The English Village Community / Examined in its Relations to the Manorial and Tribal Systems and to the Common or Open Field System of Husbandry; An Essay in Economic History (Reprinted from the Fourth Edition)

by Frederic Seebohm

CHAPTER XI. FOOTNOTES.

[630.] There are undoubtedly manors and yard-lands in some districts, but of later and English introduction.

[631.] The 'one-field system 'of permanent arable must not be confused with the improvement of the early Welsh and Irish 'co-aration of the waste,' by which the land was cropped perhaps two or three or four years before it was left to go back into grass. This resembles the German Feldgraswirthschaft and not the German one-field system.

[632.] Amm. Marc. xvi. c. ii.

[633.] Evans' Ancient British Coins, p. 220 et seq.

[634.] Ibid. p. 284 et seq.

[635.] I am indebted to the Rev. W. G. F. Pigott for this information.

[636.] See the paper on 'The Campaign of Aulus Plautius,' in Dr. Guest's Origines Celticæ, vol. ii.

[637.] Compare supra, p. 161: the change of 'Hisse-burn' or 'Icenan-burn' into 'Itchin River,' and of 'æt Icceburn' into 'Ticceburn,' and 'Titchbourne.' May not Icknild Way, or 'Icenan-hild-wæg,' mean highway 'by the streams,' and Ricknild Way mean highway 'by the ridge'? See map, supra, ch. v., s. v. They are sometimes parallel as an upper and lower road.

[638.] Formerly 'Alton.' See Survey of the Manor of Hitchin. 1650, Public Record Office.

[639.] In Hampshire the old Celtic or Belgic names of rivers in many cases gave their names to places upon them. The 'Itchin' to Itchin Stoke, Itchin Abbas, Itchbourne, &c. The 'Meona' (Cod. Dip. clviii.) to Meon Stoke, East and West Meon, &c. The 'Candefer' (Cod. Dip. mcccix.) to three 'Candovers.' So also the Tarrant gives its names to several places.

[640.] Now part of the garden of Mr. W. T. Lucas, in whose possession many of them now remain. Three skeletons, one of them of great size, were found near the urns.

[641.] For permission to reproduce this map I am indebted to the present lord of the manor, C. W. Wilshere, Esq., of the Fryth, Welwyn.

[642.] Mr. William Ransom, of Fairfield, near Hitchin.

[643.] As regards Roman cemeteries, as placed in the extreme corner of a holding, see Lachmann, pp. 271–2; De Sepulchris Dolabell. p. 303.

[644.] Archæologia, vol. xxvi. p. 376.

[645.] Journal of British Archæological Association, iv. 356, and v. 54.

[646.] Archæologia, xxxii. p. 350.

[647.] Id., p. 352.

[648.] See Mr. Gomme's interesting work on Primitive Folkmotes, c. ii.

[649.] A remarkably fine glass funeral urn was found about half a mile below the Meppershall Hills in 1882 by the tenant of the neighbouring farm.

[650.] Vol. i. pp. 17, 66, 190; vol. iii. p. 33; vol. iv. p. 155; vol. v. p. 187; vol. vi. p. 222.

[651.] Collectanea, v. p. 187. The recently discovered Roman villa on the property of Earl Cowper, at Wingham, near Canterbury, is a striking instance. See Mr. Dowker's pamphlet thereon. See also Archæologia, xxix. p. 217, &c., where Mr. C. Roach Smith mentions several other instances.

[652.] Account of the Roman Antiquities at Woodchester, by S. Lysons. Lond.: MDCCXCVII.

[653.] See Mr. Ormerod's Archæological Memoirs.

[p443]

APPENDIX.

THE MANOR OF HITCHIN (PORTMAN AND FOREIGN) IN THE COUNTY OF HERTFORD.

1891. Oct. 21

'At the Court [Leet and] of the View of Frank pledge of our Sovereign Lord the King with the General Court Baron of William Wilshere, Esquire, Lord Firmar of the said manor of his Majesty, holden in and for the manor aforesaid, on Thursday, the twenty-first day of October, One thousand eight hundred and nineteen, Before Joseph Eade, Gentleman, Steward of the said manor, and by adjournment on Monday, the first day of November next following, before the said Joseph Eade, the Steward aforesaid.

'The jurors for our Lord the King and the Homage of this Court having diligently enquired into the boundaries, extent, rights, jurisdictions, and customs of the said manor, and the rights, powers, and duties of the lord and tenants thereof, and having also enquired what lands in the township of Hitchin and in the hamlet of Walsworth respectively within this manor are subject to common of pasture for the commonable cattle of the occupiers of messuages, cottages, and land within the said township and hamlet respectively, and for what descriptions and number of cattle, and at what times of the year and in what manner such rights of common are by the custom of this manor to be exercised, and what payments are by such custom due in respect thereof, they do upon their oaths find and present as follows:—

'That the manor comprises the township of Hitchin and the hamlet of Walsworth, in the parish of Hitchin, the [p444] lesser manors of the Rectory of Hitchin, of Moremead, otherwise Charlton, and of the Priory of the Biggin, being comprehended within the boundaries of the said manor of Hitchin, which also extends into the hamlets of Langley and Preston in the said parish of Hitchin, and into the parishes of Ickleford, Ippollitts, Kimpton, Kingswalden, and Offley.

Boundaries.

'That the following are the boundaries of the township of Hitchin with the hamlet of Walsworth (that is to say), beginning at Orton Head, proceeding from thence to Burford Ray, and from thence to a water mill called Hide Mill, and from thence to Wilberry Hills; from thence to a place called Bossendell, from thence to a water mill called Purwell Mill, and from thence to a brook or river called Ippollitts' Brook, and from thence to Maydencroft Lane, and from thence to a place called Wellhead, and from thence to a place called Stubborn Bush, and from thence to a place called Offley Cross, and from thence to Five Borough Hills, and from thence back to Orton Head, where the boundaries commenced. And that all the land in the parish of Hitchin lying on the north side of the river which runneth from Purwell Mill to Hide Mill is within the hamlet of Walsworth, and that the following lands on the south side of the same river are also within the same hamlet of Walsworth (vizt.), Walsworth Common, containing about fourteen acres; the land of Sir Francis Sykes called the Leys, on the south side of Walsworth Common, containing about four acres; the land of William Lucas and Joseph Lucas, called the Hills, containing about two acres; and nine acres or thereabouts, part of the land of Sir Francis Sykes, called the Shadwells, the residue of the land called the Shadwells on the north side of the river.

Jurisdiction.

'That the lord of the manor of Hitchin hath Court Leet View of Frank pledge and Court Baron, and that the jurisdiction of the Court Leet and View of Frank pledge extendeth over the whole of the township of Hitchin and the hamlet of Walsworth. That a Court Leet and Court of the View of Frank pledge and Great Court Baron are accustomed to be holden for the said manor within one month [p445] after the Feast of Saint Michael the Archangel in every year, and may also be holden within one month after the Feast of Easter. And that general or special Courts Baron and customary Courts are holden at the pleasure of the lord or of his steward.

'That in the Court Leet yearly holden after the Feast of St. Michael the Archangel the jurors for our Lord the King are accustomed to elect and present to the lord two constables and six headboroughs (vizt.), two headboroughs for Bancroft Ward, two for Bridge Ward, and two for Tilehouse Street Ward (each such constable and headborough having right and being bound to execute the office through the whole leet), and likewise two ale conners, two leather searchers and sealers, and a bellman who is also the watchman and cryer of the town. And they present that Bancroft Ward contains Bancroft Street, including the Swan Inn, Silver Street, Portmill Lane, and the churchyard, church and vicarage house, and the alley leading out of Bancroft now called Quaker's Alley. That Bridge Ward contains the east and north sides of the market place, and part of the south side thereof to the house of John Whitney, formerly called the Maidenhead Inn, Mary's Street, otherwise Angel Street, now called Sun Street, Bull Street, now called Bridge Street, to the river; Bull Corner, Back Street, otherwise Dead Street, from the south to the north extremities thereof; Biggin Lane with the Biggin and Hollow Lane. And that Tilehouse Street Ward contains Tilehouse Street, Bucklersbury to the Swan Inn, and the west side and the remainder of the south side of the market place.

PRESENTMENTS OF THE HOMAGE.

Reliefs.

'And the Homage of this Court do also further present that freeholders holding of the said manor do pay to the lord by way of relief upon the death of the preceding tenant one year's quitrent, but that nothing is due to the lord upon the alienation of freehold.

Fines on admissions.

'That the fines upon admissions of copyholders, whether by descent or purchase, are, and beyond the memory of [p446] man have been, certain (to wit), half a year's quitrent; and that where any number of tenants are admitted jointly in one copy, no greater fine than one half year's quitrent is due for the admission of all the joint tenants.

Power of leasing.

'The Homage also present that by the custom of the manor the customary tenants may without licence let their copyholds for three years and no longer, but that they may by licence of the lord let the same for any term not exceeding twenty-one years; and that the lord is upon every such licence entitled to a fine of one year's quitrent of the premises to be demised.

Forfeiture.

'The Homage present that the freehold tenants of the said manor forfeit their estates to the lord thereof for treason and for murders and other felonies; and that the copyholders forfeit their estates for the like crimes, and for committing or suffering their copyholds to be wasted, for wilfully refusing to perform their services, and for leasing their copyholds for more than three years without licence.

'The Homage also present that by the custom of this manor copyholds are granted by copy or court roll for the term of forty years, and that a tenant outliving the said term is entitled to be re-admitted for the like term upon payment of the customary fine of half a year's quitrent.

Heriots.

'The Homage present that there are no heriots due or payable to the lord of this manor for any of the tenements holden thereof.

Woods and trees.

'The Homage also present that, all woods, underwoods, and trees growing upon the copyhold lands holden of the said manor were by King James the First, by his Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of England, bearing date the fourteenth day of March, in the 6th year of his reign (in consideration of two hundred and sixty-six pounds sixteen shillings paid to his Majesty's use), granted to Thomas Goddesden and Thomas Chapman, two copyholders of the said manor, and their heirs and assigns, in trust to the use of themselves and the rest of the copyholders of the said manor; and that the copyhold tenants of the said manor are by virtue of such grant entitled to cut all timber and [p447] other trees growing on their copyholds, and to dispose thereof at their will.

Grain sold in the market toll free.

'The Homage also present that no toll has ever been paid or ought to be paid for any kind of corn or grain sold in the market of Hitchin.

Common pound and stocks.

'They also present that from the time whereof the memory of man is not to the contrary, the lord of this manor has been used to find and provide a common pound and stocks for the use of the tenants of this manor.

'And the Homage do further present that by the custom of this manor the lord may, with the consent of the Homage, grant by copy of court roll any part of the waste thereof, to be holden in fee according to the custom of the manor, at a reasonable rent and by the customary services, or may with such consent grant or demise the same for any lesser estate or interest.

COMMONS WITHIN THE TOWNSHIP OF HITCHIN.

'And the Homage of this Court do further present that the commonable land within the manor and township of Hitchin consists of—

1st. Green Commons in the township of Hitchin.

'Divers parcels of ground called the Green Commons, the soil whereof remains in the lord of the said manor (that is to say):

'Butts Close, containing eight acres or thereabouts; Orton Mead, containing forty acres or thereabouts, exclusively of the Haydons, and extending from the Old Road from Hitchin to Pirton by Orton Head Spring west unto the way which passes through Orton Mill Yard east; and that the Haydons on the east of the last mentioned way, containing four acres or thereabouts, are parts of the same common, and include a parcel of ground containing one rood and thirteen perches or thereabouts adjoining the river, which have been fenced from the rest of the common by Samuel Allen; and the ground called the Plats lying between Bury Mead and Cock Mead, containing two acres or thereabouts, including the slip of ground between the river and the way leading to the mill of the said John [p448] Ransom, lately called Burnt Mill, and now called Grove Mill, which hath been fenced off and planted by John Ransom.

2nd. Lammas Meadows.

'And of the lands of divers persons called the Lammas Meadows in Cock Mead, which contain eighteen acres or thereabouts, and in Bury Mead, which contains forty-five acres or thereabouts, including a parcel of land of the Rev. Woollaston Pym, clerk, called Old Hale.

3rd. Common fields.

'And of the open and unenclosed land within the several common fields, called Purwell Field, Welshman's Croft, Burford Field, Spital Field, Moremead Field, and Bury Field.

Right of common.

'That the occupier of every ancient messuage or cottage within the township of Hitchin hath a right of common for such cattle and at such times as are hereinafter specified upon the Green Commons and the Lammas Meadows, but no person hath any right of common within this township as appurtenant to or in respect of any messuage or cottage built since the expiration of the 13th year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, unless the same shall have been erected on the site of an ancient messuage then standing.

'That any person having right of common in respect of the messuage or cottage in his actual occupation may turn on the Green Commons and the Lammas Meadows two cows and one bullock, or cow calf under the age of two years.

Common bull.

'That the rectors impropriate of the rectory of the parish of Hitchin or their lessees of the said rectory are bound to find a bull for the cows of the said township, and to go with the herd thereof, and that no other bull or bull calf may be turned on the commons.

'That Butts Close is the sole cow common from the 6th day of April, being Old Lady-day inclusive, to the 12th day of May also inclusive, and after that time is used for collecting in the morning the herd going out to the other commons.

'That Orton Mead, including the Haydons, is an open common upon and from the thirteenth day of May, called Old May-day, till the fourteenth day of February, called Old Candlemas Day. [p449]

'That the Plats are an open common upon and from Whitsunday till the 6th day of April.

'That Cock Mead and Bury Mead became commonable on the thirteenth day of August, called Old Lammas Day, and continue open till the 6th day of April.

'That the common fields called Bury Field and Welshman's Croft are commonable for cows only from the time when the corn is cut and carried therefrom until the twelfth day of November, called All Saints', and that the close of Thomas Wilshire, gentleman, called Bury Field Close, is part of the common field called Bury Field, and the closes of John Crouch Priest, called Ickleford Closes, are part of Welshman's Croft, and are respectively commonable at the same times with the other parts of such respective common fields.

'That every occupier of an ancient messuage or cottage hath right of common upon the Green Commons, except Butts Close, for one gelding from and after the thirteenth day of August until the fourteenth day of February.

'That no person entitled to common for his cattle may turn or suffer the same to remain on any of the commons between the hours of six in the evening and six in the morning.

'That it is the duty of the Homage at every Great Court Baron holden next after the Feast of St. Michael to appoint a herdsman for this township, and that every commoner turning his cows upon the commons is bound to pay a reasonable sum, to be from time to time assessed by the Homage, for the expenses of scouring the ditches, repairing the fences and hedges, and doing other necessary works for the preservation of the commons and for the wages of the herdsman. And the Homage of this Court assess and present such payments at one shilling for every head of cattle turned on the commons, payable by each commoner on the first day in every year on which he shall turn his cattle upon the commons, to be paid to the foreman of the Homage of the preceding Court Baron, and applied in and towards such expenses. And that the further sum of threepence be paid on Monday weekly for every head of cattle which any [p450] commoner shall turn or keep on the commons for the wages of the herdsman.

'That the cattle to be depastured on the commons ought to be delivered or sent by the owners to Butts Close between the hours of six and eight of the morning from the sixth day of April to the eleventh day of October, both inclusive; and after the eleventh of October between the hours of seven and nine of the morning. And that it is the duty of the herdsman to attend there during such hours, and to receive into his care the cattle brought to him, and to conduct them to the proper commons, and to attend and watch them there during the day, and to return them to the respective owners at six o'clock in the evening or as near thereto as may be; but no cow which is not brought to the herdsman within the hours before appointed for collecting the herd is considered as part of the herd or to be under the herdsman's care; and that no horned cattle ought to be received into the herd without sufficient knobs on their horns.

SHEEP COMMONS.

The common fields.

'That every occupier of unenclosed land in any of the common fields of the said township hath common of pasture for his sheep levant and couchant thereon over the residue of the unenclosed land in the same common field, in every year from the time when the corn is cut and carried until the same be again sown with corn, and during the whole of the fallow season, save that no sheep may be depastured on the land in Bury Field and Welshman's Croft between the harvest and the twelfth day of November, the herbage thereof from the harvest to the twelfth day of November being reserved for the cows.

The three seasons.

'That the common fields within the township of Hitchin have immemorially been and ought to be kept and cultivated in three successive seasons of tilthgrain, etchgrain, and fallow.

'That the last fallow season of Purwell Field and Welshman's Croft was from the harvest of 1816 until the wheat sowing in the autumn of 1817; and that the fallow season [p451] of those fields commenced again at the close of the last harvest. That the last fallow season of Burford Field and Spital Field was from the harvest of the year 1817 until the wheat sowing in the autumn of the year 1818. And the last fallow season of Moremead Field and Bury Field was from the harvest of 1818 until the wheat sowing of 1819.

'That no person hath any right of common for sheep on any of the Green Commons or Lammas ground within this township except on Old Hale and on the closes of John Crouch Priest, called Ickleford Closes, which are commonable for sheep at the same time with the field called Welshman's Croft.

Right of enclosure giving up right of common.

'The Homage find and present that every owner and every occupier of land in any of the common fields of this township may at his will and pleasure enclose and fence any of his land lying in the common fields of this township (other than and except land in Bury Field and Welshman's Croft), and may, so long as the same shall remain so enclosed and fenced, hold such land, whether the same belong to one or to more than one proprietor, exempt from any right or power of any other owner or occupier of land in the said township to common or depasture his sheep on the land so enclosed and fenced (no right of common on other land being claimed in respect of the land so enclosed and fenced).

'The Homage also find and present that the commonable lands in the hamlet of Walsworth within this manor consist of—

Walsworth Common.

'A parcel of meadow ground called Walsworth Common, containing fourteen acres or thereabouts, the soil whereof remains in the lord of the manor.

'And of certain parcels of meadow called Lammas Meadow (that is to say), the Leys, part of the estate of Sir Francis Sykes adjoining to Walsworth Common, and containing four acres or thereabouts; Ickleford Mead, containing two acres or thereabouts; Ralph's Pightle, adjoining to Highover Moor, containing one acre or thereabouts, Woolgroves, containing three acres or thereabouts, lying near to the mill of John Ransom, heretofore called Burnt Mill, and now called Grove Mill. [p452]

'A close called the Hills, containing two acres or thereabouts, on the west side of the road from Hitchin to Baldock, and a parcel of land called the Shadwells on the east side of the same road, and divided by the river, containing twelve acres or thereabouts.

'And they find and present that four several parcels of land hereinafter described have been by John Ransom enclosed and fenced out from the said Lammas ground called Woolgroves, and are now by him held in severalty.

'And that the same are and always have been parts of the commonable land of the said hamlet (to wit): A piece of land containing twenty-one perches or thereabouts on the south-west side of the present course of the river, and between the same and the old course; a piece of land containing twelve perches or thereabouts, now by the alteration of the course of the river surrounded by water; a piece of land on the north-east side of Woolgroves, containing one rood and twenty-two perches or thereabouts; and a piece of land at the south-east corner of Woolgroves, containing one rood or thereabouts.

'And the Homage find and present that the occupier of every ancient messuage or cottage within the hamlet of Walsworth hath a right to turn and depasture on the commonable land thereof, in respect of and as appurtenant to his messuage or cottage, two cows and a bullock or yearling cow calf upon and from the thirteenth day of May, called Old May-day, until the sixth day of April, called Old Lady-day, and one horse upon and from the said thirteenth day of May until the thirteenth day of August, called Old Lammas-day, and hath a right to turn the like number of cattle upon the Lammas ground in Walsworth upon and from Old Lammas-day until Old Lady-day. That no person hath a right to common or turn any sheep upon the said common called Walsworth Commons, and that no sheep may be turned on the Lammas ground of Walsworth between Old Lammas-day and the last day of November.

'The Homage also present that it is the duty of the Homage of this Court at every Great Court Baron yearly holden next after the Feast of St. Michael, upon the [p453] application and request of any of the persons entitled to common the cattle upon the commons within the hamlet of Walsworth, to appoint a herdsman for the said hamlet, and to fix and assess a reasonable sum to be paid to him for his wages, and also a reasonable sum to be paid by the commoners for draining and fencing the commons.

'This Court was then adjourned to Monday, the first day of November next.

'Signed	Thos. Jeeves (Foreman).
	Samuel Smith.
	John Marshall.
	Willm. Dunnage.
	Wm. Bloom.
	Robt. Newton.
	Willm. Hall.
	Wm. Martin.
	Thos. Waller.
	Geo. Beaver.
	W. Sworder.
	John Moore.'

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

• Acre, the 'selio,' or strip in the open field (40 x 4 rods), [3], [106], [385]. A day's work in ploughing, [124]. Reason of its shape, [124]. Welsh acre, see 'Erw'
• Ager, agellus, agellulus, territory of a manor, [167]
• Ager publicus, tenants on, [272]–[288]. Tendencies towards manorial methods of management, [300], [308]
• Agri decumates, occupied by Alamannic tribes, [282]–[288]. Position of tenants on, [311]
• Agri occupatorii, with irregular boundaries, [277], and sometimes scattered ownership, [278]
• Agrimensores (Roman), methods of centuriation, [250], [276], [279]
• Aillt, or altud. See 'Taeog.' Compare Aldiones of Lombardic Laws and Saxon 'althud' = foreigner, [281]
• Alamanni, German tribes, offshoots of, Hermundori, Thuringi, &c., [282]. Some deported into Britain, [285]. Conquered by Julian, [286]
• Alfred the Great, his founding the New Minster at Winchester, [160]. Services of serfs on his manor of Hysseburne, [162]. His sketch of growth of a new ham, [169]. His Boethius quoted, [168]
• Amobr, fee on marriage of females under Welsh laws, [195]
• Andecena, day work of serf under Bavarian laws same shape as English acre, [325], [386], [391]
• Angariæ and parangariæ, carrying or post-horse services (see Roman 'sordida munera'), [297], and so any forced service, [298]. Manorial services, [324]–[327]
• Anwänder, German 'headland,' [381]
• Archenfeld, in Wales, survey of, in Domesday Book, [182], [206]–7
• Averagium manorial carrying service from avera or affri, beasts of burden, [298], n.; at Bleadon, [57]
• Balk, the unploughed turf between two acre strips in the open fields. [4]; in 'Piers the Plowman,' [19]; in Cambridge terrier, [20]; in Welsh laws, [119]; a Welsh word, [382]
• Ballibetogh, cluster of 16 taths or homesteads, [215]–[224]
• Bally, Irish townland, [221], [223]
• Battle Abbey Records (A.D. 1284–7), [49]
• Bede, complaint of lavish grants of manors to monasteries, [168]
• Bees, Welsh Law of, [207]
• Bene-work or Boon-work. See Precariæ
• Black Death, [20]; influence on villenage, [31]
• Boc-land, land of inheritance permanently made over by charter or deed, [168], [171]
• Boldon Book (A.D. 1183), evidence of, [68]–[72]
• Book of St. Chad, Welsh charters in margins of, [209]
• Booths, making of, by villani, for fairs of St. Cuthbert, [71]
• Bordarii, or cottagers (from 'bord,' a cottage), [76]; in Domesday Survey, [95]; normal holding about 5 acres, [97]; mentioned in Liber Niger of Peterborough, [97]
• Boundaries, method of describing, in Hitchin Manor, [9]; in Saxon charters, [107], [111]. Manor of King Edwy (Tidenham), [149]; in Lorsch charters, [331]. Roman method, [9]. See also, [375]
• Bovate (Bovata terræ), the half yard-land contributing one ox to the team of eight, [61]. 2 bovates in Boldon Book = virgate, [68]
• Brehon Laws, [226], [231], [232]
• Breyr, free Welsh tribesman, [192]
• Britain, Belgic districts of, pre-Roman settled agriculture in, [245]. Exports of corn during Roman rule, [247], [286]. The marling of the land described by Pliny, [250]. Analogous to 'one-field system' of North Germany, [372]
• Bucenobantes, deported into Britain, [287]
• Butts, strips in open fields abutting others, [6]
• Cæsar, description of British and Belgic agriculture, [246]. Ditto of chiefs and tribesmen in Gaul, [305]. Description of German tribal system, [336]–[338]
• Cambridge, terrier of open fields of, in fourteenth or fifteenth century, [19], [20]
• Carpenter, village official having his holding free, [70]
• Caruca (see Carucate), plough team of eight oxen, yoked four to a yoke, [62], [74], [123]; carucæ adjutrices, or smaller teams of villeins, [48], [74], [85]; variations in team, [64], [74]; of Domesday Survey, [85]
• Carucate, unit of assessment = land of a caruca (see Caruca), connexion with hide, [40]. Used in Domesday Survey, [85]
• Centenarii, Roman and Frankish officials, [300]–[303]
• Centuria, division of land by Roman Agrimensores of 200 or 240 jugera, [276]. Divided into eight normal single holdings of 25 or 30, or double holdings of 50 or 60 jugera, [276]
• Centuriation. See Agrimensores
• Ceorl= husbandman; a wide term embracing, like 'geneat,' the lower class of freemen and serfs above the slaves, [110], [144]
• Chamavi, pagus chamaviorum, [285]
• Co-aration, or co-operative ploughing by contributors to team of eight oxen, [117]. Described in Welsh Laws as 'Cyvar,' [118]–[124]; in Ireland, [226]; in Palestine, [314]; in Roman provinces, [278]
• Coloni, position of, on the later Roman villa, [266]. Right of lord to compel son to continue his parent's holding and services, [267]. Often barbarians, [269]. Like usufructuarii, [309], n. Possibly with single succession, [308]–[310]
• Commendation, surrender, putting a freeman under the patrocinium or lordship of another, instances of, [305]. Salvian's description of, [307]. Effect of, [307]–[310]. Practice continues under Alamannic and Bavarian laws, allowing surrenders to the Church, [316]–[335]
• Continuity of English village sites, [424]–[436]
• Cornage, cornagium, tribute on horned cattle, [71]
• Co-tillage. See Co-aration
• Cotsetla, or cottier, in 'Rectitudines', = bordarius in Domesday Survey, [130]; his services, &c., [130]–[131]
• Cottier tenants, holders in villenage of a few scattered strips in open fields, [24], [29], [34], [69]
• Cyvar. See Co-aration
• 'Daer' and 'Saer' tenancy in Ireland, [231]
• Davies, Sir John, his surveys in Ireland and description of the Irish tribal system, [214]–[231]
• Dawnbwyd, food rent of Welsh taeogs, [198]
• Decuriæ, of slaves on Roman villa, [264]
• Dimetian Code of South Wales. See 'Wales, Ancient Laws of'
• Domesday Survey (A.D. 1086). Manors everywhere, [82]. Lord's demesne and land in villenage, [84]. Assessment by hides and carucates, [84]; in Kent by solins, [85]; liberi homines and sochmanni in Danish district, [86]–[89]. Tenants in villenage, villani, bordarii or cottarii, and servi, [89]. The villani holders of virgates or yard-lands, [91]; examples from surveys of Middlesex, Herts, and Liber Eliensis, [92]–[94]. Bordarii hold about five acres each, more or less, [95]–[97]. Survey of Villa of Westminster, [97]–[101]; area of arable land in England, and how much of it held in the yard-lands of villani, [101]–[104]. Survey of portions of Wales, [182]–[184], [211]
• Doles, or Dǽls, i.e. pieces or strips, hence 'gedal-land,' [110]; and run-dale (or run-rig) system of taking strips in rotation or scattered about, [228] (see also Doles of Meadow-land, [25])
• Drengage, hunting service (Boldon Book), [71]
• Ebediw, Welsh death payment or heriot, [195]
• Edward the Confessor, his dying vision of the open fields round Westminster, [100]
• Einzelhöfe, German single farms in Westphalia, [371]
• Enclosure Acts, 4,000 between 1760–1844, [13]
• English settlements, methods of, [412]–[423]
• Ergastulum, prison for slaves on Roman villa, [264]
• Erw, Welsh acre, the actual strips in open fields described in Welsh Laws, [119]
• Etch, crop sown on stubble, [377]
• Ethelbert, Laws of, hams and tuns in private ownership and mention of læts, [173]–[174]
• Faber, or village blacksmith, holds his virgate free of services, [70]
• Fleta (temp. Ed. I.), description of manor in, [45]
• Forera (Saxon foryrthe), or headland, [20], [108]
• Frankpledge, View of, [10]
• Franks, their inroads, [283]; deported into Belgic Gaul, [284]
• Frisians, [285]. Tribute in hides, [306], n.
• Furlong (shot, or quarentena), division of open fields 'a furrow long,' divided into strips or acres, [4]; in Saxon open fields, [108]; German, Gewann, [380]
• Gafol (from German Gaben, Abgaben, food gifts under German tribal system), tribute, [144], [145]; in money and in kind, of villein tenants. Perhaps survival of Roman tributum based upon tribal food rents (see 'Roman tributum,' and 'jugatio,' 'gwestva'); of villani, on English manors, [78]; of gebur, on Saxon manors, [132], [140]–[142], [155], [162]. Marked a semi-servile condition, [146], [326]
• Gafol-land, [137]. See Geneat-land
• Gafol-gilder, payer of gafol or tribute, [145]
• Gafol-yrth, the ploughing of generally three acre strips and sowing by the gebur, from his own barn, and reaping and carrying of crop to lord's barn by way of rent; in 'Rectitudines,' [132]–[140]; on Hysseburne Manor of King Alfred, [162]; in South Germany in seventh century, [326] et seq. Possibly survival of the agrarium or tenth of produce on Roman provincial tithe lands, [399]–[403]
• Gavael, the tribal homestead and holding in N. Wales, [200]–[202]
• Gavelkind, Irish gabal-cined, distinguished by equal division among heirs, [220], [352]
• Gebur, villanus proper, or owner of a yard-land normally of thirty acres with outfit of two oxen and seed, in 'Rectitudines,' [131]–[133]. His services described, [131]–[133], and [137]–[143]; his gafol and week-work in respect of yard-land, [142]; his outfit or 'setene,' [133], [143]; in laws of Ine, [147]. Services and gafol on Tidenham Manor of King Edwy, [154]. In High German 'Gebur and Gipur' = vicinus, [394], and compare [278]
• Gedal-land, land divided into strips (Laws of Ine), [110]. See Doles
• Geneat, a wide term covering all tenants in villenage, [129], [137], [154]. Servile condition of, liable to have life taken by lord, [146]
• Geneat-land, land in villenage as opposed to 'thane's inland,' or land in demesne, [116]. Sometimes called 'gesettes-land' and 'gafol-land, [128], [150]; 'gyrds of gafol-land,' [150]
• Geset-land, land set or let out to husbandmen, [128]. See 'Geneat-land'
• Gored Acres, strips in open fields pointed at one end, [6], [20]; in Saxon open fields, [108]
• Gwely, the Welsh family couch (lectus), also a name for a family holding, [195]; in Record of Carnarvon, [194]
• Gwentian Code, of South Wales. See 'Wales, Ancient Laws of'
• Gwestva, food rent of Welsh tribesmen, and tunc pound in lieu of it, [195]; early evidence of, in Ine's laws, [209]–[213]
• Gyrd (a rod-virga)
• Gyrdland. See Yardland. See [169]–[172]
• Ham (hem, heim, haim), in Saxon, like 'tun,' generally = villa or manor, [126], [254]. A private estate with a village community in serfdom upon it, [127]. Geographical distribution of suffix, [255]. See Villa
• Headland, strip at head of strips in a furlong on which the plough was turned, [4]. Latin 'forera,' Welsh 'pentir,' Scotch 'headrig,' German 'anwänder,' [5], [380]. In Saxon open fields, [108]
• Hide, normal holding of a free family (hence Latin casatum and the familia of Bede), but in later records corresponding with the full plough team of eight oxen, and so = four yard-lands. Used as the unit of assessment for early times, [38]. Perhaps from Roman times. Compare Roman tributum, [290]–[294]. Connexion with carucate and yard-land, [36]. Normal hide, 120 a., [37]. Double hide of 240 a., [37], [39], [51], [54]. Possible origin of word, [398]. The hide, the hof, and the centuria compared, [395]
• Hitchin (Herts), its 'open fields,' [1]–[7]. Map of township and of an estate therein, opposite title-page. Map of Purwell field, [6]. Its village community described in Manor Rolls of 1819, [8], and appendix. Boundaries, [9]. Officers, [10]. Common fields, [11]. Its Celtic name Hiz, [429]. Roman remains, [430]. Continuity of villages in Hitchin district from Celtic and Roman and Saxon times, [424]–[436]
• Hiwisc, Saxon for family holding, [162], [395]
• Honey, Welsh rents in. See Gwestva, [207], [211]–[213]
• Hordwell, boundaries of, in Saxon Charter, [107]
• Hundred Rolls of Edward I., A.D. 1279, evidence of, as to the prevalence of the Manor, the open-field system and serfdom in five Midland Counties, [32], et seq.
• Husband-lands in Kelso and Newminster Records = virgate or yard-land, [61]
• Hydarii, holders of hides, [52]
• Hysseburne, Manor of Stoke by, on the river Itchin near Winchester, held by King Alfred, [160]. Serfdom and services of ceorls on, [162]
• Ine, Laws of (A.D. 688), evidence of open-field system, [109]. Acre strips, [110]. Yardlands, [142]. Hides and half hides, [147]. Geneats, geburs, gafol, week-work, [147]. Welsh food rents, [212]–[213]
• Ing, suffix to local names; whether denotes clan settlements and where found, [354]–[367]
• Inquisitio Eliensis mentions liberi homines and sochmanni, [87]. Mentions villani as holding virgates, &c., [94]. Mentions both bordarii and cottarii, [96]
• Isle of Man, early division of land into ballys and quarters, [222]
• Jugatio. See Roman tributum
• Jugerum, size and form of, [387]
• Jugum. (See Roman tributum.) Roman unit of assessment, [289]–[295]. Description of, in Syrian Code, [291]. Analogy to virgate and hide, and sulung, [292]
• Jüngsten-Recht, right of youngest to succeed to holding, [352]–[354]. See also under Welsh laws, [193], [197]
• Kelso, Abbey of, 'Rotulus redituum,' stuht or outfit to tenants of, [61]
• Lammas land, meadows owned in strips, but commonable after Lammas Day, in Hitchin Manor, [11]; in laws of Ine, [110]
• Læn-land, lands granted as a benefice for life to a thane, [168]
• Læti, conquered barbarians deported and settled on public lands during later Roman rule, chiefly in Belgic Gaul and Britain, [280]–[289]
• Leges Alamannorum (A.D. 622), surrenders to Church allowed under, [317]; services of servi and coloni of the Church under, [323]
• Leges Baiuwariorum (7th century) surrenders under, [317]. Services of coloni and servi of the Church under, [325]
• Leges Ripuariorum, [304]
• Lex Salica, use of 'villa' in a manorial sense, [259]–[262], [303]
• Lex Visigothorum (A.D. 650 about) in division of land between Romans and Visigoths, fifty aripennes allotted per singula aratra, [276] n.
• Liber Niger of Peterborough Abbey (A.D. 1125), nearest evidence to the Domesday Survey, [72] et seq.
• Libere tenentes, holders of portions of demesne-land, i.e. land not in villenage, [33]. Villeins holding yard-lands in villenage may be libere tenentes of other land besides, [34]. Increasing in later times, [54]. Absent from Domesday survey generally, [86]; Archdeacon Hale's theory of their presence disproved, [86]–87 n.
• Liberi homines, of Domesday Survey in Danish districts, [86], [102]
• Lince, or lynch, acre strip in open fields formed into a terrace by always turning the sod downwards in ploughing a hill side, [5]; sketch of, [5]; in Saxon open fields, [108]; in Yorkshire 'reean' and Germany 'rain' = lince or balk, [381]
• Lingones, [284]
• Lorsch (Lauresham), instances of surrenders to the Abbey of, [329]–[333]
• Maenol, cluster of tribal homesteads in Welsh laws, in North Wales of sixteen homesteads paying between them the tunc pound, [202]. In South Wales the maenol is a group of twelve trevs, each paying tunc pound, [203]–4
• Manor, or villa, in Saxon, ham or tun. An estate of a lord or thane with a village community generally in serfdom upon it. Hitchin Manor and its connexion with open-field system, [1]–[13]. Manors before Domesday Survey—Winslow, [22]; Hundred Rolls, [32]; described in Fleta, [45]; Battle Abbey and St. Paul's, [49]; Gloucester and Worcester, [55]; Bleadon, [57]; Newminster and Kelso, [60]. In Boldon Book, [68]; in Liber Niger of Peterborough, [72]; summary, [76]. In Domesday Survey manors everywhere, 82 et seq. Westminster, [97]. Saxon 'hams' and 'tuns' were manors, [126] et seq. Manor of Tidenham, of King Edwy, [148]. Hysseburne, of King Alfred, [160]. Creation of new manors, [166]. Terra Regis composed of manors, [167]. 'Hams' and 'tuns' in King Ethelbert's laws, manors, i.e., in private ownership with semi-servile tenants (læts) upon them, [173]. There were manors in England before St. Augustine's arrival, [175]. English and Frankish identical, [253]. Villa of Salic Laws probably a manor on Terra Regis, [259]–[263]. Likeness of Roman villa to, [263]–272 (see Roman 'Villa'). Villas, or fiscal districts of Imperial officials, tend to become manors, [300]–[305]. Transition from villas to manors under Alamannic and Bavarian laws in South Germany, [316]–[335]. Frankish manors, their tenants and services, [333]. Manorial tendencies of German tribal system, [346]
• Monetary System, Gallic and Welsh pound of 240 pence of silver divided into twelve unciæ each of a score pence, [204]. The Gallic system in Roman times, [234], [292]
• Nervii, [284]
• Newminster Abbey, cartulary of, [60]
• No Man's Land, or 'Jack's Land,' odds and ends of lands in open fields, [6]. In Saxon boundaries, [108]
• Open-Field System in England; remains of open fields described, [1], et seq. Divided into acre or half-acre strips, [2], and furlongs or shots, [4]. Holdings in bundles of scattered strips, [7]; i.e., hides, half-hides, yard-lands, &c. (to which refer). Wide prevalence of system in England, [13]. The shell of a village community, [8]–[13]—which was in serfdom, [76]–[80]. The English system, the three-field system, i.e., in three fields, representing three-course rotation of crops, [11]. Traced back in Winslow manor rolls (Ed. III.), [20] et seq.; in Gloucester and Worcester surveys, [55]; Battle Abbey and St. Paul's records, [49]; Newminster and Kelso records, [60]; Boldon Book, [68]; Liber Niger of Peterborough, [72]. Summary of post-Domesday evidence, [76]. Prevalence in Saxon times, shown by use of the word æcera, [106], and by occurrence of gored acres, head-lands, furlongs, linces, &c., in the boundaries appended to charters, [108]. Evidence of division of fields into acre strips in seventh century in Laws of Ine, [109]–[110]. Holdings in hides, half-hides and yard-lands, [110]–[117]. Scattering of strips in a holding the result of co-operative ploughing, [117]–[125]. The three-field system would grow out of the simple form of tribal system, by addition of rotation of crops in three courses, settlement, and serfdom, [368]–[370]. Welsh open-field system, [181], [213], with division into 'erws,' or acres, [119]. Scattering of strips in a holding arising from co-aration, [121]. The system 'co-aration of the waste,' i.e. of grass land which went back into grass, [192], [227], [244], [251]. Like that of the Germania of Tacitus, [369], [412]. No fixed 'yard-lands' or rotation of crops, [251], [413]. Irish and Scotch open-field system like the Welsh; modern remains of, in Rundale or Run-rig system, [214]–[231]. German open-field systems, [369]–[411]; different kinds of, Feldgraswirthschaft resembling that described by Tacitus and Welsh 'co-aration of waste,' [371]. One-field system of N. Germany, [372]–[373]. Forest and marsh system, [372]. Three-field system in S. Germany, [373]. Comparison of, with English, and connexion with Roman province, [375]–[409]. Absent from N. Germany, and so could not have been introduced into England by the Saxon invaders, [373], [409], [411]. Rotation of crops, perhaps of Roman introduction, [410], [411]. Wide prevalence of forms of open-field system, [249]. Description of, in Palestine, [314]. Mention of, by Siculus Flaccus, [278]. Possibly in use on Roman tithe lands, [315]. Remains of the simple tribal form of, in modern rundale or run-rig of Ireland and Scotland, quite distinct from the remains of the three-field form in England, [437]–[439]. Described by Tusser as uneconomical, [17], and by Arthur Young, [16]
• Parangariæ, extra carrying services, see 'angariæ'
• Paraveredi, extra post-horses (see Roman 'sordida munera'), [297], from veredus a post-horse, [298]. Manorial Parafretus, [325]–[334]
• Patrocinium. See 'Commendation'
• Pfahl-graben, the Roman limes on the side of Germany, [282]
• Pflicht-theil, survival of late Roman law, obliging a fixed proportion of a man's property to go equally to his sons. In Bavaria, [313]. Compare Bavarian laws of the seventh century, [317], and Syrian code of fifth century, [312]
• Piers the Plowman, his 'faire felde,' an open field divided into half-acre strips and furlongs, by balks, [18]–[19]
• Plough-bote, or Plough-erw, the strips set apart in the co-ploughing, for the carpenter, or repair of plough, [121]. (See Carpenter)
• Plough team, normal English manorial common plough team of 8 oxen (see 'Caruca'). Welsh do., also of 8 oxen, [121]–2. Scotch also, [62]–[66]. 6, 10, or 12 oxen in Servia, [387] n. In India, [388]. Single yoke of 2 oxen in Egypt and Palestine, [314], [387]; and in Sicily, [275], and Spain, [276]
• Polyptique d'Irminon, Abbot of St. Germain des Prés, and M. Guérard's Introduction quoted, [265], [298], 641
• Præpositus of a manor elected by tenants, [48]. Holds one wista without services at Alciston, [50]. Holds his two bovates free (Boldon Book), [70]. Word used for Welsh 'maer,' [184]
• Precaria, a benefice or holding at will of lord or for life only, [319], [333]
• Precariæ or Boon-works, work at will of lord, [78]. On Saxon Manors, [140], [157]. In South Germany, [327]. Sometimes survivals of the Roman 'sordida munera,' [327], [403]
• Priest, his place in village community often with his yard-land, [90]–[111], [115]
• Probus introduces vine culture on the Rhine, [288]. Deports Burgundians and Vandals into Britain, [283]. Colonised with Læti Rhine Valley and Belgic Gaul, [283]
• Punder, keeper of the village pound, [69], [70]
• Quarentena. See Furlong. Length of furrow 40 poles long
• Rain, German for 'balk' as in Yorkshire 'reean' = linch, [381]
• Randir, from rhan, a division, and tir, land; a share of land under Welsh laws, [200]. A cluster of three homesteads in South Wales, [204]; and four randirs in the trev, [204]; but in North Wales a subdivision of the homestead, [200]
• 'Rectitudines Singularum Personarum' (10th century?), evidence of, [129] et seq. Dr. Leo's work upon, [164]
• Redon, Cartulaire de, quoted, [385]
• Rhætia, semi-servile barbarian settlers in, [288]. Sordida munera in, [296]–[299]. Roman custom, in present Bavaria as to land tenure, [313]. Transition from Roman to Mediæval manor in, [316]–[335]
• Rig, strip in Irish and Scotch open fields, [3]. Hence Run-rig system
• Roman jugatio sive capitatio, [289], [295]. See Roman tributum
• Roman 'sordida munera,' [295]–[299]. Some of them survive in manorial services, [324], [325], [327], [334], [404]
• Roman tributum of later Empire, [289]–[295]. Roman jugatio and Saxon hidage compared, id., and [397]
• Roman Veterans settled on ager publicus with single or double yokes of oxen and seed for about 30 or 60 jugera, [272]–[276]
• Roman Villa. See Villa
• Run-rig or Rundale, the Irish and Scotch modern open-field system, [3]. Survival of methods of tribal system now used in subdivision of holdings among heirs, [226], [230], [438]–[440]
• St. Bertin, Abbey of Sitdiu at, Grimbald brought by King Alfred from thence, [160]; Chartularium Sithiensis, and surveys of estates of, [255]–6; villa or manor of Sitdiu, [272], [366]; suffix 'inghem' to names of manors, [356]
• St. Gall, records of Abbey, surrenders to, [316]–[324]
• St. Paul's (Domesday of), A.D. 1222, [51]
• Salian Franks in Toxandria, [286]
• Scattered Ownership, in open fields, [7]. Characteristic of 'yard-land' in Winslow manor rolls, [23]. In Saxon open fields, [111]. In Welsh laws, [118]. Resulted from co-ploughing, [121]. Under runrig system, [226]–[229]
• Scutage, 1d. per acre or 1l. per double hide of 240 a., or 40s. per scutum, to which four ordinary hides contributed, [38]
• Seliones, the acre or half-acre strips into which the open fields were divided, separated by turf balks, [2], [3], [19], [119]
• Servi (slaves), in Domesday Survey, [89], [93]–[95]. Saxon Theow [164]–[166], [175]. Welsh caeth, [199], [238]. On Roman Villa, [263]. Arranged in decuriæ, [264]. Under Alamannic and Bavarian laws, [317], [323]–[326]
• Services of villani, chiefly of three kinds: (1) Gafol, (2) precariæ or boon-work, (3) week-work (refer to these heads), [41]. In Hundred Rolls, [41]. Domesday of St. Paul's, [53]. Gloucester and Worcester records, [58]. In Kelso records, [67]. Boldon Book, [68]. Liber Niger of Peterborough, [73]. Summary of post-Domesday evidence, [78]. On Saxon manors, in 'Rectitudines,' [130], [137]–[147]. On Tidenham manor of King Edwy, [154]. On Hysseburne manor of King Alfred, [162]. In Saxon 'weork-ræden,' [158]. Of cottiers (or bordarii) in Hundred Rolls, [44]. Gloucester and Worcester, [58], [69]. Of Saxon 'cotsetle,' [130], [141]. On German and English manors compared, [399]–[405]
• Setene, outfit of holder of Saxon yard-land, [133], [139]. See Stuht
• Shot, 4 (see furlong), Saxon 'sceot,' a division, occurs at Passau, [380]
• Siculus Flaccus mentions open fields, irregular boundaries, and scattered ownership, on agri occupatorii, [274]–[278]
• Sochmanni, a class of tenants on manors chiefly in the Danish districts, [34]. Mentioned in Hundred Rolls in Cambridgeshire, [34]; in Domesday Survey, [87], [102]
• Solanda, in Domesday of St. Paul's = double hide of 240 a., [54]
• Solin, sullung, of Kent, plough land from 'Suhl,' a plough, [54]; divided into 'yokes' (= yard-lands), [54]; sullung = 4 gyrdlands and to 12 sullung, outfit of four oxen, A.D. 835, [139]. See also, [395]
• Stuht, Kelso records, outfit of two oxen, &c., with husband-land (yard-land), [61]. Compare 'setene' of the Saxon gebur with yard-land, [133] and [139], and outfit of Roman veteran, [274]; and see under Bavarian Laws, [326]
• Succession to holdings, under the tribal system to all sons of tribesmen equally, [193], [234], [340]; to yard-lands and other holdings in serfdom single by regrant, [23]–[24], [133], [176]; so probably in the case of semi-servile holdings of usufructuarii under Roman law, [308]
• Supercilia, or linches, mentioned by Agrimensores, [277]
• Syrian Code of fifth century, [291]–[294]
• Tacitus, description of German tribal system in the Germania, [338]–[343]
• Tacogs (or aillts), Welsh tenants without Welsh blood or rights of inheritance, not tribesmen—their 'register land' (tir cyfrif), [191]; arranged in separate clusters or trevs with equality within each, [197]; their 'register land,' [197]; their dues to their lord and other incidents, [198]–[199]
• Tate, or Tath, the Irish homestead, analogous to Welsh 'tyddyn,' [214], [231]. See Tribal system, Irish
• Thane, Lord of a ham. Thane's inland = Lord's demesne land, [128]. Thane's law or duties in 'Rectitudines,' [129]; his services, [134]; a soldier and servant of king, [135]; his 'fyrd,' [136]; trinoda necessitas, [134]
• Theows, slaves on Saxon estates, [144]; their position, [164]. Example from 'Ælfric's Dialogue,' [165]
• Three-Field System. (See Open-field system.) Form of the open-field system with three-course rotation of crops
• Tidenham, Manor of King Edwy. Description of, and of services of geneats and geburs upon, A.D. 956, [148]–[159]. Cytweras and hæcweras, for salmon fishing, [152]
• Tir-bwrdd = terra mensalia, [198]
• Tir-gwelyawg, family land of Welsh free tribesmen, [191]
• Tir-cyfrif, register land of taeogs, [101]
• Tir-kyllydus, Welsh geldable land, [191]
• Tithes of Church under Saxon laws taken in actual strips or acres 'as they were traversed by the plough,' [114]; acres of tithes in Domesday Survey, [117]; Ethelwulf's grant, [114]
• Tithe lands of Sicily, [275]; of modern Palestine, [314]. (See 'Agri decumates.')
• Trev, cluster of Welsh free tribesmen's homesteads, four in North Wales, [200]–[202]; twelve in South Wales, [204]. Taeog trevs, [203]
• Treviri, [284]
• Tricassi, [284]
• Tribal System in Wales, [181]–[213]. Welsh districts and traces of, in Domesday Survey, [182], [206]–7. Food rents in D.S., [185]. Welsh land system described by Giraldus Cambrensis, [186]–[189]. In Ancient Laws of Wales, 189 et seq. The free tribesmen of Welsh blood, [190]. Homesteads scattered about, but grouped into clusters for payment of food rents, [190]. Their family land (tir-gwelyawg), [190]–[191]. Their right to a tyddyn (homestead), five free 'erws' and co-tillage of waste, [192]. The tribal household with equality within it among brothers, first cousins, and second cousins, [193]. The gwely or family couch, [194]. The gwestva, or food rent, and tunc pound in lieu of it, [195]. Other obligations of tribesmen, [195]. The taeogs or aillts (see these words) not tribesmen, their tenure and rules of equality, [197]. Land divisions under Welsh Codes connected with the gwestva and food rents, [199]–[208]. Early evidence of payment of gwestva and of food rents of taeogs, [208]–[213]. Shifting of holdings under tribal system, [205]. Cluster of twelve tyddyns in Gwent and sixteen in N. Wales pay tunc pound, [202], [203]. In Ireland and Scotland, [214]–[231]. Clusters of sixteen tates or taths (Welsh tyddyn), [215]–[217]. Sir John Davies's surveys and description of tribal system, Tanistry, and Gavelkind, [215]–[220]. Example of a Sept deported from Cumberland, [219]. Ancient division of Bally or townland into quarters and tates, [221], [224]. Quarters and names of tates still traceable on Ordnance Survey, [223]–[224]. Names of tates not personal, owing to tribal distributions and shiftings of tribal households from tate to tate, [224]. Irish open-field system—rundale or run-rig—[226]–[228]. Similar system in Scotland, [228]–[229]. Tribal system in its earlier stages, [231]–[245]. Tenacity with which tribal division among sons maintained, [234]. The tribal house, [239]. Blood money, [242]. Wide prevalence of tribal system, [244]. Absent from S.E. or Belgic districts of England at Roman conquest, [245]. In Germany, description of tribal system by Cæsar, [336]–[337]. Description of, by Tacitus, [338]–[342]. Husbandry like Welsh co-tillage of the waste for one year only, [343]–[345]. Manorial tendencies of German system: tribesmen have their servi who are 'like coloni,' [345]–[346]. The manor in embryo, [346]. Tribal households of German settlers—local names ending in 'ing'—whether clan settlements or perhaps as manorial as others, [346]–[367]
• Tun, generally in Saxon = ham or manor, (to which refer), [255]
• Tunc pound, payment in lieu of Welsh gwestva (to which refer) paid to the Prince of Wales, [196]
• Tusser, his description of 'Champion' or open-field husbandry, [17]
• Tyddyn, the Welsh homestead, [192]–[193]. Compare Irish 'tate' or 'tath' and Bohemian 'dĕdiny,' [355]
• Uchelwyr, free Welsh tribesman, [192]
• Venedotian Code of North Wales. See Wales, Ancient Laws of
• Veredus, post horse, derivation of word, [298]
• Villa, word interchangeable with manor, ham, tun, [126], [254]. Frankish heim or villa on Terra Regis was a manor and unit of jurisdiction, [257], [262]. The Roman villa, an estate under a villicus, worked by slaves, [263]. Its cohortes and ergastulum, [263]–[264]. Slaves arranged in decuriæ, [264]. Coloni, often barbarians on a villa, [266]. Likeness to a manor increasing, [267]–[268]. Burgundians shared villas with Romans, [269]. Villas transferred to Church, [270]. And continued under German rule to be villas, [270]. And became gradually mediæval manors with villages upon them, [271]. Villas surrendered under Alamannic and Bavarian laws to the Church, 317 et seq.
• Village Community or Villata, under a manor, [8]. Hitchin example. See Hitchin. Its common or open fields: arable, [11]; meadow and pasture, [11]. Its officials, [10], [70]
• Villani, holders of land in villenage, [29]. Sometimes nativi and adscripti glebæ, [29]. Pay heriot or relief; widows have dower; make wills proved in Manor Court, [30]. The yard-land the normal holding of full villanus with two oxen, [27] (see Yard-land). Sometimes they hold the demesne land at farm, [69]. Sometimes farm whole manor, [70]. Pleni-villani and semi-villani, [74]
• Villenage. See Villani. Breaking up in 14th century, [31]. Its death-blow the Black Death and Wat Tyler's rebellion, [31]–[32]. Incidents of, in Worcestershire, [56]. General incidents, [80]. See Servius
• Virgarii, holders of Virgates, [50]
• Virgate. See Yardland.
• Wales, Ancient Laws of, ascribed to Howel Dda (10th century), [189]. Contemporary with Saxon Laws, [190]. See 'Tribal System' of, [181]–[213]. Parts of, mentioned in Domesday Survey, [182], [185]
• Wat Tyler's rebellion, [31]
• Week-work. The distinctive service of the serf in villenage, [78] (and see for details 'Services'), in Rectitudines, week-work of gebur three days a week, [131], [141]. In services of Tidenham unlimited, [155]. So in those of Hysseburne, [163]. In laws of Alamanni (A.D. 622) three days on estates of Church, [323]. So in Bavarian laws (7th century), [326]. Unless lord has found everything, [326]. On Lorsch manors three days, [334]. See also, [404]
• Wele, Welsh holding in Record of Carnarvon. See 'Gwely,' [193]–[195]
• Westminster, description of its manor and open fields in Domesday Survey, [97]–[101]
• Winslow, Court Rolls of, [20]–[32]
• Wista, in Battle Abbey records = 12 hide—the Great Wista = 12 double hide, [50]
• Wizenburg, surrenders to Abbey of, [329]. Interchange between villas and heims in records of, [258]
• Yard-land (gyrd-landes, virgata terræ), normal holding of villanus with two oxen in the common plough of eight oxen—a bundle of mostly thirty scattered strips in the open fields = German 'hub.' Example of yard-land in Winslow Manor rolls, [24]. Rotation in the strips, [27]. Large area in yard-lands, [28]. Held in villenage by villani, [29]. Evidence of Hundred Rolls, [33]. Variation in acreage and connexion with 'hide,' [36], [55] = husband-land of two bovates in the North, [61], [67]. Normal holding of villanus in Liber Niger of Peterborough, [73]. Normal holding of villanus of Domesday Survey, [91]–[95]. Large proportion of arable land of England held in yard-lands at date of survey, [101]. Saxon 'gyrd-lands,' [111], [117]. In 'Rectitudines,' [133]. In 'Laws of Ine,' [142]. A bundle of scattered strips resulting from co-operative ploughing, [117]–[125]. With single succession (see 'Succession') which is the mark of serfdom of the holders, [176], [370]
• Yoke of Land (mentioned in Domesday Survey of Kent) = yard-land. Division of the sullung or double hide in Kent, [54]. Compared with Roman jugum. See Jugum
• Yoke, short for two oxen, long for four oxen abreast in Welsh laws, [120]
• Youngest son, custom for, to succeed to holding. See Jüngsten-Recht

Go to:
[Title Page.]
[Contents.]
[Illustrations.]

Original punctuation and spelling are generally retained.

Illustrations are moved from inside paragraphs to between paragraphs.

Footnotes are renumbered and moved from the ends of pages to the ends of chapters.

The original printed page numbers are shown in the right margin like this: "[p052]".

Original Small capital letters LOOKS Like This.

The transcriber created the cover image, and assigns it to the public domain.

This "handheld" version contains illustrations that are limited to 600 by 800 pixels. Some of the maps are not very legible at such resolution. The html version, available from Project Gutenberg, contains larger (1200 px maximum per side) illustrations.

Repeated sidenotes of this form: "Chap. [number]" were eliminated. The other sidenotes are relocated to the beginning of the associated paragraph. This sometimes results in several sidenotes appearing together at the head of a paragraph.

The List of Maps and Plates was reformatted slightly to eliminate the original ditto marks ahead of each page number. Ditto marks have also been removed elsewhere, as they do not generally work well in ebooks. Large curley brackets, "{" or "}", meant to indicate combination or grouping of information on two or more lines, have mostly been eliminated from this ebook. Such information has been recast appropriately to retain the original meaning.

TRANSLITERATION-CHARACTERS RETAINED: The characters Thorn and thorn, ("Þ"=U+00DE, "þ"=U+00FE), are retained. (The symbol "U+00DE", for example, denotes the Unicode character with hexadecimal reference number 00DE.) Also, the characters Eth and eth, ("Ð"=U+00D0, "ð"=U+00F0). The letter "đ", (U+0111) is an abbreviation for "pence", used only twice, in a Latin section.

The abbreviation "

" (U+A765), meaning þæt, and the Tironian sign "

" (U+204A), abbreviation for et/and/ond, are retained. However, these two characters are not supported by many common fonts; so images have been substituted for the Unicode characters. A symbol that looks like three dots in an equilateral triangle "

" has been retained. This also is not available as a Unicode character, so an image has been substituted. Text containing these three characters will not be text-searchable in a browser.

TRANSLITERATION-CHARACTERS CHANGED:The letters Wynn and wynn ("Ƿ"=U+01F7, "ƿ"=U+01BF) are transliterated as "W", "w". The letter "insular g" ("ᵹ"=U+1D79), is transliterated as "g". The letter "insular s" ("ꞅ"=U+A785), is transliterated as "s". The letter "insular r" ("ꞃ"=U+A783), is transliterated as "r". The letter "insular t" ("ꞇ"=U+A787), is transliterated as "t". The letter "y with dot above" is changed to "y". A letter "p with tilde above" was used twice in OE as an abbreviation for pence; this ebook uses "p" instead. Many other transliterations will need no comment here. Compare the original printed book at https://archive.org/details/englishvillageco00seeb.

Page [142]: No anchor was found for the footnote; a new anchor was therefore inserted thus: "passage in the laws of King Ine,¹⁷⁰ which".

Page [144], first footnote: The text looks like "twihinde mek"; this has been changed to "twihinde men".

Page [207]: changed "rendered as gwesta" to "rendered as gwestva".

Page [216]–[217]: "ballibeatach" is also spelled "bailebiatagh" on these pages.

Page [261]: changed "in the sense of 'court'—king's court,'—just as in" to "in the sense of 'court'—'king's court,'—just as in", by adding the single quote.

Page [340]: The first footnote on this page lacks the volume number for the reference Germania. The second edition of the book contains the same footnote, but shows the volume number as "xxv", which has been inserted herein.

Page [391]: The third footnote is rendered "Id. 37–8" herein, based on the second edition of the book. The current edition was illegible.

Index, under "[Hide]": "Double hide of, 240 a" changed to "Double hide of 240 a".

Index, under "[Polyptique d'Irminon]": It says "Introduction quoted, 265, 298, 641", but there is no page 641 in the book. However, footnote number [594] refers to page 641 of M. Guérard's Introduction.