. xvi. De Extraordinariis sive Sordidis Muneribus. See also Godefroy's notes.

[433.] Lib. xi. t. xvi. 4. 'Ea forma servata, ut primo a potioribus, deinde a mediocribus atque infimis, quæ sunt danda, præstentur.' 'Manu autem sua rectores scribere debebunt, quid opus sit, et in qua necessitate, per singula capita, vel quantæ angariæ vel quantæ operæ, vel quæ aut in quanto modo præbendæ sint, ut recognovisse se scribant; exactionis, prædicto ordine inter ditiores, mediocres, atque infimos observando.'

[434.] Germania, xli.

[435.] Cod. Theod. xi. 16, and 18.

[436.] From angarius = ἄγγαρος, a messenger or courier. The word is probably of Persian origin.

'Nothing mortal travels so fast as these Persian messengers. The entire plan is a Persian invention. . . . The Persians give the riding post the name of "angarum."'—Herodotus, bk. viii. 98.

See also the Cyropædia, bk. viii. c. 17, where the origin of the post-horse system is ascribed to Cyrus.

[437.] From the Latin veredus, a post-horse.

[438.] Cod. Theod. lib. viii. t. v.

[439.] The 'veredus' or post-horse, from which the paraveredus or extra post-horse, sometimes parhippus (all these words occur in the Codex Justin. xii. l. [li.], 2 and 4, De Cursu Publico), may have been equivalent to the later 'averius' or 'affrus' by which the averagium was performed. Cf. 'Parhippus vel Avertarius' (Cod. Theod. VIII. v. xxii.) and see Id. xlvii., 'avertarius' = a horse carrying 'averta' or saddlebags. Hence, perhaps, the base Latin avera, averiæ, averii, affri, beasts of burden, oxen, or farm horses, and the verb 'averiare' (Saxon of 10th century 'averian'), and lastly the noun 'averagium' for the service. See also the Gallic Ep-o-rediæ (men of the horse-course) mentioned by Pliny iii. 21 (Dr. Guest's Origines Celticæ, i. 381), and compare this word with paraveredi. In modern Welsh 'Rhed' = a running, a course.

[440.] Compare the careful paragraphs on these words in M. Guerard's Introduction to the Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon, pp. 793 et seq. The sense of the word as implying a compulsory service is shown in the Vulgate of Matt. v. 4: 'Et quicunque te angariaverit mille passus: vade cum illo et alia duo.'

The same word is used in Matt. xxvii. 32, and Mark xv., where Simon is compelled to bear the cross.

[441.] Supra, p. 154.

[442.] There were probably servi on the 'ager publicus' as there were on the Frankish public lands, called 'servi fisci.' See Decretio Chlotharii regis, A.D. 511, 55S. Mon. Germ. Hist. Legum Sectio, ii. p. 6

[443.] Compare Dr. J. N. Madvig's Die Verfassung und Verwaltung des Römischen Staates (Leipzig, 1882), ii. p. 408.

[444.] Madvig, ii. p. 573; and Cod. Just. xii. 8–14, and Cod. Theod. xii. i. 38. See also the Notitia Dignitatum, passim.

[445.] With regard to the procuratores, ducenarii, and centenarii see Madvig, ii. p. 411. See also Cod. Just., xii. 20 (De agentibus in rebus), where a certain 'magister officiorum' is forbidden to have under him more than 48 ducenarii and 200 centenarii. Also Cod. Just., xii. 23 (24). Mr. Coote (Romans in England, p. 317 et seq.), identifies the 'centenarii' with the 'stationarii,' or police of the later provincial rule. Compare this with the distinctly police duties of the 'centenarii' of the 'Decretio Clotharii' (A.D. 511–558), Mon. Germ. Hist.—Capitularia, p. 7.

[446.] Madvig, ii. 432, and the authorities there quoted.

[447.] Cod. Theod., xi. tit. 11. i. 'Si quis eorum qui provinciarum Rectoribus exequuntur, quique in diversis agunt officiis principatus, et qui sub quocumque prætextu muneris publici possunt esse terribiles, rusticano cuipiam necessitatem obsequii, quasi mancipio sui juris, imponat, aut servum ejus aut bovem in usus proprios necessitatisque converterit. . . ultimo subjugatur exitio.' Quoting the above Lehuërou observes:—'Les ducs, les comtes, les recteurs des provinces, institués pour résister aux puissants et aux forts, n'usèrent plus de l'autorité de leur charge que pour se rendre redoutables aux petits et aux faibles, et se firent un honteux revenue de la terreur qu'ils répandaient autour d'eux. Ils enlevaient sans scrupule, tantôt le bœuf, tantôt l'esclave du pauvre, et quelquefois le malheureux lui-même avec sa femme et ses enfants, pour les employer tous ensemble à la culture de leurs villæ' (p. 140). See also Cod. Theod. viii. t. v. 7 and 15.

[448.] Cod. Theod., xi. tit. 24, De Patrociniis vicorum. 'Quicumque ex tuo officio, vel ex quocumque hominum ordine, vicos in suum detecti fuerint patrocinium suscepisse, constitutas luent pœnas. . . . Quoscumque autem vicos aut defensionis potentia, aut multitudine sua fretos, publicis muneribus constiterit obviari, ultioni quam ratio ipsa dictabit, conveniet subjugari.'

'Censemus ut qui rusticis patrocinia præbere temptaverit, cujuslibet ille fuerit dignitatis, sive MAGISTRI UTRIUSQUE MILITIÆ, sive COMITIS, sive ex pro-consulibus, vel vicariis, vel augustalibus, vel tribunis (C. J. xii. 17, 2), sive ex ordine curiali, vel cujuslibet alterius dignitatis, quadraginta librarum auri se sciat dispendium pro singulorum fundorum præbito patrocinio subiturum, nisi ab hac postea temeritate discesserit. Omnes ergo sciant, non modo eos memorata multa ferendos, qui clientelam susceperint rusticorum, sed eos quoque qui fraudandorum tributorum causa ad patrocinia solita fraude confugerint, duplum definitæ multæ dispendium subituros.' (Dat. vi. Id. Mart. Constantinop., Theodoro v. c. Coss. 399). See also Lehuërou, p. 136 139, and Cod. Just., xi. 54.

[449.] Madvig, ii. 432. 'Wie lange die Ackersleute auf den Kaiserlichen Grundstücken (Coloni Cæsaris Dig. vi. 6, s. 11, i. 19, 3) eine grössere persönliche Freiheit bewahrten, und seit welcher Zeit das spätere Kolonatsverhältniss galt, lässt sich nicht bestimmen, da der Uebergang schrittweise vor sich ging.'

[450.] In the Ripuarium Laws, tit. li. (53) 'Grafio' = 'comes' = 'judex fiscalis,' and the mallus was sometimes held 'ante centenarium vel comitem, sen ante Ducem Patricium vel Regem,' tit. 1. (52). So in the Salic Laws, tit. lxxv. 'debet judex, hoc est, comes aut grafio,' &c., but this occurs in one of the additions to the 'Lex Antiqua.' Compare the 'centenarius' in his relation to his superior, the 'comes,' and in his position of 'judex' in the mallus with the 'centenarius' under Cod. Just., vii. 20, 4.

[451.] M. Lehuërou observes, 'Il y a déjà des seigneurs, cachés encore sous l'ancienne et familière dénomination de patrons. Cela est si vrai que, non seulement la chose, mais le mot se trouve dans Libanius:—Περὶ τῶν προστασιῶν εἴσι κῶμαι μεγάλαι, πολλῶν ἑκαστη δεσποτὢν.

[452.] De Bello Gallico, vi. c. xiii.–xv. 'In omni Galliâ eorum hominum qui aliquo sunt numero atque honore genera sunt duo. Nam plebes pœne servorum habetur loco, quæ per se nihil audet et nulli adhibetur consilio. Plerique, quum aut ære alieno aut magnitudine tributorum aut injuriâ potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobilibus. In hos eadem omnia sunt jura quæ dominis in servos. . . . Alterum genus est Equitum. Hi, quum est usus, atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod ante Cæsaris adventum fere quotannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi injurias inferrent aut illatas propulsarent), omnes in bello versantur: atque eorum ut quisque est genere copiisque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se ambactos clientesque habet. Hanc unam gratiam potentiamque noverunt.'

[453.] Tacitus, Annals, iv. 72. 'In the course of the year the Frisians, a people dwelling beyond the Rhine, broke out into open acts of hostility. The cause of the insurrection was not the restless spirit of a nation impatient of the yoke; they were driven to despair by Roman avarice. A moderate tribute, such as suited the poverty of the people, consisting of raw hides for the use of the legions, had been formerly imposed by Drusus. To specify the exact size and quality of the hide was an idea that never entered into the head of any man till Olennius, the first centurion of a legion, being appointed governor over the Frisians, collected a quantity of the hides of forest bulls, and made them the standard both of weight and dimensions. To any other nation this would have been a grievous burden, but was altogether impracticable in Germany, where the cattle running wild in large tracts of forest are of prodigious size, while the breed for domestic uses is remarkably small. The Frisians groaned under this oppressive demand. They gave up first their cattle, next their lands; and finally were obliged to see their wives and children carried into slavery by way of commutation. Discontent arose, and they rebelled,' &c.

[454.] Hist., f. 369.

[455.] Salvian, De Gubernatione Dei, ib. v. s. vi.–viii.

[456.] 'Hoc enim pacto aliquid parentibus temporarie attribuitur, ut in futuro totum filiis auferatur'—Salvian, s. viii.

[457.] The above is only an abridged summary of the lengthy declamation of Salvian. See Gregory of Tours, 'De Miraculis S. Martini,' iv. xi. (1122), where a surrender is mentioned. 'Tradidit ei omnem possessionem suam, dicens: "Sint hæc omnia penes Sti. Martini ditionem quæ habere videor, et hoc tantum exinde utar, ut de his dum vixero alar."'

[458.] Lib. ii. Tit. i. 36. 'Is ad quem ususfructus fundi pertinet, non aliter fructuum dominus efficitur, quam si ipse eos perceperit; et ideo, licet maturis fructibus nondum tamen perceptis decesserit, ad heredem ejus non pertinent, sed domino proprietatis adquiruntur. Eadem fere et de colono dicuntur.

[459.] Rudorff, ii. 317.

[460.] Syrisch-Römisches Rechtsbuch. Aus dem fünften Jahrhundert. Leipzig, 1880.

[461.] Early Law and Customs, p. 260.

[462.] S. 1, s. 9, and s. 27.

[463.] Inst. Just. ii. xviii. 53, and compare Sandars' note on this passage.

[464.] Syrian Code, s. 3.

[465.] See also Lex Burgundiorum, i. 2, 'Si cum filiis deviserit et portionem suam tulerit, . . .' and id. xxiv. 5 and li. 1 and 2. Also 'Urkunden' of St. Gall, No. 360. 'Quicquid contra filios meos in portionem et in meam swascaram accepi.' See also Sir H. Maine's Ancient Law, pp. 198, 224, 228.

[466.] Reports on Tenure of Land, 1869–70, p. 226. Just. Nov. 18.

[467.] See Syrian Code, s. 50.

[468.] See the parable of 'The unjust steward,' and supra, p. 145.

[469.] Journal of the Palestine Exploration Society, January 1883. 'Life, Habits, and Customs of the Fellahin of Palestine,' by the Rev. F. A. Klein. From the Zeitschrift of the German Palestine Exploration Society.

[470.] Shortened form of ard emiri—land of the Emir.

[471.] The standard measure of land throughout the Turkish Empire is called a deunum, and is the area which one pair of oxen can plough in a single day; it is equal to a quarter of an acre, or a square of forty arshuns (nearly 100 feet). There seems to be but one allusion to this fact in the Scriptures; it is found in 1 Sam. xiv. 14, where the exploit of Jonathan and his armour-bearer is described: twenty of the enemy are stated to have fallen within a space of 'a half-acre of land' of 'a yoke of oxen,' an expression better rendered 'within the space of half a deunum of land.' This measure is referred to in ancient profane writers, so that no change has occurred in this respect. Van Lenner's Bible Customs in Bible Lands, i. 75.

[472.] Early Law and Custom, p. 332.

[473.] Lex Alamannorum Chlotharii. 1. 'Ut si quis liber res suas vel semetipsum ad ecclesiam tradere voluerit, nullus habeat licentiam contradicere ei, non dux, non comes, nec ulla persona, sed spontanea voluntate liceat christiano homine Deo servire et de proprias res suas semetipsum redemere. . . .

2. Si quis liber, qui res suas ad ecclesiam dederit et per cartam firmitatem fecerit, sicut superius dictum est, et post hæc ad pastorem ecclesiæ ad beneficium susceperit ad victualem necessitatem conquirendam diebus vitæ suæ: et quod spondit persolvat ad ecclesiam censum de illa terra, et hoc per epistulam firmitatis fiat, ut post ejus discessum nullus de heredibus non contradicat.'—Pertz, Legum, t. iii. pp. 45–6.

[474.] Lex Baiuwariorum. Textus Legis primus.

1. 'Ut si quis liber persona voluerit et dederit res suas ad ecclesiam pro redemptione animæ suæ, licentiam habeat de portione sua, postquam cum filiis suis partivit. Nullus eum prohibeat, non rex, non dux, nec ulla persona habeat potestatem prohibendi ei. Et quicquid donaverit, villas, terras, mancipia, vel aliqua pecunia, omnia quæcumque donaverit pro redemptione animæ suæ, hoc per epistolam confirmet propria manu sua ipse. . . .

'Et post hæc nullam habeat potestatem nec ipse nec posteri ejus, nisi defensor ecclesiæ ipsius beneficium præstare voluerit ei.'—Pertz, Legum, t. iii. pp. 269–70.

[475.] Urkundenbuch der Abtei St. Gallen, i. p. 22.

[476.] Compare with the Kentish 'yokes' and 'ioclets.' The yoke here is, however, evidently the juger, not the jugum.

[477.] Urkundenbuch, pp. 27–8.

[478.] Id. p. 33.

[479.] See also id. pp. 76 and 90.

[480.] Hence 'jurnal' for acre.

[481.] Id. p. 41.

[482.] Urkundenbuch, p. 59.

[483.] Id. p. 60.

[484.] Urkundenbuch, p. 106.

[485.] "Et ad proximam curtem vestram in unaquaque zelga ebdomedarii jurnalem arare debeamus" (p. 107).

[486.] Waitz speaks of the three great fields under the 'Dreifelderwirthschaft' as 'Zelgen.'—Verfassung der Deutschen Völker, i. 120. And see infra, chap. x. s. iii.

[487.] Pertz, Legum, iii. pp. 51, 52.

[488.] Pertz, Legum, t. iii. pp. 278–280.

[489.] Compare Chlotharii II. Præceptio (584–628) s. 11. 'Agraria, pascuaria vel decimas porcorum ecclesiæ pro fidei nostræ devotione concedimus, ita ut actor aut decimator in rebus ecclesiæ nullus accedat.'—Mon. Germ. Hist. Capitularia, I. i. p. 19.

[490.] This word 'accola' is often used in charters for 'free coloni.'

[491.] In the Glosses this andecena is called a 'sharwork.'

[492.] Geschichte der Dorfverfassung in Deutschland, i. pp. 6 et seq.

[493.] Traditiones in Pago Rhinensi. Codex Lauresham. pp. 357 et seq.

[494.] Dorfverfassung, pp. 15 et seq.

[495.] Ammianus Marcellinus, bk. xvii. c. i., A.D. 357.

[496.] Codex Lauresham. pp. 326, 362, 369, 375 and passim.

[497.] Codex Lauresham. p. 3.

[498.] It is curious to notice that 'coliberti' appear also in the western counties of England in the Domesday Survey.

[499.] Codex Lauresham. i. pp. 15–16.

[500.] Id. i. pp. 18 and 19.

[501.] Id. i. p. 297.

[502.] Id. i. p. 303.

[503.] Codex Lauresham. i. p. 347.

[504.] Id. i. pp. 349–350.

[505.] Id. ii. pp. 232 et seq.

[506.] Urkundenbuch of St. Gall, i. p. 50.

[507.] Codex Laureshamensis, iii. 212. See also the services at Winenheim (iii. 205), a manor near Heppenheim.

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CHAPTER IX. THE GERMAN SIDE OF THE CONTINENTAL EVIDENCE.