APPENDIX.
SHORT BIOGRAPHIC AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES,
Relating to Authors and Books quoted in the Pharmacographia. They may be completed by consulting especially the following works:—
Choulant, Geschichte und Literatur der älteren Medicin, Part I., Bücherkunde für die ältere Medicin. 1841.
Kopp, Geschichte der Chemie, 4 vols., 1843-1847.
Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, 4 vols., 1854-1857.
Pereira, Tabular view of the history and literature of the Materia Medica, in the “Elements of Materia Medica,” vol ii. part ii. (1857) 836-869.
Pritzel, Thesaurus literaturæ botanicæ. 1872.
Acosta, Christóbal, physician at Burgos; he travelled in the east and visited Mosambique and Cochin; died a.d. 1580.—Tractado de las Drogas y medicinas de las Indias Orientales con sus Plantas debuxadas al biuvo por Christoual Acosta medico y cirujano que las vio ocularmente. Burgos, 1578. Small 4°, 448 pages (and 38 pages indices). There are translations in Latin by Clusius, 1582; in Italian, 1585; in French by Antoine Colin, 1619, etc.
See pages [154]. [423]. [462]. [503]. [565].
Actuarius, Johannes, a physician to the court of Constantinople, towards the end of the 13th century, author of “Methodus medendi,” and “De medicamentorum compositione.” Both these works were repeatedly printed during the 16th century; we are not aware of any recent editions.
Ægineta—See Paulos.
Aëtius of Amida, now Diarbekir, on the upper Tigris. He wrote, probably about a.d. 540-550, Aëtii medici græci ex veteribus medicinæ Tetrabiblos. Basileæ, 1542.
See pages [35]. [175]. [271]. [511]. [559].
Albertus Magnus (Count Albert von Bollstädt), 1193-1280, a Dominican monk, Bishop of Regensburg (Ratisbon).—Alberti Magni ex ordine Prædicatorum De vegetabilibus libri vii., historiæ naturalis pars xviii. Edit. E. Meyer and C. Jessen. 1867.
See pages [543]. [568]. [678].
Alexander Trallianus, of Tralles, now Aïdin-Güsilhissar, south-east of Smyrna, an eminent physician who wrote about the middle of the 6th century of our era, possibly at Rome.—Alexandri Tralliani medici libri xii. Edit. Joanne Guintero. Basileæ, 1556. 8vo.—An admirable German translation, together with the Greek original, has been published at Vienna, 2 vols., 1878-1879, by Puschmann.
See pages [6]. [222]. [281]. [325]. [388]. [493]. [529]. [595]. [680].
Alexandria, the Roman custom-house of.
In the Pandects of Justinian there is to be found a curious list of eastern drugs and other articles liable to duty at the Roman custom-house in Alexandria, from the time of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, about a.d. 176-180. The complete list is reprinted in Vincent, Commerce of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 698; also in Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, ii. (1855) 167.
See pages [222]. [315]. [321]. [493]. [577]. [635]. [644].
Alhervi. Abu Mansur Movafik ben Ali Alherui, a Persian physician of the 10th century. He compiled a work on medicines and food from Greek, Arabic, and Indian sources, which was published and partly translated by Seligmann: Liber fundamentorum pharmacologiæ ... epitome codicis manuscripti persici bibl. caes. reg. Vienn. Vindobonæ, 1830-1833.
See pages [12]. [225]. [325]. [490].
Alkindi. Abu Jusuf Jakub ben Ishak ben Alsabah Alkindi. He wrote about a.d. 813-841 at Basra and Bagdad, about various subjects of natural philosophy, mathematics, medicine, music.
See page [642].
Alphita, a curious list of drugs and pharmaceutical preparations, probably compiled in the 13th century, and originally written in French (according to Häser, Geschichte der Medicin, i. 1875, 648 sqq.). Daremberg, La médecine, histoire et doctrine, 1865, attributes the Alphita to Maranchus. The Alphita is contained in Salvatore de Renzi’s Collectio Salernitana; ossia documenti inediti ... alla scuola medica Salernitana, iii. (Napoli, 1854) 270-322.
See page [377].
Alpinus, Prosper, 1553-1617, Professor of Botany and “Ostensore dei Semplici,” i.e. teacher of drugs, in the University of Padua. He visited Egypt in 1580-1583. De Plantis Ægypti liber etc. Venetiis, 1592.
See pages [44]. [94]. [222]. [425]. [500].
Alrasis or Arrasi—See Rhazes.
Angelus a Sancto Josepho, originally Joseph Labrousse, of Toulouse, born 1636, died in 1697. He was at Ispahan as a Carmelite monk in 1664, and published in 1681 at Paris a Latin translation of what he called a Pharmacopœia Persica. Consult Lucien Leclerc, Histoire de la médecine arabe, ii. (Paris, 1876) 84.
Anguillara, Luigi (born at Anguillara, died in 1570 at Ferrara), “Ostensor simplicium,” i.e. professor of materia medica, in the University of Padova; author of Semplici, liquali in piu Pareri a diversi nobili huomini scritti appaiono. Vinegia, 1561.
See page [303].
Arrianos Alexandrinos—See Periplus.
Avicenna. Abu Ali Alhosain Ben Sînâ Albochâri (of Bokhara), 980-1037. A learned philosopher, mathematician, student of medicine, minister, etc., the most celebrated among Arab physicians, their “doctor princeps.” His “Canon medicinæ” was admired until the end of the 15th century as the most complete system of medicine, of which there are numerous editions, chiefly translations. We have particularly referred to “Avicennæ libri in re medica omnes, lat. redditi a J. P. Mongio et J. Costæo,” 2 vols. Venetiis, ap. Vinc. Valgrisium, 1564.
See pages [12]. [31]. [125]. [161]. [225]. [393]. [429]. [490]. [642]. [716].
Ayurvedas—See Susrutas.
Baitar. Abu Mohammad Abdallah Ben Ahmad Almaliqî (of Malaga), called Ibn Baitar. He travelled from Spain to the east, lived about 1238-1248 as a physician to the court in Egypt, and died in 1248 at Damascus. His great work on Materia Medica—Liber magnæ collectionis simplicium alimentorum et medicamentorum—has been (very unsatisfactorily) translated into German by Joseph von Sontheimer, 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1840-1842.
See pages [4]. [31]. [115]. [211]. [305]. [383]. [415]. [425]. [462]. [488]. [490]. [675].
Barbosa, Odoardo (Duarte Balbosa), a Portuguese who visited Malacca before 1511, and accompanied Magalhaes in his famous circumnavigation; killed in 1522 by the natives of the Philippines. Barbosa wrote in 1516 an excellent account of India, published in Ramusio’s collection, Delle navigationi et viaggi, &c. Venetia, 1854. Libro di Odoardo Barbosa Portoghese, fol. 413-417. Also in “Coasts of East Africa and Malabar,” published for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1866.—Barbosa quotes the prices of many drugs found in 1511-1516 at Calicut. An abstract of this interesting list will be found in Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie. Halle, 1876, 15.
See pages [43]. [241]. [405]. [521]. [595]. [600]. [644]. [672]. [675]. [717].
Batutah. Abu Abdallah Mohammed ... Allawati Aththangi, called Ibn Batuta, of Tangier, in Morocco. 1303-1377. The greatest of the Arabic travellers; he visited the east as far as the Caspian regions, Delhi, Java, and Pekin, and also Northern Africa as far as Timbuktu.—Voyages d’Ibn Batouta, texte arabe accompagné d’une traduction par C. Defrémerie et B. R. Sanguinetti. 2 vols. Paris. 1853-1854.
See pages [404]. [511]. [521]. [577]. [669]. [672].
Bauhin, Caspar, 1560-1624, professor of anatomy and botany in the University of Basel. See Hess, J. W. Kaspar Bauhin’s Leben und Charakter. Basel, 1860. 72 pages.—Pinax theatri botanici. Basileæ, 1623.
See pages [31]. [86]. [388]. [429]. [439]. [731]. [740].
Belon, Pierre, 1517-1564, called Belon “du Mans,” with reference to his native country near Le Mans, in the ancient province of Maine, France. He travelled in the Levant from 1546 to 1549, and wrote Les observations de plvsievrs singvlaritez et choses memorables, trouuées en Grèce, Asie, Iudée, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays estranges. Paris, 1553.
See pages [175]. [222]. [254]. [598]. [615].
Benedictus Crispus (Benedetto Crespo), a.d. 681, Archbishop of Milan, died in 725 or 735.—Commentarium medicinale, ed. by Ullrich, 1835, a small pamphlet consisting of 241 verses, in which a few drugs are alluded to.
See pages [282]. [463]. [493].
Bock—See Tragus.
Brunfels, Otto, 1488-1534, originally a Carthusian friar, then a schoolmaster at Strassburg, author of several pamphlets against Catholicism; doctor of medicine, and lastly physician to the republic of Bern. His great work—Herbarum vivæ eicones, etc., 3 vol., Strassburg, 1530, 1531, 1536, containing 229 partly excellent woodcuts of plants occurring near Strassburg—is the earliest instance of good botanical figures.—See Flückiger, Otto Brunfels, in the Archiv der Pharmacie, vol. 212 (1878) 493-514.
See pages [170]. [388]. [439]. [694].
Brunschwyg, Hieronymus, a surgeon living at Strassburg apparently towards the end of the 15th century. His “Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus, Das buch der rechten kunst zu distilieren....” Strassburg, 1500, with figures, was subsequently brought out in numerous editions and translations. In English: The noble handy work of surgery and of destillation. Southwark, 1525, fol., and The vertuose boke of distillacyon of the waters of all manner of herbes, translate out of duyche. London, 1527, fol.—See Choulant, Graphische Incunabeln für Naturgeschichte und Medicin, 1858-75.
Camellus or Camelli—See Kamel.
Camerarius, Joachim, 1534-1598, physician at Nürnberg. Hortus medicus et philosophicus. Francofurti, 1588. See Irmisch, Über einige Botaniker des 16ᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhunderts. Sondershausen, 1862, 4°. p. 39.
See pages [384]. [390]. [474].
Cato, Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius, 234-149 b.c. In the book De re rustica, the earliest agricultural work in Roman literature, Cato treats of many useful plants, the complete list of which will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik, i. 342. We have usually referred to Nisard’s edition in “Les Agronomes latins,” Paris, 1877.
See pages [172]. [245]. [269]. [289]. [329]. [627].
Celsus, Aulus Cornelius; about 25 b.c. to a.d. 50.—A. Cornelii Celsi de medicina libri octo, ed. C. Daremberg. Lipsiæ, 1859. The list of useful plants mentioned by him will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik, ii. 17.
See pages [35]. [43]. [179]. [234]. [291]. [439]. [493]. [677]. [680].
Charaka, i.e. book of health. An old Sanskrit work, analogous to Susruta’s Ayurvedas (see Susruta), yet reputed in India to be older than the latter. Charaka is now being published, since 1868, at Calcutta, and also at Bombay, but is not yet translated in any modern idiom. There are Arabic versions of the end of the 8th century, as stated by Albirûnî in the 11th century, and by Ibn Baitar (see B.) For further particulars consult Roth, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, xxvi. (1872) 441 sqq.
Charlemagne, the great Emperor, 768-814. He ordered, in 812, by the “Capitulare de villis et cortis imperialibus,” a considerable number of useful plants to be cultivated in the imperial farms. Several other plants are also mentioned, for similar purpose, in the Emperor’s “Breviarium rerum fiscalium.” A full account of both these remarkable documents will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik, iii. 401-412. See also B. Guérard, Explication du Capitulaire de Villis; Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes, IV. (1853) 201-247. 313-350. and 346-572.
See pages [92]. [98]. [172]. [179]. [245]. [269]. [308]. [329]. [488]. [542]. [545]. [627].
Chordadbeh—See Khurdadbah.
Circa instans—See Platearius.
Clusius, Charles de l’Escluse, born at Arras, in the north of France, a.d. 1526; died a.d. 1609. He lived at Marburg, Wittenberg, Frankfurt, Strassburg, Lyons, Montpellier; travelled in Spain and Portugal; paid, in 1571, a visit to London, and again in a later year. Clusius was, from 1573 to 1587, the director of the imperial gardens at Vienna, and from 1593 to 1609 professor of botany in the University of Leiden. Among the works of this eminent man the most important, from a pharmaceutical point of view, are: 1. Aliquot notæ in Garciæ aromatum historiam. Antverpiæ, 1582. 2. Rariorum plantarum historia. Antv., 1601. 3. Exoticorum libri decem. Antv., 1605.—See Morren, Charles de l’Ecluse, sa vie et ses œuvres. Liége, Boverie, No. 1, 1875, 59 pp.
See pages [17]. [21]. [73]. [83]. [96]. [202]. [211]. [254]. [272]. [287]. [390]. [401]. [425]. [429]. [453]. [521]. [589]. [648]. [657].
Collectio Salernitana—See Alphita.
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus. Born at Cadiz; he wrote between a.d. 35 and 65 the most valuable agricultural work of the Roman literature: “De re rustica libri xii.” It has been translated by Nisard, together with Columella’s book, “De arboribus,” for Firmin Didot’s “Agronomes latins.” Paris, 1877. The list of the numerous plants mentioned by Columella will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik ii., 68.
Constantinus Africanus. Born at Carthage in the second half of the 10th century. A physician who spent his life in travels in the east and in studies in the medical school at Salerno (see S.), and in the famous Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino; died a.d. 1106. He transmitted the medical knowledge of the Arabs to the school of Salerno, of which he may be called the most distinguished fellow. See Steinschneider in Virchow’s Archiv für patholog. Anatomie und Physiologie, 37 (1866) 351; and in Rohlfs’ Archiv für Geschichte der Medicin, 1879, 1-22. Steinschneider shows that Constantin’s work, De Gradibus, is chiefly based on that of Ibn-al-Djazzâr, who died about a.d. 1004.
See pages [130]. [211]. [377]. [494]. [573]. [584]. [600].
Conti, Niccolò dei. A Venetian merchant, who spent 25 years (from 1419 to 1444?) in India. His interesting accounts are by far the most valuable of that period. They have been published for the Hakluyt Society (ed. by Major): India in the 15th century, Lond., 1857, 39 pp. A still more valuable edition and translation is due to Kunstmann: Kenntniss Indiens im 15ᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhunderte. München, 1863. 66 pp.
See pages [282]. [521]. [577]. [582]. [636].
Cordus, Valerius. Born a.d. 1515 at Erfurt, professor of materia medica in the University of Wittenberg, then the most eminent man in that science. After his premature death, at Rome, in 1544, his works were published by Conrad Gesner, in a large volume printed in 1561 at Strassburg. It contains: (1) Valerii Cordi Annotationes in Dioscoridem; (2) Historiæ stirpium libri iv.; (3) De artificiosis Extractionibus, and several other papers of V. Cordus, besides the most remarkable book, De Hortis Germaniæ, by Conrad Gesner himself. A very careful biographic notice on Cordus is due to Irmisch, Einige Botaniker des 16 Jahrhunderts ... Sondershausen, 1862. 4°. pp. 1-34.
See pages [31]. [148]. [170]. [248]. [260]. [429]. [526]. [580]. [644]. [648]. [650]. [661]. [713]. [733]. [737].
Cosmas—See Kosmas.
Crescenzi, Piero de’, 1235-1320. He wrote, about a.d. 1304-1306, at Bologna, an esteemed book on agriculture, which was repeatedly printed towards the end of the 15th century, for instance, Opus ruralium commodorum Petri de Crescentiis, Argentine, 1486. There are numerous later translations and editions.
See pages [6]. [157]. [180]. [661].
Dale, Samuel, a physician in London, 1659-1739. Pharmacologia seu manuductio ad Materiam medicam. Lond., 1693, 12mo.
See pages [592]. [615]. [616]. [648]. [681]. [731].
Dioscorides, Pedanios, of Anazarba, in Cilicia, Asia Minor. He wrote, about a.d. 77 or 78, his great work on materia medica, the most valuable source of information on the botany of the ancients.
See pages [6]. [35]. [43]. [92]. [97]. [147]. [161]. [166]. [172]. [175]. [179]. [183]. [234]. [262]. [276]. [291]. [292]. [305]. [310]. [321]. [325]. [328]. [331]. [377]. [384]. [388]. [434]. [439]. [464]. [486]. [493]. [503]. [519]. [529]. [556]. [558]. [567]. [568]. [581]. [594]. [609]. [627]. [638]. [644]. [655]. [661]. [664]. [672]. [675]. [677]. [680]. [690]. [699]. [715]. [723]. [728]. [729]. [733].
Dodonæus, Rembert Dodoens, 1517-1585, physician at Malines, Belgium.
See pages [303]. [388]. [439]. [699]. [729]. [731].
Edrisi, or Alidrisi, an Arab nobleman, born about a.d. 1099 in Spain, living at King Roger’s court, Palermo, where he compiled, in 1153, his remarkable geographical work. It summarizes all the earlier geographic literature of the Arabs, adding much valuable information gathered by the author from merchants and other travellers.—Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite en français, par P. Amedée Jaubert, 2 vols. Paris, 1836-1840. Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne, trad. par Dozy. Leyde, 1866.
See pages [115]. [305]. [316]. [494]. [503]. [577]. [584]. [642]. [644]. [680].
Fernandez, latinized Ferrandus. Born at Madrid 1478. From 1514 to 1525 he was “veedor de las fundiciones do oro de Tierra-firma in America,” i.e. superintendent of the foundries of gold in the American continent; died 1537 in Valladolid. Historia general y natural de las Indias islas y tierra firme del mar oceano por el Capitan Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés, primer chronista del nuevo mundo. Publ. dal codice orig. y illustr. p. J. Amador de los Rios. This complete edition has been published in 4 vols., from 1853 to 1855, by the Academy of Madrid. We have not seen the earlier partial editions, viz. “Summario de la natural y general Historia de las Indias,” Toledo, 1526, fol., “Primera parte de la Historia natural y general de las Indias,” Sevilla, por Cromberger, 1535, fol.; nor “Cronica de las Indias,” 1547. See also Colmeiro, La Botanica y los Botánicos de la peninsula Hispano-Lusitana, Madrid, 1858, 26, No. 220 (Fernandez) and 149; also Haller, Bibl. botanica, i. 272, who calls him Gundisalvus or Gonsalvus Hernandez. He is also quoted by others as Oviedo.
See pages [95]. [101]. [186]. [213]. [453]. [466]. [534].
Fuchs, Leonhard, 1501-1566, Professor of medicine in the University of Tübingen from 1535 to 1566, author of De historia stirpium commentarii insignes.... Basileæ, 1542, fol., a work equally remarkable for the excellent woodcuts and the careful descriptions.
See pages [170]. [429]. [453]. [456]. [469]. [652].
Galenos, Claudius Galenus Pergamenus, a.d. 131-200, a most distinguished medical writer, imperial physician at Rome. Many drugs and officinal plants are mentioned in his numerous works, which were held in the highest reputation during the middle ages.
See pages [35]. [222]. [268]. [503]. [519]. [559]. [609].
Garcia—See Orta.
Gerarde, John, 1545-1607, London, surgeon.—The Herball, or generall historie of plantes, 1597.
See pages [31]. [71]. [170]. [218]. [254]. [268]. [453]. [459]. [480]. [486]. [487]. [537]. [552]. [568]. [589]. [611]. [655]. [661]. [694]. [700]. [729].
Gesner, Conrad, 1516-1565, Zürich, the most learned naturalist of his time (See also Cordus).
See pages [299]. [384]. [390]. [439]. [456].
Helvetius, Jean-Claude-Adrien, 1661-1727, physician at Paris.
Hernandez, Francisco, physician to King Philip II. of Spain; he lived about the years 1561-1577 in Mexico.—Quatro libros de la naturaleza y virtutes de las plantas y animales que estan recevidos en el uso de medicina en la Nueva España.... Mexico, 1615.—We have only referred to Antonio Reccho’s translation: Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium Mexicanorum Historia, rerum medicarum Novæ Hispaniæ Thesaurus. Romæ, 1651, fol. (first edition, 1628). Hernandez must not be confounded with G. Fernandez de Oviedo (See Fernandez).
See pages [202]. [206]. [657].
Hildegardis, 1099-1179, the abbess of the Benedictine monastery St. Ruprechtsberg, near Bingen (“Pinguia”) on the Rhine. Her “Physica” one of the most interesting mediæval works of its kind, is contained in tom. cxcvii. (1855) 1117-1352 of J. P. Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus, under the name “Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum.... Liber i. De Plantis.
See pages [305]. [378]. [476]. [512]. [551]. [584].
Ibn Baitar—See Baitar.
Ibn Batuta—See Batuta.
Ibn Khordadbah—See Khurdadbah.
Idrisi—See Edrisi.
Isaac Judæus, or Abu Jaqûb Ishaq ..., an Egyptian Jew, living at Kâirowan, in Northern Africa, as a physician to the prince of the Aglabites; died about a.d. 932-941. See Choulant, Bücherkunde für die ältere Medicin, 1841, 347; also Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. 170.
See pages [217]. [225]. [325]. [377].
Isidorus, Hispalensis, Bishop of Sevilla, about a.d. 595-636, author of a great cyclopœdia, Etymologiarum libri xx. We have referred to it in “Sancti Isidori Opera omnia,” in the vol. lxxxii. (1859) of J. P. Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus.
See pages [305]. [380]. [493]. [529]. [664].
Istachri, Abu Ishaq Alfarsi Alistachri (i.e. of Istachr, the ancient Persepolis, in the Persian province Fars). His geographical work has been translated (in the Transactions of the Academy of Ham) by Mordtmann: Das Buch der Länder von Schech Ebn Ishak el Farsi el Isztachri. Hamburg, 1845.
See pages [316]. [414]. [716].
Kamel (or Camellus), George Joseph, born at Brünn, Moravia, a.d. 1661, a member of the company of Jesus a.d. 1682. By permission of his superiors, he left in 1688 for the Marianne islands and the Philippines. After having acquired a certain knowledge of botany and pharmacy, he established, at Manila, a pharmaceutical shop with the view of supplying medicaments gratis to the poor; he died there in 1706. Kamel communicated his botanical investigations to Ray and Petiver (see R.); consult also A. de Backer, Bibliothèque des Ecrivains de la compagnie de Jésus, iv. (Liége, 1858) 89.
Kämpfer, Engelbert. Born in 1651 at Lemgo, Westphalia; travelled as a physician in Persia (1683-1685), India, Java, Siam (1690), Japan (1690-1692); graduated in 1694 at Leiden, and died in 1716 at Lemgo. His work, Amœnitatum exoticarum fasciculi v., Lemgo, 1712, was intended as a specimen of more elaborate accounts of the various observations of the well-informed and zealous author. But only a History and description of Japan was published in German in 1777, by Dohm at Lemgo. Kämpfer’s unpublished manuscripts and collections were purchased, in 1753, by Sir Hans Sloane, for the British Museum.
See pages [20]. [44]. [167]. [263]. [272]. [315]. [512]. [513]. [527].
Kazwini, an Arabic geographer of the 13th century.—Ethé, Kazwini’s Kosmographie. Leipzig, 1869.
See pages [503]. [521]. [573].
Khurdadbah or Ibn-Chordadbeh, engaged, towards the end of the 9th century, in the police and postal administration of Mesopotamia, and collecting informations about the products and tributes of the empire of the Khalifes. They are translated by Barbier du Meynard: Le livre des routes et des provinces, par Ibn Khordadbeh. Journal asiatique, v. (1865) 227-296 and 446-527.
See pages [282]. [512]. [518]. [573]. [577]. [642].
Kosmas Alexandrinos Indikopleustes, a Greek merchant, a friend of Alexander Trallianus ([p. 752]), living in Egypt, travelling in India, and lastly, towards the middle of the 6th century, a monk. His monstrous work, Christiana topographia, contains, nevertheless, a small amount of valuable information. We referred to it as contained in Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus, series græca, t. lxxxviii. (1850) 374.
See pages [281]. [577]. [599].
Lefebvre or Le Fèbre, Nicolas, 16..-1674, Paris (partly also London), “Apoticaire ordinaire du Roy, distillateur chymique de sa Majesté”—Traité de la Chymie, Paris, i. (1660) 375-377.
Liber pontificalis seu de gestis Romanorum pontificum. Romæ, 1724 (edition of Vignolius). A new edition will be brought out in the Monumenta Germaniæ.
See pages [137]. [142]. [281].
Macer Floridus, wrote, a.d. 1140, the book De viribus herbarum. The editio princeps was printed a.d. 1487 in Naples; the best edition is that of Choulant, Leipzig, 1832 (140 pages). Nothing exact is known about that author himself.
See pages [627]. [642]. [684].
Marcellus Empiricus, a high functionary of the two emperors Theodosius, towards the end of the 4th and in the beginning of the 5th centuries.—De medicamentis empiricis, physicis ac rationalibus liber. Basileæ, 1536.
Marcgraf, Georg, 1610-1644, astronomer and geographer to Count Johann Moriz von Nassau. See Piso.
See pages [187]. [211]. [228]. [371].
Masudi, or Almasudi, Maçoudi a.d. 900-958. Born at Bagdad, travelled in Arabia, India, and in the East of Africa. One of the distinguished geographic writers of the Arabs. His works are being published by the Société asiatique of Paris: Les Prairies d’Or, texte et traduction par Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille, 8 vols., 1869-1873 (in continuation).
See pages [503]. [573]. [584]. [600]. [680].
Mattioli, Pierandrea. Born in 1501 at Siena; living as a physician at Trento, Görz, Prag; died a.d. 1577. There are many editions of his chief work, Commentarii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de medica materia. The first, in Italian, was published in 1544 at Venice.
See pages [32]. [147]. [183]. [390]. [439]. [456]. [609]. [650].
Meddygon Myddvai—See Physicians.
Mesuë, the younger. Jahjâ ben Mâsaweih ben Ahmed.... Born at Maredin, Kurdistan, physician to the Khalif Alhakem at Cairo; died a.d. 1015.
Monardes, Nicolás, 1493-1588, physician at Sevilla.—Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, que sirven en medicina. Sevilla, 1569. Latin edition by Clusius, De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis, quorum in medicina usus est. Antwerp. 1574. See Hanbury’s appreciation of the book: Pharm. Journ. i. (1870) 298.
See pages [148]. [202]. [206]. [443]. [466]. [534]. [537]. [697]. [705].
Mutis, José Celestino, 1732-1808; 1760, physician to the viceroy of New Granada; 1782, in charge of an “expedicion real botanica” of that country. See Triana’s work, quoted at page 369. Triana much reduces, apparently with good reason, the merits of Mutis, which would appear to have been overrated by Humboldt.
Nikandros Kolophonios, of Klaros, near Kolophon in Ionia, in the 2nd century b.c. Physician and poet.
See page [6].
Nostredame, Michel de. Born 1503 at Saint-Remi, Provence. Physician and astrologer at Aix and Lyons; died a.d. 1566 at Salon, Provence.
See page [405].
Oribasios Pergamenos, a friend and physician to the emperor Julianus Apostata, 4th century. We referred chiefly to Bussemaker et Daremberg, Oeuvres complètes d’Oribasius, 6 vols., 1851-1876.
See pages [35]. [129]. [175]. [183]. [222]. [559]. [729].
Orta, Garcia de, or Garcia ab Horto. (Years of birth and death unknown.) He was a student of medicine and natural sciences in the Universities of Salamanca and Alcalá, and a teacher and physician in the University of Coimbra (or Lissabon?). In 1534 Garcia accompanied Martim Affonso de Souza, grand admiral of the Indian fleet, to Goa, and lived there as a royal physician (Physico d’El Rey) to the hospital. Garcia appears to have been still living there in 1562, when he obtained the vice-regal privilege for his book “Coloquios dos simples e drogas he cousas mediçinais da India, e assi dalguãs frutas achadas nella ande se tratam.... Impresso em Goa, por Joannes de endem as x de Abril de 1563,” 436 pp., 4°. (British Museum).—F. A. von Varnhagen has caused the Coloquios to be reprinted in 1872 at Lisbon. Garcia de Orta’s Coloquios are, notwithstanding the utterly diffused style of the work, a precious source of information on eastern drugs. They had the good chance to be translated, as early as the year 1567, by Clusius, who omitted the insignificant parts of the book, re-arranged it conveniently, and added valuable notes. See Flückiger in Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharmacie, xxv. (1876) 63-69.
See pages [43]. [86]. [130]. [154]. [200]. [225]. [241]. [272]. [405]. [415]. [429]. [462]. [512]. [521]. [527]. [547]. [585]. [638]. [644]. [712].
Oviedo, Capitan Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés—See Fernandez.
Palladius, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus, an agricultural author of the 4th or 5th century of our era, living probably in northern Italy. We have chiefly referred to Nisard’s edition of the fourteen books of Palladius “De re rustica,” which is contained in Firmin Didot’s “Les Agronomes latins,” Paris, 1877.
See page [328].
Parkinson, John, 1567-1629 (?), an apothecary of London, and director of the Royal Gardens at Hampton Court. Theatrum botanicum, or an herball of large extent.... London, 1640. fol.
See pages [84]. [189]. [287]. [429]. [469]. [470]. [500]. [556]. [589]. [616]. [623]. [648]. [698]. [731].
Paulus Ægineta (Paulos Aiginetes), a physician of the first half of the 7th century of our era, who appears to have lived for some time at Alexandria. Author of “seven books” on medicine, which have been first published, in Greek, in 1528 at Venice, and, in Latin, in 1532 at Paris, translated by Winter (Guinterus) of Andernach: Compendii medici libri septem. We have also referred to the translation of Adams.
See pages [3]. [35]. [175]. [183]. [271]. [281]. [559]. [563].
Pavon, José, a Spanish botanist, who explored in common with Ruiz the flora of Peru. Biographic particulars about Pavon are wanting even in Colmeiro’s La botánica y los botánicos de la peninsula Hispano-Lusitana, Madrid, 1858. 181.
Paxi or Pasi, Bartolomeo di; the author of a curious book giving practical information about the weights and measures in use in various countries. There are many editions, the first of which, as examined in 1876 by one of us (F. A. F..) in the library of San Marco, Venice, is found to bear the following title:—“Qui comincia la utilissima opera chiamata Taripha, la qvol tracta de ogni sorte de pexi e misure conrispondenti per tuto il mondo fata e composta per lo excelente e eximio Miser Bartholomeo di Paxi da Venezia. Stampado in uenezia per Albertin da lisona uercellese regnante l inclyto principe miser Leonardo Loredano. Anno domini 1503. A di 26 del mese de luio.”
Peres—See Pires.
Periplus Maris Erythræi, a survey of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean as far as the coast of Malabar. In his interesting account, written about between a.d. 54 and 68, the author, commonly called Arrian of Alexandria, gives a list of imports and exports of the various places which he had visited or of which he had good informations. See Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, etc. London, vol. i. (1800), ii. (1805); also C. Müller, Geographi græci minores, i. (Paris, 1855) 257-305. Anonymi (Arriani ut fertur) Periplus maris erythræi.
See pages [35]. [142]. [272]. [493]. [520]. [529]. [577]. [599]. [664]. [675]. [680]. [715].
Physicians of Myddvai (Meddygon Myddfai). Rhys Gryg (i.e. the Hoarse), prince of South Wales (died in 1233 at Llandeilo Vawr), had his domestic physician, namely Rhiwallon, who was assisted by his three sons Cadwgan, Gruffydd, Einion, from a place called Myddvai, in the present county of Caermarthen. They made a collection of recipes, the original manuscript of which is in the British Museum. Another collection has been compiled, from the original sources, by Howel the Physician, son of Rhys, son of Llewelyn, son of Philip the Physician, a lineal descendant of Einion, the son of Rhiwallon. Both these compilations have been published at Llandovery in 1861, together with a translation, by John Pughe, under the above title (470 pp.)
See pages [6]. [40]. [65]. [71]. [141]. [157]. [161]. [170]. [180]. [299]. [305]. [310]. [316]. [334]. [380]. [383]. [393]. [401]. [450]. [464]. [469]. [476]. [488]. [556]. [625]. [635]. [642]. [652].
Pires, Tomé (or Pyres, Pirez, as he also writes his name himself), a Portuguese apothecary. He was the first ambassador sent, probably in 1511, from Europe, or at least from Portugal, to China. Pires addressed, in 1512-1516, several letters from Cochin and Malacca to the Admiral Affonso d’Albuquerque and to King Manuel of Portugal. One of them, written January 27, 1516, from Cochin to the King, enumerates many drugs which were to be met with in that place—“dando l-lhe noticias das drogas da India,” says the writer. This letter, still existing in the Real y Nacional Archivo da Torre do Tombo (corpo chronologico, part i. fasc. 19, No. 102), was communicated in 1838 by Bishop Condo Don Francisco de San Luiz to the Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society, and published in their “Jornal de Socied. Pharm. Lusit. ii. (1838) 36.” It will also be found in the pamphlet[2785] “Elogio historico e noticia completa de Thomé Pires, pharmaceutico e primeiro naturalista da India; e o primeiro embaixador europeo a China. Memoria publicada na Gazeta de Pharmacia por Pedro José da Silva.” ... Lisboa, 1866. 47 pp. (“y 22 fac simile de sua signatura”). We had, moreover, before us an authentic copy of the letter under notice, obligingly written 1st December, 1869, for one of us by Senhor Joaquim Urbano de Veiga, the Secretary of the Sociedad Pharmaceutica Lusitana. According to Colmeiro, La Botánica y los Botánicos de la Peninsula Hispano-Lusitana, Madrid, 1858. 148, Peres was attached to the factory of Malacca as a “scribano” (secretary?) and “por tener conocimientos farmacéuticos,” and was sent to China, with the character of an ambassador, in order to examine more freely the plants. He was imprisoned, says Colmeiro, at Pekin, and there died soon after 1521 in prison. Yet Abel Rémusat, in the 34th volume of the “Biographie universelle” (1823), p. 498, and also in his “Nouveaux mélanges asiatiques” ii. (1828) 203, states that Pires proceeded first to Canton, and reached Pekin in 1521. From this place he was sent to Canton and imprisoned for many years from political causes. He was still living in 1543.
Piso, Willem. The Dutch, having conquered in 1630 from the Spanish the north-eastern part of the Brazilian coast, between Natal and Porto Calvo, Count Johann Moriz von Nassau-Siegen was appointed, in 1636, Governor-General of these possessions. He left them in 1644; the history of his reign is contained in the work of Barlæus, Rerum per Octoennium ... gestarum ... historia, Amstelodami, 1647. The Count had also instituted a scientific exploration of the environs of Pernambuco (or Recife), his residence, by his physician Piso and Marcgraf, the friend of the latter (see M.), who lived also at the Count’s court. They devoted several years (from 1638 to 1641) zealously to their task. The results of their investigations are found in—(1) Historia naturalis Brasiliæ, published by Joh. de Laet, Lugd. Bat., 1643. (2) Pisonis de medicina brasiliensi libri iv., et G. Marcgravii historiæ rerum naturalium Brasiliæ libri viii. Lugd. Bat., 1648. (3) Pisonis de utriusque Indiæ historia naturali et medica libri xiv. Amstelodami, 1658.
See pages [27]. [113]. [114]. [130]. [152]. [211]. [228]. [371]. [591].
Platearius, Matthæus, one of the most distinguished writers of the famous medical school of Salerno, about the middle of the 12th century. He compiled the remarkable dictionary of drugs, “Liber de simplici medicina,” which was extremely appreciated during the next centuries, and even reprinted as late as the beginning of the 17th century. The work begins with a definition of the signification of the term Simplex medicina; it is in these words: Circa instans negotium de simplicibus medicinis nostrum versatur propositum. Simplex autem medicina est, quæ talis est, qualis a natura producitur: ut gariofilus, nux muscata et similia.... The work of Platearius is therefore usually quoted under the name Circa instans. The list of the 273 drugs enumerated in “Circa instans” will be found in Choulant (l.c. at p. 751), [p. 298]. We have referred to “Circa instans” as contained in the volumes—Dispensarium magistri Nicolai præpositi ad aromatarios, Lugduni, 1517, or Practica Jo. Serapionis, Lugd. 1525.
See pages [225]. [316]. [581].
Plinius (Cajus Plinius Secundus), a.d. 23-79, the well-known author of the “Naturalis historiæ libri xxxvii.” We have particularly used Littré’s translation, “Histoire naturelle de Pline,” published in 2 vols. by Firmin Didot, Paris, 1877.
See pages [6]. [35]. [43]. [97]. [147]. [161]. [179]. [234]. [276]. [281]. [291]. [305]. [310]. [325]. [329]. [333]. [377]. [434]. [439]. [474]. [486]. [488]. [493]. [503]. [519]. [529]. [543]. [556]. [558]. [576]. [595]. [609]. [627]. [644]. [661]. [664]. [672]. [677]. [680]. [729]. [733].
Plukenet, Leonard, 1642-1706, physician, director of the Royal gardens, London; collector of a large herbarium still existing in the British Museum.
See page [16].
Polo, Marco, a noble Venetian, the most famous among mediæval travellers. He spent 25 years, from 1271 to 1295, in Asia, chiefly in China. The account of his travels was written, in French, in 1298, by Rusticiano of Pisa, and published since in numerous translations and abstracts. We have chiefly referred to the two following excellent works: (1) Pauthier. Le livre de Marco Polo, publié pour la première fois d’après trois manuscrits inédits de la Bibliothèque impériale de Paris, 1865. (2) Yule. The book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian, concerning the kingdom and marvels of the East, with notes and illustrations. 2 vols. London, 1871, second edition 1874.
See pages [200]. [282]. [494]. [510]. [512]. [520]. [584]. [636]. [717].
Pomet, Pierre, “marchand épicier et droguiste à Paris, rue des Lombards, à la Barbe d’Or.”—Histoire générale des drogues, 1694, fol. 528 pages, 400 engravings. There are later editions in 2 vols., 4°; that of 1735 by the author’s son, an “apotiquaire” at St. Denis. See Hanbury’s appreciation of the book, Pharm. Journ. i. (1870) 298.
See pages [21]. [26]. [73]. [118]. [126]. [148]. [260]. [263]. [479]. [617]. [623]. [648]. [657].
Porta, Giovanni Battista, 1539(?)-1615, a distinguished Napolitan nobleman. Of his remarkable works we have before us—De distillatione, lib. ix. Romæ 1608, 154 pp. It is partly contained also in Porta’s Magiæ naturalis libri xx, 1589, yet not in the earlier editions of the Magia, the first of which appeared in 1558. Another work of the same author, the Phytognomica, Naples, 1583, may be mentioned as one of the chief works treating on the “Doctrine of Signatures.” There are several editions of it, usually containing the curious figures of the tubers of orchids as especially connected with that superstitious doctrine.
See pages [118]. [263]. [385]. [479]. [526]. [580]. [653]. [655].
Præpositus, Nicolaus, one of the eminent physicians of the school of Salerno (see S.) living in the first half of the 12th century. He gives in his Antidotarium, first edition, Venetiis 1471, the composition of about 150 medicines, which were much used, under his name, during the following centuries. They are enumerated in Choulant’s book, mentioned [p. 751 before].
Pun-tsao, a great Chinese herbal, written by Le-she-chin, in the middle of the 16th century. It consists of 40 thin octavo volumes, the first three of which contain about 1,100 woodcuts. For more exact information consult Hanbury, Science Papers, 212 et seq.
See pages [4]. [76]. [83]. [167]. [510]. [520].
Ramusio, Giovanni Battista.—Terza editione delle navigationi e viaggi raccolti già da G. B. Ramusio, 3 vol. fol. Venetia, 1554. A valuable collection of accounts of mediæval travellers, chiefly Italian.
See page [4].
Ray (Wray, or Rajus) John, 1628-1705, a clergyman and distinguished botanist. His Herbarium is preserved in the British Museum. Historia plantarum, 3 vols., folio, London, 1686-1704.
See pages [254]. [277]. [481]. [482]. [615]. [731]. [740].
Redi, Francesco, a physician of Arezzo, who lived at Florence. Esperienze intorno a diverse cose naturali e particularmente a quelle che ci son portate dell’ India. Firenze, 1671.
Rhazes (Abu Bekr Muhammad ben Zakhariah Alrazi) from Raj, in the Persian province Chorassan, where he was a physician to the hospital and subsequently at Bagdad; died a.d. 923 or 932.
See pages [3]. [271]. [393]. [642]. [716].
Rheede tot Draakestein, Hendrik Adriaan van, 1636-1691, Dutch governor of Malabar. He ordered the most conspicuous plants of India to be figured and to be described, mostly by Jan Commelin, professor of botany at Amsterdam. This great and valuable work is the Hortus indicus malabaricus, 12 vols. folio, Amstelodami 1678-1703, with 794 plates.
See pages [130]. [189]. [211]. [297]. [403]. [421]. [425]. [547]. [565]. [580]. [644]. [677]. [726].
Ricettario Fiorentino; one of the earliest, if not the very first, printed Pharmacopœia published by authority. It bears title: Ricettario di dottori dell’ arte, e di medicina del collegio Fiorentino all’ instantia delli Signori Consoli della universita delli speciali. Firenze, 1498. Folio. We have referred to the edition of 1567, printed at “Fiorenza, Nella Stamperia dei Giunti 1574.” There are other editions of that Florentine Pharmacopœia down to the year 1696.
Roteiro. The account of the famous expedition of Vasco da Gama to the Cape (22nd November, 1497), due to one of his companions, Alvaro Velho. The author enumerates in his remarkable pamphlet (see title at page 496) several spices and drugs of India, stating their prices there and in Alexandria. See also Heyd, Geschichte des Levantehandels, ii. (1879) 507.
Ruel, or Ruellius, also de la Rouelle, Jean. 1474-1537. Physician at Soissons, lastly canon at Paris. De natura stirpium libri iii. Parisiis, 1536. Folio. (See also Scribonius Largus.)
Ruiz, Hipolito. 1754-1816. A Spanish botanist, in 1777 appointed director of the celebrated exploration of Peru and Chile. (See also Pavon.)
Rumphius (Rumpf), Georg Eberhard, 1627-1702. Dutch governor of Amboina. He figured and described 715 plants of that island in the Herbarium amboinense, 7 vols., Amstelodami, 1741-1755, folio, 696 plates.
See pages [130]. [189]. [211]. [278]. [297]. [336]. [421]. [565]. [600]. [673]. [726]. [749].
Saladinus, of Ascoli (probably Ascoli di Satiano in the Capitanata, Apulia), physician to one of the Princes of Tarentum (and apparently also to the grand constable of Naples, Prince Giovanni Antonio de Balzo Ursino). He is the author of the “Compendium aromatariorum Saladini, principis tarenti dignissimi medici, diligenter correctum et emendatum. Impressum in almo studio Bononiensi, 1488;” 4°. 58 pages. Further on, the author calls himself Dominus Saladinus de Esculo, Serenitatis Principis Tarenti phisicus principalis. At the end of his pamphlet he gives the list of drugs “communiter necessariis et usitatis in qualibet aromataria vel apotheca.” ... This book intended for the druggists, aromatarii, was written between a.d. 1442 and 1458, as shown by Hanbury, Science Papers, 358.
See pages [148]. [183]. [225]. [377]. [388]. [456]. [582]. [585]. [600].
Salerno, the school of medicine. During the middle ages, from about the 9th century, there were flourishing in the said Italian town a large number of distinguished medical practitioners and teachers. It is one of their merits to have transmitted the medical art and knowledge of the Arabs to mediæval Europe.—See also Alphita, Constantinus Africanus, Platearius, Nicolaus Præpositus. That once famous institution continued an obscure existence even down to the year 1811, when it was suppressed, November 29th, by order of Napoleon.—See pages [31]. [225]. [321]. [334]. [377]. [690].
Sanudo, Marino, a well informed Venetian writer, author of (1) Vite de duchi di Venezia, in Muratori, Scriptores rerum italicarum xxii. (Mediolani, 1733) 954 et seq. (2) Marinus Sanutus dictus Torsellus Patricius Venetus, Liber Secretorum fidelium crucis super terræ sanctæ recuperatione et conservatione, in Orientalis Historiæ, tom ii. (Hanoviæ, 1611) 22; lib. i. part i. cap. 1. The latter work contains, at page 23, a classified list of eastern drugs; among the most valuable spices, Sanudo mentions cloves, cubebs, mace, nutmegs, spikenard; among those less costly, cinnamon, ginger, olibanum, pepper.
Scribonius Largus, a Roman physician of the first century of our era. He accompanied, in a.d. 43, the emperor Claudius when he attempted the definite conquest of the island of Britain. Scribonius is the author of the valuable book, Compositiones Medicamentorum seu Compositiones medicæ, the earliest edition of which is due to Ruel, Paris, 1529.
See pages [6]. [35]. [42]. [147]. [179]. [219]. [245]. [331]. [493]. [503].
Simon Januensis—See pages [6]. [44]. [582]. [652].
Sloane, Sir Hans, 1660-1753. In 1687 physician to the governor of Barbados and Jamaica. His library and large collections of natural history formed the nucleus of the British Museum. He wrote (1) Catalogus plantarum quæ in insula Jamaica sponte proveniunt vel vulgo coluntur ... adjectis aliis quibusdam, quæ in insulis Maderæ, Barbados, Nieves et St. Christophori nascuntur, Londini, 1696. (2) A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, St. Christophers and Jamaica. London, 1707-1725, fol.
See pages [18]. [73]. [188]. [203]. [288]. [591]. [615]. [629]. [710].
Susruta. The author of “Ayurvedas,” i.e. the book of health, an old Sanskrit medical work in which a large number of eastern drugs are mentioned. It was first printed in the original language at Calcutta, 2 vols., 1835-1836, and afterwards translated under the name Susrutas Ayurvedas, id est medicinæ systema a venerabili D’hanvantare demonstratum, a Susruta discipulo compositum. Nunc primum ex Sanskrita in Latinum sermonem vertit.... Fr. Hessler, Erlangæ, 3 vols., 1844-1850. And by the same translator, Commentarii et annotationes in Susrutæ ayurvedam, 1852-1855. Susruta was once supposed to have written centuries before Christ, but chiefly the researches of Prof. Haas, London, in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, xxx. (1876) 617 sqq. and xxxi. (1877) 647, make it not improbable that the Sanskrit “Susruta” might have been generated from the Greek Hippokrates by way of the intermediate form “Bukrat.” The oldest testimony as to the time of Susruta (and Charaka, see before) is the statement of Ibn Abu Oseibiah, in the 13th century, that Susruta had been translated into Arabic about the end of the 8th century.
See pages [154]. [188]. [211]. [225]. [295]. [315]. [421]. [425]. [436]. [503]. [547]. [572]. [644].
Tabernæmontanus, Jacob Theodor, physician at Heidelberg; died a.d. 1590. A pupil of Tragus.—Neuw Kreuterbuch, Frankfurt, 1588, folio; second part, 1591, both with fig. Later editions, also in German, by Caspar Bauhin and Hieronymus Bauhin. Latin translation, Eicones plantarum seu stirpium ... Francofurti, 1590, with 2225 engravings.
See pages [308]. [390]. [731].
Talbor, or also Tabor, Robert, 1642-1681. This singular personage having been apprenticed to Dear, an apothecary of Cambridge, settled in Essex, where he practised medicine with much success. He afterwards came to London, and in 1672 published a small book called Πυρετολογία, a rational account of the cause and cure of agues (London, 12°). As stated at page 344, he was appointed physician to the king, and on 27th July of the same year, received the honour of knighthood at Whitehall. But he was not a member of the College of Physicians; and to save him from attack, Charles II. caused a letter to be written restraining that body from interfering with him in his medical practice. (Baker, l.c. at page 344, note 1). The appointment as royal physician, made in consideration of “good and acceptable services performed,” led to the issuing of a patent under the Privy Seal, dated 7th August, 1678, granting to Sir Robert Talbor an annuity of £100 per annum, together with the profits and privileges appertaining to a physician in ordinary to the sovereign. In 1679 Talbor visited France and Spain, as recorded in the Recueil des nouvelles etc. pendant l’année 1679 (Paris, 1780) 466 (this includes the Gazette de France, 23rd Sept., 1679). The journey to Spain he made in the suite of the young queen of Spain, Louise d’Orléans, niece of Louis XIV., of whom he is described as premier médecin. During Talbor’s absence, his practice in London was carried on by his brother, Dr. John Talbor, as is proved by an advertisement in the True News or Mercurius Anglicus, January 7-10, 1679. In France Talbor had the good fortune to cure the Dauphin of an attack of fever, and also treated with success other eminent persons. (See Lettres de Madame de Sévigné, nouv. ed. tome v., 1862, 559; also tome vi., letters of 15th and 29th Sept, and 6th Oct. 1679.) The physicians both in England and France were exceedingly jealous of the successes of an irregular practitioner like Talbor, and averse to admit the merits of his practice. Yet D’Aquin, first physician to Louis XIV., prescribed Vin de Quinquina, as well as powdered bark, for the king in 1686.—See J. A. Le Roi, J. Journal de la santé du roi Louis XIV., Paris, 1862. 171. 431. But Talbor’s happy results brought him into favour with Louis XIV., who induced him, in consideration of a sum of 2,000 louis d’or and an annual pension of 2,000 livres, to explain his mode of treatment, which proved to consist in the administration of considerable doses of cinchona bark infused in wine, as will be seen in the pamphlet: Les admirables qualitez du Kinkina confirmées par plusieurs expériences, Paris, 1689. 12°. Talbor did not long enjoy his prosperity, for he died in 1681, aged about 40 years. He was buried in Trinity Church, Cambridge, where a monumental inscription describes him as—“Febrium malleus” and physician to Charles II., Louis XIV, and the Dauphin of France. In Talbor’s will, proved by his widow, Dame Elizabeth Talbor, alias Tabor, relict and executrix, 18th Nov. 1861, and preserved at Doctors’ Commons, mention is made of an only son, Philip Louis.
See page [344].
Theophrastos Eresios, of Eresos, in the island of Lesbos, about 370-285 b.c. The earliest botanical author in Europe, having consigned in his works, written about the year 314 b.c. or later, an admirable amount of excellent observations, either of his own, or, as many suggest, originated from Aristotle. Among the numerous editions of Theophrast’s works (printed as early as a.d. 1483) we may point out Wimmer’s Latin translations, tom. i. Historia plantarum, tom. ii. De Causis plantarum. Leipzig, 1854; or the French edition of the same translator, Théophraste, Oeuvres complètes. Paris, 1866, Firmin Didot.
See pages [42]. [97]. [136]. [142]. [146]. [147]. [161]. [166]. [175]. [179]. [234]. [259]. [292]. [310]. [321]. [393]. [418]. [439]. [519]. [529]. [567]. [576]. [595]. [598]. [620]. [644]. [661]. [664]. [677]. [690]. [715]. [723]. [733].
Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, 1656-1708. Important as are his attempts to establish a scientific classification of plants, his merits as a careful observer (1700-1702) of eastern plants are of still more weight from a pharmaceutical standpoint. The latter is evidenced by his Relations d’un voyage du Levant.... Paris, 1717, 2 vols.
Tragus (Bock), Hieronymus, 1498-1554. A friend and pupil of Brunfels (see B.), protestant clergyman at Hornbach, near Zweibrücken, Bavarian Palatinate. He gave remarkably good descriptions of the indigenous plants, with figures, in his “Kreuterbuch,” the best edition of which was published in German at Strassburg, a.d. 1551, and a translation in 1552: Hieronymi Tragi, de stirpium, maxime earum quæ in Germania nostra nascuntur usitatis nomenclaturis, etc. libri très.
See pages [170]. [295]. [384]. [388]. [434]. [450]. [456]. [469]. [540]. [665]. [676]. [694]. [699]. [731]. [734].
Turner, William, born at Morpeth, Northumberland (date not known), died 1568. In 1538 he was a student of theology and medicine in Pembroke College, Cambridge. Turner lived many years in Germany, and was an intimate friend of Conrad Gesner. The “New Herball, wherein are contayned the names of herbes in Greeke, Latin, ... and in the potecaries and herbaries ... with the properties etc., by William Turner, London, 1551; the seconde parte, Collen (Cologne), 1562; the third parte, London, 1568,” is the earliest scientific work on botany in the English literature. To its author is also due the foundation of the Kew Gardens.
See pages [292]. [378]. [480]. [556]. [568]. [571]. [729].
Vasco da Gama—See Roteiro.
Vegetius Renatus. A treatise on veterinary medicine, written apparently about the beginning of the 5th century of our era, is attributed to an author of the above name. See Choulant, p. 223 of the work quoted before (p. 751).
Vignolius—See Liber pontificalis.
Vindicianus, physician to the Emperor Valentinianus I., about a.d. 364-375. For further information see Choulant’s work (quoted at p. 751), p. 215; also Haller, Bibl. bot. i. 151.
See page [559].