INDEX.

Natural Orders are printed in small capitals, as Acanthaceæ: headings of articles in thick type, as Ammoniacum.

PRINTED BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, GLASGOW.

Footnotes:

[1] The admirable work of this author—Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1879—appeared when the second edition of our Pharmacographia was already in the press.

[2] Berg, Anatomischer Atlas zur pharmazeutischen Waarenkunde, Berlin, 1865. 4to., with 50 plates.

Flückiger, Grundlagen der pharmaceutischen Waarenkunde, Einleitung in das Studium der Pharmacognosie, Berlin, 1873.

Planchon, Traité pratique de la détermination des drogues simples d’origine végétale, Paris, 1874.

Luerssen, Medicinisch-Pharmaceutische Botanik, Leipzig (in progress).

[3] For further information, see Flückiger, Pharmaceutische Chemie, Berlin, 1879.

[4] Flora Orientalis, i. (1867) 61.

[5] See the list of theses and memoirs on Hellebore given by Mérat and De Lens, Dict. iii. (1831) 472, 473.

[6] Zeitschr. d. Gesellsch. d. Aerzte zu Wien. 1860, No. 25; Canstatt’s Jahresbericht for 1859. i. 47. 1860. i. 55.

[7] Between purpurascens and niger, Schroff places L. ponticus A. Br., a plant which Boissier holds to be simply H. orientalis Lam.

[8] Trans. of Med. and Phys. Soc. of Calcutta, viii. (1836) 85. Reprinted in Pereira’s Materia Medica, vol ii. part 2 (1857), 699.

[9] Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 204; also Mat. Med. l.c.

[10] See also Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, ii. (1855) 419.

[11] F. Z. Ermerins, Anecdota medica Græca, e codicibus MSS. expromsit. Lugd. Bat. 1840. Leonis Philosophi et Medici conspectus medicinæ, lib. iii. cap. I. (Κεϕ. ά. Περὶὑϕθαλμῶν.....σαρκοκόλλς, γλαμκίῳ, μαμηρᾀ καἰ καμϕορᾷ).

[12] Yule, Cathay and the way thither, (Hakluyt Society) i. (1866) p. ccxvi.

[13] Davies, Report on the trade of the countries on the N. W. boundary of India, Lahore, 1862.

[14] Otherwise written Honglane, Chonlin, Chynlen, Chouline, Souline, &c.

[15] Specimen Medicinæ Sinicæ, Med. Simp. No. 27.

[16] Mat. Med. ii. (1778) 908.

[17] Hist. des Drog. ii. (1849) 526.

[18] Trans. of Med. and Phys. Soc. of Calcutta, iii. (1827) 432.

[19] Teeta is the Hindustani tāītā, from the Sanskrit tikta, “bitter.” (Dr. Rice.)

[20] Two cases were offered for sale as Olen or Mishmee by Messrs. Gray and Clark, drug-brokers, 22nd Nov. 1858.

[21] Journ. of Chem. Soc. xv. (1862) 339.

[22] Gross in Am. Journ. of Pharm. May 1873. 193.

[23] O. Schneider, Nicandrea, Lips. 1856. 271.

[24] De Mat. Med. lib. iv. c. 153.

[25] Puschmann’s edition ([quoted in the Appendix]) i. 450.

[26] De Compositione Medicamentorum, c. 165.

[27] Lib. xxiii. c. 13.

[28] Libro della Agricultura, Venet. (1511) lib. vi. c. 108.

[29] Clavis Sanationis, Venet. 1510.

[30] Ann. de Chimie et de Phys. lii. (1833) 352.

[31] The platinic compound is in fine microscopic crystals.

[32] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 405, and vii. (1877) 1043.

[33] We use the word root as most in accordance with the teaching of English botanists.

[34] Journal de mon troisième voyage en Chine, i. (Paris 1875) 367.

[35] F. Porter Smith, Mat. Med. and Nat. Hist. of China, Shanghai, 1871. 2, 3.

[36] Pliny, lib. xxvii. c. 76, also xxv. 25.

[37] The Physicians of Myddvai; Meddygon Myddfai. Published for the Welsh MSS. Society. Llandovery, 1861. 282, 457.

[38] De Stramonio, Hyoscyamo et Aconito, Vindob. 1762.

[39] Pharm. Journ. 1875 to 1878, also Yearbook of Pharmacy, the results being summarized in the Yearbook for 1877, 466.—Comparative qualitative reactions of Aconitine, Aconine, Pseudaconitine, and Pseudaconine, see Yearbook (1877) 459.

[40] Thus the continental druggists are able to offer it in quantity as low as 4d. to 5d. per lb., and a pound, we find, contains fully 150 roots!

[41] See figure in Berg’s Atlas zur pharm. Waarenkunde (1865) fig. 24.

[42] Hanbury, Science Papers (1876) 258, with figure. See also Pharm. Journ. ix. (1879) 615, where the drug is derived from Aconitum Fischeri.

[43] Their microscopic structure is figured in the paper of Dr. Dunin (quoted farther on, in our article on Aconitum heterophyllum at p. 14) 217-225.

[44] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1877) 749.

[45] Gmelin, Chemistry, xi. (1857) 402.

[46] Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift, xviii. (1869) 82, also Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann (1869) 12.

[47] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1867) 118.

[48] The Arabic name Bish or Persian Bis is stated by Moodeen Sheriff in his Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India (p. 265) to be a more correct designation than Bikh, which seems to be a corruption of doubtful origin. We find that the Arabian writer Ibn Baytar gives the word as Bish (not Bikh).

[49] Figured in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants (1877) pt. 27.

[50] Flor. Ind. i. (1855) 54, 57; and Introd. Essay, 3.

[51] Abu Mansur Mowafik ben Ali Alherui, Liber Fundamentorum Pharmacologiæ, i. (Vindob. 1830) 47. Seligmann’s edition.

[52] Valgrisi edition, 1564, lib. ii. tract. 2. it. N. (p. 347).

[53] Ibn Baytar, Sontheimers transl. i. (1840) 199.

[54] Clusius, Exotica, 289.

[55] Pharm. Persica, 1681, p. 17, 319, 358. The word bisch is correctly given in Arabic characters, so that of its identity there can be no dispute. (Pharm. persica, see appendix: Angelus.)

[56] Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, Edin. 1819, 98.

[57] Musée Helvétique d’Hist. Nat. Berne, i. (1823) 160.

[58] Yet strange to say confused the plant with A. Napellus, an Indian form of which he figured as A. ferox!

[59] Edinb. New Phil Journ. xlvii. (1849) 366, pl. 5.

[60] The first importation was in 1869, when ten bags containing 1,000 lbs., said to be part of a much larger quantity actually in London, were offered for sale by a drug-broker.

[61] There is a rude woodcut of the root in Pharm. Journ. i. (1871) 434.

[62] A specimen of ordinary Bish in my possession for two or three years became much infested by a minute and active insect of the genus Psocus.—D. H.

[63] Obligingly sent to me in 1867 by Messrs. Rogers & Co. of Bombay, who say it is the only kind there procurable.—D. H.

[64] According to Moodeen Sheriff (Supplement to Pharm. of India, pp. 25-32, 265) there are several kinds of aconite root found in the Indian bazaars, some of them highly poisonous, others innocuous. The first or poisonous aconites he groups under the head Aconitum ferox, while the second, of which there are three varieties mostly known by the Arabic name Jadvár (Persian Zadvár), he refers to undetermined species of Aconitum.

The surest and safest names in most parts of India for the poisonous aconite roots are Bish (Arabic); Bis (Persian); Singyā-bis, Mīthā-zahar, Bachhnāg (Hindustani); Vasha-nāvi (Tamil); Vasa-nābhi (Malyalim).

[65] Beautifully figured in Royle’s Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalayan mountains, &c., 1839, tab. 13; also in Bentley and Trimen’s Medicinal Plants, Part 27 (1877).

[66] Bengal Dispensatory, 1842. 167.

[67] Pharm. Journ. vi (1875) 189; also Blue Book, East India Chinchona Cultivation, 1877. 133.

[68] Dr. M. Dunin von Wasowicz has devoted to the drug under notice an elaborate paper in the Archiv der Pharmacie, 214 (1879) 193-216, including its structure, which he illustrates by engravings.

[69] Pharm. of India, 1868. 4. 434.

[70] Hooker and Thomson (on the authority of Munro) Flor. Ind. 1855. 58.

[71] For figure, see Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, Part 23 (1877).

[72] Acta Soc. Reg. Scient. Upsal. 1743. 131.

[73] Bentley, Pharm. Journ. ii. (1861) 460.

[74] Quoted by Bentley.

[75] Am. Journ. of Pharm. xliii. (1871) 151; Pharm. Journ. April 29, 1871. 866.

[76] Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1872. 385.

[77] From δριμὺς, acrid, biting.

[78] Flora Antarctica, ii. (1847) 229.

[79] Martius, Flor. Bras. fasc. 38 (1864) 134. Eichler however admits five principal varieties, viz. α. Magellanica; β. Chilensis; γ. Granatensis; δ. revoluta; ε. angustifolia.

[80] Journ. des observations physiques, &c. iv. 1714. 10, pl. 6.

[81] Characteres Generum Plantarum, 1775. 42.

[82] We have seen it offered in a drug sale at one time as “Pepper Bark,” at another as “Cinchona.” Even Mutis thought it a Cinchona, and called it “Kinkina urens”!

[83] The structure of Winter’s Bark is beautifully figured by Eichler, loc. cit. tab. 32.

[84] Perez-Rosales, Essai sur le Chili, 1857. 113.

[85] Annals of Nat. Hist., May 1858; also Miers’ Contributions to Botany, i. 121, pl. 24, Bot. Magaz., Sept. 1874, vol. xxx. pl. 6121, and Bentley and Trimens’ Medicinal Plants, part 10.

[86] Phil. Trans. xvii for 1693. 465.

[87] Hist. of Jamaica. London, iii. (1774) 705—also i. 495.

[88] It is so labelled in the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society, 28th April, 1873.

[89] Pharm. Waarenkunde, 1827-29. i. Taf. 3. fig. 7.

[90] As shown by De Lens’ own specimen kindly given to us by Dr. J. Léon Soubeiran. There are specimens of the same bark about a century old marked Cortex Winteranus verus in Dr. Burges’s cabinet of drugs belonging to the Royal College of Physicians.

[91] Griesbach calls it a low shrubby tree, 10-15 feet high. Mr. N. Wilson, late of the Bath Botanic Garden, Jamaica, has informed me it grows to be 40-45 in height, but that he has seen a specimen 90 feet high. (Letter 22 May 1862.)—D. H.

[92] Loc. cit.

[93] From the Arabic Bádiyán fennel.

[94] Amœnitates, 1712. 880.

[95] Flora Japonica, 1784. 235.

[96] Adansonia, viii. 9; Hist. des Plantes, Magnoliacées, 1868. 154.

[97] Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugdun. Batav. ii. (1865-1866). 257.

[98] Thorel, Notes Médicales du voyage d’exploration du Mékong et de Cochinchine, Paris, 1870. 31.—Garnier, Voyage d’exploration en Indo-Chine II. (Paris, 1873) 439.—Rondot, Etude pratique du commerce d’exportation de la Chine, 1848. 11.

[99] Bretschneider in (Foochow) Chinese Recorder, Jan., 1871, 220, reprinted in his “Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works,” Foochow, 1872, 13.—See also Hirth du Frênes, in New Remedies, New York, 1877, 181.

[100] Rarior. Plant. Hist. 202.

[101] Hist. des Drog. pt. i. liv. i. 43.

[102] Redi, Experimenta, Amstelod. 1675, p. 172.

[103] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, 4-8.

[104] Synonyms—Menispermum palmatum Lamarck, Cocculus palmatus DC, Menispermum Columba Roxb., Jateorhiza Calumba Miers, J. Miersii Oliv., Chasmanthera Columba Baillon. As we thus suppress a species admitted in recent works, it is necessary to give the following explanation. Menispermum palmatum of Lamarck, first described in the Encyclopédie méthodique in 1797 (iv. 99), was divided by Miers into two species, Jateorhiza palmata and J. Calumba. Oliver in his Flora of Tropical Africa, i. (1868) 42, accepted the view taken by Miers, but to avoid confusion abolished the specific name palmata, substituting for it that of Miersii. At the same time he noticed the close relationship of the two species, and suggested that further investigation might warrant their union. The characters supposed to distinguish them inter se are briefly these:—In J. palmata, the lobes at the base of the leaf overlap, and the male inflorescence is nearly glabrous; while in J. Calumba, the basal lobes are rounded, but do not overlap, and the male inflorescence is setose-hispid (“sparsely pilose” Miers). On careful examination of a large number of specimens, including those of Berry from Calcutta, and others from Mauritius, Madagascar, and the Zambesi, together with the drawings of Telfair and Roxburgh, and the published figures and descriptions, I am convinced that the characters in question are unimportant and do not warrant the establishment of two species. In this view I have the support of Mr. Horne of Mauritius, who at my request has made careful observations on the living plant and found that both forms of leaf occur on the same stem.—D. H.

[105] Reise nach Mossambique, Botanik i. (1862) 172.

[106] Hooker, Bot. Mag. lvii. (1830) tabb. 2970-71.

[107] “Sono ancora da farsi nuove esperienze intorno alla radice di Calumbe, creduta un grandissimo alessifarmaco.”—Esperienze, p. 125. (See Appendix, R.)

[108] Essays Medical and Experimental, Lond. ii. (1773) 3.

[109] Asiatick Researches, x. (1808) 385; Ainslie, Mat. Med. of Hindoostan, 298.

[110] Wholesale druggists sometimes wash the drug to improve its colour.

[111] From the Portuguese parreira, signifying a vine that grows against a wall (in French treille), and brava, wild.

[112] For a figure see Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, Part 5 (1876); also Eichler in Martius’ Flor. Bras. fasc. 38. tab. 48. The Cissampelos Abutua of Vellozo’s Flora Fluminensis, tom. x. tab. 140 appears to us the same plant.

[113] See Pharm. Journ. Aug. 2, 1873. 83; Yearbook, 1873. 28; Am. Journ. of Pharm. Oct. 1, 1873. fig. 3; Hanbury Science Papers. 382.

[114] Hist. des Drog. Paris, 1694. part i. livre 2. cap. 14.

[115] Hist. de l’Acad. roy. des Sciences, anneé 1710. 56.

[116] Traité des maladies les plus fréquentes et des remèdes spécifiques pour les guérir, Paris, 1703. 98.

[117] In the volumes of Sloane MSS. No. 4045 and 3322 contained in the British Museum, are a great many letters to Sloane from Etienne-François Geoffroy and from his younger brother Claude-Joseph, dating 1699 to 1744.

[118] Tract. de Mat. Med. ii. (1741) 21-25.

[119] Schediasma de Parreira Brava, 1719. (ed. 2. auctior.)

[120] Istoria Botanica, 1675. 59. fig. 22.

[121] Medicina Brasiliensis, 1648. 94.

[122] Species Plantarum, Holmiæ, 1753; see also Mat. Med. 1749. No. 459.

[123] Lunan, Hort. Jamaic. ii. (1814) 254; Descourtilz, Flor. méd. des Antilles, iii. (1827) 231.

[124] Thus it was omitted from the London pharmacopœias of 1809 and 1824, and from many editions of the Edinburgh Dispensatory.

[125] Hanbury in Pharm. Journ. Aug. 2-9, 1873, pp. 81 and 102.

[126] Lond. Med. Gazette, Feb. 16, 1828; Brodie, Lectures on Diseases of the Urinary Organs, ed. 3. 1842. 108, 138.

[127] Neues Jahrb. f. Pharm. xxxi. (1869) 257; Pharm. Journ. xi. (1870) 192.

[128] “Presentamente (Abutua) é reputada diaphoretica, diuretica e emenagoga, e usada interiormente na dóse de duas a quatro oitavas para uma libra de infusão ou cozimento, nas febres intermittentes, hydropisias, e suspensão de lochios.”—Langgaard, Diccionario de Medicina domestica e popular, Rio de Janeiro, i. (1865) 17.

[129] Figured, together with the plant, in Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 9 (1876).

[130] It is therefore entirely different to the wood figured as that of C. Pareira by Eichler in Martius’ Flor. Bras. xiii. pars. i. tab. 50. fig. 7.

[131] 45 packages containing about 20 cwt. were offered for sale by Messrs. Lewis and Peat, drug-brokers, 11 Sept. 1873, but there had been earlier importations.

[132] From these knots, which are at regular intervals, and sometimes very protuberant, it would appear that the panicles of flower arise year after year.

[133] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 702.

[134] Histoire des Drogues d’origine végétale, i. (Paris, 1878) 72.

[135] I have compared these leaves with Aublet’s own specimen in the British Museum.—D. H.

[136] Hist. des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise, i. (1775) 618. tab. 250.

[137] Valgrisi edition, 1564. lib. ii. tract. 2. cap. 488.

[138] Sontheimer’s transl. ii. 460.

[139] De Natura Stirpium, Paris, 1536. lib. iii. c. 4.

[140] Adnotationes, 1549. cap. 63 (p. 509).

[141] Hist. Gen. Plant. 1586. 1722.

[142] Herball, Lond. 1636. 1548-49.

[143] The Rates of Marchandizes, Lond. 1635.

[144] It forms part of his work De Christiana ac tuta medendi ratione, Ferrariæ, 1591.

[145] Frutto d’alcuni alberi, e d’alcune piante, o erbe salvatiche, come cipresso, ginepro, alloro, pugnitopo, e lentischio, e simili.—Lat. bacca; Gr. ἀκρόδρνα.—Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca.

[146] Quoted by J. J. von Tschudi, Die Kokkelskörner und das Pikrotoxin, St. Gallen, 1847.

[147] The fruit should be macerated in order to examine its structure.

[148] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 13.

[149] Fleming, Catal. of Indian Med. Plants and Drugs, Calcutta, 1810. 27.

[150] On the native drug called Gulancha by Ram Comol Shen.—Trans. of Med. and Phys. Soc. of Calcutta, iii. (1827) 295.

[151] Bengal Dispensatory, 1842. 198.

[152] Pharm. of India, 1868. 9.

[153] For remarks on the Indian species of Berberis, see Hooker and Thomson’s Flora Indica (1855), also Hooker’s Flora of British India, i. (1872) 108.

[154] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 25.

[155] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean, ii. (1807) 390, 410, 734.

[156] Figures of these vessels were published by Dr. J. Y. Simpson in an interesting paper entitled Notes on some ancient Greek medical vases for containing Lycium, of which we have made free use.—See (Edinb.) Monthly Journal of Med. Science, xvi. (1853) 24, also Pharm. Journ. xiii. (1854) 413.

[157] Lib. vii. c. 7.—See also Cælius Aurelianus, De morbis chronicis (Haller’s ed.) lib. i. c. 4, lib. iii. c. 8.

[158] Cataplasmata lippientium quibus usus est Heraclides Tarentinus—Galen, De Comp. Med. sec. locos, lib. iv. (p. 153 in Venice edit. of 1625).

[159] On the Lycium of Dioscorides.—Linn. Trans. xvii. (1837) 83.

[160] It is interesting to find that two of the names for lycium given by Ibn Baytar in the 13th century are precisely those under which rusot is met with in the Indian bazaars at the present day.

[161] The natives apply it in combination with alum and opium.

[162] O’Shaughnessy, Bengal Dispensatory (1842) 203-205.

[163] Journ. of R. Asiat. Soc. vii. (1843) 74.

[164] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1866) 303.

[165] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. (1866) 197.

[166] Nat. Hist. of Carolina, i. tab. 24.

[167] Materia Med. Americ. Erlangæ, 1787, p. 86. Schöpf was physician to German troops fighting in the War of Independence.

[168] Collections for an Essay on Mat. Med. of U.S. Philad. 1798, 31.

[169] Vol. iii. 273.

[170] Figured by Power, Proc. American Phar. Assoc., 1877. 420-433.

[171] American Journ. of Pharm. xvi. (1868) 1-10.

[172] Saunders in Am. Journ. of Pharm. xvi. 75.

[173] Ueber Podophyllin (Dissertation), Giessen, 1869.

[174] Am. Journ. of Pharmacy, xxxv. (1863) 97.

[175] L. cit., also Am. Journ. of Pharm. (1878) 370.

[176] Géogr. botanique, ii (1855) 649.

[177] Flores Papaveris rubri—in the list of the pharmaceutical shop of the town of Nördlingen. See Flückiger, in the Archiv der Pharm. 211 (1877) 97, No. 62.

[178] Flora Orientalis, i. (1867) 116.

[179] English growers prefer a white-flowered poppy.

[180] For further particulars consult Ritter, Erdkunde von Asien, vi. (1843) 773, etc.; Unger, Botanische Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete der Culturgeschichte, ii. (1857) 46.

[181] Meddygon Myddfai, Llandovery, 1861, 50. 216. 400.

[182] For particulars see Trécul, Ann. des Sciences Nat. v. (1866) 49; also Flückiger, Grundlagen der Pharmaceutischen Waarenkunde, 1873. 45.

[183] Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1874. 148.

[184] Archiv der Pharm. 204 (1874) 507.

[185] Catal. Ind. Departm. Internat. Exhibition. 1862. No. 742.

[186] For more particulars see Dr. Rice’s learned notes in New Remedies, New York, 1876, 229, reprinted in Pharm. Journ. vii. (2 Dec. 1876; 23 June 1877), pp. 452 and 1041.

[187] Ed. Bernhold, Argent. 1786, c. iii. sect. 22.

[188] Lib. iv. c. 65.

[189] Lib. xx. c. 76.

[190] There are no ancient Chinese or Sanskrit names for opium. In the former language the drug is called O-fu-yung from the Arabic. Two other names Ya-pien and O-pien are adaptations to the Chinese idiom of our word opium. There are several other designations which may be translated Smoking dirt, Foreign poison, Black commodity, &c.

[191] Coasts of East Africa and Malabar (Hakluyt Soc.), Lond. 1866. 206, 223.

[192] Journ. de Soc. Pharm. Lusit. ii. (1838) 36. Pires, or Pyres, was the first ambassador from Europe to China: Abel Rémusat, Nouv. mélanges asiatiques, ii. (1829) 203. See also Pedro José da Silva, Elogio historico e noticia completa de Thomé Pires, pharmaceutico e primeiro naturalista da India, Lisboa, 1866 (Library of the Pharm. Soc., London, Pamphlets, No. 30).

[193] Aromatum ... Historia, edit Clusius, Antv. 1574. lib. i. c. 4.

[194] Clavis Sanationis, Venet. 1510. 46.

[195] De Medicina Ægyptiorum, Lugd. Bat. 1719. 261.

[196] De Mas Latrie, Hist. de Chypre, iii. 406. 483; Muratori, Rerum Italic. Scriptores, xxii. 1170; Amari, I diplomi Arabi del archivio Fiorentino, Firenze, 1863. 358.

[197] Fontanon, Edicts et ordonnances des roys de France, ii. (1585) 347.

[198] For more ample particulars on these momentous events, see S. Wells Williams’s Middle Kingdom, vol. ii. (1848); British Almanac Companion for 1844, p. 77.

[199] Bretschneider, Study of Chinese Bot. Works, 1870. 48.

[200] Chinese Repository, vol. v. (1837) vi &c.

[201] Addressed to the Inspector-General of Customs, Pekin, and published at Shanghai, 1871

[202] Pharm. Journ. xv. (1856) 348.

[203] Am. Journ. of Phar. xviii. (1870) 124; Journ. of Soc. of Arts, Dec. 1, 1871.

[204] Pharm. Journ. Oct. 1, 1870. 272.

[205] Much information under this head has been derived from a paper On the production of Opium in Asia Minor by S. H. Maltass (Pharm. Journ. xiv. 1855. 396), and one On the Culture and Commerce in Opium in Asia Minor, by E. R. Heffler, of Smyrna (Pharm. Journ. x. 1869. 434).

[206] Probably signifying refuse,—that which comes out.

[207] Consul Cumberbatch, Trade Report for 1871, presented to Parliament.

[208] The largest lump I have seen weighed 6 lb. 6 oz., being part of 65 packages which I examined 2nd July, 1873.—D. H.

[209] Aegypten, Forschungen über Land und Volk während eines 10 zehnjährigen Aufenthalts, Leipzig, 1863.

[210] Naturgeschichtl. medicin. Skizze der Nilländer, Berlin, 1866. 353.

[211] Pharm. Journ. iv. (1863) 199.

[212] Polak, Persien, ii. (1865) 248, &c.

[213] Powell, Economic Products of the Punjab, i. (1868) 294.

[214] Thus in the Trade Report for Foochow, for 1870, addressed to Mr. Hart, Inspector-General of Customs, Pekin, is the following table:

Malwa.Patna.Benares.Persian.
Imports of Opium in 1867chests23271673724300
” ” 1868”24601257377544
” ” 1869”22011340410493
” ” 1870”18491283245630

[215] Letter from Mr. Merck to Dr. F. 1863.

[216] Information kindly given us (9th June, 1873) by Mr. W. Dillworth Howard, of the firm of Howard and Sons, Stratford. A morphine manufacturer has no particular interest in ascertaining the amount of water in the opium he purchases. All he requires to know is the percentage of morphine which the drug contains. It is otherwise with the pharmaceutist, whose preparations have to be made with dried opium.

[217] Journ. de Pharm. xvii (1873) 427.

[218] Fedschenko’s Catalogue of the Moscow Exhibition, Turkestan department, in Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharmacie, xxii. (1873) 221.

[219] Journ. de Pharm. xli. (1862) 184, 201.

[220] How this uniformity is insured we know not.

[221] Dorvault, Officine, éd. 8. 1872. 648.

[222] They are recorded in several pamphlets, for which we are indebted to the author, reprinted from the Mém. de l’Acad. du déartement de la Somme and the Mém. de l’Académie Stanislas.

[223] Journ. de Pharm. vi. (1867) 222.

[224] So we may infer from the fact that of the 39,225 chests which paid duty to Government at Bombay in 1872, 37,979 were Malwa opium, the remaining 1,246 being reckoned as from Guzerat.—Statement of the Trade and Nav. of Bombay for 1871-72, p. xv.

[225] Punjab Plants, Lahore, 1869. 10.

[226] Op. cit. i. 294.

[227] At the base of the Himalaya, S. and S.E. of Kashmir.

[228] Much of what follows respecting Bengal opium is derived from a paper by Eatwell, formerly First Assistant and Opium Examiner in the Government Factory at Ghazipur.—Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 269, &c.

[229] It is said (1873) that the ground devoted to poppy-culture in Bengal is becoming impoverished, and that the plant no longer attains its usual dimensions.

[230] For figures of the instrument, see Pharm. Journ. xi. (1862) 207.

[231] Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 209.

[232] Statement exhibiting the moral and material progress and condition of India during the year 1871-72,—Blue Book ordered to be printed 29th July, 1873. p. 10.

[233] The revenue by this duty upon opium exported from Bombay in the year 1871-72, was £2,353,500.

[234] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of British India with foreign countries, published by order of the Governor-General, Calcutta, 1872. 52.

[235] In the Report on the Trade of Hankow for 1869 addressed to Mr. Hart, Inspector-General of Customs, Pekin, it is stated—“The importation of opium is considerably short for the last two seasons, but this is not to be wondered at now that each opium-shopkeeper in this and the surrounding districts advertises native drug for sale.”

W. H. Medhurst, British Consul at Shanghai, says—“The drug is now being so extensively produced by the Chinese upon their own soil as sensibly to affect the demand for the India-grown commodity.”—Foreigner in Far Cathay, Lond. 1872. 20.

The quantity of opium exported from Bombay in 1871-72 was less by 1719 chests than that exported in 1870-71, the decrease being attributed to the present large cultivation in China.—Statement of the Trade and Nav. of Bombay for 1871-72, pp. xii. xvi.

[236] According to the French missionaries, the cultivation of the poppy in the great province of Szechuen was hardly known even so recently as 1840.

[237] Calcutta Blue Book, p. 205.

[238] Journ. of Soc. of Arts, Sept. (1872) 6, p. 338.

[239] North China Herald, June 28, 1873.

[240] Reports of H.M. Consuls in China, 1871 (No. 3, 1872), 1874 (No. 5, 1875), p. 4, 23.

[241] One pecul = 133⅓ lb.

[242] Reports on the Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1865. 125.

[243] Taken from the Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of British India with foreign countries, published by order of the Governor-General, Calcutta, 1872—199.

[244] Statistical Abstract relating to British India from 1866-67 to 1875-76. London, 1877, pp. 51, 53.

[245] Notes médicales du voyage d’exploration du Mékong et de Cochinchine, Paris, 1870. 23.

[246] Report on the Trade of Hankow, before quoted.

[247] In 1870, a British firm at Amoy opened an establishment for preparing opium for the supply of the Chinese in California and Australia—Pall Mall Gazette, Nov. 7th, 1878, p. 7, announces: “The monopoly of preparing and selling opium in the 14 districts of Kwang-chow-fu, has been leased to a Hong at Canton for 3 years, ... innovation on former practice.... Opium shops are henceforth to be licensed, and the Exchequer will receive the yearly sum of 140,000 dollars—a welcome addition to the revenue.”

[248] Pharm. Journ. vi. 234; vii. 183. with 4 beautiful plates representing the crystallizations from extract and tincture of opium as well as from the pure opium constituents. When the juice of the poppy is prevented from rapid drying by the addition of a little glycerin, crystals are developed in it.

[249] We had the opportunity of examining very good specimens of pectic matter and caoutchouc from opium, with which we were presented (1879) by Messrs. J. F. Macfarlane & Co., of London and Edinburgh.

[250] Flückiger, in Pharm. Journ. x. (1869) 208.

[251] American Journ. of Pharm., 1870. 124.

[252] From the laboratory accounts of Messrs. Allen and Hanburys, London, by which it appears that 200 lb. of Turkey opium dried at various times in the course of 10 years lost in weight 25¼ lb.

[253] Calculated from official statements given by Eatwell in the paper quoted at p. 50.

[254] Gilbert’s Annalen der Physik, lv. (1817) 57.

[255] Annales de Chimie, xcii (1814) 225.

[256] The Institut de France on the 27th June, 1831, awarded to Sertürner a prize of 2000 francs—“pour avoir reconnu la nature alcaline de la morphine, et avoir ainsi ouvert une voie qui a produit de grandes découvertes médicales.”

[257] There are exceptional cases in which it is asserted that water does not take up the whole amount of morphine.

[258] In large crystals by means of oil of turpentine.

[259] In 1851 Hinterberger described as a peculiar alkaloid, Opianine; Dr. Hesse has examined Hinterberger’s specimen of this body, and found (1875) it to consist of impure narcotine.

[260] Berichte d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesellsch. zu Berlin, iii. (1870) 182.

[261] Annales de Chimie et de Physique, xlix. (1832) 5-20.—The paper was read before the Acad. de Méd., 13th May, 1826.

[262] Mémoire sur le dosage de l’Opium et sur la quantité de morphine que l’opium doit contenir, Paris, 1862.

[263] Schroff, Ausstellungsbericht, Arzneiwaaren, p. 31.

[264] Am. Journ. of Pharm. xviii. (1870) 124.

[265] Notice historique sur l’opium indigène, Paris, 1852.

[266] Monographie des Opiums de l’Empire Ottoman envoyés à l’Exposition de Paris, 1867.

[267] Journ. de Pharm. xxxix. (1861) 163.

[268] Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 361.

[269] In one case the juice was allowed to stand in a basin from 23rd Feb. to 7th May, being “occasionally stirred”!

[270] This drug made in 1838 came from the Apothecary-General, Calcutta, and was presented by Christison to the Kew Museum. It is in rectangular tablets 2½ inches square and ¾ of an inch thick, cased in wax.

[271] The actual specimen is in the Kew Museum.

[272] Pharm. Journ. v. (1875) 845.

[273] This sample, the richest of all in morphine, is noted as of “2nd quality.”

[274] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1866) 183.

[275] Collected in 1829 by Biltz and obligingly placed in 1867 at my disposal by his son.—F. A. F.

[276] The statement of Biltz (1831) that an opium collected by himself from poppies grown in 1829 at Erfurt afforded 33 per cent. of narcotine is contrary to the experience of all other chemists. The same must be said of Mulder’s assertion respecting an opium giving 6 to 13 per cent. of narceine.

[277] In selecting a sample for analysis, care should be taken that it fairly represents the bulk of the drug. We prefer to take a little piece from each of several lumps, mix them in a mortar, and weigh from the mixed sample the required quantity.

[278] See also Proctor, Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 244, and Yearbook of Pharm. 1877. 528.

[279] See Tingling, J. F. B., The poppy-plague and England’s crime, London, 1876 (192 p.); Turner, F. S. (Secretary of the Anglo-Oriental Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade), British Opium Policy and its results to India and China. London, 1876 (308 pages); Sir Edw. Fry, England, China, and Opium, 1878 (61 p.).

[280] Botanique et Matière Méd. de Pline, ii. (1833) 446.

[281] Mommsen in Berichte der sächs. Gesellsch. der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 1851. 1-80.

[282] Enclosed pasture land in England was rare, and there was but scanty provision for preserving stock through the winter, root crops being unknown. Hence in November there was a general slaughtering of sheep and oxen, the flesh of which was salted for winter use.—See also Pharm. Journ. viii. (1876, April 27) 862.

[283] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 223.

[284] Guérard, Polyptique de l’Abbé Irminon, Paris, i. (1844) 715.

[285] Apparatus medicaminum, ii. (1794) 399.

[286] Journ. de Pharm. xvii. (1831) 360.

[287] The grey colour of the seed, which is attributed to rain during the ripening, is very detrimental to its value. The great aim of the grower is to produce seed of a bright reddish-brown, with no grey seed intermixed.

[288] Most minutely described and figured by F. von Höhnel, in Haberlandt’s Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete des Pflanzenbaues, i. (Vienna, 1875) 171-202.

[289] See also Radix Armoraciæ, p. 68.

[290] I have obtained as much as 33·8 per cent. by means of boiling ether.—F. A. F.

[291] Journ. de Pharm. vi. (1867) 269.

[292] The best Flour of Mustard such as is made by the large manufacturers, contains nothing but brown and white mustard seeds. But the lower and cheaper qualities made by the same firms contain flour, turmeric, and capsicum. Unmixed flour of Black Mustard is however kept for those who care to purchase it.

[293] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of British India, Calcutta, 1872. 62.

[294] Bretschneider, Study of Chinese Botan. Works, 1870. 17.

[295] Morton’s Cycloped. of Agriculture, ii. (1855) 440.

[296] Journ. de Pharm. xvii. (1831) 279.

[297] An interesting object for the polarizing microscope.

[298] The red compound thus formed with sulphocyanide is readily soluble in ether, yet in the case of white mustard we find it not to be so.

[299] Experiments performed by Mr. Weppen in my laboratory, 1869.—F. A. F.

[300] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 521 and 529.

[301] Ibid. 521.

[302] Pflanzenwelt Norwegens (1873) 296.

[303] Lib. xix. c. 26 (Littré’s translation).

[304] Géographie Botanique, ii. (1855) 655.

[305] Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. (1856) 531; also Schübeler l. c.; Pfeiffer, Buch der Natur von Konrad von Megenberg, Stuttgart, 1861. 418.

[306] Herball, part 2. (1568) 111.

[307] Dyetary of Helth, Early English Text Society, 1870. 278.

[308] Herball, edited by Johnson, 1636, 240.

[309] Adam in Eden, or Nature’s Paradise, Lond. 1657. chap. 256.

[310] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 6 (1876).

[311] Exotica, 78.

[312] Pharmacologia, 432.

[313] Hist. des Drog. part i. 130.

[314] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1584-1660, Lond. 1860.

[315] O. Swartz, Trans. of the Linnean Soc., i. 96. See also Bonnet, Monographie des Canellées, 1876.

[316] Information communicated to me by the Hon. J. C. Lees, Chief-Justice of the Bahamas. The second beating would seem to be not always required.—D. H.

[317] A specimen in Sloane’s collection in the British Museum labelled “Cortex Winteranus of the Isles,” but under the microscope seen to be absolutely identical with canella alba, still retains its proper fragrance after nearly two centuries.—F. A. F.

[318] First figured and described by Oudemaus, —Aanteekeningen op het ... Gedeelte der Pharm. Neerlandica, 1854-56. 467.

[319] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 210.

[320] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part. 26 (1877). Also in Christy, New Commercial Plants, No. 2 (1878).

[321] The Commercial Report from H. M. Consul-General in Siam for the year 1871, presented to Parliament, Aug. 1872, states that 48 peculs (6400 lb.) of Lukrabow seeds were exported from Bangkok to China in 1871. Sir Joseph Hooker (Report on the Royal Gardens at Kew, 1877, p. 33) has been informed by Mr. Pierre, the director of the Botanic Garden at Saigon, Cochin China, that the seeds have proved to derive from a Hydnocarpus (Gynocardia).—See also our article Semen Ignatii and Science Papers, p. 235.

[322] Hanbury, Notes on Chinese Mat. Med. (1862) 23.—Science Papers, 244. Dr. Porter Smith assumes the Chinese drug to be derived from G. odorata, but as I have pointed out, the seeds have a much stronger testa than those of that tree.—D. H.

[323] For particulars see Christy’s pamphlet alluded to above, p. 75.

[324] Waring, Pharm. of India, 1868. 27.

[325] Tennent (John), Epistle to Dr. Richard Mead concerning the epidemical diseases of Virginia, &c., Edinb. 1738.

[326] Amœnitates Academicæ, ii. 126.

[327] Ruiz and Pavon state that the root is called at Huanuco ratanhia. The derivation of the word which is of the Quichua language is obscure.

[328] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, part 30 (1876).

[329] Mem. de la R. Acad. med. de Madrid, i. (1797) 349—366.

[330] Medicinal and Chirurgical Review, Lond., xiii. (1806) ccxlvi.; also Reece, Dict. of Domest. Med., 1808.

[331] See art. Kino.

[332] Etudes sur le Genre Krameria (thèse), Paris, 1868. 83.

[333] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiii. (1859) 358.

[334] See Vogl’s Paper on it in Pringsheim, Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik, ix. (1874) 277-285.

[335] For further particulars, see Flückiger, Pharm. Journ., July 30, 1870. 84.

[336] Syst. Mat. Med. Bras., 1843. 51; Langgaard, Diccionario de Medicina, Rio de Janeiro, iii. (1865) 384.—Krameria argentea is figured in Flora Brasiliensis, Fascicul. 63 (1874, pg. 71) tab. 28.

[337] Hanbury, Origin of Savanilla Rhatany, in Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 460.—Also Science Papers, 333.—In that paper I referred the drug to a variety of Kr. Ixina which M. Cotton has shown to differ in no respect from St. Hilaire’s Kr. tomentosa, a conclusion in which, after careful re-examination of specimens, I fully agree.—D. H.

Fig. of Kr. Ixina in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Pl. part 10.

[338] Bot. Zeitung, 14th Nov. 1856. 797

[339] It has been named Garcinia Hanburyi by Sir Joseph Hooker (Journ. of the Linnean Soc. xiv., 1873, 435), but I presume my lamented friend Daniel Hanbury would not have considered the plant under notice as a distinct species. Consult also Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 30.—F. A. F.

[340] Description de Camboge in Abel-Remusat’s Nouv. Mélanges asiatiques, i. (1829) 134.—The Chinese traveller calls the exudation Kiang-hwang which is the name for turmeric, but his description is unmistakeable.

[341] Exotica (1605) 82.

[342] Dr. R. Rost is of opinion that this word is derived from the Malay gătáh, gum, and the Javanese jamú signifying medicinal, such mixing of the two languages being of common occurrence.

[343] De nova gummi purgante, Lipsiæ, 1614. We have only seen the second edition published at Leiden in 1625, its preface dating from 1613.

[344] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, 1876. 41.

[345] De Medicina Indorum, lib. iv. Lugduni Batav. (1642) 119. 150.

[346] Theatrum Botanicum (1640) 1575.

[347] This name is the Hindustani Gótáganbá, signifying according to Moodeen Sheriff (Suppl. to Pharm. of India, 83) juice or extract of rhubarb. It is still applied to gamboge.

[348] Hanbury in Trans. of Linn. Soc. xxiv. (1864) 487. tab. 50; also Science Papers, 1876. 326.

[349] Obligingly sent to us by Dr. Jamie of Singapore.

[350] Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East, Lond. 1862. ii. 272.

[351] Pharm. Journ. iv. (1874) 803.

[352] Report from H. M. Consul-General in Siam for 1875. 9.

[353] Spenser St. John, op. cit.

[354] Flora Sylvatica, Madras, part xv. (1872) tab. 173.

[355] Fig. Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 31 (1878).

[356] Quoted by Graham, Catal. of Bombay Plants, 1839. 25.

[357] Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 65.

[358] The embryo, according to Bentley and Trimen (l. c.) consists chiefly of the thickened radicle, and is almost devoid of cotyledons.

[359] Comptes Rendus, xliv. (1857) 1355.

[360] That of D. trinervis is especially used in Java. Filet, Plantkundig Woordenboek voor Nederlandsch Indië, Leiden, 1876, No. 6157.

[361] Himalayan Journal, ed. 2, ii. (1855) 332.

[362] Tracts on the Dominions of Ava, Lond. 1811. 26.

[363] In the Catalogue des Produits des Colonies françaises, Exposition Universelle de 1878, p. 175, it is stated that the balsam of D. alatus in French Cochin China is preferred, being a “huile b’anche.”

[364] Mat. Med. of Hindoostan, Madras, 1813. 186.

[365] Bengal Dispensatory, 1842. 22.

[366] 0·944 according to Werner; 0·931 O’Shaughnessy; 0·928 De Vry (1857).

[367] This magnificent colouring matter is not dissolved by ether.

[368] Pharm. Journ. xvi. (1857) 374.

[369] The sample of gurjun balsam examined by Werner as well as the resin it contained were entirely soluble in boiling potash lye.

[370] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. 545.

[371] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. (1878) 725, with fig.

[372] Catalogue of the French Colonies, Paris Exhibition, 1878, 101, quoted above.

[373] Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ historica, Legum tom. i. (1835) 181.—Ibischa from the Greek ὶβίσκος.

[374] It plays an interesting part in the germination of the seeds of papilionaceous and other plants. It is abundant in the young plants, but in most it speedily disappears. Its presence can be proved in the juice by means of the microscope and absolute alcohol, in which latter asparagin is insoluble. See Pfeffer in Pringsheim’s Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot. 1872. 533-564.—Borodin in Bot. Zeitung, 1878. 801 and seq.

[375] Uëhka in Arabic, according to Schweinfurth. Okro or Okra are common names for the plant in the East and West Indies. Bendi-kai, a Canarese and Tamil word, is used by Europeans in the South of India. Gigambo in Curaçao.

[376] Fig. Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 35 (1878).

[377] Ibn Baytar, Sontheimer’s translation, i. 118; Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der Arab. Aerzte etc. 1840. 118.

[378] De plant. Ægypt., Venet. 1592. cap. 27.

[379] Journ. de Pharm. 22 (1875) 278.

[380] Archiv der Pharmacie, cxcv. (1871) 142.

[381] Della Sudda, Rép. de Pharm., Janvier, 1860. 229.

[382] Bernoulli, Uebersicht der bis jetzt bekannten Arten von Theobroma.—Reprinted from Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Naturwissenschaften, xxiv. (Zürich, 1869) 4°. 376.

[383] Historia general y naturel de las Indias islas y terra firme del mar oceano, iii. (Madrid, 1853) 253.

[384] Vedia, Cartas de relacion enviadas al emperador Carlos V. desde Nueva España. Madrid, 1852. T. 1.

[385] Chavveton (Urbain) Hist. nouv. du Nouveau Monde ... extraite del’ italien de M. Hierosme Benzoni Milanais. 1579. p. 504.

[386] Hist. d. l’Acad. Roy. des Sciences, tome ii. depuis 1686 jusqu’à 1699, Paris, 1733. p. 248.

[387] Hist. nat. du Cacao et du Sucre, Paris, 1719. (According to Haller, Bibl. Bot. ii. 158.)

[388] B. D. Mauchart præside—dissertation Butyrum Cacao. Resp. Theoph. Hoffmann.

[389] Tract. de Mat. Med. ii. (1741) 409.

[390] [See article Amygdalæ dulces].

[391] Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, iii. (1837) 138, &c.

[392] Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, Juni 1866.

[393] Exod. ix. 31; Lev. xiii. 47, 48; Isaiah xix. 9.

[394] Heer in Trimen’s Journ. of Bot. i. (1872) 87.

[395] A. de Candolle, Géogr. Botanique, 835.—A. Braun, Flora, 1848. 94.

[396] See p. 65, note 1.

[397] The English imperial gallon = 277·27 cubic inches.

[398] For further historical information on flax in ancient times, we may refer to Hehn, Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere ... Berlin, 1870. 97, 430.

[399] Schübeler, Die Pflanzenwelt Norwegens, Christiania, 1873-1875. p. 332.

[400] His numerous investigations on this subject have been published in a separate pamphlet, of which we have before us a German translation: G. J. Mulder, Die Chemie der austrocknenden Oele ... Berlin, 1867, pp. 255.

[401] Kirchner and Tollens, Annalen der Chemie, 175 (1874) 215.

[402] Greenish in Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1871. 590; Pharm. Journ. Sept. 9, 1871. 211.

[403] Natural Hystoria de las Indias, Toledo, 1526. fol. xxxvii.

[404] Decura Morbi Gallici per Lignum Guayacanum libellus, printed in 1535 but dated 19 Dec. 1517, 8 pages 8°.

[405] De Morbo Gallico tractatus, Salisburgi, November 1518,—reprinted in the Aphrodisiacus of Luisinus, Lugd. Bat. 1728. 383.—We have only seen the latter.

[406] Ulrichi de Hutten equitis de Guaiaci medicina et morbo gallico liber unus, 4°. (26 chapters) Moguntiæ, 1519.

[407] It is much used for the wheels (technically “sheaves”) of ships’ blocks (pulleys), the circumference of which ought to consist of the white sapwood. It is also required for caulking mallets, skittle balls and for the large balls used in American bowling alleys, for which purposes it should be as sound and homogeneous as possible.

[408] It has been remarkably well pointed out already by Valerius Cordus (obiit 1544). See Gesner’s edition of his Hist. Stirpium Argentorat., 1561. 191.

[409] See also Oberlin et Schlagdenhauffen, Journ. de Pharm. 28 (1878) 246 and plate vi.

[410] That of Guaiacum arboreum DC. is apparently very different. This tree, occurring in New Granada, has already been noticed (1571-1577) by Francisco Hernandez (Nova plantarum, animal, et mineral. mexicanor. hist., Romæ 1651, fol. 63) under the name of Guayacan. He mentions its large umbels with yellow flowers, those of Guaiacum officinale, the “Hoaxacan” or Lignum sanctum, being blue. In the Prodromus Floræ Neo-Granatentis (Ann. Scienc. nat. xv., 1872. p. 361) J. E. Planchon also describes Guaiacum arboreum, known there as Guayacan polvillo; its wood is of an almost pulverulent fracture.

[411] Consular Reports presented to Parliament, Aug. 1872.

[412] Blue Book—Island of Jamaica for 1871.

[413] Blue Book for Colony of Bahamas for 1871.

[414] Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 746.

[415] The ancient treatment of syphilis by guaiacum which gained for the drug such immense reputation, consisted in the administration of vast quantities of the decoction, the patient being shut up in a warm room and kept in bed.—See Hutten’s pamphlet quoted before, and its numerous reprints and translations.

[416] Schulz, in the (Chicago) Pharmacist, Sept. 1873.

[417] Op. cit. at p. 101.

[418] We have to thank Mr. Eugène Nau of Port-au-Prince for the information given under this head, as well as for some interesting specimens.

[419] Humboldt, Reise in die Aequinoctialgegenden des neuen Continents, iv. (Stuttgart, 1860), 252.—Humboldt and Bonpland in 1804 obtaining, from the Caroni river, flowering branches of the “Cuspa” (l. c. 1. 300) or “Cuspare,” as it is called by the Indians, believed it to constitute a new genus. In 1824 St. Hilaire ascertained it to belong to the genus Galipea.

The tree is figured in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 26 (1877).

[420] Observations on the Orayuri or Angustura Bark Tree,—Trans. of Medico-Botanical Society, 1827-29.—Hancock endeavoured to prove his tree distinct from G. Cusparia St. Hil., but Farre and Don who subsequently examined his specimens decided that the two were the same. With the assistance of Prof. Oliver, I also have examined (1871) Hancock’s plant, comparing it with his figure and other specimens, and have arrived at the conclusion that it is untenable as a distinct species.—D. H.

[421] Martiny, Encyklopädie, i. (1843) 242.

[422] Brande, Experiments and Observations on the Angustura Bark. 1791. 2nd ed. 1793.

[423] London Med. Journ. x. (1789) 154.

[424] Journ. de Pharm. et de Chimie, 28 (1877), 226; plates I, II, III. The bark is also figured by Berg, Anatomischer Atlas, Tab. 37.

[425] Archiv d. Pharm. xcii. (1858) 146.

[426] Am. Journ. of Pharm. 1874. 50; also Yearbook of Pharm. 1874. 91.

[427] From βαρὺς, heavy, and ὀσμὴ, odour.

[428] R. Reece, Monthly Gazette of Health for Feb. 1821. 799.

[429] Flückiger in Schweiz. Wochenschrift für Pharm. Dec. 1873, with plate.

[430] See also Radlkofer, Monographie der Sapindaceen-Gattung Serjania, München, 1875, p. 100-105.

[431] Messrs. Allen and Hanburys operating on larger quantities obtained 1.63 per cent.—Barosma serratifolia appears to be less rich, according to Bedford (1863).

[432] Our supply of the substance having been exhausted by two analyses we cannot regard the above figures as sufficient for the calculation of a formula.

[433] Am. Journ. of Pharm. 1876. 19.

[434] It seems green as long as it is in the blue cupric liquid.

[435] Gmelin’s Chemistry, xviii 194.

[436] Blue Book published at Cape Town, 1873.

[437] Harvey and Sonder, Flora Capensis, i. (1859-60) 393.

[438] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, part 18.

[439] The root of a Zanthoxylum sent to us from Java by Mr. Binnendyk of the Buitenzorg Botanical Garden has exactly the aspect of that of Toddalia. The root of Z. Bungei which we have examined in the fresh state is also completely similar. It is covered with a soft, corky, yellow bark having a very bitter taste with a strong pungency like that of pellitory.

[440] Esperienze intorno a diverse cote naturali, Firenze, 1671. 121.

[441] Oliver, Flor. of Trop. Africa, i. (1868) 307.

[442] Adversaria, Leidae, p. 78.

[443] Our friend Dr. de Vry informs us that he remembers the price in Holland in 1828 being equivalent to about 24s. the ounce!

[444] Journ. de Phar. v. (1867) 403.

[445] Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift für prakt. Pharm. xi. (1862) i.—The drug examined was the Lopez root sold at that period at Amsterdam.

[446] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 32 (1878).

[447] Fig. by Engler in Flora Brasil. fasc. 65 (1874) tab. 30. Pilocarpus pauciflorus St. Hilaire (Flora Brasiliæ meridionalis, i. 1824. tab. 17) appears also to be very similar.

[448] Lib. iv. cap. 57, 59, and v. cap. 19, p. 310, of the work [quoted in the appendix].

[449] Description des Plantes de l’Amérique, 1693. 58. Pl. lxxv. and lxxvi.

[450] Stiles, Pharm. J. vii. (1877) 629; also Lanessan’s French translation of the Pharmacographia, i. (1878) 253.

[451] Already known to Piso.

[452] The original Jaborandi of Piso, according to Peckolt. Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1875. 163.

[453] Dr. Rice in New Remedies, 1878, 263; also private information.

[454] Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. (1856) 68.

[455] Amari, Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, ii. (1858) 444.

[456] Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite par Jaubert, i. (1836) 162.

[457] Huillard-Bréholles, Historia diplomatica Friderici secundi, Paris, v. (1857) 571.

[458] Heil-und Nahrungsmittel von Ebn Baithar, übersetzt von Sontheimer, ii. (1842) 452.

[459] Belgrano, Vita privata dei Genovesi, Genova (1875) 158.

[460] Gallesio, Traité du Citrus (1811) 89, 103.

[461] Consul Smallwood, in Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 986.

[462] There are many kinds of lemon as well as of orange which are never seen in commerce. Risso and Poiteau enumerate 25 varieties of the former and 30 of the latter. See also Alfonso, Coltivazione degli Agrumi, Palermo, 2nd edition, 1875.

[463] Stoddart, in Pharm. Journ. x. (1869) 203.

[464] R. Warington, Pharm. Journ. v. (1875) 385.

[465] Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (1876) 26, 685, 693.

[466] Gazetta Chimica Italiana, ii. (1872) 385; Journ. of Chem. Soc. xi (1873) 402.

[467] Stoddart’s statement that if potash be added to lemon juice, oxalic acid may be detected in the mixture after a few days, is not supported by our observations.

[468] Magiæ Naturalis libri xx. Neapoli. 1589. 188.

[469] Through the kindness of Signor Mallandrino of Giampilieri near Messina, I had the pleasure of seeing how the essence is made. Though the time of my visit (13 May 1872) was not that of the manufacture, Signor M. sent for one of his workmen, and having procured a few lemons, set him to work on them in order that I might have ocular demonstration of the process.—D. H.

[470] For specimens of the Essence au zeste and of the Essence distillée of guaranteed purity we have to thank M. Médecin, distiller of essences, Mentone; and Messrs. G. Pannucio e figli, for an authentic sample of the essence made by the sponge process in their establishment at Reggio. We have also had a small quantity prepared by the écuelle by one of ourselves near Mentone, 15th June 1872.—D. H.

[471] Consul Dennis, On the Commerce, &c. of Sicily in 1869, 1870, 1871. Reports from H.M. Consuls. No. 4. 1873.

[472] Histoire naturelle des Orangers, Paris, 1818. p. 111. tab. 53, or the same work, new edition, by Dubreuil, 1873, p. 82. We accept the name given by these authors for the sake of convenience and definiteness, and not because we concur in their opinion that the Bergamot deserves to be ranked as a distinct botanical species.

[473] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 31.

[474] Traité du Citrus, 1811. 118.

[475] Hesperides, seu de malorum, aureorum cultura et usu.

[476] Nederlantze Hesperides, Amsterd. 1676. fol. (an English translation in 1683).

[477] Citrologia, Ferrariæ, 1690.

[478] Instruction pour les Jardins fruitiers ... avec un traité des Orangers, ed. 2, 1692.

[479] Hesperides Norimbergenses, 1713. lib. 3. cap. 26. and p. 156 b. (We quote from the Latin edition.)

[480] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 72.

[481] Information, for which I am indebted to Dr. Rice.—The name has no reference to the town of Bergamo, where bergamots cannot succeed.—F. A. F.

[482] The characters are taken from some Essence of Bergamot presented to one of us (15 May 1872) as a type-sample by Messrs. G. Panuccio e figli, manufacturers of essences at Reggio and also large cultivators of the bergamot orange.

[483] See however Oleum Neroli, p. 127.

[484] From the Basque “bizarra” = beard (Rice, New Remedies, 1878. 231), or from the Sanskrit Bijouri.

[485] Traité du Citrus, Paris, 1811. 222.

[486] Opera, ed. Valgrisi 1564. lib. v. sum. 1. tract. 9. p. 289.—The passage, which is the following, seems rather inconclusive:—“ ... succi acetositatis citri et succi acetositatis citranguli.”

[487] Vitriaco, Hist. orient. et occident. 1597. cap. 86.

[488] Hence the Dutch Sinaasappel or Appelsina and the German Apfelsine.

[489] Goeze, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse, Hamburg, 1874. 29.

[490] Manners and Household Expenses of England in the 13th and 15th centuries, Lond. (Roxburghe Club) 1841. xlviii.

[491] Menagio, Origini della Lingua Italiana, 1685; Dict. de Trévoux, Paris, vi. (1771) 178.—The town of Nerola is about 16 miles north of Tivoli.

[492] Histoire des Drogues, 1694. 234. ii.

[493] Naphé or Naphore—according to Poiteau et Risso, Hist. Nat. des Orangers 1873. 211, these names perhaps originated in Languedoc.

[494] L. c. 211.

[495] Journ. de Pharm. xv. (1829) 152.

[496] Yet we extracted it from an old sample labelled “Essence de Néroli Portugal—Méro.”

[497] Bulletin de Pharm., i. (1809) 337-341.

[498] Thus in the price-list of a firm at Grasse, Neroli is quoted as of four qualities, the lowest or “commercial” being less than half the price of the finest.

[499] We have been informed on good authority that the Neroli commonly sold contains ⅜ of Essence of Petit Grain, and ⅛ of Essence of Bergamot, the remaining ⁴/₈ being true Neroli.

[500] Loc. c., edition of 1873. 211.

[501] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 305. 306: Gladstone, Journ. of Chem. Soc. xvii. (1864) 1: Wright (and Piesse) in Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1871. 546; 1873. 518; Journ. of Chem. Soc. xi. (1873) 552, &c. We may moreover point out the existence of a crystallized constituent of the oil of orange peel from the island of Curaçao. It was noticed as long ago as the year 1771 by Gaubius: “Sal aromaticus, nativus, ex oleo corticum mali aurei Curassavici,” in his book, “Adversariorum varii argumenti, lib. unus.” Leidae, 1771. 27.

[502] Gallesio, Traité du Citrus, 1811. 222.

[503] Oribasius accurately describes the citron as a fruit consisting of three parts, namely a central acid pulp, a thick and fleshy zest and an aromatic outer coat.—Medicinalia collecta, lib. i. c. 64.

[504] Ægle, one of the Hesperides.—Marmeloes from the Portuguese marmelo, a quince.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, part 11.

[505] In the Botanical Garden of Buitenzorg in Java, three varieties are grown, namely—fructibus oblongis, fructibus subglobosis, and macrocarpa.

[506] We are indebted to Professor Monier Williams of Oxford for pointing out to us many references to Bilva in the Sanskrit writings.

[507] Sirí-phal and Bel are Hindustani names.—See also Flückiger, Documente, 29.

[508] De Indiæ re nat. et med. 1658, lib. vi. c. 8.

[509] Hort. Malab. iii. (1682) tab. 37 (Covalam).

[510] Herb. Amb. i. tab. 81.

[511] Edition 1868, pp. 46 and 441.

[512] We are thus at variance with Collas of Pondichéry, who attributes to the ripe fruit 5 per cent. of tannin.—Hist. nat. etc. du Bel ou Vilva in Revue Coloniale, xvi. (1856) 220-238.

[513] 40 bags in a drug sale, 8th May, 1873.

[514] The Pharmacopœa Germanica of 1872 expressly forbids the use of the wood of Picræna in place of Quassia.

[515] Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, iii. (1794) 205. tab. 6.

[516] Liebig’s Annalen der Pharm. xxi. (1837) 40.

[517] Blue Book, Island of Jamaica, for 1871.

[518] Consular Reports, No. 3, presented to Parliament, July 1873.

[519] Rost van Tonningen, Jahresbericht of Wiggers (Canstatt) for 1858. 75; Pharm. Journ. ii. (1872) 644. 654.

[520] The λίβανος of the Greeks, the Latin Olibanum, as well as the Arabic Lubân, and the analogous sounds in other languages, are all derived from the Hebrew Lebonah, signifying milk: and modern travellers who have seen the frankincense trees state that the fresh juice is milky, and hardens when exposed to the air. The word Thus, on the other hand, seems to be derived from the verb θύειν, to sacrifice.

[521] On the Genus Boswellia, with descriptions and figures of three new species.—Linn. Trans. xxvii. (1870) 111. 148. This paper is reprinted as an appendix to Cooke’s “Report on the gums, resins, ... of the Indian Museum,” Lond. 1874.—The original plates are much superior and more complete than the reprints.—The materials on which Dr. Birdwood’s observations have been chiefly founded, and to which we also have had access, are,—1. Specimens collected during an expedition to the Somali Coast made by Col. Playfair in 1862.—2. Growing Plants at Bombay and Aden, raised from cuttings sent by Playfair.—3. A specimen obtained by H. J. Carter in 1846, near Ras Fartak, on the south-east coast of Arabia, and still growing in Victoria Gardens, Bombay; and figured by Carter in Journ. of Bombay Branch of R. Asiatic Soc. ii. (1848) 380, tab. 23.

[522] In the λιβανωτοϕόρος χώρα of the antiquity, the hill region (where Mohr meddu is growing) used to be contrasted with the coast region, the Sahil. See Sprenger (quoted further on, page 136, footnote 3), page 90.

[523] See his picturesque description of the tree, Journ. R. Geograph. Soc. 22 (1872) 64.

[524] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. viii. (1878) 805.

[525] Tent. Floræ Abyssinicae, i. (1847) 248; figure of the tree tab. xxxiii.

[526] See the paper quoted in note 2.

[527] As for instance, Exod. xxx. 34; I Chron. x. 29; Matth. ii. 11.

[528] Movers, Das phönizische Alterthum, iii. (1856) 99. 299.—Sprenger, l. c. p. 299, also points out the importance of the olibanum with regard to the commercial relations of those early periods.

[529] Dümichen (Johannes), The fleet of an Egyptian Queen from the 17th century before our era, and ancient Egyptian military parade, represented on a monument of the same age ... after a copy taken from the terrace of the temple of Dêr-el-Baheri, translated from the German by Anna Dümichen, Leipzig, 1868.—See also Mariette-Bey, Deir-el-Bahari, Leipzig, 1877, Pl. 6, 7, 8.

[530] In one of the inscriptions they are referred to in terms which Professor D. has thus rendered:—“Thirty-one verdant incense trees brought among the precious things from the land of Punt for the majesty of this god Amon, the lord of the terrestrial thrones. Never has anything similar been seen since the foundation of the world.”

[531] Hist. Plant. lib. iv. c. 7.—See also Sprenger, l.c. 219.

[532] See also Sprenger, Die alte Geographie Arabiens. Bern, 1875. 296, 302, also 244.

[533] “Thus transfretanum,” Sprenger, 299.

[534] Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ii. (1858) 488.—Sprenger, l. c. 300, alludes to olibanum being exported to Babylonia and Persia.

[535] Chishull, Antiquitates Asiaticæ, Lond. 1758. 65-72.

[536] These remarkable gifts are enumerated by Vignoli in his Liber Pontificalis, Rome, 1724-55, and include beside Olibanum, Oleum nardinum, Oleum Cyprium, Balsam, Storax Isaurica, Stacte, Aromata cassiæ, Saffron and Pepper.

[537] The ancient name of Cape Gardafui was Promontorium Aromatum.

[538] Bretschneider, Ancient Chinese, &c. Lond. 1871. 19.

[539] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, p. 4.

[540] Trans. Bombay Geograph. Soc. vii. (1846) 121.

[541] See sketch of the Somali coast. Pharm. Journ. viii. (13 Apr. 1878) 806.

[542] See my paper on Luban Mati and Olibanum, Pharm. Journ. viii. (1878) 805, also Hildebrandt’s note in the “Sitzungs-Bericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin,” 19th Nov. 1878, 195.—F. A. F..

[543] Loc. cit.

[544] On the neighbourhood of Bunder Murayah, in Journ. of R. Geograph. Society, xxii. (1872) 65.

[545] I obtained 32·14 per cent. from the finest tears of the kind called Fasous Bedowi, with which I was presented by Capt. Hunter of Aden.—F. A. F..

[546] Aegypten, Forschungen über Land und Volk, Leipzig, 1863.

[547] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73, pt. ii. 78.

[548] Plantæ Medicinales, Düsseldorf, ii. (1828) tab. 355.

[549] On applying in 1872 to Prof. Ehrenberg to know if it were possible that we could see this very specimen, we received the answer that it could not be found.

[550] Berg u. Schmidt, Darstellung u. Beschreibung ... offizin. Gewächse, iv. (1863) tab. xxix. d.; also Bot. Zeitung, 16 Mai, 1862. 155.

[551] Vol. i. 326.

[552] Petermann, Geogr. Mittheilungen, 1868. 127.

[553] Letters addressed in 1877 to F. A. F..

[554] Bola, Bal, or Bol were names of the myrrh in the Egyptian antiquity.—Ehrenberg, De Myrrhæ et Opocalpasi ... detectis plantis, Berolini, 1841, fol.

[555] Cantic. i 13, iii. 6; Genes. xliii. 11; Exod. ii. 12, 30, xxiii. 34-36; John xix. 39; Mark xv. 23; Proverbs vii. 17.

[556] Cockayne, Leechdoms &c. of Early England, ii. (1865) 295, 297.

[557] Range, Adjurationen, Exorcismen, Benedictionen, &c., in Mittheilungen der antiquar. Gesellschaft in Zürich, xii. (1859) 187.

[558] Liber quotidianus Contrarotulatoris Garderobæ.... Edwardi I., Lond. 1787. pp. xxxii. and 27.—The custom is still observed by the sovereigns of England, and the Queen’s oblation of gold, frankincense, and myrrh is still annually presented on the Feast of Epiphany in the Chapel Royal in London.

[559] Doüet d’Arcq, Comptes de l’Argenterie des rois de France, 1851. 19.

[560] Yule, Cathay and the way thither, ii. 357.

[561] For the costly presents in question never reached their destination, having been all plundered by the way!

[562] Shanghai imported in 1872, 18,600 lbs. of myrrh.—Reports of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, p. 4.

[563] Vincent, Commerce of the Ancients, ii. (1870) 316.—Muza or Moosa is supposed to be identical with a place still bearing that name lying about 20 miles east of Mokha.

[564] Lib. ix. c. 4.

[565] Vignolius, Liber Pontificalis, i. (1724) 95.

[566] Vincent, op. cit. ii. 127. 129. 135.

[567] Recherches sur l’Organisation des Burseracées, Paris, 1868, p. 42, pl. i.

[568] Op. cit. at p. 140, note 1.

[569] See paper with map in Ocean Highways, April, 1873, also Pharm. Journ. 19 April, 1873. 821, and Hanbury’s Science Papers, 378.

[570] Trans. Bombay Geogr. Soc. vii. (1846) 123.

[571] Highlands of Æthiopia (1844) i. 426; ii. 414.

[572] Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 226.

[573] Capt. S. B. Miles, in Journ. of R. Geograph. Soc. xli. (1871) 236. The country visited by Miles and Munzinger is the “Smyrnifera regio exterior,” the outer country producing myrrh of the ancients, about 14° 10′ N. lat. and 57° E. long. See also Sprenger, Alte Geographie Arabiens, 313.

[574] Druggists who prepare large quantities of Tincture of Myrrh may utilize this gum for making a common sort of mucilage.—Pharm. Journ. 10 June, 1871, 1001.

[575] Ruickholdt got 2·18 per cent.; Bley and Diesel (1845) from 1·6 to 3·4 per cent. of an acid oil. We are kindly informed by Mr. Fritzsche of Leipzig (Messrs. Schimmel & Co.) that good myrrh distilled on a large scale yields as much as 4·4 per cent. of oil. (Letter dated 13th June, 1878.)

[576] Gladstone (1863) found the oil a little heavier than water.

[577] Analyses performed in my laboratory by Dr. Buri, February, 1874. See also my paper on Carvol, Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 75, or Yearbook of Pharmacy (1877) 51—F. A. F.

[578] Information obligingly supplied by Captain Hunter, July 1877.

[579] Dymock, Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 661.

[580] Myrrha indica, Martiny, Encyklop. der med-pharm. Rohwaarenkunde, ii. (1854) 98, 101.

[581] Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 227.

[582] In 1865, 10 packages of this drug containing about 15 cwt. were consigned to me for sale in London by a friend in China, who had purchased the drug under the notion that it was true myrrh. The commodity was bad of its kind, and was sold with difficulty at 30s. per cwt.—D. H.

[583] Guillain, Documents sur l’histoire, la géogr. et le commerce de l’Afrique orientale iii. (1856) 350.

[584] In Ramusio (see Appendix, R) 239.

[585] Journ. of the R. Geogr. Soc. 22 (1872) 64.

[586] Flora de Filipians, segunda impression, Manila, 1845. 256.

[587] On consulting Mr. A. W. Bennett, who is now studying the Burseraceæ of India, as to the probable affinities of Blanco’s plant, we received from him the following remarks: “I have little hesitation in pronouncing that from the description, Icica Abilo cannot be a Canarium, but what it is, is more difficult to say. The leaves having the lowest pair of leaflets smallest, seems at first sight very characteristic of Canarium; but the following considerations tend the other way. 1. The opposite leaves which occur nowhere in Burseraceæ except in Amyris, with which the plant does not agree in many ways. 2. The stipellæ which are not found anywhere in the order.—3. The quinate flowers. In all species of Canarium the parts of the flowers are in threes, including C. commune, which according to Miquel extends to the Philippines. The only exception is C. (Scutinanthe Thwaites) brunneum, with which it does not agree in, other respects.

“The foregoing reasons almost equally exclude Icica (Bursera); yet the fruit of Blanco’s plant seems so eminently that of a Burseracea, that I think it must belong to that order, but with some error in the description of the leaves.”

[588] Hist. Plant, lib. iv. c. 7.

[589] Lib. xii c. 38.

[590] Lib. i. c. 141.

[591] Compositiones Medicament. cap. 103.

[592] Comm. in lib. i, Dioscoridis.

[593] Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873. 7. 16.—“Gumi elemi” is also found in a similar list of the year 1480, compiled in the town of Nördlingen, Bavaria. See Archiv der Pharm. 211 (1877) 103.

[594] Compendium Aromatariorum, Bonon. 1488.

[595] This very rare volume is one of the treasures of the National Library of Paris.

[596] From the Greek ἔνιμον, signifying blood-stopping.

[597] Brassavola observes—“quandoque inclinavimus ut gummi oleæ Æthiopicæ esset gummi elemi dicti, quasi enhæmi.”—Examen simplicium, Lugd. 1537. 386.

[598] Hist. Stirp. libri iv., edition of Gesner, Argentorati, 1561. 209.

[599] Libro de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, Sevilla, 1565.

[600] Thus Piso in 1658 describes the resin of an Icica as exactly resembling Elemi and quite as good for wounds.—Hist. nat. et med. Ind. Occ. 122.

[601] Histoire des Drogues, 1694, 261.

[602] Ray, Hist. Plant. iii (1704), appendix, p. 67. No. 13.—Compare also p. 60, No. 10.

[603] Thus in a drug sale, May 8, 1873, there were offered 275 cases, equal to about 480 cwt.

[604] I observed the following deviations:—

In a column of25mm from 47°·5 to70°·5(deviation 23°).
 ””50  ””93°·6(  ”  46·1)
 ””100  ””49°·6(2·1 + 90 = 92°·1).

—F. A. F.

[605] Comptes Rendus, xii (1841) 184.

[606] The following deviations were observed, in a column of 25 millimetres:—

1.Oil distilled at172°-180° C.from 47°·6 to74°·5;deviation26°·9right.
2.”180°-183°”71°·2”23°·6”
3.”183°-184°·5”68°·8”21°·2”
4.”184°-195°”65°·8”18°·2”
5.”200°-230°”61°·0”13°·4”
6.Thickish yellow residue”46°·2”1°·4 left.

[607] From 47°·6 to 46°.

[608] Examined at my request by Prof. Groth.—F. A. F..

[609] Journ. de Pharm. ix. (1823) 45. 47.

[610] Id. x. (1824) 199.

[611] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 157, also Yearbook of Ph. 1877. 21.

[612] Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 1878. 1347.

[613] I am indebted for a specimen of the material that Baup worked upon and which he called Resin of Arbol a brea, to M. Roux, pharmacien of Nyon, Switzerland—F. A. F.

[614] From the Greek βρύον, in allusion to the moss-like aspect sometimes assumed by the crystals.

[615] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. v. (1874) 142.

[616] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1878) 601.

[617] Royle’s very imperfect specimens of this plant are in the British Museum.

[618] Now Protium Icicariba Marchand, in Flora Brasiliensis, fascicul. 65 (1874) tab. liii.

[619] G. Planchon, Bulletin de la Soc. Bot. de France, xv. (1868) 16.

[620] Given me by Mr. Manley, late of Pernambuco. I have also an authentic specimen of the resin of I. heterophylla collected at Santarem, Pará, by Mr. H. W. Bates in 1853.—D. H.

[621] For some experiments on the resin of Icica, see Gmelin, Chemistry, xvi. (1866) 421.—Also Stenhouse and Groves, in Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie, 180 (1876) 253, on resin and oil of Icica heptaphylla. The former would appear to agree with the formula (C₅H₈)₉OH₂.

[622] Lubán is the general Arabic name for olibanum: meyeti perhaps from Jebel Meyet, a mountain of 1200 feet on the Somali Coast in long. 47° 10′.

[623] By the assistance of Professor G. Planchon we have ascertained that it is identically the same substance as described by Guibourt under the name Tacamaque jaune huileuse A.—Hist. des Drogues, iii. (1850) 483.

[624] Figured in Birdwood’s paper, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. (1870) tab. 32; also, (reduced) in Cooke’s report on the Gums, Resins, etc., of the India Museum, 1874, plate iv.

[625] Journ. Geograph. Soc. xlii. (1872) 61.

[626] Flückiger, on Luban Mati and Olibanum, Pharm. Journ. viii (1878) 805, with sketch map of the Somali Coast.

[627] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 27.

[628] From amargoso, bitter.

[629] C. De Candolle, in Monogr. Phanerogamar. i. (1878) 459.

[630] It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating long prior to the Christian era.—Bretschneider, Chinese Botanical Works, 1870. 12.

[631] Colloquios dos Simples, &c., Goa, 1563 Colloq. xl. p. 153.

[632] Tractado de las Drogas y Medicinas de las Indias Orientales, Burgos, 1578, cap. 43.

[633] Waring, in Pharmacopœia of India, 1868. 443.

[634] We are indebted for it to Mr. Broughton of Ootacamund.

[635] Indian Annals of Medical Science, Calcutta, iv. (1857) 104.

[636] Madras Monthly Journ. Med. Science, quoted in Pharm. Journ. June 14, 1873, 992.

[637] From Sómida, the Teluga name of the tree; Róhan is its name in Hindustani.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 18 (1877).—See also C. De Candolle, in Monogr. Phanerogamar. i. (1878) 722.

[638] Medical Facts and Observations, Lond. vi. (1795) 127.

[639] Tentamen inaugurale de Swieteniâ Soymidâ, Edinb. 1794.

[640] Kindly sent us by Mr. Broughton of Ootacamund.

[641] The analysis alluded to in the Pharm. of India (p. 444) concerns Khaya (Swietenia) senegalensis, and not the present species, as my friend Dr. Overbeck has informed me.—F. A. F.

[642] Beddome, Flora Sylvatica, Madras, part i. (1869) 8,—also information communicated direct.

[643] Trattato dall’ Agricoltura, Milano, 1805, 10. iii. c. 58.

[644] In Rh. Frangula L., the other British species, the fruit has 2 nuts.

[645] Pharm. Journ. Nov. 23 (1872) 404, and July 11 (1874) 21.

[646] Sur les graines des Nerpruns tinctoriaux.—Journ. de Pharm. iv. (1866) 420.—See also the investigations of Liebermann and Hörmann, 1879.

[647] Numbers vi. 3; 1 Sam. xxv. 18, xxx. 12; 2 Sam. xvi. 1; 1 Chron. xii. 40.

[648] Berichte der deutsch. chem. Gesellsch. zu Berlin, iv. (1871) 442.

[649] Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom.

[650] The amount of this is very small. On macerating crushed raisins in proof spirit in the proportion of 2 oz. to a pint, we found each fluid ounce of the tincture so obtained to afford by evaporation to dryness 28 grains of a dark viscid sugary extract.

[651] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862. 61.

[652] Hist. Plant. lib. ix. c. 1.

[653] Lib. ii. c. 462.

[654] Wright, Early Travels in Palestine, 1848. 77. (Bohn’s series).

[655] Friar Jordanus who visited Scio circa 1330 (?) noticed the production of mastich, and also the loss of the island by Martino Zaccaria.—Mirabilia descripta, or Wonders of the East, edited by Col. Yule for the Hakluyt Society, 1863.

[656] Probably partly for the reason that a Palazzo Giustiniani in Genoa had become the property of the Society. In the little “Piazza Giustiniani,” near the cathedral of San Lorenzo, that palace may still be seen, but there is only a large view of the island of Scio which would remind of the Maona. I was told in 1874 by Sig. Canale, the historian of Genoa, that he thought it doubtful that the Officium Chii had resided in the said palace.—F. A. F..

[657] An incidental notice showing the value of the trade occurs in the letter of Columbus (himself a Genoese) announcing the result of his first voyage to the Indies. In stating what may be obtained from the island of Hispaniola, he mentions—gold and spices ... and mastich, hitherto found only in Greece in the island of Scio, and which the Signoria sells at its own price, as much as their Highnesses (Ferdinand and Isabella) shall command to be shipped. The letter bears date 15 Feb. 1493.—Letters of Christobal Columbus (Hakluyt Society) 1870. p. 15.

[658] The ducat being reckoned at 9s. 2d.

[659] For further particulars respecting the history of Scio, the Maona, and the trade of the Genoese in the Levant, see Hopf in Ersch and Grubber’s Encyclopädie, vol. 68 (Leipzig, 1859) art. Giustiniani; also Heyd Colonie commerciali degli Italiani in Oriente i. (1866).

[660] Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses mémorables trouvées en Grèce, etc. Paris, 1554. liv. ii. ch. 8. p. 836.

[661] Voyage into the Levant, i. (1718) 285.

[662] Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman et la Perse, ii. (Paris, 1801) 132-136.

[663] At Athens the mercury was for a short time at -10° C. (14° F.) In Scio, where the frost was probably quite as severe, though we have no exact data, the mischief to the lentisks varied with the locality, trees exposed to the north or growing at considerable elevations, being killed down to the base of the trunk, while those in more favoured positions suffered destruction only in some of their branches.

[664] Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, iii. (1872) 787.

[665] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 31.

[666] Ibid. 41. 65.

[667] Thus in the London Pharmacopœia of 1632, mastich enters into 24 of the 37 different kinds of pill, besides which it is prescribed in troches and ointments.

[668] See Unger and Kotsehy, Die Insel Cypern, Wien, 1865. 424.

[669] Heldreich (and Orphanides) Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862, 60.

[670] Berichte der deutschen chem. Gesellsch. 1876. 316.

[671] Consul Cumberbatch, Report on Trade of Smyrna for 1871.—Raki, derived from the Turkish word sâqiz, for mastich, which, strange to say, would appear to have its home on the Baltic. In the vocabularies of the Old-Prussian idiom “sachis” is found meaning resin.—Blau, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenl. Gesellsch., xxix. 582.

[672] Powell, Economic Products of the Punjab, Roorkee, 1868. 411.

[673] Guibourt, Hist. d. Drog. iii. (1850) 458; Armieux, Topographie médicale du Sahara, Paris, 1866. 58.

[674] Genesis xii. 6, where the word is rendered in our version plain.

[675] Further historical information on the Terebinth may be found in Hehn’s Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere, Berlin, 1877. 336.

[676] Unger u. Kotschy, die Insel Cypern, 1865. 361. 424.

[677] Revision du groupe des Anacardiacées. Paris, 1869. 150. Plate iii. shows the resiniferous ducts of a branch two years old.

[678] Voyage into the Levant, i. (1718) 287.

[679] Voy. dans l’Empire Othoman, etc., ii. (1801) 136.

[680] Maltass, Pharm. Journ. xvii. (1856) 540.

[681] A solution of mastich made in the same proportion deviates 3° to the right.

[682] From analysis performed in my laboratory by Dr. Kraushaar.—F. A. F.

[683] Wight, Icones Plantar. Indiæ orientalis, ii. (Madras, 1843) tab. 561, gives a good figure.

[684] Hanbury, Science Papers, 266.

[685] Amœnitates exoticæ, 1712. 895.

[686] Mém. de l’Académie royale des Sciences, Paris, 1724. 324.—Also Du Halde, Description de l’Empire de la Chine, iii. (La Haye, 1736) 615-625. “Des Ou Poey tsé.” The author quotes numerous medicinal applications for these galls.

[687] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1848) 310.

[688] Ibid. x. (1851) 128.

[689] Stanisl. Julien et P. Champion, Industries anc. et modernes de l’Empire chinois, 1869. 95.

[690] We have once met with galls imported from Shanghai which differed from ordinary Chinese galls in not being horned, but all of an elongated ovoid form, often pointed at the upper end, and having moreover a strong cheesy smell. They may be derived from Distylium racemosum S. et Z., though they do not perfectly accord with the depressed pear-shaped forms figured by Siebold and Zuccarini (Flora Japonica, tab. 94).

[691] See also Schenk, in Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharm. v. (1850) 26-27, or short abstract of that paper in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers, 1850. 48.

[692] See also Stenhouse, Proceedings of the Royal Society, xi. (1862) 402.

[693] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports of China, for 1872. 154; for 1874.

[694] Matsugata, Le Japon à l’Exposition universelle (Paris, 1878) 116. 146.

[695] Herbarius, Patavie 1485.

[696] Cockayne Leechdoms, &c., iii. (1866) 316.

[697] De arte distillandi, first edition 1500, Argentorati, cap. xv.

[698] Phil. Trans. 1851. 422-431.

[699] Journ. of Chem. Soc. xv. (1862) l.; Gmelin’s Chem. xvi. (1864) 282.

[700] Figured by Lanessan in his French translation of the Pharmacographia, i. (1878) 345.

[701] Experiments performed in my laboratory in 1867.—F. A. F.

[702] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Sind, for the year 1872-73, printed at Karachi, 1873. p. 36.

[703] Annual Statement, etc., Bombay, 1873. 89.

[704] As described in Boissier’s Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872). We have to thank Professor Haussknecht of Weimar for revising our list of species, and for some valuable information as to the localities in which the drug is produced.

[705] Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862. 71.

[706] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pissa dal xii. al xiv. secolo, iii. (1857) 106. 114.

[707] Voyage into the Levant, Lond. (1718) 43.

[708] Botanische Zeitung, 1857. 33; Pharm. Journ. xviii. (1859) 370.

[709] Pringsheim’s Jahrbücher f. wissenchaftl. Botanik, iii. (1861) 117.

[710] Hanbury, Science Papers, 29.

[711] Pharm. Journ. xv. (1856) 18.

[712] Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia, i. (1842) 492.

[713] In the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society in London, there is some Flake Tragacanth remarkable for its enormous size, but in other respects precisely like the ordinary kind. The ribbon-like strips are as much as 2 inches wide and ³/₁₀ of an inch thick, and the largest which is several inches long weighs 2¾ ounces. Professor Haussknecht has informed us that he has seen in Luristan stems of Astragalus eriostylus Boiss. et Haussk. more than 6 feet in height and 5 inches in diameter, and bearing tragacanth. It is probable that the specimen of gum we have described was produced by some species attaining these extraordinary dimensions. Among the Kurdistan tragacanth, there occur curious cylindrical vermiform pieces, about ⅕ of an inch in diameter, coated with a network of woody fibre. We are told by Professor H. that they are picked out of the centre of cut off pieces of stem, split open by rapid drying in the sun.

[714] C. von Scherzer, Smyrna, Wien, 1873. 143.

[715] It is sometimes shipped from Bussorah.

[716] We accept those adopted by Boissier in his Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 202.

[717] Hist. Plant. lib. ix. c. 13.

[718] Lib. iii. c. 5.

[719] Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ historica, Legum, i. (1835) 186.

[720] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, cxiv. 1122.

[721] Wright, Volume of Vocabularies, 1857. 30. This work contains several other early lists of plants.

[722] Libro della Agricoltura, Venet. 1511. lib. vi. c. 62.

[723] Gesner, Valerii Cordi Hist. stirp. Argentorati, 1561. 164.—Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 39. 46.

[724] In the “Meddygon Myddvai” of the 13th century, Llandovery, 1861, p. 159. 355 (it is written there Licras).

[725] This form of root, which reminds one of a whip with three or four lashes and a very short handle, is probably due to the method of propagating adopted at Mitcham, where a short stick or runner is planted upright in the ground.

[726] Documents statistiques réunis par l’administration des Douanes sur le commerce de la France, année 1872, Paris, 1873.

[727] Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1870, Shanghai, 1871. 13. 62.

[728] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices, ii. (1866) 543.

[729] Chronicles of London Bridge, 1827. 155.

[730] Wright, Political Poems and Songs (Master of the Rolls series), ii. (1861) 160.

[731] Compendium Aromatariorum, Bonon. 1488.

[732] Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873, page 10, No. 204.

[733] Botanicon, Francof. 1540. 175.

[734] Comm. in lib. Diosc., Basil. 1574. 485.

[735] Gesner, Horti Germanici, Argent. 1561. 257, b.

[736] Made by treating the crushed root with cold water.

[737] Journ. de Pharm. xxx. (1856) 428; an abstract by Redwood in Pharm. Journ. xvi. (1857) 403.

[738] Géographie Botanique, ii. (1855) 963.

[739] Flückiger, Ueber die Erdnuss—Archiv der Pharmacie, 190. (1869) 70-84, with figure.

[740] Lib. vii. cap. 5. Fol. 1074 f. (1547), as quoted by C. Ph. von Martius in Gelehrte Anzeigen der bayerischen Akademie, 1839. 969.

[741] Las Cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, Sevilla, 1569, part 2.

[742] Histoire d’un voyage faict en la Terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amérique, 1586. 204 (first edition La Rochelle, 1578).

[743] Histoire du Nouveau Monde, Leyde, 1640. 503.

[744] Hist. Rerum Nat. Brasil. 1648. 37.

[745] Botanica curiosa, Helmst. 1697. 38.

[746] Duval, Colonies et politique coloniale de la France, 1864. 101.—Mavidal, Le Sénégal, son état présent, son avenir, Paris, 1863. 171.—Carrère et Holle, La Sénégambie Française, 1855. 84.—Poiteau, in Annales des Sciences nat., Botanique, xix. (1853) 268.

[747] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, part 25 (1878).

[748] Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India, Madras, 1869. 16.—The author has kindly sent us specimens of the root. We are also indebted for authentic samples to Mr. Thwaites of the Royal Botanical Garden, Ceylon, and to Mr. Prestoe of the Botanical Garden, Trinidad. The last named gentleman remarks—“I do not find any liquorice property in the root, even fresh, but it is very strong in the green leaves.”

[749] These names and the following are also applied to the entire pods, or even to the plant.

[750] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 13 (1876).

[751] Hist. Plant. i. 887.

[752] Tom. viii. (1700) tab. 35, sub nom. Nāi Corana.

[753] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 84.

[754] On the efficacy of Stizolobium or Cowhage, Lond. 2nd ed. 1784.

[755] Hist. Nat. Brasil. 18.

[756] The name of the genus, from ϕύσα, a bladder, was formed under the notion that this appendage is hollow, which is not the fact.—Mucuna cylindrosperma Welwitsch, from Angola, is probably the same plant. See Holmes, Pharm. J. ix. (1879) 913.

[757] Edinb. New Phil. J. xl. (1846) 313.

[758] Edinb. Journ. of Medical Science, xx. (1855) 193; Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 470.

[759] Trans. Roy. Soc. of Edinb. xxii. (1861) 305. t. 16-17; see also Baillon, Hist. des Plantes, ii. 206. figg. 153-155, and Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 6 (1876).

[760] Histoire de la Fève de Calabar, Paris, 1873. 38.

[761] Liebig’s Annalen der Chem. u. Pharm. 129 (1864) 115.

[762] Ibid. 141 (1867) 82; Chem. News, 22 March 1867, 149.

[763] Comptes Rendus, lx. (1865) 1194.

[764] Op. cit. chap. 2.

[765] Chemische Untersuchung der Calabarbohne.—Inauguralschrift, St. Petersburg, 1867. We calculate the albuminous matters with reference to Teich’s analysis, which proved the kernels to contain 3·65 per cent. of nitrogen.

[766] Medical Observations and Inquiries, i. (1757) 358.

[767] Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa, by Francis Moore, Lond. 1737. pp. 160. 209. 267.

[768] J. Gurney Bevan, Plough Court, Lombard Street.—The drug was priced in 1787 as having cost 16s., and in 1790-92, 21s. per lb.

[769] Pharm. Journ. v. (1846) 495.

[770] Cleghorn, Forests and Gardens of South India, 1861. 13.—Also from information communicated by him orally.

[771] Our sample obtained from Pt. Marsupium Roxb. on the Sigúr Ghat, Feb. 1868, was kindly submitted to us by Mr. McIvor of Ootacamund.—We find it to agree with commercial East Indian Kino.

[772] We have to thank Mr. Broughton, late of the Cinchona Plantations, Ootacamund, for determining this point. In the bark almost saturated with fresh liquid kino, he utterly failed to obtain any indication of pyrocatechin by the tests which he found to render it easily evident in dry kino.

[773] See Nees von Esenbeck, Plantæ medicinales, Düsseldorf, iii. (1833) tab. 79.

[774] See his paper On the Kino Tree of West Africa, Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 55.

[775] Madeiras e Drogas medicinaes de Angola, Lisboa, 1862, 37.

[776] Victoria Exhibition, 1861.—Jurors’ Report on Class 3. p. 59.

[777] Zeitschrift des österreich. Apotheker-Vereines ix. (1871) 497; Pharm. Journ. Aug. 5, 1871. 102.

[778] In our opinion this is doubtful.

[779] Bentham unites this species to E. obliqua L’Hér (Flor. Austr. iii. 204).

[780] (Beddome), Report of the Conservator of Forests, for 1869-70, Madras, 1870, pp. 3. 39. 123; for figure of the tree, see Flora Sylvatica of Southern India of the same author, tab. xxii.

[781] Pauthier, Livre de Marco Polo, 580—Pt. indicus Willd. grows in the adjacent Andaman Islands.

[782] Rogers, Agriculture and Prices in England, 1866, i. 631, ii. 545, &c.—The average price of a sheep during the same period was about 1s. 6d.

[783] Durham Household Book, Surtees Soc. 1844. 215; also Pegge, Form of Cury, Lond. 1780. p. xv.

[784] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvi. (1864) 259; the formula assigned to santalic acid (C₁₅H₁₄O₅) appears to be doubtful. Weidel in proposing the formula C₁₄H₁₂O₄ points out that it may be allied to alizarin, C₁₄H₈O₄.

[785] See Dictionnaire de Chimie, art. Santaline, p. 1434, and for particulars: Cazeneuve, Recherche et extraction des alcaloïdes, etc. Paris, 1875. 66. It would appear that the author obtained about 4 per mille of pterocarpin from the wood.

[786] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 23 (1877) under the name of Toluifera Balsamum. Though the change of names may be justified by the strict rules of priority, we are of opinion that at present it would be fraught with more of inconvenience than advantage.—Myroxylon punctatum Klotzsch, a tree stated to grow nearly all over the northern part of South America, is referred to the same species by Bentley and Trimen.

[787] Historia de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, cap. del Balsamo de Tolu.

[788] Nova Plantarum, animal. et mineral. mexicanorum. Historia, Reccho’s edition, Romæ, 1651. fol. 53.

[789] Exoticor. etc. 1605. lib. x. fol. 305.

[790] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 102.

[791] Pharmaceutical tariff (“Taxa”) of the city of Wittenberg 1632 (in the Hamburg library).

[792] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 49. 50. 53.—Balsamum Peruvianum first occurs in the tariff of the city of Worms of 1609.—Documente, p. 39; Pharm. Journ. l. c.

[793] Contained in the Medicine Tariffs, in the library of the British Museum, bound together in one volume ({777. c.}/5). They include Schweinfurt 1614, Bremen 1644, Basle 1647, Rostock 1659, Quedlinburg 1665, Frankfort on Main 1669 (quoted above).

[794] Journ. of the R. Hort. Soc., May 1864; Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 60.

[795] I have seen it imported very fluid into London by way of New York.—Sept. 1878.—F. A. F.

[796] The gourds, “Kürbsen,” of the list of Basle of 1647.

[797] Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 1876. 833.

[798] We are not yet prepared to accept the opinion of Baillon, that M. Pereiræ is specifically identical with M. Toluifera, though we admit they are very closely related. According to our observations, the two trees exhibit the following differences:—

M. Toluifera.M. Pereiræ.
Trunk tall and bare,
branching at 40 to 60 feet
from the ground, and forming
a roundish crown of foliage.		Trunk throwing off
ascending branches
at 6 to 10 feet from
the ground.
Calyx rather tubular.Calyx widely cup-shaped, shallow.
Racemes dense,
3 to 4½ inches long.		Racemes loose,
6 to 7 inches long.
Legume scarcely narrowed
towards the stalk-end.		Legume much narrowed
towards the stalk-end.

See also Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, part 10 (1876), Toluifera Pereiræ.

[799] Occurring in the first book of the work quoted in the [Appendix], which was published separately at Seville in 1565.

[800] Squier, Documents and Relations concerning the Discovery and Conquest of America, New York, 1859.—Frantzius, San Salvador und Honduras im Jahre 1576. Berlin, 1873.

[801] The ancient name of the Balsam Coast; Guaymoco is a village between Sonsonate and San Salvador. The pillars of wood of Myroxylon in the church are, perhaps, says Squier, the very same as those mentioned with admiration by Palacio.

[802] It may be found in extenso in the original Latin in Pharm. Journ. ii. (1861) 447 as well as in Hanbury’s Science Papers, 1876. 294.

[803] Clavigero, Hist. of Mexico, English trans. i. (1787) pp. 32. 379.

[804] Rome, 1628; 2nd ed. 1651. fol. 51; the book written in the town of Mexico, bears at the same time also the title given in the [Appendix].

[805] Hanbury in Pharm. Journ. v. (1864) 241. 315; also Science Papers, 294-309.

[806] See my paper, with map, in Schweizerische Wochenschrift für Pharmacie, 1878. 219 (Library of the Pharm. Soc., London).—In the Catalogue of the contributions of San Salvador to the Paris exhibition, p. 33, Dr. D. J. Guzman gives: “Détails sur le moyen, d’extraire et travailler le Balsamo negro du Salvador,” which are far from satisfactory.—F. A. F.

[807] By saturating the acid aqueous liquid with ammonia, it assumes a transient bright yellow hue; an excess of ammonia transforms the whole mixture into an emulsion, from which the cinnameïn again separates but imperfectly.

[808] Numerous resins as benzoin, guaiacum, dragon’s blood, myrrh, etc., and many other substances are capable of affording the same acid.

[809] Pharm. Journ. v. (1864) 248.

[810] Guibourt, Hist. des Drog. iii. (1850) 440.

[811] Pharm. Journ. x. (1851) 286.

[812] In the Catalogue alluded to, page 207, note 2.

[813] Purchas, His Pilgrimes, iv. (1625) 1308.

[814] Fig. in Bentley and Trimem, Med. Plants, part 24 (1877).

[815] The word also means a little ball or a round stone. Bunduk Hindi is frequently used by Arabic authors to denote also Areca nut.

[816] Sontheimer’s translation, i. 177.

[817] Ulfaz Udwiyeh, translated by Gladwin, 1793. No. 543. 551.

[818] Hort. Malab. ii. (1679) tab. 22, sub nom. Caretti.

[819] Waring, Bazaar Medicines, Travancore, 1860. 18.

[820] Kindly furnished us by Dr. Waring.

[821] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 5 (1876).

[822] Hortus Americanus, Kingston, Jamaica, 1794. 91.

[823] Fifth Letter of Hernan Cortes to the Emperor Charles V., Lond. (Hakluyt Society) 1868. 43.

[824] The first edition bears date 1535. We have used the modern one of Madrid, 1851-55, 4to., and may refer in particular to tom. i. lib. ix. c. 15, iii. lib. xxxi. c. 8 and c. 11.—[See Appendix: Fernandez].

[825] 23 Eliz. c. 9.

[826] 13-14 Car. ii. c. 11. sect. 26 (a.d. 1662), by which the Act of Elizabeth was repealed.

[827] Novus Orbis, 1633. 274 and 265.

[828] Annals de Chimie, lxxxi. (1812) 128.

[829] Benedikt, in 1875, assigned them the formula C₄₈H₃₉O₁₈N + 9 OH₂.

[830] Voyage dans l’Amérique centrale, l’île de Cuba et le Yucatan, Paris, 1857.

[831] Public Ledger, 28 Feb. 1874.

[832] See Yule, Marco Polo, ii. (1874). 369.

[833] Some writers have removed these plants from Cassia to a separate genus named Senna, but such subdivision is repudiated by the principal botanists. The intricate synonymy of the senna plants has been well worked out by J. B. Batka in his memoir entitled Monographie der Cassien-Gruppe Senna (Prag, 1866), of which we have made free use. We have also had the advantage of the recent Revision of the Genus Cassia by Bentham (Linn. Trans., xxvii. 1871. 503) and of the labours of Oliver on the same subject in his Flora of Tropical Africa, ii. (1871) 268-282.

[834] On the structure of the seed, see Batka, Pharm. Journ. ix. (1850) 30.

[835] Synonyms—C. Senna β. Linn.; C. lanceolata Nectoux; C. lenitiva Bisch.; Senna acutifolia Batka.

[836] We borrow the above description from Prof. Oliver.

[837] Synonyms—C. lanceolata Roxb.; C. elongata Lem. Lis.; Senna officinalis Roxb.; S. angustifolia Batka.

[838] Versuch einer Monographie der Sennesblätter, Leipz. 1867.

[839] Opera Omnia, Lugd. 1515, lib. 2. Practices, c. 39.

[840] Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Lois, ii. (1843) 177.

[841] Fontanon, Edicts et Ordonnances des Roys de France, éd. 2, ii. (1585) 349.

[842] It is a glaucous shrub with obovate leaflets, broadly rounded and mucronulate, reniform legume terminated by persistent style, and marked along the middle of each valve by a series of crest-shaped ridges corresponding to the seeds. It is more widely distributed in the Nile region than the other species, and is also found in Sindh and Gujerat and (naturalized) in the West Indies. Its leaflets (also pods) may occasionally be picked out of Alexandrian Senna.

[843] Voyage dans la Haute Egypte ... avec des observations sur les diverses espèces de Séné qui sont répandues dans le commerce, Paris, 1808. fol.

[844] Pharm. Journ. x. (1869) 196.

[845] Ibid. 315.

[846] See Art. Radix Rhei.

[847] From Italian appaltare, to let or farm.

[848] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1871-72, pt. ii. 21. 98.

[849] Op. cit. (See p. 218).

[850] Dispensatory, ed. 2. 1848. 850.

[851] The reader will find figures of these leaves contrasted with Senna in Pereira’s Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. part ii (1853) 1866.

[852] Schweinfurth found it in 6° N. lat. and 28-29° E. long., in the country of the Dor, where the tree may also be indigenous.

[853] Compositiones Medicamentorum, cap. 4. sec. 36.

[854] De Antidot. i. c. 14.

[855] Noticed likewise among the commodities liable to duty at Alexandria in the 2nd century.—Vincent, Commerce of the Ancients, ii. 712.

[856] Physica Hildegardis, Argent. 1533. 227.

[857] Libri xii. J. Guinterio interprete, Basil., 1556. lib. vii. c. 8.

[858] Puschmann’s edition ([quoted in the appendix]) i. 435.

[859] Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. (1856). 226.

[860] “Quemadmodum si ventrem mollire fuerit animus, pruna, et præcipué Damascena adjicimus, atque quippiam feré nigræ nominatæ casiæ. Est autem fructus ejus fistulus et oblongus, nigrum intus humorem concretum gestans, qui haudquaquam una continuitate coaluit, sed ex intervallo tenuibus lignosisque membranulis dirimitur, habens ad speciei propagationem, grana quædam seminalia, siliquæ illi quæ nobis innotuit, adsimilia.”—Methodus Medendi, lib. v. c. 2.

[861] De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis, Basil. 1521.

[862] Herball, part. 3. 20.

[863] Thus there were imported into Leghorn in 1871, 103 tons of Cassia Fistula and Tamarinds.—Consular Reports, 1873, part i.

[864] Hanbury in Linn. Trans. xxiv. 161. p. 26; Pharm. Journ. v. (1864) 348; Science Papers, p. 318.

[865] Exposition intercoloniale,—Notes sur la Végétation de l’Australie, Melb., 1866. 8.

[866] Dict. of Indian Islands, 1856. 425.

[867] Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium historia, Romæ, 1651. 83.

[868] Sir Gardner Wilkinson (Ancient Egyptians, i. 1841, 78) says that tamarind stones have been found in the tombs of Thebes; but on consulting Dr. Birch and the collections in the British Museum we have obtained no confirmation of the fact.

[869] Barth speaks of it as an invaluable gift of Providence: Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord-und Centralafrica, Gotha, 1858. i. 614; iii. 334. 400; iv. 173.—The same says Rohlfs, Reisen durch Nordafrica, Gotha (1872) 23.

[870] Susrutas Ayurvedas, ed. Hessler, i. (1844) 141, iii. (1850) 171.

[871] Opera Omnia, Lugd. 1515, lib. ii. Practices, c. 41.

[872] Opera, Venet. 1564. ii. 339.

[873] Opera, Venet. 1561. 52.

[874] Fundamenta Pharmacologiæ, ed. Seligmann, Vindob. 1830, 49.

[875] Journ. de Soc. Pharm. Lusit. ii. (1838) 36.—[See also Appendix].

[876] Lunan, Hortus Jamaicensis, ii. (1814) 224; Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, 1837. 335.

[877] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay, 1871-72, pt. ii. 65.

[878] Hayne (1827) enumerated and figured 15 species, some of them founded on very imperfect materials. Bentham in the Flora Brasiliensis of Martius and Endlicher (fasc. 50, Leguminosæ, ii. 1870. pp. 239-244) admits only 11, one of which is doubtful as to the genus.

[879] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 32 (1878); Langsdorffii, not Lansdorffi, is to be written; see Pharm. Journ. ix. (1879) 773.

[880] MS. attached to specimens in the Kew Herbarium.

[881] “Alle Arten geben mehr oder weniger Balsam, und den meisten giebt die in der Provinz Para vorkommende Copaifera multijuga.”—Hayne, Linnæa, i. (1826) 429.

[882] Pilgrimes and Pilgrimage, Lond. iv. (1625) 1308.

[883] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 1021.

[884] Nuevo Descubrimiento del gran Rio de las Amazonas, Madrid, 1641, No. 30.

[885] Hist. Nat. Brasiliæ:, 1648, Piso, 56, Marcgraf, 130.

[886] Valmont de Bomare, Dict. d’Hist. Nat. i. (1775) 387.

[887] Botanische Zeitung, xv. (1857) 316.

[888] Motley in Hooker’s Journ. of Botany, iv. (1852) 201.

[889] Life in the Forests of the Far East, ii. (1862) 152.

[890] Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, v. (1870) 435.

[891] Report to the Under Secretary of State for India, on the investigation and collecting of plants and seeds of the india-rubber trees of Pará and Ceara, and Balsam of Copaiba. March 1877,—8.

[892] See figure in the above Report.

[893] We saw such as this which had been imported into London in 1873; though regarded by the dealers with suspicion, we are not of opinion that it was sophisticated.

[894] Such is the case with some very authentic specimens collected for one of us in Central America by De Warszewicz, but other samples which we had up reason to suppose adulterated, left a certain amount of white residue when treated with twice their weight of alcohol sp. gr. 0·796.

[895] Flückiger in Wiggers and Husemann’s Jahresbericht for 1867. 162, and for 1868. 140.

[896] Or 18 to 65 per cent., sp. gr. 0·915 to 0·995, according to Siebold (1877).

[897] Flora Sylvatica for Southern India, Madras, part 24 (1872), 255.

[898] It may be further distinguished from Wood Oil as well as from copaiba, if tested in the following simple manner:—Put into a tube 19 drops of bisulphide of carbon and one drop of the oleo-resin, and shake them together. Then add one drop of a mixture of equal parts of strong sulphuric and nitric (1·42) acids. After a little agitation the appearance of the respective mixtures will be as follows:—

Copaiba—Colour faint reddish-brown, with deposit of resin on sides of tube.

Wood Oil—Colour intense purplish-red, becoming violet after some minutes.

Oleo-resin of Hardwickia—No perceptible alteration; the mixture pale greenish yellow.

By this test the presence in copaiba of one-eighth of its volume of Wood Oil may be easily shown.

[899] Beddome, op. cit.

[900] See also Hazlett, Madras Monthly Journ. of Med. Science, June 1872.

[901] Figures in Guillemin and Perrottet Floræ Senegamb. tent. 1830, p. 246, tab. 56; also Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 17 (1877).

[902] Aufzählung und Beschreibung der Acacien-Artendes Nilgebiets.—Linnæa, i. (1867) 308-376, with 21 plates. Schweinfurth’s observations are strongly confirmed by an account of the commerce of Khartum in the Zeitschrift für Erdkunde, ii. (1867, Berlin) 474.

[903] The A. Adansonii Guill. et Perr. is the same tree.

[904] The “Kikar” of the Punjaub, or “Babul” or “Babur” of Central India.

[905] As presented to me by Capt. Hunter of Aden, July 1877.—F. A. F..

[906] We have to thank Professor Dümichen for most of the information relating to Egypt, which may be partly found in his own works, and partly in those of Brugsch, Ebers, and Lepsius.

[907] Lepsius, Abhandl. der Akademie der Wissensch. zu Berlin for 1871, p. 77. 126. Metalle in den Aegyptischen Inschriften.

[908] Schedula diversarum artium, Ilg’s edition in Eitelberger’s Quellenschriften für Kunstgeschichte, vii. (1874) 60.

[909] Della Decima e di varie altre gravezze imposte dal commune di Firenze, iii. (1766) 18.

[910] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pisa, Firenze, iii. (1857) 106. 114.

[911] Ordonnances des Rois de France, ii. (1729) 310.

[912] Tariffa de pesi e misure, Venet. 1521. 204. First edition, 1503.

[913] See, however, Möller, Academy of Vienna, Sitzungsberichte, June 1875.

[914] Vaughan (Drugs of Aden), Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 226.

[915] Private information to F. A. F..

[916] Vaughan, l.c.

[917] Flückiger, in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1869. 149.

[918] Consular Reports, August, 1873. 917.

[919] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73, pt. ii. 34. 77.

[920] P. von Müller, Select Plants for industrial culture in Victoria. 1876; 2. 4.

[921] See Proceedings of Am. Pharm. Assoc. 1875. 647; Am. Journ. of Pharm. 1878. 480.

[922] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. x. (1869). 641.

[923] Some Indian botanists, as Beddome, regard Mimosa (Acacia) Sundra as distinct from A. Catechu.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, part 17.

[924] Brandis, Forest Flora of North-Western and Central India, Lond. 1874. 187, from which excellent work we also borrow the description of A. Catechu.

[925] Published by the Hakluyt Society, Lond. 1866. p. 191.

[926] As Tamil and Canarese, in which according to modern spelling the word is written Káshu or Káchu.—Moodeen Sheriff, Suppl. to Pharmacopœia of India, 1879. 96.

[927] Aromatum Historia, ed. Clusius, 1574. 44.—He writes the word Cate.

[928] Pharmacopœia medico-physica, Ulmæ, 1649. lib. iii. 516. “Est et genus terræ exoticæ, colore purpureum, punctulis albis intertextum, ac si situm contraxisset, sapore austeriusculum, masticatum liquescens, subdulcemque post se relinquens saporem, Catechu vocant, seu Terram japonicam.... Particulam hujus obtinui a Pharmacopœo nostrate curiosissimo Dn. Matthia Bansa.” The preface is dated Frankfurt a.d. 1641.

[929] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 1022.

[930] Usus novus Catechu seu Terræ Japonicæ,—Ephemerides Nat. Cur. Dec. i. ann. 2 (1671) 209.

[931] Ibid. Dec. i. ann. 8 (1677) 88.

[932] Ibid. Dec. ii. ann. 4 (1685) 6.

[933] Pegu Cutch is quoted in a London price current, March 1879, £1. 2s. per cwt.

[934] Madden in Journ. of Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, xvii. part i. (1848) 565; also private communication accompanied by specimens of tree, wood, and extract from Mr. F. E. G. Matthews, of the Kumaon Iron Works, Nynee Tal.

[935] Pearson (G. F.) Report of the Administration of the Forest Department in the several provinces under the Government of India, 1871-72, Calcutta, 1872, part 5. p. 22.

[936] Dymock, Ph. Journ. vii. (1876) 109.

[937] Hist. des Plantes (Monogr. des Rosacées, 1869) i. 415.

[938] Géographie Botanique, ii. (1855) 888.

[939] Boissier, Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 641.

[940] Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862. 67.

[941] Ch. xliii. v. 11; Num. xvii. 8.

[942] De Re Rustica, cap. viii.

[943] Pardessus, Diplomata Chartæ, etc., Paris, 1849. ii. 309.

[944] Liber Secretorum Fidelium, ed. Bongars, 1611. 24.

[945] De Mas Latrie, Hist. de l’île de Chypre, ii. (1852) 500.

[946] Leber, Appréciation de la fortune privée au moyen-âge, éd. 2, Paris, 1847. 95.

[947] Published by Pegge, Lond. 1780.—Boorde in his Dyetary of Helth, 1542, mentions Almon Mylke and Almon Butter, the latter “a commendable dysshe, specyallye in Lent.”

[948] Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 641.

[949] To be consulted for further information: Bianca, G. Manuale della Cultivazione del Mandorlo in Sicilia, Palermo, 1874 (444 pages).

[950] Die Eiweisskörper der Getreidearten, Hülsenfrüchte und Oelsamen, Bonn, 1872. 199.

[951] Gmelin, Chemistry, xviii. (1871) 452.

[952] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Bombay for 1872-73, pt. ii. 31.

[953] Dispensator., Paris, 1548. 336. 337. 343.

[954] J. B. Richter, Neuere Gegenstände der Chymie, Breslau, xi. (1802) 65. J. B. Trommsdorffs Journ. d. Pharm. xi. (Leipzig, 1803) 262. Preyer, Die Blausäure, Bonn, 1870. 152.

[955] Hence to avoid bitter almonds being used instead of sweet, the British Pharmacopœia directs that Jordan Almonds alone shall be employed for Confection of Almonds.

[956] Applied in the following manner:—Let bibulous paper be imbued with a fresh tincture of the wood or resin of guaiacum, and after drying, let it be moistened with a solution composed of one part of sulphate of copper in 2000 of water. Such paper moistened with water will assume an intense blue coloration in the presence of hydrocyanic acid.

[957] Bull. de la Soc. imp. des nat. de Moscou, xxxv. (1862) ii. 444.

[958] Exposition Univers. de 1867.—Produits des Colonies Françaises, 92.

[959] Archiv der Pharmacie, 181 (1867) 222.

[960] Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann for 1871.11.

[961] Gmelin, Chemistry, vii. 389; xv. 422.

[962] Loiseleur-Deslongchamps et Michel, Nouveau Duhamel, ou Traité des arbres et arbustes que l’on cultive en France, v. (1812) 189, pl. 54. fig. 2, pl. 56. fig. 9.

[963] Liebig’s Ann. der Chemie, ci. (1857) 228.

[964] This was especially the case in the winter of 1873-74.

[965] Dendrologie, part i. (1869) 94.

[966] Hooker, Flora Boreali-Americana, i. (1833) 169.

[967] Schöpf, Materia Medica Americana, Erlangæ 1787; 77.—Also Barton, Collections for Mat. Med. of U.S., Philad. 1798. 11.

[968] Pharm. Journ. v. (1864) 67.—Also Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 3; (1878).

[969] Pharm. Journ. xviii (1852) 109.

[970] Rariorum Plantarum Historia, 1601. 4.

[971] Herball (1636) 1603.

[972] Hist. Plant. ii. (1693) 1549.

[973] Phil. Trans. xxxvii. (for 1731-32) 84.

[974] Reinke, in Pringsheim’s Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik, x. (1875) 129.

[975] Dispensatory, 1842. 592.

[976] The French section of the International African Association contributed Kousso from Madagascar to the Paris Exhibition of 1878.

[977] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 5 (1876).

[978] Travels, v. (1790) 73.

[979] Notice sur une nouvelle plante de la famille des Rosacées, employée contre le Tænia, Paris, 1822. The reader should also consult the excellent notice by Pereira written when the drug was first offered for sale in London. Pharm. Journ. x. (1851) 15; reprinted in Pereira’s Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. part 2 (1853) 1815.—Also Meyer-Ahrens, Die Blüthen des Kossobaumes, Zürich, 1851. 90 pp.

[980] Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift für prakt. Pharm. viii. (1859) 481; xi. (1862) 207.

[981] Flückiger and Buri, Yearbook of Ph. 1875. 19.

[982] Buchheim, Archiv der Pharmacie, 208 (1876) 417.

[983] Johnston in his Travels in Southern Abyssinia (1844), speaking of koso, says its effects are “dreadfully severe.”—Even in Abyssinia, he adds, it is barely tolerated, and if any other remedy equally efficient for dislodging tapeworm were to be introduced, koso would be soon abandoned.

[984] Reise nach Abessinien, etc. Jena, 1868. 322.

[985] Jobi Ludolfi Historia æthiopica, Francofurti, 1681. lib. i. cap. ix.

[986] It has been found in quasi-wild state at Charlwood in Surrey.—Seemann’s Journ. of Bot. ix. (1871) 273.

[987] Hist. Plant. lib. vi. c. 6.

[988] Consult in particular the learned essay of D’Orbessan contained in his Mélanges historiques, ii. (1768) 297-337.

[989] Pomet, Hist. des Drogues, 1694, part i. 174-177, speaks of the roses of Provins being “hautes en couleur, c’est à dire d’un rouge noir, velouté ... très astringentes.”

[990] Assier, Légendes, curiosités et traditions de la Champagne et de la Brie, Paris. 1860. 191.

[991] Stephanus (Carolus), De re hortens libellus, Paris, 1536. 29 (in Brit. Mus.).

[992] Dispensatorium, 1548. 39. 52.

[993] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1871-72, pt. ii. 43.

[994] Yearbook of Pharm. 1877. 63; also Filhol in Journ. de Pharm. xxxviii. (1860) 21; Gmelin, Chemistry, xvi. (1864) 522.

[995] Boissier, Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 676.

[996] As Dale, Pharmacologia, 1693. 416.

[997] Attar or Otto is from the word itr signifying perfume or odour; the oil is called in Turkish Itr-yàghi i.e. Perfume-oil, and also Ghyùl-yàghi i.e. Rose oil.

[998] A living plant followed by excellent herbarium specimens has been kindly given to me by Dr. Baur of Blaubeuren, the father of Dr. Baur of Constantinople—D. H.

[999] Wiggers u. Husemann, Jahresbericht for 1867. 350.

[1000] Dendrologie, i. (1869) 250.

[1001] Journ. of Botany, Jan. 1875. 8.

[1002] Lib. i. c. 53.

[1003] “ ... stillatitii rosarum liquoris libra una.” De Methodo Medendi, lib. v. c. 4.

[1004] Voyage d’Ibn Batoutah, trad. par Defrémery, ii. (1854) 140.

[1005] Amœnitates, 1712. 373.

[1006] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73, part ii. 52.

[1007] Le Grand d’Aussy, Hist. de la vie privée des François, ii. (1815) 250.

[1008] Hieronymi Rubei Rav. De Destillatione, Ravennæ, 1582. 102.

[1009] Magiæ Naturalis libri xx, Neap. 1589. 188.

[1010] De Distillatione, Romæ (1608) 75.

[1011] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharm. Halle, 1876. 37. 38. 40.

[1012] Observations sur les huiles des plantes—Mém. de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1700. 206.

[1013] Hist. des Plantes de la Guiane françoise, ii. Mémoires, p. 125.

[1014] Recherches sur la découverie de l’Essence de Rose, Paris, 1804.

[1015] Asiatick Researches, i. (1788) 332.

[1016] Dict. de Commerce, iv. 548.

[1017] Oliver, Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, etc. ii. (Paris, An 9) 139, v. (1807) 367.

[1018] Information obligingly communicated by Mr. Seldon of the Statistical Office of the Custom-house.

[1019] Donau-Bulgarien, ii. (1877) 103-123.—A figure of a still is given, p. 123. A good map of the Tekne of Kizanlik and environs will be found in Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, xi. (1876) Taf. 2.

[1020] Pharm. Journ. ix. (1868) 286.

[1021] Consular Reports presented to Parliament, May, 1872.—The metical, miskal or midkal is equal to about 3 dwt. troy=4·794 grammes.

[1022] Consular Reports presented to Parliament, Aug. 1873. 1090.

[1023] Forest Flora of North-western and Central India, 1874. 200.—D. Forbes Watson, Catal. of the Indian Department, Vienna exhibition, 1873. 98.

[1024] Von Maltzan, Reise in den Regentschaften Tunis und Tripolis, Leipzig, 1870.

[1025] Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. xviii. (1859). 504-509. Science Papers, 172.

[1026] Journ. of Chem. Soc. x. (1872) 12.

[1027] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. x. (1869) 147.

[1028] Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. liv. (1833) 394.

[1029] For particulars, see Baur (p. 262, note 3).

[1030] Baker, Journ. of Linn. Soc. Bot. xi. (1869) 226.

[1031] De Alimentorum facultatibus, ii. c. 14. In the Amur country a much larger and better fruit is afforded by R. acicularis Lindl. and R. cinnamomea L.—Maximowicz, Primitiæ Floræ Amurensis, 1859. 100. 453.

[1032] In Switzerland and Alsace a very agreeable confiture of hips is still in use.

[1033] Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ historica, Legum, i. (1835) 187.

[1034] Leland, De rebus Britannicis Collectanea, vi. (1774) 5.

[1035] The feminine gender of Styrax has been in use for a long time. In Greek it denotes the tree, as also does sometimes the masculine gender, the neutral being reserved to the resin. In Latin the resin is masculini generis (Dr. Rice).

[1036] For a good figure of L. orientalis, see Hooker’s Icones Plantarum (3rd series, 1867) pl. 1019, or Hanbury, Science Papers, 1876. 140; also Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, part 27 (1877).

[1037] The fine old trees existing at the convent of Antiphoniti on the north coast of Cyprus, and at that of Neophiti near Papho, specimens of which were distributed by Kotschy as Liquidambar imberbis Ait., agree in all points with the American L. stryaciflua L., and not with the Asiatic plant. Kotschy has told me that they have certainly been planted, and that no other examples exist in the island.—D. H. The same opinion is adopted by Boissier, Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 8319.

[1038] Περί Στύακοτ δίατριβὴ ϕαρμακογραϕικὴ ἐν Ἀθῆναιπ, 1862.—This pamphlet is also the subject of a paper of Prof. Planchon, Journ. de Pharm. 24 (1876) 172. 243.

[1039] Medicæ Artis Principes post Hippocratem et Galenum, Par. 1567.—Aëtii tetr. 4. serm. 4. c. 122; P. Ægineta, De re med. vii. 20.

[1040] The foliage of the Liquidambar much resembles that of the common maple (Acer campestre L.); hence the two trees as well as the plane (Platanus orientalis L.) are confounded under one name,—Ζυγὸς or Ζυγίᾳ. So Styrax officinalis L., from the resemblance of its leaves to those of Pirus Cydonia L., is known in Greece as Ζυγὸς κυδωνήα kydônêa, i.e. wild quince.

[1041] Ibn Baytar, Sontheimer’s transl. ii. 539.

[1042] Noroff, Pèlerinage en Terre Sainte de l’Igoumène russe Daniel, St. Pétersb. 164.4°.—The passage has been kindly abstracted for us by Prof. Heyd of Stuttgart.

[1043] Vignolius, Liber Pontificalis, Romæ, i. (1724) 94.—The ancient Isauria was in Cilicia, the country of Styrax officinalis L.

[1044] On the knowledge possessed by the Chinese of the Arabs, etc., Lond. 1871. 19.

[1045] Hist. of Japan, ed. Scheuchzer, i. 353.

[1046] Exoticorum Libri, 245.

[1047] Ἐγχειρίδιον Φαρμακολογίας, ύπὸ Ν. Κωστῆ, 1855. 356.

[1048] Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. xvi. (1857) 417. 461, and iv. (1863) 436; Science Papers, 127-150.

[1049] Hanbury, l.c.

[1050] It is no doubt the “Cortex Olibani” met with in the tariff of 1571, in Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, 26.

[1051] Unger u. Kotschy, Die Insel Cypern. Wien, 1865. 410.

[1052] The Storax noir of Guibourt is one of these.

[1053] Quoted before, p. 163, note 3; in the same book “cotone storace e corallo“ occur as articles of export from Sicily.

[1054] Obligingly presented to me by our friend, Dr. Squibb, Brooklyn (1879).—F. A. F.

[1055] Proceedings of the Am. Pharm. Asso. 1865. 160.

[1056] Am. Journ. of Pharm. 1874. 161.—In the same periodical (1876, 335) 300 lbs. are stated to have been collected at Dyersburg, Tenn.

[1057] Hist. Plant. iii. (1704), appendix p. 233.

[1058] Chap. 34. sec. 5. § 1. Aromatic Trees. For a modern fig., see Hooker’s Icones Plant. 3rd series, i. tab. 1020.

[1059] Pharm. of India, 1868. 88.

[1060] Flora Australiensis, iii. (1866) 142.

[1061] Herb. Amboinense, ii. (1741) cap. 26.

[1062] Acad. Nat. Curios. Ephemerid. Cent. v. vi. (Nürnberget, 1717) 157.

[1063] Sammlung von Natur und Medicin ... Geschichten, Leipzig, 1719. 257.

[1064] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 1023.

[1065] Vater, Catalog. varior. exoticor. rarissimor.... Wittenbergæ, 1726.

[1066] Schendus van der Beck, De Indiæ rarioribus, Act. Nat. Cur. i., appendix (1725) 123.

[1067] Goetz, Olei Caieput historia—Commercium Litterarium, 1731. 3; Martini, De Oleo Wittnebiano dissertatio, 1751.

[1068] Travels in the East Indian Archipelago, Lond. 1868. 282.

[1069] Hist. des Drog. iii. (1869) 278.

[1070] Blue Book of the Colony of the Straits Settlements for 1871, Singapore, 1872.

[1071] Though these are the original Moluccas or Clove Islands, the name has been extended to all islands east of Celebes and west of New Guinea.

[1072] For the history of the oil see our article Cortex Cinnamon, chemical composition.

[1073] Langkavel, Botanik der späteren Griechen, Berlin, 1866. 19.

[1074] At this period, the clove was called Ki shêh hiang, i.e. fowl’s tongue spice. The modern name Ting hiang, i.e. nail-scent or-spice, was in use in the 5th or 6th century of our era.

[1075] Liber Pontificalis, seu de Gestis Romanorum Pontificum, Romæ, i. (1724) 94.

[1076] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, series Græca, lxxxviii. (1860) 446.

[1077] Puschman’s edition ([quoted in the appendix]) i. 435. 580. Alexander dedicated his work to his teacher, the father of Cosmas.

[1078] De re medica, lib. vii. c. 3.

[1079] Poematium Medicum—Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, lxxxix. (1850) 374.

[1080] Pardessus, Diplomata, Chartæ, etc., ii. (1849) 309.

[1081] Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Lois, (1843) 173.

[1082] Méry et Guindon, Hist. des Actes ... de la municipalité de Marseille, 1841. 373.

[1083] Capmany, Memorias sobre la marina etc. de Barcelona, iii. 170.

[1084] Douet d’Arcq, Revue archéologique, ix. (1852) 213.

[1085] Manners and Household Expenses in England (Roxburgh Club), 1841. lii.

[1086] Le Livre des routes et des provinces, traduit par C. Barbier de Meynard, Journ. Asiat. sér. 6. tome v. (1865) 227.

[1087] Yule, Marco Polo, ii. (1871) 217.—It should however be borne in mind that the name Java was applied in a general sense by the Arab geographers to the islands of the Archipelago.

[1088] Kunstmann, Die Kenntniss Indiens im XVᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhundert, München, 1863. 46.

[1089] Ramusio, Delle navigationi et viaggi, Venetia, 1554, fol. 404b.

[1090] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial series, East Indies, 1862. 181.

[1091] Tessier, Sur l’importation du Giroflier des Moluques aux Isles de France, de Bourbon et de Sechelles, et de ces isles à Cayenne.—Observations sur la physique, Paris, Juillet, 1779.

[1092] Dictionary of the Indian Islands, 1856, article Clove.

[1093] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 201.

[1094] Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 952.

[1095] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pisa dal xii. al xiv. secolo, iii. (1857) 106.

[1096] See p. 235, note 2.

[1097] Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Lois, ii. (1843) 173.

[1098] Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873. 11. 38.

[1099] We find in the fortnightly price current of a London drug-broker under date Nov. 27, 1873, the announcement of the sale of 1,050 bags of Mother Cloves at 2d. to 3d. per lb., besides 4,200 packages of Clove Stalks at 3d. to 4d. per lb.

[1100] Rumphius in his letter from Amboina, Sept. 20, 1696, to Dr. Schröck, in Ephemerides Acad. Cæs. Leopold. Decur. iii. Frankfurt and Leipzig. 1700. p. 308, with figure.—Also Rumphius, Herb. Amb. ii. (1742) 11. tab. 2.—See also Hasskarl, Neuer Schlüssel zu Rumph’s Herb. Amb., Halle, 1866; Berg, Linnæa, 1854. 137; Valmont de Bomare, Dict. d’Hist. Nat. iii. (1775) 70.

[1101] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 20 (1877).

[1102] Pimienta, the Spanish for pepper, is derived from pigmentum, a general name in mediæval Latin for spicery.—Malaguetta ([see article Grana Paradisi]) is also a name which has been transferred by the Spaniards and Portuguese to the drug under notice.

[1103] Lib. i. c. 17.

[1104] Theatrum Botanicum (1640) 1567.

[1105] Description of the Pimienta or Jamaica Pepper-tree.—Phil. Trans. xvii. No. 191.

[1106] Parliamentary Return, March 1805, quoted in Young’s West India Commonplace Book, 1807. 79.

[1107] Blue Book for Jamaica, printed 1872.

[1108] Figured in Bentley and Trimen, part 20.—The fruit of this species is easily distinguished, being crowned by 5-calyx lobes.

[1109] Exodus xxviii. 33, 34; Numbers xx. 2; Deut. viii 8; Cant. iv. 13; viii. 2.

[1110] Layard, Nineveh and its Remains, ed. 5, ii. (1849) 296.

[1111] Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, ii. (1837) 142.

[1112] Nisard’s edition, Paris, 1877, capp. 7. 127. 133.

[1113] See also Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, Berlin, 1877, 206.

[1114] Pharm. of India, 1868. 93. 447.

[1115] De Medicina, lib. iv. c. 17.

[1116] Lib. i. c. 153.

[1117] Lib. xxiii. c. 60.

[1118] Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journ., iii. (1807) 22.

[1119] Debeaux, Pharmacie et Mat. Méd. des Chinois, 1865. 70.

[1120] Indian Annals of Med. Science, vi. (1859); Pharmacopœia of India, 1868. 93.

[1121] Ecballium from ἐκβάλλω, I expel, in allusion to the expulsion of the seeds: often erroneously written Ecbalium.

[1122] Turner’s Herball, 1568, part i. 180.

[1123] I have not yet seen Yule’s paper on the dehiscence of this fruit in the Journ. of Anat. and Physiology, 1877. The structure of the testa of the seed is explained by Fickel, in the Botanische Zeitung, 1876. 774.—F. A. F..

[1124] Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. (1853) 1745.

[1125] Having had to procure elaterium fruits at Mitcham in the very fine summer of 1868, I was told that the people occupied in slicing the fruits had never suffered so severely from their work as in that year.—D. H.

[1126] There is a genus of Cucurbitaceæ founded by Linnæus, also called Elaterium.

[1127] Lond. Med. Repository, xii. (1820) 1.

[1128] Gmelin’s Chemistry, xvii. (1866) 335-367.

[1129] Clutterbuck says ⅛ of a grain purges violently.

[1130] Cockayne, Leechdoms, etc., i. (1865) 325.

[1131] Le Calendrier de Cordoue, publié par R. Dozy, Leyde, 1873. 92.

[1132] De Mas Latrie, Hist. de l’ile de Chypre, iii. (1852-61) 498.

[1133] Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pharmacie, 1858. 216.

[1134] See my paper on Cucumis Colocynthis considered as a nutritive plant in the Archiv der Pharmacie, 201 (1872) 235.—F. A. F.

[1135] Col. Grant, Botany of the Speke and Grant expedition, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxix. pt. 2 (1873) 77.

[1136] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen. Med. Plants, pt. 24, 1877.

[1137] Hort. Mal. x. tab. 46.

[1138] Herb. Amboin. v. 169.

[1139] Bouton, Med. Plants of Mauritius, 1857. 73-83.

[1140] Medical Reports, Madras, 1855. 356.

[1141] Drawn up from Indian specimens.

[1142] Journ. de Pharm. xxviii. (1855) 47.

[1143] L’Officine (1872) 554.

[1144] It is probably by oversight that the leaves alone are ordered in the Pharmacopœia of India.

[1145] See Imbert-Gourbeyre, De la mort de Socrate par la Ciguë, Paris, 1876.

[1146] An extensive paper has been devoted by Albert Regel to the History of Conium and Cicuta in the Bulletin de la Soc. imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, tome li. (1876, first part) 155-203 and lii. (1877) first part, 1-52.

[1147] Volume of Vocabularies, edited by Wright, 1857. 31.

[1148] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1867) 460-710; ix. (1868) 53.

[1149] See Moynier de Villepoix, Annales des Sciences naturelles, Botanique, v. (1878) 348.

[1150] Trans. of the New York State Medical Society for 1867.

[1151] The old Vegetable Neurotics, Lond. 1869.

[1152] The London herbalists often collect it while much of the inflorescence is still in bud, in which state it affords far more of leaf than when well matured; but it is in the latter condition that the plant is to be preferred.

[1153] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. 405.

[1154] Semplici, Vinegia, 1561. 130.

[1155] Pharmacologia, 1693. 211.

[1156] Essays, Medical and Experimental, ii. (1773) 226.

[1157] Roxburgh, Flor. Ind. ii. (1832) 91.

[1158] To such a mistake may probably be referred the statement of Irvine (Account of the Mat. Med. of Patna, 1848, p. 6) that the seeds of henbane are “used in food as carminative and stimulant”!

[1159] Babington in Journ. of Linn. Soc., Bot. xi. (1871) 310.

[1160] Aitchison in Journ. of Linn. Soc., Bot., x. (1869) 76. 94.

[1161] Leared in Pharm. Journ. Feb. 8, 1873. 623.

[1162] I have cultivated the Morocco plant in 1872 and 1873 by the side of the common form.—D. H.

[1163] Dierbach, Flora Apiciana, 1831. 53.

[1164] Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne trad. par Dozy et M. J. de Goeje, Leyde, 1866, 75. 97. 150.

[1165] Sontheimer’s translation, ii. 368.

[1166] Leechdoms, etc. of Early England, i. (1864).

[1167] Pfeiffer, Zwei deutsche Arzneibücher aus dem xii. und xiii. Jahrhundert, Wien 1863. 14.

[1168] Meddygon Myddfai, 158. 354.

[1169] Morton, Cyclop. of Agriculture, i. (1855) 390.

[1170] Information obligingly supplied by Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig.

[1171] Schübeler, Pflanzenwelt Norwegens. Christiania, 1863-1875. 85.

[1172] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 75.

[1173] Oudemans, Aanteekeningen, etc., Rotterdam, 1854-1856. 351.

[1174] Consular Reports, 1873 and 1876.

[1175] Pharmaceutische Zeitung, 15th April 1874.

[1176] It is an annual even in England, ripening seeds in its first year, and then dying.

[1177] Le Calendrier de Cordoue de l’année, 961, publié par R. Dozy, Leyde, 1873.

[1178] The Nîmes fennel has been usually referred to Fœniculum dulce DC., but that plant has the stem compressed at the base, and only 6 to 8 rays in the umbel; and is the fennel which is eaten as a vegetable or as a salad.

[1179] Hist. des Drogues, iii. (1869) 233.

[1180] The Leipzig Chamber of Commerce reports the quantity made by four establishments in 1872, as 4350 kilo. (9594 lb.).

[1181] On the Anise of the Bible, see note in our article Fructus Anethi.

[1182] Page 150 of the “Description,” etc., quoted in the article Fructus Carui, p. 305, note 5.

[1183] (Thomson, R.), Chronicles of London Bridge, 1827. 156.

[1184] Doüet d’Arcq, Comptes de l’Argenterie des Rois de France, 1851. 206. 220.

[1185] Herbert, Hist. of the twelve Great Livery Companies of London, 1834, 310.

[1186] Edited by N. H. Nicolas, Lond. 1830. 131.

[1187] Reprinted for the Early English Text Society, 1870. 281.

[1188] Rates of Marchandizes, 1635.

[1189] Laboratory notes obligingly furnished by Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig. (1878).

[1190] Nouv. Mém. de la Soc. imp. des Nat. de Moscou, xii. (1871) 253. tabb. 24. 25.—Also figured in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 20 (1877).

[1191] See A. de Bary, Anatomie, 1877. 623.

[1192] The structure and growth of Sumbul root have been elaborately studied by Tchistiakoff, of whose observations, first published in Russian in 1870, an Italian translation with two plates has appeared in the Nuovo Giornale Botanico for Oct. 1873. 298.

[1193] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1875) 321.

[1194] Elements of Mat. Med. ii. p. 2 (1857) 208; also Bentley, Pharm. Journ. ix. (1878) 479.

[1195] We refrain from citing localities in Tibet, Beluchistan and Persia, where plants supposed to agree with that of Falconer have been found by other collectors.

[1196] Die Pharmaceutisch-wichtigen Ferulaceen der Aralo-Caspischen Wüste, St. Petersb. 1860, pp. 40, eight plates.—In the Medicinal plants of Bentley and Trimen, Narthex is figured in part 29 and Scorodosma in part 24.

[1197] Which we cannot find on any map.

[1198] Kämpfer figures his plant with about 6 umbels on a stalk, while Scorodosma, as represented by Borszczow, has at least 25.

[1199] Buch der Länder, translated by Mordtmann, Hamburg, 1845. 111.

[1200] Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite par Jaubert, i. (1836) 450.

[1201] Sontheimer’s transl. i. (1840) 84.

[1202] Choulant, Macer Floridus, Lips. 1832. 159.

[1203] Meddygon Myddfai. 282. 457 (see bibliographical notices at the end).

[1204] Amœnitates Exoticæ, Lemgoviæ, 1712. 535-552.

[1205] Journal of a Mission to Afghanistan, Lond. 1862. 270.

[1206] Bellew, From the Indus to the Tigris, London. 1874. 101. 102. 286. 321. &c.

[1207] Wood, Journey to the Source of the River Oxus, newed. 1872, 131.

[1208] Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 995.

[1209] A large specimen of it was kindly presented to one of us (H.) by Mr. D. S. Kemp of Bombay. We have also examined the same drug in the Indian Museum, and further received good specimens by the kindness of Professor Dymock. See his notes Pharm. Journ. v. (1875) 103, and viii. (1877) 103.

[1210] Hist. des Drogues, iii. (1850) 223.

[1211] Hist. Plantarum, 1. vi. c. 3.

[1212] Gommes-résines des Ombellifères (thèse), Paris, 1869. 32.

[1213] Borszczow, op. cit. 13-14.

[1214] The following in addition have at various times been supposed to afford galbanum:—Ferulago galbanifera Koch, a native of the Mediterranean region and Southern Russia; Opoidia galbanifera Lindl., a Persian plant of doubtful genus; Bubon Galbanum L., a shrubby umbellifer of South Africa.

[1215] Aufzählung der in einer Reise durch Transkaukasien und Persien gesammelten Pflanzen.—Nouv. Mém. de la Soc. imp. des Nat. de Moscou, xii. (1860) 99.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 16.

[1216] Buhse, l.c.; also Bulletin de la Soc. imp. des Nat. de Moscou, xxiii. (1850) 548.

[1217] Diagnoses Plantarum novarum præsertim orientalium, ser. ii. fasc. 2 (1856) 92.

[1218] Op. cit. 36 (see p. 315, note 1).

[1219] Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 995.

[1220] Berg u. Schmidt, Offizinelle Gewächse, iv. (1863) tab. 31 b.

[1221] Exodus xxx. 34.—Jes. Sirach xxiv. 18.—In imitation of the ancient Jewish custom, Galbanum is a component of the incense used in the Irvingite chapels in London.

[1222] Χαλβάνη—Theophr. Hist. Plant. ix. c. 1.

[1223] Vincent, Commerce of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 692.

[1224] Doliet d’Arcq, Comptes de l’Argenterie des Rois de France (1851) 236.—The prices must be multiplied by 3 to give a notion of present value.

[1225] Pasi, Tariffa de Pesi e Misure, Venet. 1521. 204 (1st edition, 1503).

[1226] Fontanon, Edicts et Ordonnances des Rois de France, ii. (1585) 388.

[1227] This property of Umbelliferone may be beautifully shown by dipping some bibulous paper into water which has stood for an hour or two on lumps of galbanum, and drying it. A strip of this paper placed in a test tube of water with a drop of ammonia, will give a superb blue solution, instantly losing its colour on the addition of a drop of hydrochloric acid.

[1228] We have found it best to mix the galbanum-resin with coarsely powdered pumice-stone; the oil is then easily and abundantly obtainable.

[1229] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 33 (1878).

[1230] Fraser, Journey into Khorasān, 1825. 118; Polak, Persien, das Land und seine Leute, ii. (1865) 282.

[1231] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, part 4.

[1232] Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 1009.

[1233] Alexander Trallianus in Puschmann’s edition ([see appendix]) 581. 588.

[1234] Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. March 22, 1873. 741; or Science Papers, 375.

[1235] Opera Omnia, Lugd. 1515, lib. ii. Practices c. 44.

[1236] Seligmann, Liber Fundamentorum Pharmacologiæ, Vindob. 1830. 35.

[1237] Johnson, Journey from India to England through Persia, etc., 1818. 93. 94; Hart, quoted by Don, Linn. Trans. xvi. (1833) 605.

[1238] Pharmakologische Untersuchungen über Ammoniacum, Sagapenum und Opopanax, Dorpat, 1861.

[1239] Gommes-résines des Ombellifères (Thèse), Paris, 1869. 93.

[1240] Pharm. Journ. March 29, 1873. 761.

[1241] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay, 1871-72, and 1872-73.

[1242] As stated by Pereira, Mat. Medica, ii. part 2 (1857) p. 186. See also Hanbury, Science Papers, 1876. 376.

[1243] Economic Products of the Punjab, i. (1868) 402.

[1244] Further particulars regarding Opopanax and Sagapenum, may be found in the theses of Przeciszewski (1861) and Vigier (1869), noticed in our article on Ammoniacum, and Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1875. 119. 120.

[1245] Bentham and Hooker (Gen. Plant. 919) suppress the genus Anethum, uniting its one solitary species with Peucedanum.

[1246] Matt. xxiii. 23,—where it has been rendered anise by the English translators from Wicklif (1380) downwards. But in other versions, the word is correctly translated.

[1247] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands (1862) 40.

[1248] Langkavel, Botanik d. späteren Griechen, Berlin, 1866. 39.

[1249] Leechdoms, &c., edited by Cockayne, 1864-66,—see especially Herbarium Apuleii, dating about a.d. 1050, in vol. i. pp. 219. 235. 237. 281. 293.

[1250] Popular Names of British Plants, 1870.

[1251] Volume of Vocabularies, edited by Wright, 1857. 30.

[1252] Exod. xvi. 31; Num. xi. 7.

[1253] Petrus de Abbano, Tract. de Venenis, Venetiis, 1473. capp. 25. 46.

[1254] R. Baker, in Morton’s Cyclopædia of Agriculture, i. (1855) 545.

[1255] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Sind for the year 1872-73, Karachi, 1873. 36.

[1256] Ditto for Bombay, 1872-73. ii. 90.

[1257] Annual Volume of Trade, etc. for the Bengal Presidency, 1870-71. 121.

[1258] Comyne in Wicklif’s Bible (1380), Commen in Tyndale’s (1534), Commyn in Cranmer’s (1539), Cummine in the Authorised Version (1611), Cumin in Gerarde’s Herbal (1636) and Paris’s Pharmacologia (1822), Cummin, Ray (1693) and in modern trade-lists and price-currents.

[1259] Ch. xxviii. 25-27.

[1260] Ch. xxiii. 23.

[1261] Pardessus, Diplomata, etc., Paris, 1849. ii. 309.

[1262] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, 1876. i. 631, ii. 543-547.

[1263] Munimenta Gildhallæ Londoniensis, edited by Riley, i. (1859) 224.

[1264] Herbert, Hist. of the Great Livery Companies of London, 1834. 114.

[1265] Thomas, Fontego dei Todeschi in Venezia, 1874. 252.

[1266] Statistical Tables relating to the Colonial and other possessions of the United Kingdom, xi. 618. 619.

[1267] Consular Reports, Aug. 1873, 917; in 1876 only 380 cwt.

[1268] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73. pt. ii. 90.

[1269] Annual Volume of Trade, etc. for the Bengal Presidency for 1870-71. 121.

[1270] Schübeler, Pflanzenwelt Norwegens (1873-75) 253.

[1271] Leechdoms, etc. of Early England edited by Cockayne, iii. (1866) 324. 347. According to the Rev. Edward Gillett (p. xxxii.), S. Ebulus is believed to have been brought to England by the Danes and planted on the battlefield and graves of their countrymen. In Norfolk it still bears the name of Danewort and blood hilder (blood elder).

[1272] The Physicians of Myddfai ([see Appendix]) used sage, rue, mallow, and elder flowers as ingredients of a gargle. Meddygon Myddvai, 219. 403.

[1273] For further information, see Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 368.

[1274] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 21 (1877).

[1275] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 7 (1876).

[1276] Dictionary of the Indian Islands, 1865. 142.

[1277] Beautifully figured in Berg und Schmidt, Offizinelle Gewächse, xxx. c. 1863.

[1278] Herb. Amb. v. 63. tab. 34.

[1279] Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap, ii. (derde druk) 217-234.

[1280] Linn. Trans. ix. (1808) 218-224.

[1281] Collingwood, Journ. of Linn. Soc., Bot., x. (1869) 52.

[1282] This abuse of land has been repressed in Singapore.

[1283] We borrow the following account, which is the best we have met with, from Jagor’s Singapore, Malacca, und Java, Berlin, 1866. 64.

[1284] Gautier (1877) suggests that it is not identical with catechin from Acacia Catechin (p. 244).

[1285] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 18.

[1286] Blue Book of the Colony of the Straits Settlements for 1871.

[1287] 17s. per cwt., March 1879; see Catechu, page 242, note 3.

[1288] That is to say the eastern Cordillera, the western and lower range being called the Cordillera of the Coast; no Cinchonas grow on the latter.

[1289] Broughton, in Pharm. Journ. Jan. 4, 1873. 521.

[1290] Figured in Bot. Magazine, vol. 89 (1863) tab. 5364, including C. Condaminea Humb. et Bonpl. and C. Uritusinga Pavon.

[1291] Ann. des Sciences nat., Bot. x. (1848) 6, and Hist. nat. des Quinquinas, 1849, tab. 3, figured in Botanical Magazine, 1873. 6052, and 1879. 6434.

[1292] Ledger’s Calisaya is beautifully figured and exactly described in Howard’s Quinology of the East Indian Plantations, parts ii. and iii.

[1293] Figured in Howard’s Nueva Quinologia, art. Chinchona succirubra.

[1294] Howard, l.c. p. 9.

[1295] Phil Trans. xl. for 1737-38. 81.

[1296] Der Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin Magaz. i. (1807) 60.

[1297] Reise in Chile, Peru, etc. ii. (1836) 222.

[1298] Blue Book—East India Chinchona Plant, 1863. 74. 75.

[1299] Travels in Peru and India, 1862. 2.

[1300] Quoted by Weddell in his Hist. des Quinquinas, p. 15, from De Jussieu’s unpublished MS.—The town of Loxa or Loja was founded by the Spaniards in 1546.

[1301] The circumstances are fully narrated by La Condamine (Mém. de l’Acad. royale des Sciences, année 1738). But the cure of the countess was known in Europe much before this, for it is mentioned by Sebastiano Bado in his Anastasis, Corticis Peruviæ, seu Chinæ Chinæ defensio published at Genoa in 1663. When Bado wrote, it was a debated question whether the bark was introduced to Europe by the count of Chinchon or by the Jesuit Fathers.

[1302] Villerobel, quoted by Bado, op. cit. 202.

[1303] The cardinal belonged to a family of Seville, which town had the monopoly of the trade with America.

[1304] Bado in his Anastasis, lib. 3, quotes the opinion of many persons as coinciding with his own.

[1305] Febrifugi Peruviani Vindiciarum pars prior—Pulveris Historiam complectens ejusque vires et proprietates ...exhibens, Delphis, 1669. 12°.

[1306] It is in these words:—Modo di adoprare la Corteccia chiamata della Febre.—Questa Corteccia si porta dal Regno di Peru, e si chiama China, o vero China della febre, laquale si adopra per la febre quartans, e terzana, che venga con freddo: s’adropra in questo modo, cioè:

Se ne piglia dramme due, e si pista fina, con passarla per setaccio; e tre hore prima incirca, che debba venir la febre si mette in infusione in un bicchiero di vino bianco gagliardissimo, e quando il freddo commincia à venire, ò si sente qualche minimo principio, si prende tutta la presa preparata, e si mette il patiente in letto.

Avertasi, si potrà dare detta Corteccia nel modo sudetto nella febre terzana, quando quella sia fermata in stato di molti giorni.

L’esperienza continua, hà liberata quasi tutti quelli, che l’hanno presa, purgato prima bene il corpo, e per quattro giorni doppo non pigliar’ niuna sorte di medicamento, ma auvertasi di non darla se non con licenza delli Sig. Medici, acciò giudicano se sia in tempo à proposito di pigliarla.

[1307] So says Sir G. Baker, who has traced the introduction of Cinchona in a very able paper published in the Medical Transactions of the College of Physicians of London, iii. (1785) 141-216.

[1308] Namely No. 422. June 24-July 1; No. 426. July 22-29; No. 439. Oct. 21-28. No. 545. Dec. 9-16.—We have examined the copy at the British Museum.

[1309] Ph. Journ. vi. (1876) 1022.

[1310] In the Recueil for 1680, p. 275 ([see appendix], Talbor) the king is said to have had another attack of fever at Windsor, for which he took “du Quinquina préparé,” which again cured him.

[1311] Le Remède anglais pour la guérison des fièvres, publié par ordre du Roy, avec les observations de Monsieur le premier Médecin de sa Majesté, sur la composition, les vertus, et l’usage de ce remède, par Nicolas de Blegny, Chirurgien ordinaire du corps de Monsieur, et Directeur de l’Académie des nouvelles découvertes de Médecine, Paris, 1682. 12°.

[1312] Sur l’arbre de Quinquina par M. de la Condamine—Mém. de l’Académie royale des Sciences pour l’année 1738. pp. 226-243, with two plates.

[1313] Markham has vigorously contended that the name Cinchona should be altered to Chinchona as better commemorating the countess of Chinchon. But the inconvenience of changing so well-established a name and its many derivatives, has out-weighed these considerations.—See list of works relating to Cinchona at the end of the present article.

[1314] Published at Madrid, 1798-1802, in 4 volumes folio, with 425 plates.

[1315] “ ... Mutis n’avait qu’une notion inexacte et confuse du genre Cinchona et de ses véritables caractères; c’est en définitive qu’aucune de ses espèces, dans le sens strict du mot, n’a été reconnue ni découverte par lui.”—Triana, Nouv. Etudes, p. 8.

[1316] Markham, Chinchona Species of New Granada, Lond. 1867.

[1317] Quinologia, ó tratado de árbol de la Quina, ó Cascarilla, Madrid, 1792. 4°. pp. 103.

[1318] Supplemento á la Quinologia, Madrid, 1801. 4°. pp. 154.

[1319] From zurrón, the Spanish name for a pouch or game-bag.

[1320] Consular Reports, presented to Parliament, July 1872.

[1321] Seemann’s Journ. of Bot. vi. (1868) 323.

[1322] Consular Reports, August 1873. 743.

[1323] Ibid. August 1872.

[1324] Cours d’Hist. nat. pharmaceutique, ii. (1828) 252.

[1325] Illustrations of the Bot. of the Himalayan Mountains, i. (1839) 240.

[1326] According to K. W. van Gorkom, suggestions to the same end were made to the Dutch Government as early as 1829 by Reinwardt.

[1327] In 1870, the Indian Government purchased no less than 81,600 ounces of sulphate of quinine, besides 8,832 ounces of the sulphates of cinchonine, cinchonidine and quinidine. The quantities bought in subsequent years have been much smaller until the present year (1874).

[1328] Report on the Expedition to procure seeds of C. Condaminea (1862); also Report to the Under Secretary of State for India on the Pitayo Chinchona, by Robt. Cross, 1865.

[1329] Great difficulty was at first experienced in successfully conveying living Cinchona plants to India, even in Wardian cases; and the collections formed by Hasskarl, Markham, and Pritchett almost all perished after reaching their destination (Markham’s letter, 26 Feb. 1861). But the propagation by seed has proved very rapid.

[1330] Correspondence relating to the introduction of the Chinchona Plant into India, ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 20 March 1863 and 18 June 1866.

[1331] Blue Book (Chinchona Cultivation, 1870. p. 30).—A name that must always be remembered in connection with the Neilgherry plantations, is that of William Graham McIvor, who by his rare practical skill and sagacity in the cultivation and management of the tree, has rendered most signal services in its propagation in India.

[1332] Moral and material progress and condition of India during 1871-72, presented to Parliament 1873. p. 33.

[1333] The first annual Report dates from 1862 to 1863; I am indebted to Dr. King for that of 1876-1877.—F. A. F.

[1334] I am indebted to the Dutch administration for their interesting statistical documents relating to Cinchona.—F. A. F.

[1335] When I was in London, in August 1867, I went to Finsbury Place, to meet Mr. Spruce, and was happy enough to find there also Mr. Howard, who presented Mr. S. and myself with market samples of the first importation of C. succirubra, from Denison plantation, Ootacamund.—F. A. F.

[1336] The following are common terms in reference to the barks of Peru:—Amarilla (yellow), blanca (white), colorado or roja (red), naranjada (orange), negrilla (brown).

[1337] Cortex Cinchonæ pallidæ; F. Quinquina Loxa; G. Loxachina. The term Crown Bark was originally restricted to a superior sort of Loxa Bark, shipped for the use of the royal family of Spain.

[1338] In the old collections of the Royal College of Physicians, there are specimens of very thick Loxa Bark, of a quality quite unknown there at the present day. They are doubtless the produce of ancient trees, such as were noticed by La Condamine.

[1339] Cortex Cinchonæ flavæ, Cortex Chinæ regius; F. Quinquina Calisaya; G. Königschina.

[1340] From the notion that they resemble the marks left by drawing the fingers over wet clay.

[1341] Thick Red Bark that happens to have a very deep and brilliant tint is eagerly bought at a high price for the Paris market.

[1342] Pitayo is an Indian village eastward of Popayan; see map of the country between Pasto and Bogotá in Blue Book (East India Chinchona Plant) 1866. 257.

[1343] Two species included by Weddell in his Notes sur les Quinquinas, namely C. Chomeliana Wedd. and C. barbacoensis Karst., have been omitted, as not in our opinion belonging to the genus.

[1344] Hist. nat. des Quinquinas, tab. ii.

[1345] Flückiger, Grundlagen, Berlin, 1872. 61. fig. 48.

[1346] Enveloppe ou tunique cellulaire of Weddell; Mittelrinde of the Germans.

[1347] In German Bast, or Phloëm of modern German botany.

[1348] Baststrahlen or Phloëmstrahlen of the Germans.

[1349] Fibres corticales of Weddell; Baströhren or Bastzellen in German.

[1350] Fracture filandreuse, Weddel; fädiger Bruch of the Germans.

[1351] Vaisseaux laticifères of Weddell; Milchsaftschläuche in German.

[1352] Hesse, in 1877, pointed out the existence of a series of new alkaloids existing in Cinchona. We refrain from repeating his statements, which will be found abstracted in the Yearbook of Pharm. 1878. 63.

[1353] Ensaio sobre o Cinchonino, e sobre sua influencia na virtude da quina e d’outras cascas.—Mem. da Acad. R. das Sciencias de Lisboa, iii. (1812) 202-217.

[1354] Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. xv. (1820) 292.

[1355] Yearbook of Pharm. 1878. 59.

[1356] So called from Tecamez or Tacames, a small port of Ecuador in about lat. 1° N. The bark which was first noticed in Lambert’s Description of the Genus Cinchona, 1797. 30. tab. ii., is of unknown botanical origin. In its external appearance, as well as in its structure, this bark is widely different from any Cinchona bark.—See also Vogl, in the second pamphlet quoted at page 391. 10; Oberlin and Schlagdenhauffen, Journ. de Pharm. 28. (1878) 252.

[1357] Flückiger in Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht for 1872. 132.

[1358] Pharm. Journ., May 11, 1872. 901.

[1359] Berichte der Deutschen Chem. Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1871. 818.

[1360] Die medicinischen Chinarinden Neu-Granada’s, 17. 20. 39.

[1361] Pharm. Journ. Sept. 6, 1873. 181.

[1362] Blue Book—“East India Chinchona Plant,” 1870. 282; Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1871. 85.

[1363] See Howard’s analyses and observations, Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 61-63.

[1364] Pharm. Journ. Sept. 6, 1873. 184.

[1365] Blue Book, 1870. 116. 188. 205.

[1366] Chimie hydraulique, Paris, 1746. 114.

[1367] Crell’s Chem. Annalen, 1790, ii. 314-317.

[1368] The bark of Buena magnifolia Wedd., a tree with fragrant flowers and magnificent foliage, figured in Howard’s “Nueva Quinologia of Pavon” as Cinchona magnifolia. Its bark is destitute of alkaloids; it also used to appear occasionally in the London market since about the year 1820.—See also our article on Cortex Cascarillæ.

[1369] Pharm. Journ. iv. (1873) 241, and Dr. de Vry’s papers mentioned at the end of the present article, p. 369; also private communications.

[1370] Blue Book—East India Cinchona Cultivation, 1870. pp. 156-172.—The report contains very interesting and important medical details. See also Dougal in Edin. Med. Journ. Sept. 1873.

[1371] We heard that the Government has purchased (April 1874) by tender between 300 and 400 lb. of cinchonidine.

[1372] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1878) 1060.

[1373] I am informed by my friend Professor Müller of Geneva that in describing the Rubiaceæ for the Flora Brasiliensis he will include Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha in the genus Mapouria.—F. A. F.. March 1879.

[1374] Ann. des Sciences nat. Bot. xi. (1849) 193-202.

[1375] Trans. of Roy. Soc. of Edinb. xxvi. (1872) 781. plates 31-32.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants. part 15 (1876).

[1376] Purchas, His Pilgrimes, Lond. iv. (1625),—a treatise of Brasill, written by a Portugall which had long lived there, p. 1311.

[1377] Hist. nat. Brasil. 1648. Piso, p. 101, Marcgraf, p. 17.

[1378] Pomet, Histoire générale des Drogues, i. (1694) 47.

[1379] Mérat and De Lens, Dict. de Mat. Méd. iii. (1831) 644, call Legras a physician, and say that Garnier brought himself the 150 lb. from abroad.

[1380] Eloy, Histoire générale de la Médecine. Mons. ii. (1778) 485, mentions a sick druggist, who presented Helvetius with the ipecacuanha. Garnier, according to Eloy, was a “Marchand chapelier.”—Leibnitz, in Ephemerid. Academ. Cæsareo-Leopold, 1696, Appendix, p. 6, miscalled the merchant Grenier.

[1381] An abstract of the royal patent is given by Leibnitz, l. c. 20 (date not added).

[1382] On the history of ipecacuanha, consult also Sprengel, Geschichte der Arzneykunde, iv. (1827) 542.—We have not seen the pamphlet quoted by Haller, Bibl. bot. ii. 17: Helvetius, Usage de l’Hipecacoanha. 4° (no date).

[1383] Trans. of Linn. Soc. vi. (1801) 137.

[1384] Abstracted from the interesting eye-witness account of Weddell, l. c.

[1385] The following are the average prices at which the drug was purchased wholesale, in London during three periods of ten years each:—

10years ending1850,average price2s. 9½d.per lb.
10”1860,”6s. 11½d.”
10”1870,”8s. 8¼d.”

[1386] Annual Report of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, 31 May 1873—from which we have abstracted many of the foregoing particulars. The report for 1876-1877 is by no means favourable to the prospects of Cephaëlis in India.

[1387] See the results obtained by Richard and Barruel, by Magendie and Pelletier, and by Attfield, as recorded by the last named chemist in Proceedings of the British Pharmaceutical Conference for 1869. 37-39.

[1388] Gmelin, Chemistry, xv. (1862) 523.

[1389] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the U.K. for 1870.—The more recent issues of this return have been simplified to such an extent that drugs are for the greater part included under one head.

[1390] In the Madras Presidency, the death-rate from dysentery was 71 per 1000 cases treated: under the new method of treatment, it has been reduced to 13·5. In Bengal it has fallen from 88·2 to 28·8 per 1000.—Supplement to the Gazette of India, January 23, 1869.

[1391] As Ionidium Ipecacuanha Vent., I. Poaya St. Hil., I. parviflorum Vent., the first of which affords the Poaya branca or White Ipecacuanha of the Brazilians.—See C.F.P. von Martius, Specimen Mat. Med. Bras. 1824; A. de St. Hilaire, Plantes usuelles des Brésiliens, 1827-28.

[1392] Attfield in Pharm. Journ. xi. (1870) 140.

[1393] Journ. de Pharm. xvi. (1872) 405: xvii. 19.

[1394] Namely Ashover, Woolley Moor, Morton, Stretton, Higham, Shirland, Pilsley, North and South Wingfield, and Brackenfield. From the produce of these villages, one wholesale dealer in Chesterfield obtained in 1872 about 6 tons (13,440 lb.) of root.

[1395] Regel, Tentamen Floræ Ussuriensis, 1862 (Mém. de l’Académie de St. Pétersbourg).

[1396] V. officinalis L. and nine other species occur in Asia Minor (Tehihatcheff).

[1397] Opera Omnia, Lugd. 1515, cap. 45.—It must be remembered that this is a translation from the Arabic. How the word in question stands in the original we have no means of knowing.

[1398] De omnibus medico cognitu necessariis, Basil. 1539. 348.

[1399] Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of early England, iii. (1866) 6. 136.

[1400] S. de Renzi, Collectio Salernitana, iii. (1854) 271-322.

[1401] Compendium Aromatariorum, Bonon. 1488.

[1402] Herball, 1636. 1078.

[1403] Turner’s Herball, part 3 (1568) 76; Langham, Garden of Health, 1633. 598.

[1404] H. Jenssen-Tusch, Nordiske Plantenavne, Kjöbenhavn, 1867. 258.

[1405] Physica, Argent. 1533. 62.

[1406] The morphological peculiarities of valerian root are well explained in Irmisch, Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte der einheimischen Valeriana-Arten, Halle, 1854, 44 pages, 4°, 4 plates.

[1407] The structure of the rhizomes and root of the different species of valerian has been discussed by Joannes Chatin in his Etudes sur les Valérianées, Paris, 1872, illustrated by 14 beautiful plates.

[1408] Journ. de Médecine de Bruxelles, 1867 and 1868; Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1869. 17.

[1409] Archiv der Pharmacie, 209 (1876).

[1410] Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1871. 462.

[1411] According to Holmes, Ph. J. x. (1879) 22.

[1412] A corruption of Enula Campana, the latter word referring to the growth of the plant in Campania (Italy).

[1413] Meddygon Myddfai, p. 61. 284. 311 ([see Appendix]).

[1414] Materialien zu einer Monographie des Inulins, St. Petersburg, 1870. 141 pages—See also Prantl’s paper on Inulin, as abstracted in Pharm. Journ. Sept. 1871. 262.

[1415] Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht for 1870. 68.

[1416] Bentham and Hooker unite this plant with Saussurea.

[1417] See Cooke, Pharm. Journ. viii. (1877) 41; Flückiger, ibid. 121.

[1418] Sontheimer’s translation, ii. (1842) 179.

[1419] Haq’recarcha; see Steinschneider, in Rohlfs’ Archiv für Geschichte der Medicin (1879) 342.

[1420] Meddygon Myddfai ([see Appendix]) 184. 292. 374.

[1421] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay in 1871-72, pt. ii. 19. 98.

[1422] For further information on the medicinal species of Anacyclus, see a paper by Dr. P. Ascherson in Bonplandia, 15 April 1858.

[1423] De Stirpium ..., 1552. 149.—In Germany the epithet edel (= nobilis) is frequently used in popular botany to designate useful or remarkable plants. Tragus may have been induced to bestow it on the species under notice, on account of its superiority to Matricaria Camomilla, the so-called Common Chamomile of the Germans.

[1424] De distillatione, Romæ, 1608. 83.

[1425] About £9 per cwt., Foreign Chamomiles being worth from £3 to £4.

[1426] Information obligingly given by Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig. The oil distilled by them was examined in Prof. Fittig’s laboratory, Strassburg.

[1427] Is not this plant the Anthemis? parthenioides Bernh., of which De Candolle says (Prod. vi. 7)—“ ... simillima Mat. Parthenio, sed paleis inter flores instructa. Ferè semper plena in hortis occurrit, et forte ideo paleæ receptaculi ex luxuriante statu ortæ ut in Chrysanthemi indico et sinensi ...”?

[1428] From the Italian semenzina, the diminutive of semenza (seed).

[1429] W. S. Besser in Bulletin de la Soc. imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, vii. (1834) 31.—A specimen of the plant in question labelled in Besser’s handwriting, with a memorandum that it is collected for medicinal use, is in the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew. It completely agrees with the Semen Cinæ of Russian and German commerce. This remark also applies to a specimen of A. Lercheana Karel. et Kiril. in the same herbarium.

[1430] “Si aliæ Artemisiæ multùm variant, Seriphidia inconstantiâ formarum omnes superant....”—Besser.

[1431] Artemisia No. 3201, Herb. Griffith, Afghanistan, in the Kew Herbarium has capitules precisely agreeing with this Bombay drug.

[1432] Bot. Zeitung, 1 März 1872. 130; Pharm. Journ. 23 March 1872. 772 (abstract).

[1433] Contained in a work by Hieronymus Mercurialis, entitled Variarum Lectionum libri quatuor, Venet. 1570; also in Puschmann’s edition of Alexander ([see Appendix]), i. 238. 240.

[1434] In Brunfels (De vera herbarum cognitione), Argentorati, 1531. 196.

[1435] Maceration in water, which restores the natural shape of the flowerheads, shows that this shrunken, angular form is not found in the growing plant.

[1436] Yet too much stress must not be laid on this character, for as Besser remarks—“periclinii squamæ in uno loco tomento brevi plus minusve canæ, in aliis nudæ, imo nitidæ.”

[1437] As the affected vision, so that objects appear as if seen through a yellow medium. Other effects are recorded by Stillé (Therapeutics and Mat. Med. ii. 641).

[1438] The paper of Alms being contained in the very same periodical (p. 319) as that of Kahler (and further in vol. xxxix. 190), affords additional evidence of the independence of the discovery.

[1439] Its ready solubility in 3 or 4 parts of chloroform renders its estimation easy when mixed with sugar, as in a santonin lozenge.

[1440] Sprengel, Geschichte der Arzneykunde, iv. (1827) 546.

[1441] Fehr, De Arnica lapsorum panacea, in Ephemerid. nat. cur. Dec. 1, (1678, 1679) No. 2. p. 22 (“usus est in radice, foliis et floribus”).—G. A. de la Marche, Dissertatio, Halæ Magdeburg, 1744.

[1442] Heinrich Joseph Collin, Heilkräfte des Wolverley, Breslau, 1777 (translation); also Arnicæ, in febribus et aliis morbis putridis vires,—in the Anni Medici of Störck and Collin, ed. nov., Amstel., iii. (1779) 133.

[1443] Holmes in Pharm. Journ., April 11, 1874. 810.

[1444] Figured in Nees von Esenbeck’s Plantæ medicinales, Düsseldorf, ii. (1833) fol. 39.

[1445] Perhaps from τράζυνον or τρόξμνον signifying Wild Lettuce; according to some, from τάραξις, a disease of the eye which the plant was used to cure, or from the verb τάρασσω, I disturb.

[1446] Herbarius zu teutsch und von aller handt kreuteren, Augspurg, 1488. cap. clii.

[1447] The Physicians of Myddvai, 284 ([see Appendix]).

[1448] Thus 5496 lb. of the washed root afforded of dry only 1277 lb., or 23·2 per cent.—Information communicated by Messrs. Allen and Hanburys, London.

[1449] For further particulars about them, see Vogl, Sitzungsber. der Wiener Akademie, vi. (1863) 668 with plate; Hanstein, Milchsaftgefässe und verwandte Organe der Rinde, Berlin, 1864. 72. 73. pl. ix.

[1450] The reader who is not familiar with this process may refer to a paper by Pocklington in Pharm. Journ. April 13, 1872. 822.

[1451] Giles, Pharm. Journ. xi. (1851) 107.

[1452] Bentham unites this plant with L. Scariola L., but in most works on botany they are maintained as distinct species.

[1453] The term Thridace is also applied to Extract of Lettuce.

[1454] The authors of the French Codex of 1866 name as the source of lactucarium that form of the garden lettuce which has been called by DeCandolle Lactuca capitata. Maisch has obtained lactucarium from L. elongata Mühl. (Am. Journ. of Pharm. 1869. 148).

[1455] Inquiry into the comparative effects of the Opium officinarum, extracted from the Papaver somniferum or White Poppy of Linnæus, and that procured from the Lactuca sativa or Common cultivated Lettuce of the same author.—Transact. of the American Philosophical Society, iv. (1799) 387.

[1456] Comptes Rendus, xv. (1842) 923.

[1457] Beautifully delineated by Hanstein in the work referred to at p. 352, note 2; see also Trécul, Ann. des Sciences nat. Bot. v. (1866) 69; Dippel, Entstehung der Milchsaftgefässe, Rotterdam, 1865. tab. 1. fig. 17.

[1458] We are indebted to Mr. H. C. Baildon for a specimen of Scotch lactucarium collected about the year 1844, and to Messrs. T. and H. Smith for a sample of Mr. Fairgrieve’s article.

[1459] Stillé, Therapeutics and Mat. Med. i. (1868) 756. Garrod (Med. Times and Gazette, 26 March, 1864), gave lactucarium in drachm doses, repeated 3 or 4 times a day, without being able to perceive that it had any effect either as an anodyne or hypnotic.

[1460] Acta Soc. Reg. Scient. Upsal. 1746. 23.

[1461] Mat. Med. Americana, Erlangæ, 1787. 128.

[1462] Treatise on the Bladder-podded Lobelia, Lond. 1829.

[1463] American Journ. of Pharm. xxxvii. (1866) 209; also Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1866. 252.

[1464] Am. Journ. of Pharm. iii. (1838) 98; vii. (1841) 1; Pharm. Journ. x. (1851) 456.

[1465] Pharm. Journ. x. (1851) 270.

[1466] Murray, Apparatus Medicaminum, ii. (1794) 64-81.

[1467] Microscopic structure of the leaves, see Pocklington, Pharm. Journ. v. (1874) 301.

[1468] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvi. (1864). 28.

[1469] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 18 (1877).

[1470] As we learn from Dr. Rice.—Prof. Dymock (1876) gives Timbooree as the Bombay name.

[1471] Tom. iii. tab. 41.

[1472] Bengal Dispensatory, Calcutta, 1842. 428.

[1473] Etude sur le Plaqueminier (Diospyros), thèse, Paris, 1873. 28-30.

[1474] Benzoin in Malay and Javanese is termed Kamâñan, Kamiñan, and Kamayan, abbreviated to mâñan and miñan (Crawfurd); it is called in Siamese kom-yan or kan-yan; in Chinese ngán-si-hiáng.

The name Benzoin is also applied to the beautiful prisms C₁₄H₁₂O₂ obtained by treating Bitter Almond Oil with an alcoholic solution of potash.

[1475] Crawfurd suggests that the Malabathrum of the ancients is possibly benzoin.—Dict. of Indian Islands, 1856. 50.

[1476] Voyages d’Ibn Batoutah, traduit par Defrémery et Sanguinetti, Paris, 1853-59. iv. 228. 240.

[1477] Yule, Book of Ser Marco Polo, ii. (1871) 228.

[1478] Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, xxii. (1733) 1170.—100 rotoli = 175 lb. avoirdupois.

[1479] L. de Mas Latrie, Hist. de l’île de Chypre, etc. iii. (1861) 483.

[1480] Ibid. iii. 406.

[1481] Roteiro da Viagem de Vasco da Gama em 1497, por Herculano e o Barão Castello de Paiva, segunda edição, Lisboa, 1861. 109.

The Roteiro is also found in Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 13.

[1482] Yule, op. cit. ii. 222.

[1483] Flückiger, l.c., page 14.

[1484] Cardanus, Les livres de la subtilité, Paris, 1556 (first edition, 1550), page 160 b. states: “belzoi est de vil prix pour l’abondance.”

[1485] Excellent et moult utile opuscule à touts necessaire qui desirent avoir cognoissance de plusieurs exquises receptes, 1556.

[1486] Alexii Pedemontani (or Hieron. Rosello), De secretis libri vi., Basil, 1560, page 107.

[1487] Quatre livres de secrets de medecine et de la philosophie chimique, Paris, 1579, page 146.

[1488] Traicté du feu et du sel, Paris, 1622, page 99.—Vigenère speaks distinctly of “filamens ou aiguilles,” i.e. crystals.—He died in 1596.

[1489] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 1022.

[1490] The Rates of Marchandizes, London, 1635.

[1491] Miquel, Prodromus Floræ Sumatranæ, 1860. 72; Marsden, Hist. of Sumatra, London, 1783. 123.—The latter author resided at Bencoolen, as an official of the English Government.

The statement of Crawfurd, l.c., that benzoin is collected in Borneo “on the northern coast in the territory of Brunai” is to us inexplicable. Mr. St. John, British Consul in Borneo, in an official report on the trade of Brunai, dated from that place 29 January 1858, enumerates the various productions of the district, but does not name benzoin.

[1492] The terms Head, Belly and Foot, equivalent to our words superior, medium and inferior, are used in the East to distinguish the qualities of many other commodities, as Borneo Camphor, Esculent Birds’-nests, Cardamoms, Galbanum, &c.

[1493] This account must have been derived from others, for Sir R. H. Schomburgk never visited the region producing benzoin.

[1494] Pharm. Journ. iii. (1862) 126.

[1495] In the Public Ledger, May 2, 1874, the prices are quoted thus:—Siam Gum Benjamin, 1st and 2nd qualities, £10 to £28 per cwt.; Sumatra, 1st and 2nd, £7 10s. to £12.

[1496] There were 8 cases of this drug offered at Public Sale, 13 April 1871.

[1497] Prod. Floræ Sumatranæ, 1860. 474.

[1498] Löwe (1870) and Rump (1878) attempted to prove that the acid is partly present in the form of a compound, but they have not shown with which substance it is combined in the drug.

[1499] Blue Book for the Colony of the Straits Settlements, Singapore, 1872.

[1500] Consular Reports, August 1873. 953.

[1501] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1871-72, pt. ii. 26. 79.

[1502] Fraxinus Bungeana DC., a tree of Northern China, appears to be hardly distinct from F. Ornus.

[1503] Hanbury, Historical Notes on Manna, Pharm. Journ. xi. (1870) 326; or Science Papers, 355.

[1504] Commentarii Urbani, Paris, 1515. lib. 38. f. 413.

[1505] P. 46; we have not seen the edition of 1498.

[1506] Mastichina alludes probably to the granular form of that manna—perhaps it was that of Alhagi, which we shall mention further on, p. 414.

[1507] Phil. Trans. lx. (1771) 233.

[1508] Museo di Fisica, Venet. 1697. Obs. xiv.-xv.

[1509] Hanbury in Giornale Botanico Italiano, Ottobre 1872. 267; Pharm. Journ. Nov. 30. 1872. 421; Science Papers, 365.

[1510] Our account of the production of manna has been derived from the observations of Stettner, who visited Sicily in the summer of 1847 (Archiv der Pharm. iii. 194; also Wiggers’ Jahresbericht, 1848. 35; Hooker’s Journ. of Bot. i. 1849. 124), from those of Cleghorn (Trans. of the Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh, x. 1868-69. 132), and from personal investigations made by one of us in the neighbourhood of Palermo in May 1872. See Hanbury, Science Papers, 367.

[1511] Journ. de Pharm. vii. (1867) 401; viii. (1868) 5.

[1512] Report by Consul Dennis on the Commerce and Navigation of Sicily in 1869, 1870 and 1871.

[1513] Direzione generale delle Gabelle—Movimento commerciale del regno d’Italia nel 1870, Milano, 1871.

[1514] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the U.K. for 1870, p. 102.

[1515] On artificial Flake Manna, in Pharm. Journ. xi. (1870) 629.

[1516] Tchihatcheff, l’Asie mineure, ii. (1856) 355.

[1517] Archiv der Pharmacie, 193 (1870) 32-52.

[1518] Stewart, Punjab Plants, Lahore (1869) p. 57; Davies, Report on the trade and resources of the countries on the N. W. boundary of British India, Lahore, 1862.

[1519] Angelus, Pharm. Persica ([see appendix]) p. 359.

[1520] Stewart, op. cit. p. 92.

[1521] Comptes Rendus, liii. (1861) 583; Pharm. Journ. iii. (1862) 274.

[1522] Archiv d. Pharmacie, 192 (1870) 246.

[1523] Loc. cit.

[1524] Davies in the work quoted at page 414, note 4.

[1525] Ed. Sontheimer, i. (1840) 375.

[1526] Tacuini Sanitatis, Argentorati (1531) 24.

[1527] Further particulars, see Flückiger, Ueber die Eichenmanna von Kurdistan, in Archiv der Pharmacie, 200 (1872) 159.

[1528] Loc. cit. p. 35.

[1529] Hanbury, Science Papers, p. 438.

[1530] Geoffroy, Mat. Med. ii. (1741) 584.

[1531] Dillon, Travels through Spain (1780) p. 127.

[1532] Gmelin, Chemistry, xv. 296.

[1533] Pharm. Journ. iv. (1863) 108.

[1534] Comptes Rendus, xlvi. (1858) 1276; Gmelin, Chemistry, xv. 299.

[1535] Belon, Singularitez (1554) l. 2. cap. 91; Guibourt, Comptes Rendus (1858) 1213; Hanbury, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, iii. (1859) 178; also Science Papers, 158.

[1536] Dobson, Proceedings of Royal Society of Van Diemen’s Land, i. (1851) 234; Pharm. Journ. iv. (1863) 108; Flückiger, Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift, xvii. (1868) 161; Archiv der Pharmacie, 196 (1871) 7; abstracted in the Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1871. 188.

[1537] Readers desiring full information about the olive tree, its oil, its history, etc., should refer to the extremely exhaustive work of Coutance, l’Olivier, Paris, 1877, 456 pages, 120 figures.

[1538] Grisebach states the elevation above the sea of olive-cultivation thus:—Portugal (Algarve) 1400 feet; Sierra Nevada 3000; do., southern slope 4200; Nice 2400; Etna 2200; Macedonia 1200; Cilicia 2000.—Die Vegetation der Erde nach ihrer klimatologischen Anordnung, i. (1872) 262. 283. 342.

[1539] Forest Flora of North-western and Central India, 1874, 307.

[1540] Brugsch-Bey, Reise nach der grossen Oase Kargeh, Leipzig, 1878. 80. etc.—See also Journ. of Botany, 1879. 52.

[1541] Erdkunde von Asien, vii. (part 2. 1844) 516-537.

[1542] Géographique Botanique (1855) 912.

[1543] Bot. Zeitung, 1868. 860.

[1544] Arnoux, Revue des Deux Mondes, Janvier 1879. 381.

[1545] Perez-Rosales, Essai sur le Chili, Hambourg, 1857. 133.

[1546] Hehn, Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihrem Uebergange aus Asien nach Griechenland und Italien, Berlin, 1877. 88-142,—an interesting account of the importance of the olive in ancient times.

[1547] Specimens may be seen among the antiquities found at Pompei.

[1548] Diploma of Chilperic, a.d. 716.—Pardessus, Diplomata, Chartæ, etc., Paris, ii. (1849) 309.

[1549] Winter, in Pharm. Journ. Sept. 7, 1872.

[1550] De Luca in Journ. de Pharm. xlv. (1864) 65.—Some further researches by Harz on the formation of olive oil may be found in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann (1870) 392.

[1551] The Grocer, April 25, 1868, supplement; Pereira, Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. (1850) 1505.

[1552] This according to our experience is the case even with oil as it runs from the pulp and therefore in the freshest condition; but the acrid after-taste is more perceptible in oil which has been long kept.

[1553] Exposition de 1867 à Paris, Rapports du Jury International, xi. 108.—In the work of Coutance, quoted p. 417, note 7, nearly 400,000 hectolitres are calculated for the year 1866.

[1554] Pharm. Journ. v. (1864) 387. 495, with figures.

[1555] Annales de Chimie et de Physique, March, 1869. 309.

[1556] From Dita, the name of the tree in the island of Luzon.

[1557] So named in honour of Charles Alston, Professor of Botany and Materia Medica (1740-1760) in the University of Edinburgh.—The plant is figured in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Pl. part 25 (1877).

[1558] Hortus Malabaricus, i. tab. 45.

[1559] Herb. Amboin. ii. tab. 82.

[1560] Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 422.

[1561] Geneesk, Tijdschr. Nederl. Indië, x. (1863) 209; also Archiv der Pharmacie, 212 (1878) 439.

[1562] Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1873. 51.

[1563] Yearbook of Pharm. 1878. 624, from Proc. of the American Pharm. Association, 1877.

[1564] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 6 (1876).

[1565] There is an Indian root figured as Palo de Culebra by Acosta (Tractado de las Drogas ... de las Indias Orientales, 1578, cap. lv.) which is astonishingly like the drug in question. He describes it moreover as having a sweet smell of melilot. The plant he says is called in Canarese Duda sali. The figure is reproduced in Antoine Colin’s translation, but not in that of Clusius.

[1566] Lond. Med. and Phys. Journ. lxv. 189.

[1567] Taken from excellent specimens obligingly sent to us from India by Dr. L. W. Stewart and Mr. Broughton.

[1568] Pharm. of India, 457; also Chem. Gazette, 1843. 378.

[1569] Hence the specific name gigantea.

[1570] The botanical distinctions between the two species may be stated thus:—

C. procera, corolla cup-shaped, petals somewhat erect, flower-buds spherical, appendages of corona with a blunt upward point. See Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 25 (1877).

C. gigantea, corolla opening flat, flower-buds bluntly conical or oblong, appendages of corona rounded.

[1571] Information for which we are indebted to Dr. Rice.

[1572] Ibn Baytar, translated by Sontheimer, ii. (1842) 193.

[1573] De Plantis Ægypti, Venet. 1592. cap. xxv.

[1574] Rarior. plantar. hist. ii. (1601) lxxxvii.

[1575] Hortus Malabaricus, ii. tab. 31.

[1576] Illustrations of Indian Botany, Madras, ii. (1850) tab. 155.—C. procera is figured by the same author in his Icones Plantarum Indiæ Orientalis, iv. tab. 1278.

[1577] Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journ. xxxii. (1829) 60.

[1578] We are indebted for an authentic specimen to Dr. E. Burton Brown of Lahore.

[1579] Roots of C. gigantea kindly supplied to us by Dr. Bidie of Madras consist of light, woody truncheons, ½ to 2¼ inches in diameter.

[1580] It is evidently with a view to the retention of this juice, that the Pharmacopœia of India orders the bark to be stripped from the roots when the latter are half-dried. Moodeen Sheriff remarks of C. gigantea, that although it is frequently used in medicine, no part of it is sold in the bazaars,—no doubt from the circumstance that the plant is everywhere found wild and can be collected as required.

[1581] List’s Asclepione (Gmelin’s Chemistry, xvii. 368) might then be sought for.

[1582] Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India, Madras, 1869. 364; for further information on the therapeutic uses of mudar, see also Pharm. of India, 458.

[1583] Drury, Useful Plants of India, 2nd ed. 1873. 101.

[1584] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 29 (1878).

[1585] Flora Indica, ed. Carey, ii. (1832) 33.

[1586] Fleming, Catalogue of Indian Plants and Drugs, Calcutta, 1810. 8.

[1587] Bengal Dispensatory (1842) 455.

[1588] Catalogue of Madras Exhibition of 1855,—list of Mysore drugs; also Pharm. of India, 458.

[1589] Drawn up from an ample specimen kindly presented to us, together with one of the root, by Mr. Moodeen Sheriff of Madras.

[1590] A figure of the leaves may be found in a paper on Unto-mool by M. C. Cooke, Pharm. Journ. Aug. 6, 1870. 105; and one of the whole plant in Wight’s Icones Plantarum Indiæ Orientalis, iv. (1850) tab. 1277.

[1591] Roxburgh’s assertion that the pulp “seems perfectly innocent,” induced us to examine it chemically, which we were enabled to do through the kindness of Dr. Thwaites, of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Ceylon. The inspissated pulp received from Dr. T., diluted with water, formed a very consistent jelly having a slightly acid reaction and very bitter taste. Some of it was mixed with slaked lime, dried, and then exhausted by boiling chloroform. The liquid left on evaporation a yellowish resinoid mass, which was warmed with acetic acid. The colourless solution yielded a perfectly white, crystalline residue, which was dissolved in water, and precipitated with bichromate of potassium. The crystallized precipitate dried, and moistened with strong sulphuric acid, exhibited the violet hue characteristic of strychnine.

To confirm this experiment, we obtained through the obliging assistance of Dr. Bidie of Madras, some of the white pulp taken with a spoon from the interior of the ripe fruit, and at once immersed per se in spirit of wine. The alcoholic fluid gave abundant evidence of the presence of strychnine.

[1592] According to Cleghorn by the hornbill (Buceros malabaricus); according to Roxburgh by “many sorts of bird.” Beddome (Flora Sylvatica, Madras, 1872. 243) says the pulp is quite harmless, and the favourite food of many birds.

In Garnier, Exploration en Indo-China ii. (Paris, 1873) 488, allusion is made to a tree similar to that under notice having fruits which are devoid of poison before maturity.

[1593] Catalogue of Indian Med. Plants and Drugs, Calcutta, 1810. 37.

[1594] Hist. Stirpium, edited by C. Gesner, Argentorat. 1561. lib. iv. c. 21.

[1595] Clusius and others held the opinion that the Nux methel of the Arabs was the fruit of a Datura, and an Indian species was accordingly named by Linnæus D. Metel.

[1596] It is remarkable that parasitic plants of the order Loranthaceæ growing on Strychnos Nux vomica acquire the poisonous properties of the latter.—Pharm. of India, 1868. 108.

[1597] For further information on igasurine, consult Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. (1866) 589; Watts, Dictionary of Chemistry, iii. (1865) 243; Pharm. Journ. xviii. (1859) 432.

[1598] Jahresbericht der Chemie, 1875. 856.

[1599] We have seen 1136 packages offered in a single drug sale (30 March 1871).

[1600] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Bombay for 1871-72, pt. ii. 62.

[1601] No later returns are accessible.

[1602] The plant and seeds are known in the Bisaya language by the names of pangaguason, aguason, canlara, mananaog, dancagay, catalonga or igasur; in the islands of Bohol and Çebu, where the seeds are produced, by that of coyacoy, and by the Spaniards of the Philippines as Pepita de Bisaya or Pepita de Catbalogan (Clain, Remedios Faciles, Manila, 1857. p. 610). The name St. Ignatius’ Bean applied to them in Europe, is employed in South America to designate the seeds of several medicinal Cucurbitaceæ, as those of Fenillea trilobata L., Hypanthera Guapeva Manso and Anisosperma Passiflora Manso.

[1603] Materia Medica, Stockholm, 1778. i. 146.—We omit citing the Linnean Ignatia amara, as it has been shown by Bentham that the plant so named by the younger Linnæus is Posoqueria longiflora Aubl. of the order Rubiaceæ, a native of Guiana.

[1604] Flora Cochinchinensis, ed. Willd. i. (1793) 155.

[1605] Flora de Filipinas, ed. 2. 1845. 61.

[1606] London Med. and Phys. Journ. January 1832.

[1607] The only specimen of the fruit I have seen was in the possession of my late friend Mr. Morson. It measured exactly 4 inches in diameter, and when opened (15 January 1872) was found to contain 17 mature, well-formed seeds, with remnants of dried pulp.—D. H. I have seen another one in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris.—F. A. F..

[1608] Reisen in den Philippinen, Berlin, 1873. 213.

[1609] Apparatus Medicaminum, vi. (1792) 26.

[1610] Phil. Trans., xxi. (1699) 44. 87; Ray, Hist. Plant. iii. lib. 31. 118.

[1611] The Philippines were unknown to the Europeans of the Middle Ages. They were discovered by Magellan in 1521, but their conquest by the Spaniards was not effectually commenced until 1565. Previous to the Spanish occupation, they were governed by petty chiefs, and were frequented for the purposes of commerce by Japanese, Chinese, and Malays.

[1612] Martiny, Encyklopädie der Rohwaarenkunde, i. (1843) 576.

[1613] Pink Root is sometimes erroneously latinized in price-lists, “Radix caryophylli.”

[1614] De la famille des Loganiacées, 1856. 130.

[1615] Therapeutics and Materia Medica, Philadelphia, ii. (1868) 651.

[1616] Th. Martius, Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 371.

[1617] Grisebach (Die Vegetation der Erde, i. 1872. 223) gives very interesting particulars relating to the area of growth of Gentiana purpurea, G. punctata and G. pannonica. He is decidedly of the opinion that they are distinct species.

[1618] In Norway it is, strange to say, called sweetroot, “Sötrot,” according to Schübeler, Pflanzenwelt Norwegens, 1873-1875, p. 259.

[1619] Ὀϕέλλειν, to bless, in allusion to the medical virtues of the herb.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 7 (1876).

[1620] Cours d’Histoire nat. pharmaceutique, ii. (1828) 395.

[1621] The other kinda of chiretta to be named presently are usually much shorter.

[1622] For full details, see Archiv der Pharmacie, 189 (1869) 229.

[1623] Moodeen Sheriff, Suppl. to the Pharmacopœia of India, 1869. pp. 138. 189.—Consult also Pharmacopœia of India, 1868. pp. 148-9.

[1624] Mr. E. A. Webb has pointed out a case of false-packing in which the roots of Rubia cordifolia L. (Munjit) had been enclosed in the bundles of chiretta.

[1625] Such is the opinion expressed by the Rev. O. Cockayne. The letter of Helias to Alfred is imperfect, and mentions only balsam, petroleum, theriaka, and a white stone used as a charm. But from the reference to these four articles in another part of the MS., in connection with scammony, ammoniacum, tragacanth, and galbanum, there is ground for believing that the latter (Syrian and Persian) drugs were included in the lost part of the patriarch’s letter.—See Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England, edited by Cockayne (Master of the Rolls Series), vol. ii. pages xxiv. 289. 175, also 273. 281.

[1626] Medical Observations and Inquiries, i. (1757) 12.

[1627] Named probably from Σκάυυα, a trench or pit, in allusion to the excavation made around the root.

[1628] The one was the late Mr. S. H. Maltass of Smyrna, whose interesting paper may be found in Pharm. Journ. xiii. (1854) 264; the other is Mr. Edward T. Rogers, formerly of Caiffa, now (1874) British Consul at Cairo.

[1629] Presented to Parliament, July 1873.

[1630] Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1876. 158.

[1631] Scammony was quoted in a London price current, April 1874, at 8s. to 36s. per lb., Resin of Scammony at 14s. per lb.

[1632] Thus 100 bales were offered in a drug sale, 3 July 1873.

[1633] Such was the case at Aleppo, as we know by a private letter from Mr. Consul Skene.—D. H.

[1634] Thus at Ootacamund, Mr. Broughton, in a letter to one of us (15 January 1870), speaks of receiving “a cluster of tubers” weighing over 9 lb., and remarks that the plant grows as easily as yam.

[1635] Monardes, Hist. des Medicamens, trad. par Colin, ed. 2. 16.—The first edition of this work seems to be unknown.

[1636] Hill, History of the Mat. Med. Lond. 1751. 549.

[1637] American Journal of Med. Sciences, v. (1829) 300. pl. 1-2.

[1638] It is plain that such a proceeding is irrational. The roots should be dug up when the aerial stems have died down.

[1639] Linnæa, iii. (1830) 473; Pharm. Journ. viii. (1867) 652.—We are not aware of any more recent account.

[1640] Guibourt obtained of it 17 per cent., Umney 21·5, Squibb 11 to 16, T. and H. Smith “not more than 15,” D. Hanbury 11 to 15·8. Jalap grown in Bonn afforded to Marquart 12 per cent.; a root cultivated at Münich gave Widnmann 22 per cent.; from plants produced in Dublin W. G. Smith got 9 to 12 per cent.; and fine tubers from Ootacamund in India yielded to one of us 18 per cent. of resin. Broughton is of opinion that exposure of the sliced tuber to the air in the process of drying, favours the formation of resin, by the oxidation of a hydrocarbon.

[1641] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvi. (1864) 159.

[1642] As by Pereira, Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. (1850) 1463.

[1643] Gmelin, op. cit. xvi. 154.

[1644] For information about some of these, consult Guibourt, Histoire des Drogues, ii. (1869) 523.

[1645] Journ. de Chimie méd. x. (1834) 1-22. pl. 1. 2. (with unsatisfactory figures).

[1646] The name is ill-chosen and misleading, but having been adopted in standard works, it might occasion greater confusion to attempt to supersede it, and its several derivatives.

[1647] It is at least a fact, that of numerous samples of jalapin that we have examined (1871), every one is completely soluble in ether.

[1648] Hanbury, On a species of Ipomœa, affording Tampico Jalap, Journ. of Linn. Soc., Bot. xi. (1871) 279, tab. 2; Pharm. Journ. xi. (1870) 848; American Journ. of Pharm., xviii. (1870) 330; Science Papers, 1876. 349.

[1649] Pharm. Journ. ix. (1868) 282.

[1650] Ibid. ix. (1868) 330.

[1651] Etude sur les Convolvulacées purgatives (thèse) Paris, 1864. 31.

[1652] In Hindustani Nil signifies blue, and Kaladana, black seed.

[1653] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 22 (1877).

[1654] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1866) 496.

[1655] Pharmacopœia of India, 1868, 156.

[1656] Solanum nigrum L. which slightly resembles dulcamara, is a low-growing annual or biennial, with herbaceous stems, and berries usually black.

[1657] Meddygon Myddvai ([see Appendix]) 185. 293. 375.

[1658] Essentials of Materia Medica, 1855. 196.

[1659] Wight, Icones Plant. Indiæ Orient. iv. (1850) tab. 1617; Capsicum minimum Roxb. Flor. Ind. i. (1832) 574. Faire has ascertained that this is the Capsicum frutescens of the Species Plantarum of Linnæus, but not that of the Hortus Cliffortianus of the same botanist, to which latter the name C. frutescens is usually applied.

[1660] The chief distinction between C. annuum and C. longum is that the former has an erect, the latter a pendulous fruit.

[1661] Dunal in De Cand. Prodromus, xiii. i. 412.

[1662] Letters of Christopher Columbus, translated by Major (Hakluyt Society), 1870. 68.

[1663] Historia de las Indias, Madrid, i. (1851) 275.

[1664] Caroli Clusii Curæ posteriores, Antverp., 1611. 95.

[1665] Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1873. 567; also Yearbook of Pharm. 1876. 251.

[1666] Blue Book of the Colony of Sierra Leone for 1871.

[1667] Do. of Natal for 1871.

[1668] Do. of the Straits Settlements for 1871.

[1669] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Bombay for 1872-73, pt. ii. 58. 91.

[1670] Compendium Aromatariorum, 1488.

[1671] Le Grant Herbier en francoys, contenāt les qualitez, vertus et proprietez des herbes etc., Paris (no date) 4°. cap. De Solastro rustico.

[1672] Das destillier Buch (sub voce Nachtschet Wasser). Strassburg, 1521, fol. 93 b. The figure probably refers to Atropa, but that given in the edition of the same work of the year 1500 shows Solanum nigrum.

[1673] Historia Stirpium, Basil. 1542. 689.

[1674] De Stirpium ... historia, Argentorati, 1552. 301.

[1675] Comment. in lib. vi. Dioscoridis, Venetiis, 1558. 533.

[1676] De hortis Germaniæ, Argentorat. 1561, fol. 282.

[1677] For Lefort’s process for estimating atropine, see p. 458.

[1678] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. (1866) 1.

[1679] Journ. de Pharm. xv. (1872) 269. 341.

[1680] Werthbestimmung stark wirkender Droguen, Petersburg, 1876. 28.

[1681] The fresh juice kept for a few days has been known to evolve red vapours (nitrous acid?) when the vessel containing it was opened.—H. S. Evans in Pharm. Journ. ix. (1850) 260.

[1682] Datura from the Sanskrit name D’hustùra, applied to D. fastuosa L. The origin of the word Stramonium is not known to us.

[1683] Géographie Botanique, ii (1855) 731.

[1684] Libellus quo demonstratur Stramonium, Hyoscyamum, Aconitum ... esse remedia, Vindob. 1762.

[1685] Comptes Rendus, lv. (1862) 321.

[1686] We have not seen W. G. Mann, Onderzoek van het zaad van Datura Stramonium, Enschede, 1875.

[1687] Günther in Wiggers and Husemann’s Jahresbericht for 1869. 54.

[1688] Seeds of D. alba sent to us from Madras by Dr. Bidie, were sown by our friend M. Naudin of Collioure (Pyrénées Orientales), and produced the plant under three forms, viz.:—1. The true D. alba as figured in Wight’s Icones.—2. Plants with flowers, violet without and nearly white within (D. fastuosa).—3. Plants with double corollas of large size and of a yellow colour.

[1689] Sontheimer’s translation, i. 269.

[1690] Aromatum historia, 1574, lib. 2. c. 24.

[1691] Tractado de las Drogas ... de las Indias Orientales, Burgos, 1578. 85.

[1692] Catalogue of Bombay Plants, 1839. 141.

[1693] It had become naturalized in North America prior to 1672, as we find it mentioned by Josselyn in his New England’s Rarities discovered (Lond. 1672) among the plants “sprung up since the English planted and kept cattle in New England.”

[1694] Pharm. Journ. i. (1860) 414.

[1695] S. de Renzi, Collectio Salernitana, Napoli, i. (1852) 74. 84.

[1696] De Viribus Herbarum, edited by Choulant, Lips. 1832. 108.

[1697] Leechdoms etc. of Early England, iii. (1866) 313.

[1698] Lib. iv. c. 69. (ed. Sprengel).

[1699] Wright, Volume of Vocabularies, 1857. 141. 265.

[1700] See p. 148, note 3, also Brunet, Manuel du Libraire, i. (1860) 377.

[1701] See p. 459, note 5.

[1702] From the experiments of Schoonbroodt (1868), there is reason to believe that the active principle of henbane can be more easily extracted from the fresh than from the dried plant.

[1703] I have had the opportunity of examining the above substances as prepared by the said chemists.—F. A. F. July 1871.

[1704] Pharm. Journ. iii. (1862) 447.

[1705] Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht, 1869. 56.

[1706] Pharm. Journ. xvii. (1858) 462; xviii. (1859) 174.

[1707] Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Americas, zumal Brasiliens, i. (1867) 719.

[1708] Mayers in Hong Kong Notes and Queries, May, 1867; F. P. Smith, Mat. Med. and Nat. Hist. of China, 1871. 219.

[1709] Lib. v. c. 2.

[1710] Nicot, Thrésor de la langue Françoyse, Paris, 1606. 429.

[1711] Segunda parte del libro de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, que sirven al uso de medicina. Do se trata del Tabaco ..., Sevilla, 1571, 3.

[1712] Instruction sur l’herbe Petum ditte en France l’herbe de la Royne ou Médicée ... Paris, 1572.

[1713] 12 Car. II. c. 34; 15 Car. II. c. 7.—For further information on the history of tobacco, see Tiedemann, Geschichte des Tabaks, Frankfurt, 1854.—We have not consulted Fairholt, Tobacco, its History, Lond. 1859.

[1714] Microscopic structure of tobacco leaves. See Pocklington, Pharm. Journal, v. (1874) 301.

[1715] Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1874. 98.

[1716] Poggiale and Marty (1870) stated hydrocyanic acid to be absent.

[1717] For further particulars on the chemistry of tobacco cultivation see Boussingault, Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. ix. (1866) 50.

[1718] Dr. R. Cunningham found (1868) Digitalis purpurea completely naturalized about San Carlos in the Island of Chiloe in Southern Chili.

[1719] Meddygon Myddfai ([see Appendix]) in many places.

[1720] De Hist. Stirpium, 1542. 892.

[1721] De Stirpium ... nomenclaturis, etc. 1552—“Campanula sylvestris seu Digitalis.”

[1722] Withering (William), Account of the Foxglove, Birmingham, 1785. 8°.

[1723] Prior, Popular Names of British Plants, ed. 2. 1870. 84.

[1724] This method of preparing the leaf was directed in the London Pharmacopœia of 1851, but it had long been in use. No particular directions are given in the British Pharmacopœia.

[1725] For further particulars on Schmiedeberg’s very elaborate researches, the reader may consult my abstract of them in Pharm. Journ. v. (1875) 741.—F. A. F..

[1726] A derivative of digitoxin as extracted by Schmiedeberg from the seeds of foxglove.

[1727] Andrographis from δνὴρ and γραϕὶς, in allusion to the brush-like anther and filament.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 23 (1877).

[1728] Paolino da San Bartolomeo, Voyage to the East Indies (1776-1789), translated from the German, Lond. 1800; pp. 14. 409.

[1729] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 23 (1877).

[1730] Isaiah xxviii. 27.

[1731] The word Gingeli (or Gergelim), which Roxburgh remarks was (as it is now) in common use among Europeans, derives from the Arabic chulchulân, denoting sesame seed in its husks before being reaped (Dr. Rice). The word Benné is, we believe, of West African origin, and has no connection with Ben, the name of Moringa.

[1732] For further particulars see Buchanan, Journey from Madras through Mysore, etc. i. (1807) 95. and ii. 224.

[1733] This curious process is described in the Reports of Juries, Madras Exhibition, 1856, p. 31.—That the colouring matter of the seeds is actually soluble in water is confirmed by Lépine of Pondicherry as we have learnt from his manuscript notes presented to the Musée des Produits des Colonies de France at Paris. The seeds may even be used as a dye.

[1734] Documents Statistiques réunis par l’Administration des Douanes sur le commerce de la France, année 1872.

[1735] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of British India with Foreign Countries, Calcutta, 1872. 62.

[1736] Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1870, Shanghai, 1871. 81.

[1737] For pharmaceutical uses, the larger proportion of olein and consequent lesser tendency to solidify, should be remembered.

[1738] On Mont Ventoux near Avignon, the region of Lavandula vera is comprised, according to Martins, between 1500 and 4500 feet above the sea-level.—Ann. des Sc. Nat., Bot. x. (1838) 145. 149.

[1739] Pflanzenwelt Norwegens, Christiania (1873-1875) 26O.

[1740] F. de Gingins-Lassaraz, Hist. des Lavandes, Genève et Paris, 1826.

[1741] Opera Omnia, accurante J. P. Migne, Paris, 1855. 1143.

[1742] S. de Renzi, Collectio Salernitana, Napoli, i. 417-516.

[1743] Douët d’Arcq, Comptes de l’Argenterie des rois de France, ii. (1874) 148.

[1744] Meddygon Myddfai ([see Appendix]) 287.

[1745] Macaulay, Hist. of England, i. ch. 3, Inns.

[1746] Perhs, Proc. American Pharm. Association, 1876. 819.

[1747] For more particulars see the interesting account of Holmes, Pharm. Journ. viii. (1877) 301. The author describes also the disease which is affecting the lavender since about the year 1860.

[1748] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1849) 276.

[1749] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 257.

[1750] Ibid. i. (1860) 278. The statement is that an acre of land yields “about 6 Winchester quarts” of oil.—One Winchester quart = 282 litres.

[1751] The Mitcham oil fetches 30s. to 60s. per lb., according to the season.

[1752] On the high land between Nice and Turbia, I have observed the two species growing together, and that L. vera is in flower two or three weeks earlier than L. Spica.—D. H.

[1753] De distillatione, Romæ, 1608. 87.

[1754] The incorrectness of the term Arabica is noticed by Pomet. How it came to be applied we know not.

[1755] Pereira, Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. (1850) 1368.—Nor do we know if L. lanata Boiss., a very fragrant species closely allied to L. Spica DC., and a native of Spain, is distilled in that country.

[1756] Bentham, Handbook of the British Flora, 1858. 413.—Parkinson (1640) remarks of Speare Mint that it is “onely found planted in gardens with us.”

[1757] Seemann’s Journal of Botany, Aug. 1865. p. 239. We borrow Mr. Baker’s careful description of Mentha viridis.

[1758] Part 2. (1568) 54.

[1759] Philosophical Magazine, xiii. (1838) 444.

[1760] Journ. of Chemical Society, ii. (1854) 11.

[1761] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 75.

[1762] Price from 1824 to 1839, 40s. to 48s. per lb.

[1763] Tomus iii. (1704) 284.

[1764] I have examined the original specimen still preserved among Ray’s plants in the British Museum and find it to agree perfectly with the plant now in cultivation.—D. H.

[1765] Pharmacologiæ Supplementum, Lond. 1705. 117.

[1766] Lysons, Environs of London, i. (1800) 254.

[1767] Adversariorum varii argumenti liber unus, Leidae, 1771. 99.

[1768] De Menthâ Piperitide Commentatio, Erlangæ, 1780.

[1769] This description is borrowed from Mr. Baker’s paper on the English Mints, referred to at page 480, note 1.

[1770] The Chinese oil is distilled at Canton, and was exported from Canton in 1872 to the extent of 800 lbs.; it was valued at about 30s. per lb.—See also Flückiger in Pharm. Journ. Oct. 14, 1871. 321. As to Japan we are informed that there are large plantations of peppermint; the oil “Hakano Abura” is exported from Hiogo and Osaka, but frequently adulterated. Mr. Holmes informed me (1879) that he found the mother plant coming nearest to Mentha canadensis.—F. A. F..

[1771] On Japanese Peppermint Camphor see Beckett and Alder Wright, Yearbook of Pharm. 1875. 605.

[1772] Pharm. Journ. Feb. 25, 1871. 682.

[1773] Pharm. Journ. x. (1851) 297. 340; also Warren in Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 257. To these papers and to personal inquiries we are indebted for most of the particulars relating to peppermint culture at Mitcham.

[1774] Only the larger growers have stills. These they let to smaller cultivators who pay so much for distilling a charge, i.e. whatever the still can be made to contain, without reference to weight. Hence the dried herb is preferred to the fresh, as a larger quantity can be distilled at one time.

[1775] To whose paper On the Peppermint Plantations of Michigan in the Proceedings of the Americ. Pharm. Assoc. for 1858, we owe the few particulars for which we can here afford space.—To be farther consulted, same Proceedings, 1876. 828.

[1776] Journ. de Pharm. viii. (1868) 130.—Abstract from Roze, La Menthe poivrée, sa culture en France, ses produits, falsifications de l’essence et moyens de les reconnaître, Paris, 1868. 43 pages.

[1777] Todd, Proceedings Am. Ph. Ass. 1876, 828.

[1778] Maisch, American Journ. of Pharm. March 1870. 120.

[1779] Pennyroyal, in old herbals Puloil royal is derived from Puleium regium, an old Latin name given from the supposed efficacy of the plant in destroying fleas (Prior).

[1780] The native Pennyroyal is however a different plant, namely Hedeoma pulegioides Pers., figured in part 21 (1877) of Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants.

[1781] Phil. Mag. xiii. (1838) 442.

[1782] In many of the references to thyme, Wild Thyme (Thymus Serpyllum L.) is to be understood, and not the present species.

[1783] Booth in Treasury of Botany, ii. (1866) 1149.

[1784] Phil. Trans. No. 389.

[1785] For a note on True Oil of Origanum, see Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. x. (1851) 324, also Science Papers, 1876, p. 46.

[1786] From Galicia in Spain, stems of Rosmarinus having 2½ inches in diameter were to be seen at the Paris Exhibition, 1878.

[1787] Duveyrier, Les Touaregs du Nord, 1864. 187.

[1788] From ros and marinus,—literally marine dew. Various opinions have been held as to the allusion conveyed by the name.

[1789] Sontheimer’s translation, i. 73.

[1790] Herbarium Apuleii—Leechdoms etc. of Early England, i. (1864) 185.

[1791] Meddygon Myddfai ([see Appendix]) p. 261. 292. 440.

[1792] Manget, Bibliotheca chemica curiosa, Genevæ, i. (1702) 829.

[1793] Conservatorium Sanitatis (or also, according to Haller, Biblioth. botanica, i. 237, De conservatione sanitatis, Bononiæ, 1475) cap. 81.

[1794] Unger, Der Rosmarin und seine Verwendung in Dalmatien—Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, lvi. (1867) 587; abstracted, with a few additions, in Pharm. Journ. ix. (1879) 618.

[1795] After the examination of numerous specimens, we adopt the course taken by Dr. Aitchison (Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and Sindh, Lond. 1869) of uniting P. Ispaghula to P. decumbens. The union of species in this group may probably be carried still further.—For a fig. see Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 21 (1877).

[1796] Punjab Plants, Lahore 1869. 174—also MS. note attached to specimens in Herb. Kew.

[1797] Liber Fundamentorum Pharmacologiæ, ed. Seligmann, Vindobonæ, 1830. 40.

[1798] Lib. ii. tract. 2. c. 541. (Valgrisi edition, 1564. i. 357.)

[1799] Sontheimer’s transl. i. (1840) 132.

[1800] Fleming, Catal. of Indian Med. Plants and Drugs, Calcutta, 1810. 31.

[1801] Adansonia, x. 246; Association Française pour l’avancement de la Science, Comptes Rendus de la 1ʳᵉ Session, 1872. 514-529. pl. x.—The figure which is reproduced in Lanessan’s French translation of the Pharmacographia, ii. (Paris, 1878) 210, gives a good idea of the highly ornamental character of Rheum officinale.

[1802] For further particulars see Flückiger, Pharm. J. vi. (1876) 861; also Proc. Americ. Pharm. Assoc. 1876. 130, with fig. showing Rheum officinale grown in a poor soil.

[1803] Bretschneider, Chinese Botanical Works, Foochow, 1870. 2.

[1804] Flückiger, l.c.

[1805] Scriptores Historiæ Romanæ latini veteres, ii. (1743) 511 (Amm. Marc. xxii. c. 8.)

[1806] De Compositione Medicamentorum, c. 167.

[1807] De Medicinâ. lib. v. c. 23.

[1808] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 389.

[1809] Ibid., op. cit. ii. 390.

[1810] Ibid., op. cit. ii. 686.

[1811] Lib. viii. c. 3 (Haller’s edition).

[1812] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, lxxxix. 374.

[1813] Migne. op. cit., lxxxii. 628. The explanation given by Isidore is this:—“Reubarbarum, sive Reuponticum: illud quod trans Danubium in solo barbarico; istud quod circa Pontum colligitur, nominatum est. Reu autem radix dicitur. Reubarbarum ergo, quasi radix barbara. Reuponticum quasi radix pontica.” But Isidore was fond of such derivations.

[1814] Ravedsceni, Raved barbarum, and Raved Turchicum are the terms used in the Latin translations we have consulted.

[1815] De omnibus medico cognitu necessariis, Basil. 1539. 354.

[1816] Translation of Jaubert, i. (Paris, 1836) 494.

[1817] Assises de Jérusalem contained in the Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Lois, ii. (1843) 176.

[1818] Capmany, Memorias de ... Barcelona, i. (1779) 44.

[1819] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pisa dal xii al xiv secolo, iii. (Firenze, 1857) 106. 115.

[1820] Pauthier, Le Livre de Marco Polo ... rédigé en français sous sa dictée en 1298 par Rusticien de Pise, i. (1865) 165. ii. 490.

[1821] For further particulars, see my paper mentioned at page 493, note 1.—F. A. F.

[1822] From the German word Bracke, the name applied to persons appointed for the examination of merchandize brought to the ports of the Baltic.

[1823] Gauger’s Rep. für Pharm. und Chemie, 1842. 452-457; Pharm. Journ. ii. (1843) 658.

[1824] Canstatt’s Jahresbericht for 1864. i. 35-42.

[1825] Thus in 1860 the Russians compelled the Chinese to burn 6000 lb. of rhubarb, on the pretext that it was too small!

[1826] Lectures on the Mat. Med. i. (1770) 502.

[1827] Roteiro da viagem de Vasco da Gama, por A. Herculano e o Barão de Castello de Paiva, ed. 2. Lisboa, 1861. 115.—For an abstract of the “Roteiro,” see Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharm. 1876. 13.

[1828] Parkinson, Theatrum Botanicum, 1640. 155.

[1829] Leber, Appréciation de la fortune privée au moyen âge, éd. 2. 1847. 308-9.

[1830] Reichard, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Apotheken, Ulm, 1825. 208.

[1831] Book of the Values of Merchandize imported, according to which Excize is to be paid by the First Buyer, Lond. 1657.

[1832] According to Consul Hughes of Hankow, San-yuan in Shensi (north of Sin-ganfu) is one of the principal marts for rhubarb.

[1833] Chauveau, Vicar Apostolic of Tibet (1870), and Biet, a French missionary, both quoted by Collin in his thesis Des Rhubarbes, Paris, 1871. 22. 24.

[1834] Petermann’s Geograph. Mittheilungen, viii. (1873) 302.

[1835] Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports of China for 1870; Commercial Reports from Her Majesty’s Consuls in China, 1872. No. 3. p. 57, and 1874 (1875) No. 5.

[1836] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom for 1870. 79.

[1837] From the Indus to the Tigris, London, 1874. 321.

[1838] It is now often trimmed by wholesale druggists to simulate the old Russian rhubarb.

[1839] The quality and appearance of rhubarb are far more regarded in England than on the Continent. To ensure a fine powder of brilliant hue, the drug is most carefully prepared, each root being split open, and any dark or decayed portion removed with a chisel or file, while the operator is not allowed to handle the drug except with leather gloves.

[1840] Their formation has been investigated by Schmitz, Proceedings of the “Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Halle”; the author also shows that the drug is chiefly afforded by the rhizome.—An abstract of the paper will be found in Just’s Botanischer Jahresbericht, 1874. 461.

[1841] Boorde’s Introduction and Dyetary, reprinted by the Early English Text Society, 1870. 56.

[1842] Prosper Alpinus, De Rhapontico, Lugd. Bat. 1718.

[1843] Theatrum Botanicum, 1640. 157.

[1844] Dillwyn, Hortus Collinsonianus, 1843. 45.

[1845] Trans. of Soc. of Arts, viii. (1790) 75; xii. (1794) 225.

[1846] No use is made of the leaves.—Some further particulars are given by Holmes, Pharm. Journal, vii. (1877) 1017.

[1847] Histoire des Drogues, ii. (1849) 398.

[1848] Twelve chests of this rhubarb, said to be of the crop of 1793, which had been lying in the Russian Government warehouses, were offered for sale in London, Dec. 1, 1853. Samples of the drug now 80 years old are in our possession, and still sound and good.

[1849] Most beautifully figured by Blume, “Rumphia” i. (1835) tab. 55; Myristica fatua, ii. 59.

[1850] Flora Brasiliensis, fasc. 11-12. 133; also in Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharmacie, ix. (1860) 529-538.

[1851] Pseudolus, act. iii. scena 2.

[1852] Mérat et De Lens, Dict. de Mat. Méd. iv. (1832) 173.—The tree is, we think, Ailantus malabarica DC., order of the Simarubeæ.

[1853] Aëtius, tetrabiblos iv. serm. 4. c. 122.—It must however be admitted that Nux Indica in mediæval authors usually signifies the Coco-nut, but also sometimes Nux vomica or even Areca nut. For particulars see Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharm. 1876. 18.

[1854] Les prairies d’or, i. (1861) 341.

[1855] Géographie, i. (1836) 51.

[1856] In the work quoted at p. 282, note 3.

[1857] Kosmographie, übersetzt von Ethé, i. (1869) 227.

[1858] Carmen de motibus siculis, Basil., 1746. 23.—A new edition of this work, by Prof. Winkelmann, was published in 1874.

[1859] Danske Laegebog, quoted by Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. (1856) 537.

[1860] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 361-362. 628.—It is remarkable that nutmegs are not mentioned, though mace is named repeatedly.

[1861] Leber, Appréciation de la fortune privée au moyen âge, éd. 2, 1847. 95.

[1862] Valmont de Bomare, Dict. d’Histoire Nat. iv. (1775) 297.—This author writes as an eye-witness of the destruction he has recorded:—“Le 10 Juin 1760, j’en ai vu à Amsterdam, près de l’Amirauté, un feu dont l’aliment étoit estimé huit millions argent de France: on devoit en brûler autant le lendemain. Les pieds des spectateurs baignoient dans l’huile essentielle de ces substances....”

[1863] How tempting the cultivation must have appeared, may be judged from the price of mace, which we find quoted on the 3rd January 1806, in the London Price Current (which gives only import prices), as 85s. to 90s. per lb.;—to these rates must be added the duty of 7s. 1d. per lb.

[1864] Seemann, Hooker’s Journ. of Bot. iv. (1852) 83.

[1865] Collingwood in Journ. of Linnean Society, Bot., x. (1869) 45.

[1866] Crawfurd, Dictionary of the Indian Islands, 1856. 304.—Much additional information will be found in this work.

[1867] The Malay Archipelago, i. (1869) 452.—See also Bickmore, Travels in the East Indian Archipelago, 1868. 225.

[1868] Lumsdaine, Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 516. For further information on the management of nutmeg plantations in Sumatra, consult the original paper.

[1869] Messrs. Herrings & Co. of London have informed us, that 2874 lb. of nutmegs distilled in their laboratory afforded 67 lb. of essential oil, i.e. 2·33 per cent. But Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig, state (1878) that they obtain as much as from 6 to 8 per cent.

[1870] Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 389.

[1871] Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1874, 490.

[1872] Some idea of the extremely small area of these famous islands may be gathered from the fact that the Great Banda, the largest of them, is but about 7 miles long by 2 miles broad; while the entire group occupies no more than 17·6 geographical square miles.

[1873] Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 952-3. In 1875, 8990 peculs were exported from Java.

[1874] Blue Books for the Colony of the Straits Settlements for 1871, Singapore, 1872.

[1875] On the nature and origin of this organ, see Baillon, Histoire des Plantes, ii. (1870) 499; also Dictionnaire de Botanique.

[1876] See my paper: Ueber Stärke und Cellulose in Archiv der Pharm. 196 (1871) 31.—F. A. F.

[1877] In an actual experiment (1868) in the laboratory of Messrs. Herrings & Co., London, 23 lb. of mace yielded 23 oz. of volatile oil, which is equivalent to 6¼ per cent.; but Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig, obligingly inform us (1878) that they observed a percentage of from 11 to 17.

[1878] Consular Reports, August 1873. 952-3.

[1879] The word Camphor, generally written by old Latin authors Caphura, and by English Camphire, is derived from the Arabic Káfúr, which in turn is supposed to come from the Sanskrit Karpūra, signifying white.

[1880] Passages from several have been translated and kindly placed at our disposal by Mr. A. Wylie. Dr. Bretschneider of Pekin and Mr. Pauthier of Paris (see p. 494, note 7,) have also been good enough to aid us in the same manner.

[1881] Yule, Book of Ser Marco Polo, ii. (1871) 185.

[1882] In the description of Arabia by Ibn Hagik el Hamdany, fol. 170 of the MS. at Aden (Prof. Sprenger).

[1883] He directs two ounces of camphor to be added to a certain preparation, provided camphor is sufficiently abundant.—Tetr. iv. sermo 4. c. 114

[1884] G. Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen, i. (Mannheim, 1846) 75.

[1885] Quatremère, Mém. sur l’Egypte, ii. (1811) 366-375.—It is interesting to find that Káfúre-kaisúri, i.e., Kaisur Camphor, is a term still known in the Indian bazaars.

[1886] Käuffer, Geschichte von Ostasien, ii. (1859) 491.

[1887] Translation from the Chinese communicated by Mr. A. Wylie.

[1888] Les Prairies d’or, i. (Paris, 1861) 200.

[1889] The Arabian menâ or menn is equal to 2⅕ pounds Troy, or 933 grammes.

[1890] Yule, Cathay and the way thither, ii. 357.

[1891] The Book of Ser Marco Polo, ii. (1874) 282, 285.

[1892] For further historical details, compare my paper in the Schweizerische Wochenschrift für Pharmacie, 27 Sept., 4 and 11 Oct. 1867, or in Buchner’s Repertorium f. Pharmacie, xvii. (1868) 28.—F. A. F.

[1893] S. Hildegardis Opera Omnia, accurante J. P. Migne, Paris, 1855. 1145.

[1894] Choulant, Macer Floridus, Lips. 1832. 161.

[1895] Gesantschaft, etc. Amsterdam, 1666. 363.

[1896] Amœnitates exoticæ (1712) 770.

[1897] Hist. of Japan, translated by Scheuchzer, i. (1727) 353. 370.

[1898] Description de la Chine, i. (1735) 161.

[1899] The foregoing particulars are chiefly extracted from the Trade Report of Tamsui by E. C. Taintor, Acting Commissioner of Customs, published in the Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1869, Shanghai, 1870, and from James Morrison’s Description of the island of Formosa, in the Geogr. Magazine, 1877, 263 and 319.

[1900] op. cit. p. 772.

[1901] Both of the above mentioned stills from Sikok and Formosa are figured in my “Account of the Paris Exhibition,” Archiv der Pharmacie, 214 (1879) 12.—F. A. F..

[1902] These are the dimensions of the cakes manufactured in the laboratory of Messrs. Howards of Stratford, but it is obvious that they may vary with different makers.

[1903] Mattheson, England to Delhi, Lond. 1870, 474.

[1904] Pharm. Journ. 18 April 1874. 830.

[1905] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, part. 2, p. 124.

[1906] Commercial Reports from H. M. Consuls in Japan, No. 1, 1872.—The returns for Hiogo and Osaka are upon the authority of the Chamber of Commerce.

[1907] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom for 1870. p. 61—no later returns accessible.

[1908] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Bombay for 1872-73. ii. 27.

[1909] For a full account and figure of it, see W. H. de Vriese’s excellent Mémoire sur le Camphrier de Sumatra et de Bornéo, Leide, 1857. 23 p. 4°. and 2 plates.

[1910] Life in the Forests of the Far East, ii. (1862) 272.

[1911] In Milburn’s time (Oriental Commerce, ii. 1813. 308), Sumatra was reckoned to export 50 peculs, and Borneo 30 peculs a year. Rondot’s statement (see Cassia Buds) that China imports of Barus camphor about 800 peculs annually is plainly erroneous.

[1912] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, p. 30.

[1913] Ibn Khurdádbah in the 9th century mentions it as being obtained in this way.

[1914] Through the courtesy of Mr. F. H. Ewer, of the Imperial Maritime Customs, Canton.—Hanbury, Science Papers, 189. 393.

[1915] Pharm. Journ. March 7, 1874. 710.

[1916] Flückiger in Pharm. Journ. April 18, 1874. 829.

[1917] Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniæ, 1864. 252.—Consult also Meissner in De Cand. Prod. xv. sect. i. 10.

[1918] Flora Sylvatica for Southern India, 1872. 262.

[1919] Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean, ii. (1807) 512.

[1920] Chishull, Antiquities Asiaticæ, 1728. 65-72.

[1921] Ceylon, i (1859) 575.

[1922] We are indebted to Dr. Bretschneider of Pekin for these references to Chinese literature. For information about some of the works quoted, see his pamphlet On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, Foochow, 1870.

[1923] Dümichen, Fleet of an Egyptian Queen, Leipzig, 1868, p. 1.

[1924] “ ... That there was an ulterior commerce beyond Ceylon is indubitable; for at Ceylon the trade from Malacca and the Golden Chersonese met the merchants from Arabia, Persia and Egypt. This might possibly have been in the hands of the Malays or even the Chinese, who seem to have been navigators in all ages as universally as the Arabians....” Vincent, op. cit. ii. 284. 285.—In the time of Marco Polo, the trade of China westward met the trade of the Red Sea, no longer in Ceylon, but on the coast of Malabar, apparently at Calicut, where the Portuguese found it on their first arrival. Here, says Marco, the ships from Aden obtained their lading from the East, and carried it into the Red Sea for Alexandria, whence it passed into Europe by means of the Venetians.—See also Yule, Book of Ser Marco Polo, ii. (1871) 325, 327.

[1925] Marco Polo, ii. 255.

[1926] Quatremère (in the book quoted at page 511, note 4), ii. 284.

[1927] Yule, Cathay and the way thither, i. 213, also Kunstmann, Anzeigen der baierischen Akademie, 24 and 25 December 1855. p. 163 and 169.

[1928] Travels of Ibn Batuta, translated by Lee, Lond. 1829. 184.

[1929] Ramusio, Raccolta delle Navigationi et Viaggi, i. (1563) 339; Kunstmann, Kenntniss Indiens im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert, 1864. 39.

[1930] Tennent, op. cit. ii. 52.

[1931] Pardessus, Diplomata, etc., Paris, 1849. ii. 309.

[1932] Jaffé, Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum, Berlin, iii. (1866) 154. 199. 214. 216-8. 109.

[1933] Doubtless Eadburh, third abbess of Minster in the Isle of Thanet in Kent. She died a.d. 751.

[1934] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1877) 121.

[1935] Eden, State of the Poor, ii. (1797) appendix; Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, ii. (1866) 543.

[1936] Nicholls, Progresses and Processions of Q. Elizabeth, i. (1823) xxxiv. 118.

[1937] Additional information may be found in two papers by Marshall, in Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, x. (1817) 241 and 346; see also Leschenault de la Tour, Mém. du Musée d’Hist. nat. viii. (1822) 436-446.

[1938] Op. cit. 252-253.

[1939] Formerly called fardela or fardello, a name signifying in the Romance languages bundle or package. The word fardel, having the same meaning, is found in old English writers.

[1940] Yet the cultivation was far more extensive in the earlier part of the century, as we may judge by the statement that the five principal cinnamon gardens around Negumbo, Colombo, Barberyn, Galle, and Matura, were each from 15 to 20 miles in circumference (Tennent’s Ceylon, ii. 163).

[1941] Ceylon Blue Books for 1871 and 1872, printed at Colombo.

[1942] Some of it however is very thick, though neatly quilled.

[1943] Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 952.

[1944] In his book “De artificiosis extractionibus,” published by Gesner, Argentorati, 1561, fol. 226.

[1945] De medicina veteri et nova, Basileæ, 1571. 630-635.

[1946] Magiæ Naturalis libri xx. Neapoli 1589. 184.

[1947] Ceylon Blue Books for 1871 and 1872.

[1948] Phil. Trans. xxxvi. (1731) 107.

[1949] Thorel, Notes médicales du Voyage d’Exploration du Mékong et de Cochinchine, Paris, 1870. 30.—Garnier, Voyage en Indo-Chine, ii. (Paris, 1873) 438.

[1950] The greatest market in China for cassia and cinnamon according to Dr. F. Porter Smith, is Taiwu in Ping-nan hien (Sin-chau fu), in Kwangsi province.—Mat. Med. and Nat. Hist. of China, 1871. 52.—The capital of Kwangsi is Kweilin fu, literally Cassia-Forest.

[1951] Hooker, Himalayan Journals, ed. 2. ii. (1855) 303.

[1952] A specimen of the stem-bark of C. iners from Travancore, presented to us by Dr. Waring, has a delightful odour, but is quite devoid of the taste of cinnamon.

[1953] Catalogues Plantarum quæ in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi coluntur, Batavia, 1866. 92.

[1954] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean, ii. (1807) 130. 134. 149. 150. 157.—That the ancients should confound the different kinds of cassia is really no matter for surprise, when we moderns, whether botanists, pharmacologists, or spice-dealers, are unable to point out characters by which to distinguish the barks of this group, or even to give definite names to those found in our warehouses.

[1955] Vincent, op. cit. ii. 701-716.

[1956] See further on, Allied Products, Cassia twigs, page 533.

[1957] Very fine specimens of this costly bark have been kindly supplied to us by Dr. H. F. Hance, British Vice-Consul at Whampoa.

[1958] Vignolius, Liber Pontificalis, Romæ, i. (1724) 94. 95.

[1959] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, lxxxii. (1850) 622.—St. Isidore evidently quotes Galen, but his remarks imply that both spices were known at the period when he wrote.

[1960] Cockayne, Leechdoms, etc., of Early England, ii. (1865) 143.

[1961] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, ii. (1866) 543.

[1962] The book has been reprinted for the Early English Text Society, 1868.—Russell says:—“Looke that your stikkes of synamome be thyn, bretille and fayre in colewr ... for canelle is not so good in this crafte and cure.”—And in his directions “how to make Ypocras,” he prescribes synamome in that “for lordes,” but “canelle” in that for “commyn peple.”

[1963] Hooker, op. cit.

[1964] Consular Reports, August 1873. 953.

[1965] Consul Reade, Report on the Trade, etc., of Cadiz for 1871, where the spice is called “cinnamon.”

[1966] Flückiger in Wiggers and Husemann’s Jahresbericht for 1872. 52.

[1967] Rochleder and Schwarz (1850) in Gmelin’s Chemistry, xvii. 395.

[1968] Canton Trade Report for 1869.

[1969] Commercial Reports from H. M. Consuls in China, presented to Parliament 1873,—(Consul Robertson).

[1970] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom for 1870. 290.—66,650 were exported in 1877 from Pakhoi.

[1971] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, p. 34; for 1874, p. 7.

[1972] Doüet d’Arcq, Comptes de l’Argenterie des Rois de France, 1851. 206. 218. 222. 239. etc.

[1973] See p. 245, note 8.

[1974] Commerce d’exportation de la Chine, 45.

[1975] Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1867, Shanghai, 1868. 49.

[1976] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the U.K. for 1870. 101.

[1977] For further information consult Heyd, Levantehandel, ii. (1879) 663.

[1978] Account of Petrus Martyr d’Angleria to Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, in Michael Herr’s Die neue Welt, etc., Strassburg, 1534. fol. 175.

[1979] Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, a.d. 1532-50, translated by Markham (Hakluyt Society) Lond. 1864. chap. 39-40; also Expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro to the Land of Cinnamon, by Garcilasso Inca de la Vega, forming part of the same volume.

[1980] Historia de las Indias, Madrid, i. (1851) 357. (lib. ix. c. 31).

[1981] De la Canela de nuestras Indias.—Historia de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, Sevilla, 1574. 98.

[1982] The village of San José de Canelos, which may be considered as the centre of the cinnamon region, was determined by Mr. Spruce to be in lat. 1° 20 S., long. 77° 45 W., and at an altitude above the sea of 1590 feet. The forest of canelos, he tells us, has no definite boundaries; but the term is popularly assigned to all the upper region of the Pastasa and its tributaries, from a height of 4000 to 7000 feet on the slopes of the Andes, down to the Amazonian plain, and the confluence of the Bombonasa and Pastasa.

[1983] De Candolle, Prodromus, xv. sect. i. 167.

[1984] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Medic. Plants, part 26 (1877).

[1985] Halliday, On the Bebeeru tree of British Guiana, and Sulphate of Bebeerine, the former a substitute for Cinchona, the latter for Sulphate of Quinine.—Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journ. vol. xl. 1835.

[1986] Hooker’s Journ. of Bot. 1844. 624.

[1987] Flückiger, Neues Jahrbuch für Pharmacie, xxxi. (1869) 257; Pharm. Journ. xi. (1870) 192.

[1988] Pharm. Journ. xi. (1870) 19.

[1989] Mr. W. H. Campbell, of Georgetown, Demerara, has assured me that neither the bark nor its alkaloid is held in esteem in the colony.—D. H.

[1990] Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, (Sevilla, 1574) 51.

[1991] De Laet, Novus Orbis, 1633. 215.—René de Laudonnière, Histoire notable de la Floride. 1586.

[1992] Pharm. Journ. v. (1876) 1023.

[1993] Colonial Papers, vol. i. No. 23 (MS. in the Record Office, London).

[1994] Colonial Papers, vol. ii. No. 4.

[1995] Opera medico-chymica, Francofurti, 1682, p. 83.

[1996] Flückiger, Documente (quoted at p. 404, note 7) 70.

[1997] Phil. Trans. R. Soc. of London, viii. (1809) 243.

[1998] The sassafras logs met with in English trade often include a considerable portion of trunk-wood, which, as well as the bark that covers it, is inert, and should be sawn off and rejected before the wood is rasped.

[1999] According to information obtained by Procter, 11 bushels of chips (the charge of a still) yields from 1 to 5 lb. of oil, the amount varying with the quality of the root and the proportion of bark it may contain.—Procter, Essay on Sassafras in the Proceedings of the American Pharm. Association, 1866. 217.

[2000] Poggendorff’s Annalen, clviii. (1876) 249, with figures of the crystals.

[2001] Besides this, the pith of sassafras is also there used as a popular remedy; it is entirely devoid of odour and taste, and is very slightly mucilaginous.

[2002] American Journ. of Pharm. 1871. 470.

[2003] Burmah, its people and natural productions, 1860. 497.

[2004] Brit. Guiana at the Paris Exhibition, 1878, Sect. C. p. 7.

[2005] Spruce in Hooker’s Journ. of Bot. vii. (1855) 278.

[2006] Ritter, Erdkunde von Asien, vii. (1844) 2. 544.

[2007] Eng. Hist., Bohn’s ed., iii. (1854) 255.

[2008] Introduced into Mexico by Cortez about a.d. 1560.

[2009] See in particular 1 Sam. xxv. 18 and 1 Chron. xii. 40; where we read of large supplies of dried figs being provided for the use of fighting men. Also Num. xx. 5; Jer. xxiv. 2; 2 Reg. xx. 7.

[2010] On the Riviera of Genoa dried figs eaten with bread are a common winter food of the peasantry.

[2011] Pardessus, Diplomata, Chartæ, etc., ii. (1849) 309.

[2012] Recesse und andere Akten der Hansetage, ii. (Leipzig, 1872) 235.

[2013] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 632.

[2014] Albertus Magnus, in allusion to the peculiar growth of the fig, remarks that the tree “fructum autem profert sine flore.” Page 386 of the work quoted in the [Appendix].

[2015] The word Eleme applied in the London shops to dried figs of superior quality (“Eleme Figs”) is probably a corruption of the Turkish ellémé, signifying hand-picked.

[2016] A. De Candolle, Géogr. botanique, ii. (1855) 856.

[2017] 2 Sam. v. 23, 24.

[2018] Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ historica, Leges, iii. (1835) 181.—Consult also Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, 1877.

[2019] F. Keller, Bauriss des Klosters S. Gallen, facsimile, Zürich, 1844.

[2020] Le Calendrier de Cordoue de l’année 961, publié par R. Dozy, Leyde, 1873. 67.

[2021] Guérard, Polyptique de l’Abbé Irminon, Paris, ii. 335.

[2022] The fig excepted, which is much more saccharine than any.

[2023] Journ. of the Agric. and Hortic. Soc. of India, viii. 167.

[2024] Bretschneider, On Chinese Botanical Works, 1870. 5. 10. Part of the Rh-ya was written in the 12th cent. b.c.

[2025] Rawlinson’s translation, iii. (1859) book 4, chap. 74-5.

[2026] Comptes Rendus, xxviii. (1849) 195.

[2027] Hence the words assassin and assassinate. Weil, however, is of opinion that the word assassin is more probably derived from sikkin, a dagger.—Geschichte der Chalifen, iv. (1860) 101.

[2028] The miscreant who assassinated Justice Norman at Calcutta, 20 Sept. 1871, is said to have acted under the influence of hashísh. Bellew (Indus to the Tigris, 1874. 218) states that the Afghan chief who murdered Dr. Forbes in 1842, had for some days previously been more or less intoxicated with Charas or Bhang.

[2029] Quatremère, Memoires sur l’Egypte ii. (1811) 504, according to Makrisi.

[2030] Colloquios dos simples e drogas e cousas medicinaes da India, ed. 2, Lisboa, 1872, 27.

[2031] For a notice of them, see O’Shaughnessy, On the preparation of the Indian Hemp or Gunjah, Calcutta, 1839; also Bengal Dispensatory, Calcutta, 1842. 579-604. An immense number of references to writers who have touched on the medicinal properties of hemp, will be found in the elaborate essay entitled Studien über den Hanf, by Dr. G. Martius (Erlangen, 1855).

[2032] Blue Book quoted at p. 52, note 1.

[2033] Magi-oun is the Persian name for electuaries, of which more than 70 are found, for instance, in the Pharmacopœia Persica ([see Appendix], Angelus), p. 291 to 321.

[2034] This name is not used in India, but seems to be a corruption of ganja.

[2035] Powell, Economic Products of the Punjab, Roorkee, i. (1868) 293.

[2036] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1847) 171.

[2037] Journ. de Pharm. xxxix. (1857) 48; Canstatt’s Jahresbericht for 1857, i. 28.

[2038] Personne, though he admits the activity of the resin prepared by Smith’s process, contends that it is a mixed body, and that further purification deprives it of all volatile matter and renders it inert. This is not astonishing when one finds that the “purification” was effected by treatment with caustic lime or soda-lime, and exposure to a temperature of 300° C. (572° F.)! That the resin of the Edinburgh chemists does not owe its activity to volatile matter, is proved by their own experiment of exposing a small quantity in a very thin layer to 82° C. for 8 hours: the medicinal action of the resin so treated was found to be unimpaired.

[2039] Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1876. 98.

[2040] Chemical News, xxiv. (1871) 77.

[2041] For further information, consult Cooke’s Seven Sisters of Sleep, Lond., chap. xv.-xvii; also Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1872. 600.

[2042] Garnier, Voyage d’Exploration en Indo-Chine, ii. (1873) 410.

[2043] Powell, Economic Products of the Punjab, Roorkee, 1868. 293.

[2044] Obtained by Colonel H. Strachey, and now in the Kew Museum. It is by no means evident by what process they were collected.

[2045] Forsyth, Correspondence on Mission to Yarkand, ordered by the House of Commons to be printed, Feb. 28, 1871; also Henderson and Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, Lond. 1873. 334.

[2046] Stewart, Punjab Plants, Lahore, 1869. 216.

[2047] Blount, Tenures of Land and Customs of Manors, edited by Hazlitt, 1874. 165.

[2048] Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England, edited by Cockayne, i. (1864) 173; ii. (1865) ix.

[2049] Opera Omnia, accurante J. P. Migne, Paris, 1855. 1153.

[2050] Guérard, Polyptique de l’abbé Irminon, i. (1844) 714. 896.

[2051] The authority for this statement is an isolated memorandum in a MS. volume (No. 980) by Thomas Gybbons, preserved in the Harleian collection in the British Museum.

[2052] Archæologia, iii. (1786) 157.

[2053] Ibid. xxv. (1834) 505.

[2054] Holinshed, Chronicles, vol. i. book 2. cap. 6.

[2055] 1 James I. (anno 1603) cap. 18.

[2056] A substance with which we are not acquainted.

[2057] Thèse, Montpellier, 1867.

[2058] Agricultural Returns of Great Britain, &c., 1873, presented to Parliament, 48. 49. 70. 71.

[2059] Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom for 1872. 49. 93.

[2060] Manuel des Plantes usuelles et indigènes, 1819. ii. 503.

[2061] Silliman’s Journ. of Science, ii. (1820) 302.

[2062] For a full account of the formation of the glands, see Trécul, Annales des Sciences Nat., Bot., i. (1854) 299. An abstract may be found in Méhu’s Etude du Houblon et du Lupulin, Montpellier, 1867.

[2063] On the word elm, Dr. Prior remarks that it is nearly identical in all the Germanic and Scandinavian dialects, yet does not find its root in any of them, but is an adaptation of the Latin Ulmus.—Popular Names of British Plants, ed. 2. 1870. 71.

[2064] Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England, edited by Rev. O. Cockayne, ii. (1865) pp. 53. 67. 79. 99. 127 and p. xii.—In the Anglo-Saxon recipes, both Elm and Wych Elm are named in the Welsh “Meddygon Myddfai” ([see Appendix]). Elmwydd or Ilwyf and “Ulmus romanus,” Ilwyf Rhufain, are met with.

[2065] Schübeler, Pflanzenwelt Norwegens, 1873-75, p. 216.

[2066] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. (1866) 458.

[2067] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 34 (1878).

[2068] Mat. Med. Americ., Erlangæ, 1787. 32.

[2069] Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association for 1873, xxi. 435.

[2070] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 24 (1877).

[2071] Or Mesfioua, according to Ball, who also quotes the province Demenet.—Journ. of the Linnean Soc. Bot. xvi. (1878) 662.

[2072] Lib. iii. c. 86.

[2073] Lib. v. c. 1; lib. xxv. c. 38.

[2074] Smith, Dict. of Greek and Roman Biography, ii. (1846) 636.

[2075] Description de l’Afrique septentrionale, traduite par M. de Slane, Journal asiatique, xiii. (Paris, 1859) 413.

[2076] Nachrichten von Marokos und Fes, Kopenhagen, 1781. 308.

[2077] Account of the Empire of Morocco and the district of Suse, Lond. 1809. 81. pl. 7.—The plate represents an entire plant, and also what purports to be a portion of a branch of the natural size. The latter is really the figure of a different species,—apparently that which has been recently named by Cosson Euphorbia Beaumierana.

[2078] Berg und Schmidt, Offizinelle Gewächse, iv. (1863) xxxiv. d.

[2079] They were procured by Mr. William Grace, and forwarded to England by Mr. C. F. Carstensen, British Vice-Consul at Mogador.

[2080] By careful investigation a very few are found at last.

[2081] Flückiger in Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift für prakt. Pharmacie, xvii. (1868) 82-102.—The drug analysed consisted of selected fragrants, free from extraneous substances.

[2082] Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht, 1873. 559.

[2083] From Eleuthera, one of the Bahama Islands, so named from the Greek ἐλεύθερος, signifying free or independent.

[2084] Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part i. (1875).

[2085] In that year a patent was granted by Charles I. for the incorporation of a Company for colonizing the Bahama Islands, and a complete record is extant of the proceedings of the Company for the first eleven years of its existence. In some of the documents, particular mention is made of the introduction, actual or attempted, of useful plants, as cotton, tobacco, fig, pepper, pomegranate, palma Christi, mulberry, flax, indigo, madder, and jalap; and there is also frequent allusion to the importation of the produce of the islands, but no mention of Cascarilla. See Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1574-1660, edited by Sainsbury, Lond. 1860. pp. 146. 148. 149. 164. 168. 185. etc.

[2086] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ., vi. (1876) 1022, and “Documente” quoted there, pp. 74-77, etc.

[2087] Stisser (J. A.) Actorum Laboratorii Chemici specimen secundum, Helmestadi, 1693. c. ix. Stisser is said to have mentioned Cascarilla bark in his pamphlet “De machinis fumiductoriis,” Hamburg, 1686, but we found this to be incorrect. Nor have we seen the paper of Vincent Garcia Salat, “Unica quæstiuncula, in qua examinatur pulvis de Burango, vulgo Cascarilla, in curatione tertíanæ,” Valentiæ. 1692. It is quoted by Haller, Bibl. Bot. ii. (1772) 688, and several later authors, but appears to be extremely rare.

[2088] Journal of Proceedings of Linn. Soc. iv. (1860) Bot. 29.

[2089] For more particulars see Pocklington, Pharm. Journ. iii. (1873) 664.

[2090] Pharm. Journ. iv. (1874) 810.

[2091] De Candolle’s Prodromus, xv. part 2. (1862) 518; beautifully figured in Hayne, Arzneigewächse, xiv. (1843) plate 2.

[2092] For more particulars see Oberlin and Schlagdenhauffen, Journ. de Pharm. 28 (1878) 248.

[2093] Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 319.

[2094] Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift für prakt. Pharm. xviii. (1869) 161.

[2095] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Medic. Plants, part 1 (1875).

[2096] Tractado, etc., Burgos, 1578. c. 48.—After speaking of the virtues of the seeds, he adds—“tambien las buenas mugeres de aquellas partes, amigas de sus maridos, les dă hasta quatro destos por la boca, para embiar a los pobretos al otro mundo”!

[2097] Hortus Malabaricus, ii. tab. 33.

[2098] Herbarium Amboinense, iv. tab. 42.

[2099] Ainslie, Mat. Med. of Hindoostan, 1813. 292.

[2100] The oil was very expensive. I find by the books of Messrs. Allen and Hanburys, that the seeds cost in 1824, 10s., and in 1827, 18s. per lb. The oil was purchased in 1826 by the same house at 8s. to 10s. per ounce.—D. H.

[2101] Warrington, Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 382-387.

[2102] Schmidt and Berendes, 1878.

[2103] In the Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1873. 560.

[2104] The most ancient and most usual is Eranda; this word has passed into several other Indian languages.

[2105] De Candolle, Prodr., xv. sect. 2. 1017.

[2106] Journ. of Botany, 1879, 54.

[2107] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862. 58.

[2108] De Vegetabilibus, ed. Jessen, 1867. 347.

[2109] Turner’s Herbal, pt. ii. 116.

[2110] From the Arabic khirva, i.e. Palma Christi.

[2111] Hill, Hist. of the Mat. Med., Lond. 1751. 537.—Lewis, Hist. of the Mat. Med., Lond. 1761. 468.

[2112] The word castor in connection with the seeds and oil of Ricinus has come to us from Jamaica, in which island, by some strange mistake, the plant was once called Agnus Castus. The true Agnus Castus (Vitex Agnus castus L.) is a native of the Mediterranean countries and not of the West Indies.

[2113] For a list of which consult Mérat et De Lens, Dict. de Mat. Méd. vi. (1834) 95.

[2114] How small was the traffic in Castor Oil in those days, may be judged from the fact that the stock in 1777 of a London wholesale druggist (Joseph Gurney Bevan, predecessor of Allen and Hanburys) was 2 Bottles (1 Bottle = 18 to 20 ounces) valued at 8s. per bottle. The accounts of the same house show at stocktaking in 1782, 23 Bottles of the oil, which had cost 10s. per bottle. In 1799 Jamaica exported 236 Casks of Castor Oil and 10 Casks of seeds (Renny, Hist. of Jamaica, 1807. 235).

[2115] H. H. Wilson, Review of the External Commerce of Bengal from 1813 to 1828, Calcutta, 1830, tables pp. 14-15.

[2116] Gris, Annales des Sciences Nat., Bot., xv. (1861) 5-9.

[2117] Sachs, Lehrbuch der Botanik, 1874. 54.

[2118] For further particulars, see Trécul, Ann. des Sc. Nat., Bot., x.,(1858) 355; Radlkofer, Krystalle proteinartiger Körper, Leipzig, 1859. 61. and tab. 2 fig. 10; Pfeffer, Proteïnkörner in Pringsheim’s Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik, viii. (1872) 429. 464.

[2119] Chemical News, xxii. (1870) 229.

[2120] Madras Exhibition of Raw Products, etc. of Southern India,—Reports by the Juries, Madras, 1856. 28.

[2121] Annual Volume of Trade and Navigation for the Bengal Presidency for 1870-71, Calcutta, 1871. 119.

[2122] Annual Statement of the Trade, etc. of the U.K. for 1870.—No later returns.

[2123] H. Groves, Pharm. Journ. viii (1867) 250.

[2124] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73, part ii. 87. 88.

[2125] Frezier, Voyage to the South Seas, Lond. 1717. p. 13.—Turner in his Herbal (1568) gives the plant an opposite character, for the bruised leaves, says he, “swage the brestes or pappes swellinge wyth to muche plenty of milke.”

[2126] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part i. (1875.)—A beautiful figure in Roxburgh, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel, ii. (1798) tab. 168.

[2127] Journey through Mysore, Canara, etc., (Lond. 1807) i. 168. 204. 211, ii. 343.

[2128] Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 386. 589; or Science Papers, 73.

[2129] Ibid. xvii. (1858) 408; Science Papers, 75.

[2130] Adams’ translat. iii. 457.

[2131] Quoted by Ibn Baytar,—see Sontheimer’s translation, ii. (1842) 326. 585.

[2132] Ibn Khordadbeh, Livre des routes etc.—Journ. Asiatique, v. (1865) 295.

[2133] Les Prairies d’or, i. (Paris, 1861) 367.

[2134] Quoted by Ibn Baytar.

[2135] Ed. Lichtenfels, i. (Göttingen, 1849).

[2136] Description de l’Arabie, 1774. 133.

[2137] F. E. G. Matthews, Esq., of Nainee Tal.

[2138] Burton, Journ. of R. Geogr. Society, xxv. (1855) 146. Haggenmacher, Reise in das Somaliland, in Petermann’s Geogr. Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft, xlvii. (1874) 39.

[2139] See Science Papers, 78.

[2140] Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1872. 599.

[2141] It has been particularly described by one of us in Pharm. Journ. ix. (1868) 279, with woodcuts.

[2142] Hanbury, Science Papers, 73.

[2143] Some information will be met with in Capt. Hunter’s Account of Aden, 1877. p. 107. In 1875-1876 there were exported from Aden 42,975 lb. of Waras.

[2144] The word pepper, which with slight varieties has passed into almost all languages, comes from the Sanskrit name for Long Pepper, pippali, the change of the l into r having been made by the Persians, in whose ancient language the l is wanting.

[2145] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 458.

[2146] Vincent, op. cit. ii. 754; also Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, ii. (1865) 167.

[2147] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, series Græca, lxxxviii. (1860) 443. 446.

[2148] Bar (as in Malabar) merely signifies in Arabic, coast.

[2149] Mirabilia descripta by Friar Jordanus, translated by Col. Yule. London, Hakluyt Society, 1863. 27.

[2150] “Piperis arbor persimilis est ederæ, grana ejus viridia ad formam grani juniperi, quæ modico cinere aspersa torrentur ad solem.”—Kunstmann, Kenntniss Indiens im xv. Jahrhundert, München (1863) 40.

[2151] In the beginning of the 15th century the great emporium of the trade in pepper appears to have been the vicinity of the Church S. Giacomo de Rialto at Venice. In the “capitolare dei Visdomini del fontego dei Todeschi (German court) in Venezia,” edit. of Thomas, Berlin, 1874, the chapter 228, page 116, is devoted to “La mercadantia del pevere.”

[2152] For some examples of this, see Histoire de la vie privée des Français, par le Grand d’Aussy, nouvelle éd., ii. (1815) 182.

[2153] Zosimus, Historia (Lips. 1784) lib. v. c. 41.

[2154] Belgrano, Vita privata dei Genovesi 1875. 152.

[2155] Rogers, Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 626. The term peppercorn rent, which has survived to our times, now only signifies a nominal payment.

[2156] Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, published by the Record Commission, i. (1840) 301.

[2157] A striking contrast to the announcement in a commercial paper, 27 Feb. 1874, that the stock of pepper in the public warehouses of London the previous week was 6035 tons!

[2158] Herbert, Hist. of the twelve great Livery Companies of London, Lond. 1834. 303, 310.

[2159] Reinaud, Nouveau Journal asiatique, 1829, Juillet, 22-51.

[2160] Rogers, op. cit. i. 641.

[2161] Leber, Appréciation de la fortune privée au moyen-âge, éd. 2, Paris, 1847. 95, 305.

[2162] For a full account of the cultivation of pepper, see Buchanan, Journey from Madras through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, ii. (1807) 455-520; iii. 158.

[2163] As noticed by Rheede in 1688: “ ... oleum ex pipere destillatum levem piperis odorem spirans, saporis parum acris.”—Hort. Malab. vii. 24.—The oil was however obtained long before by Valerius Cordus, Guintherus Andernacensis and Porta (see our article Cortex Cinnamomi, page 526).

[2164] Annual Statement of the Trade of the U.K. for 1872. 59., 125.

[2165] According to Moodeen Sheriff (Suppl. to Pharm. of India, 134) the berries of Embelia (Samara) Ribes, order Myrsineæ, are said to be sometimes used for adulterating black pepper in the Indian bazaars.

[2166] By the 59 George III. c. 53 § 22 (1819).

[2167] Consult, Hassall, Food and its Adulterations, Lond. 1855. 42; Evans, Pharm. Journ. i. (1860) 605.

[2168] Glossæ in antidotarium Nicolai., ccxlvi. verso.

[2169] In the work quoted, page 579, ii. 465, 533, and iii. 224.

[2170] The genus Chavica separated from Piper by Miquel, has been re-united to it by Casimir de Candolle (Prod. xvi. s. 1). The latter genus is now composed of not fewer than 620 species!

[2171] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 18 (1877).

[2172] For good figures of the two plants, see Hayne’s Arzney-Gewächse, xiv. (1843) tab. 20. 21.

[2173] Choulant, Macer Floridus de Viribus Herbarum, Lipsiæ, 1832. 114.

[2174] Clavis Sanationis, Venet. 1510.

[2175] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pisa, iii. (1857) 492.

[2176] Kunstmann, Kenntniss Indiens im 15ᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhundert, München, 1863. 40.

[2177] [See Appendix].

[2178] Roxburgh, Flora Indica, i. (1832) 155.

[2179] Blue Book of the Straits Settlements for 1871.

[2180] Already in the Rāmāyana.

[2181] Cubeba from the Arabic Kabábah.

[2182] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 27 (1877).

[2183] Les Prairies d’or, i. 341.

[2184] Géographie, trad. par Jaubert, i. 51. 89.

[2185] Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. 537.

[2186] Munimenta Gildhallæ Londoniensis; Liber albus, i. (1859, State papers) 230.

[2187] Capmany, Memorias sobre la Marina, etc., de Barcelona, i. (Madrid, 1779) 44.

[2188] Bourquelot, Etudes sur les foires de la Champagne, Mémoires etc. de l’Institut, v. (1865) 288.

[2189] ogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, i. 627-8, ii. 544.—To get some idea of the relative value of commodities then and now, multiply the ancient prices by 8.

[2190] Liber niger Scaccarii, Lond. 1771, i. 478.—A translation may be found in the Chronicles of London Bridge, 1827, 155.

[2191] Archiv der Pharmacie, 201 (1872) 441 and 211 (1877) 101.

[2192] Choulant, Macer Floridus, etc., Lips. 1832, 188.

[2193] Compendium aromatariorum, Bonon., 1488.

[2194] Richard, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Apotheken, 1825. 124.

[2195] Miquel, Commentarii phytographici, i. (Lugd. Bat., 1839).

[2196] In Duncan’s Edinburgh New Dispensatory, ed. 2. 1804, Piper Cubeba is very briefly described, but with no allusion to its possessing any special medicinal properties. In the 6th edition of the same work (1811) it was altogether omitted. See also Murray’s System of Mat. Med. and Pharm. i. (1810) 266.

[2197] Dictionary of the Indian Islands, 1856. 117.—Mr. Crawfurd himself communicated to the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal of 1818 (xiv. 32) a paper making known the “wonderful success” with which cubebs had been used in gonorrhœa.

[2198] We are indebted for some particulars under this head to our friends Mr. Binnendyk, of the Buitenzorg Botanical Garden near Batavia, and Dr. De Vry.

[2199] Straits Settlements Blue Book for 1872. 294. 338.—There are no statistics for showing the total import of cubebs into the United Kingdom.

[2200] They yielded to Schmidt 1·7 per cent. of oil and 3 per cent. of resin.

[2201] Figured in Nees von Esenbeck, Plantæ medicinales, Düsseldorf, i. (1828), tab. 22. A different figure is given by Miquel, Comment. phytogr. (1839), tab. 3.

[2202] De Candolle, Prod. xv. sect. i. 199; Hanbury in Pharm. Journ. iii. (1862) 205, with figure; also Science Papers, 247.

[2203] Im Herzen Afrikas, i. (1874) 507; ii. 399.

[2204] Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 363.

[2205] Margry, Les navigations françaises et la révolution maritime du XIVᵉ au XVIᵉ siècle, 1867. 26.

[2206] Giovanni di Barros, l’Asia, i. (Venet. 1561) 80.

[2207] Lib. i. c. 22, p. 184 (1605).

[2208] Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 198.

[2209] One cask of it was offered for sale in London as “Cubebs,” 11 Feb. 1858.

[2210] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 18 (1877).

[2211] Matico is the diminutive of Mateo, the Spanish for Matthew.

[2212] Remarks on the efficacy of Matico as a styptic and astringent, 3rd ed., Lond. 1845.

[2213] Microscopic examination of the leaves, Pocklington, Pharm. Journ. v. (1874) 301.

[2214] As Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig, kindly informed me.—F. A. F..

[2215] Deviating only 0.7° in a column 50 mm. long.

[2216] Guibourt (et Planchon), Hist. des Drogues, ii. (1869) 278.—We are not acquainted with “artanthic acid.”

[2217] For a good figure, see Jacquin, Icones II. (1781-1793) tab. 210.

[2218] De Medicinâ Brasiliensi, lib. 4. c. 57.

[2219] Langgaard, Diccionario de Medicina domestica e popular, Rio de Janeiro, ii. (1865) 44.

[2220] Voyage to Jamaica I. (1707) 135, and tab. 88.

[2221] Exposition de 1867—Catalogue de M. José Triana, p. 14.

[2222] Seemann, Botany of the Herald, 1852-57. 85.

[2223] Bentham, Plantæ Hartwegianæ, Lon. 1839. 198.

[2224] Wiegand in American Journ. of Pharm. x. (1845) 10; also Proceedings of the Am. Pharm. Association, xxi. (1873) 441.

[2225] Prodromus, xvi. (1864) sect. 2. fasc. 1.

[2226] Probably not Q. Robur L.

[2227] De Candolle, Prodromus, xvi. sect. 2. fasc. i. 17.

[2228] Puschmann’s edition, [quoted in the Appendix], i. 237.

[2229] Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, ii. (1801), pl. 14-15.

[2230] Lib. 34. c. 26.

[2231] Geschichte der Chemie, ii. (1844) 51.

[2232] Published by the Hakluyt Society, Lond. 1866. 191.

[2233] Nearly the same name is still used in the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalim and Canarese languages.

[2234] Mat. Med. and Nat. Hist. of China, 1871. 100.

[2235] French writers, as Moquin-Tandon, distinguish the thick-walled galls of Cynips from the thin, capsular galls formed by Aphis, terming the former galles and the latter coques (shells).

[2236] There are many other varieties of oak gall, for descriptions of some of which, see Guibourt, Hist. des Drogues, ii. (1869) 292; and for information on the various gall-insects of the family Cynipsidæ and the excrescences they produce, consult a paper by Abl in Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift für prakt. Pharm. vi. (1857) 343-361.

[2237] Couche protectrice of Lacaze-Duthiers—Recherches pour servir à l’histoire des galles.—Ann. des Sciences Nat., Bot. xix. (1853) 273-354.

[2238] Consul Skene—Reports of H. M. Consuls, No. 1. 1872. 270.

[2239] For a figure, see Pharm. Journ. iii. (1844) 387. For the structure see Marchand, in the paper quoted at page 166, note 4, plate iii.

[2240] Analysis by Martius may be found in Liebig’s Ann. d. Pharm. xxi. (1837) 179.

[2241] From the returns quoted at page 333, note 3.

[2242] Zeitschrift des Oesterreichischen Apothekervereines, 1877. 14.

[2243] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Medic. Plants, part 18 (1877).

[2244] Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, 1865-73. 210-215.

[2245] The natural woods having been nearly exhausted, the tree is now under culture in the island. Catalogue des produits des colonies françaises, Exposition de 1878, p. 332; they state there that the island of Nossi-bé, on the north-western coast of Madagascar, also supplies some sandal-wood.

[2246] Whether Santalum lanceolatum Br., a tree found throughout N. and E. Australia, and called sandal-wood by the colonists, is an object of trade, we know not.

[2247] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 378.

[2248] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, series Græca, tom. 88. 446.

[2249] I. 222 in the work [quoted in the Appendix].

[2250] They are 11 feet high and 9 feet wide, and richly carved out of sandal-wood; they were constructed for the temple of Somnath in Guzerat, once esteemed the holiest temple in India. On its destruction in a.d. 1025, the gates were carried off to Ghuzni in Afghanistan, where they remained until the capture of that city by the English in 1842, when they were taken back to India. They are now preserved in the citadel of Agra. For a representation of the gates, see Archæeologia, xxx. (1844) pl. 14.

[2251] Opera, Basil. 1536-39, Lib. de Gradibus, 369.

[2252] Liber Serapionis aggregatus in medicinis simplicibus, 1473.

[2253] Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873. 11.

[2254] Thus Milburn in his Oriental Commerce (1813) says—“ ... the deeper the colour, the higher is the perfume; and hence the merchants sometimes divide sandal into red, yellow, and white, but these are all different shades of the same colour, and do not arise from any difference in the species of the tree.”—(i. 291.)

[2255] Ramusio, Navigationi et Viaggi, etc., Venet. 1554. fol. 357 b., Libro di Odoardo Barbosa Portoghese.

[2256] The Rates of Marchandizes, Lond. 1635.

[2257] B. H. Baden Powell, Report on the Administration of the Forest Department in the several provinces under the Government of India, 1872-73, Calcutta, 1874. vol i. 27.

[2258] Report of the Administration of the Madras Presidency during the year 1872-73, Madras, 1874. 18. 143.

[2259] Beddome, Flora Sylvatica for Southern India, 1872. 256.

[2260] Scott in Journ. of Agricult. and Horticult. Soc. of India, Calcutta, vol. ii. part 1 (1871) 287.

[2261] Elliot, Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore, ii. (1871) 237; also verbal information communicated by Capt. Campbell Walker, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Madras.

[2262] Millett, An Australian Parsonage, Lond., 1872, 43. 95. 382.

[2263] Straits Settlements Blue Book for 1872, Singapore, 1873. 298. 347.—It is possible that the sandal-wood in question may have been the produce of the South Sea Islands, shipped from an Australian port.

[2264] Op. cit.

[2265] Information obligingly communicated by Messrs. Schimmel and Co., Leipzig (1878).

[2266] Dr. Bidie, in Pharmacopœia of India, 1868, p. 461.

[2267] Reports on Trade at the ports in China open to foreign trade for 1866, published by order of the Inspector-General of Customs, Shanghai, 1867. 120. 121.—One pecul = 133⅓ lb.

[2268] Commercial Reports of H. M. Consuls in China for 1871 (p. 50) and 1872 (pp. 62. 159).

[2269] From the official document quoted at p. 601, note 1.

[2270] See p. 333, note 3.

[2271] Geschichte der Chemie, iv. (1847) 392.

[2272] Botanische Zeitung, 1863.

[2273] Pringsheim, Jahrb. für wissenschaftl. Botanik. 1866.

[2274] Beiträge zur Pflanzenphysiologie, Leipzig, 1868. 119.

[2275] Botanische Zeitung, 1859. 329.

[2276] The account here given is taken from F. L. Olmsted’s Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, New York, 1856, p. 338, etc.

[2277] For further particulars, see Guibourt, Hist. des drog. ii. (1869) 259, also Curie, Produits résineux du Pin maritime. Paris 1874. 24 pages, 1 plate; Matthieu, Flore forestière 1860, p. 353.

[2278] For some particulars, see my notice in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann for 1869, p. 36.—F. A. F.

[2279] Flückiger in loc. cit. 1867. 36.—Most chemists assign to this acid the formula C₂₀H₃₀O₂, and call it silvic acid.

[2280] Annual Statement of the Trade of the U.K. for 1872. pp. 53. 56. 60. 210.

[2281] Lib. i. cap. 92.

[2282] Comment. in libr. i. Dioscoridis, Venetiis, 1565. 106.

[2283] De medicina veteri et nova etc., Basileæ, 1571. 183.

[2284] Botanische Zeitung, xvii. (1859) 329, abstracted in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers, 1859. 18.

[2285] On one occasion I observed Venice Turpentine in a public drug sale in London, 21 barrels imported from Trieste being offered, 14 July, 1864.—D. H.

[2286] Lectures on the Materia Medica, Lond. ii. (1770) 398.

[2287] Thus if a thin layer of true Venice turpentine and another of common turpentine be spread on two sheets of paper it will be found after the lapse of some weeks that the former cannot be touched without adhering to the fingers, while the latter will have become a dry, hard varnish.

[2288] Herball, enlarged by Johnson, Lond. 1636. 1366.

[2289] Proceedings of the Royal Society, xi. (1862) 404.

[2290] Phil. Trans., vol. 152 (1862) 53.—We write the name Larixin instead of Larixine, with the concurrence of Dr. Stenhouse.

[2291] Asa Gray, Botany of the Northern United States, New York, 1866. 422.

[2292] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876), 1021.

[2293] De balsamis et præsertim de Balsamo Canadense, Helsingforsiæ, 1849,—abstracted in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers for 1849. 38.

[2294] From information obligingly communicated by Mr. N. Mercer of Montreal and Mr. H. Sugden Evans of London.—See also Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 1877, page 337, abstracted in Ph. Jour. viii. (1878) 813.

[2295] Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Philadelphia, 1873. 119—also 1874. 433.

[2296] Sapin in French; Weisstanne or Edeltanne in German.

[2297] Pharmacologia, Lond. 1693. 395.

[2298] See Morel, Ph. Jour. viii. (1877) 21.

[2299] Hence it is sometimes called in French Térébenthine au citron.

[2300] Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht, 1868. 53.

[2301] Pesse or Epicéa of the French; Fichte or Rothtanne of the Germans.

[2302] Theater of Plants, 1640. 1542.

[2303] Compleat English Physician, 1693. 1031.

[2304] Hist. des Drogues, Paris, 1694. part i. 287.

[2305] Chabræus in his Stirpium Sciagraphia (1666) remarks that he had seen the Pesse (P. Abies L.) in great plenty “in Burgundicis montibus,” yet makes no particular allusion to its yielding resin.

[2306] Pharm. Journ. ix. (1876) 164; also in Hanbury’s Science Papers, pp. 46 to 53.

[2307] Oesterreichischer Ausstellungs-Bericht, x. (Wien, 1868) 471.

[2308] I spent several days in the localities in 1873.—F. A. F.

[2309] Traité des Arbres, etc. i. (1775) 12.

[2310] Collected by myself.—F. A. F.

[2311] Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann for 1867. 37.

[2312] Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann for 1867. 37.

[2313] Liebig, Annalen der Chemie u. Pharmacie, Suppl. v.(1867) 229.

[2314] We may suppose that the authors of the French Codex were not of this opinion, inasmuch as in making Eau de Goudron, they order that the liquid obtained by the first maceration of the tar, shall be thrown away.

[2315] Consul Walker, Report on the Trade of North and South Carolina—Consular Reports presented to Parliament, May, 1872.

[2316] Théâtre d’Agriculture, Paris, 1600. 941.

[2317] Theatrum Botanicum, 1033.

[2318] Hist. des Drogues, Paris, 1694. part i. chap. xii. xiv.

[2319] Schübeler, Culturpflanzen Norwegens, Christiania, 1873-1875. 140, with fig.

[2320] Artsneybuch, Königsberg, 1556. 35.

[2321] Valmont de Bomare, Dict. d’Hist. nat. ii. (1775) 45.

[2322] The gin distilled in Holland is flavoured with Juniper berries, yet, as we are told, but very slightly, only 2 lb. being used to 100 gallons.

[2323] According to Messrs. Schimmel & Co. (see p. 306, note 2.)

[2324] Cap. lxx. (Bubus medicamentum).

[2325] Cockayne, Leechdoms, etc., of Early England, ii. (1865) xii.

[2326] Choulant, Macer Floridus de viribus herbarum, Lipsiæ, 1832. 48.... “Duplum si desunt cinnama poni in medicamentis iubet Oribasius auctor.”

[2327] We have examined numerous herbarium specimens (wild) of J. virginiana and J. Sabina, but except difference of stature and habit, can observe scarcely any characters for separating them as species. The fruit-stalk in J. virginiana is often pendulous as in J. Sabina. Each plant has two forms,—arboreous and fruticose.

[2328] This we ascertained by distilling under precisely similar conditions 6 lbs. 6 oz. of the fresh shoots of each of the two plants, Juniperus Sabina and J. virginiana: the first gave 9 drachms of essential oil, the second only ½ a drachm. The latter was of a distinct and more feeble odour, and a different dextrogyre power. In America the oil of J. virginiana is known as “Cedar Oil,” and used as a taenifuge. It contains a crystallizable oxygenated portion. This oil however is afforded by the wood. Red Cedar wood from Florida is stated by Messrs. Schimmel & Co. (see p. 306) to afford as much as 4 to 5 per cent. of that oil.

[2329] Bonplandia, x. (1862) 55.

[2330] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 23 (1877).

[2331] We accept the opinion of Körnicke (Monographiæ Marantaccarum Prodromus, Bull. de la Soc. imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, xxxv. 1862, i.) that Maranta arundinacea L. and M. indica Tuss. are one and the same species. Grisebach maintains them as distinct (Flora of the British West Indian Islands, 1864, 605), allowing both to be natives of Tropical America; but he fails to point out any important character by which they may be distinguished from each other. According to Miquel (Linnæa, xviii. 1844. 71) the plant in the herbarium of Linnæus labelled M. arundinacea, is M. indica. We have ourselves made arrowroot from the fresh rhizomes of M. arundinacea, in order to compare it with an authentic specimen obtained in Java from M. indica: no difference could be found between them.

[2332] Sloane, Catal. plant. quæ in ins. Jamaica sponte proveniunt, vel vulgò coluntur, Lond. 1696. 122; also Hist. of Jamaica, i. (1707) 253.

[2333] Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, 1756. 112. 113.

[2334] Natural History of Barbados, 1750. 221.

[2335] Hortus Jamaicensis, i. (1814) 30.

[2336] Thus in 1799 there were exported from Jamaica 24 casks and boxes of “Indian Arrowroot.”—Renny, Hist. of Jamaica, 235.

[2337] Since the above was written, the following lines bearing on this question have been received from Mr. Spruce:—“ ... I know not Martius’ derivation of ‘arrowroot.’ On the Amazon it is called ‘ararúta’—plainly a corruption of the English name, and explained by the fact that it was first cultivated, as I was told, from tubers obtained in the East Indies.”

[2338] This was in the German colony of Blumenau in Southern Brazil—Eberhard, Arch. der Pharm. 134 (1868) 257.

[2339] Die Stärkekörner, Zürich, 1858. 4°, also W. Nägeli, Stärkegruppe, etc., Leipzig, 1874.

[2340] Further particulars on this question may be found in my paper Ueber Stärke und Cellulose—Archiv der Pharmacie, 196 (1871) 7.—F. A. F.

[2341] Yearbook of Pharm. (1875) 529.

[2342] Papers relating to H.M. Colonial Possessions. Reports for 1875-76. Presented to both Houses of Parliament, July 1877. 54. 4.

[2343] Statist. Abstr. for the several Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom, 14th number, 1878. p. 60.

[2344] It is commonly stated that the name Tous-les-mois was given in consequence of the plant flowering all the year round. But this explanation appears improbable: no such name is mentioned by Rochefort, Aublet, or Descourtilz, who all describe the Balisier or Canna. It seems more likely that the term is the result of an attempt to confer a meaning on an ancient name—perhaps Touloula, which is one of the Carib designations for Canna and Calathea.

[2345] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Medic. Plants, part 8 (1876).

[2346] Page 102 of the Reports quoted at p. 633, note 2.

[2347] Living roots of the plant used for making this arrowroot at Cochin, have been kindly forwarded to us by A. F. Sealy, Esq. of that place.

[2348] Useful Plants of India, ed. 2. 1873. 168.

[2349] The mode of cultivation is described by Buchanan, Journey from Madras through Mysore, etc. ii. (1807) 469.—Fig. of the plant in Bentley and Trimen’s Medic. Plants, part 32 (1878).

[2350] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 695.

[2351] Recueil des Historiens des Croisades; Lois, ii. (1843) 176.

[2352] Capmany, Memorias sobre la Marina, etc. de Barcelona, Madrid, ii. (1779) 3.

[2353] Méry et Guindon, Hist. des Actes ... de la Municipalité de Marseille, i. (1841) 372.

[2354] Revue archéologique, ix. (1852) 213.

[2355] Collection de Cartulaires de France, Paris, viii. (1857) pp. lxxiii-xci., Abbaye de St. Victor, Marseilles.

[2356] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 629.

[2357] Yule, Book of Ser Marco Polo, ii. (1871) 316.—See, however, Heyd, Levantehandel, II. (1879) 601.

[2358] [See Appendix].

[2359] Marinus Sanutus, Liber secretorum fidelium crucis, Hanoviæ (1611) 22.

[2360] Monardes, Historia de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, Sevilla, (1574) 99.

[2361] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1574-1660, Lond. 1860, p. 4; see also pp. 414, 434.

[2362] Renny, Hist. of Jamaica, Lond. 1807. 154.

[2363] Mr. Garside (Pharm. Journ. April 18, 1874) found both. We have not observed the carbonate to be used.

[2364] Statist. Abstract (as quoted p. 633, note 3), p. 71.

[2365] Curcuma from the Persian kurkum, a name applied also to saffron. The origin of the word Turmeric is not known to us; Terra merita seems to be a corruption of it.

[2366] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 9. (1876).

[2367] Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873. 11.

[2368] Raine, Wills and Inventories of the Archdeaconry of Richmond (Surtees Society), 1853. 277.

[2369] Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. iii. (1862) 206; also Science Papers, 254, fig. 11.—It is not wholly devoid of yellow colouring matter.

[2370] A good deal is exported from Takow in Formosa, but mostly to Chinese ports.—Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports of China for 1872. p. 106.

[2371] From information communicated by Mr. Binnendyk, of the Botanical Garden, Buitenzorg, Java.

[2372] The following is a striking experiment, showing some of these changes of colour:—Place a little crushed turmeric or the powder on blotting paper, and moisten it repeatedly with chloroform, allowing the latter to evaporate. There will thus be formed on the paper a yellow stain, which on addition of a slightly acidulated solution of borax and drying assumes a purple hue. If the paper is now sprinkled with dilute ammonia it will acquire a transient blue. This reaction enables one to recognize the presence of turmeric in powdered rhubarb or mustard.

[2373] Returns quoted at p. 571, note 2.

[2374] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Bombay for 1871-72, pt. ii. 95.

[2375] Monandrous Plants of the order Scitamineæ, Liverpool, 1828, especially Zingiber Cossumunar.

[2376] Galanga appears to be derived from the Arabic name Khulanjan, which in turn comes from the Chinese Kau-liang Kiang, signifying, as Dr. F. Porter Smith has informed us, Kau-liang ginger. Kau-liang is the ancient name of a district in the province of Kwangtung.

[2377] Journ. of Linnean Society, Botany, xiii. (1871) 1; also Trimen’s Journ. of Bot., ii. (1873) 175; Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 31 (1878).—Dr. Thwaites of Ceylon, who has the plant in cultivation, has been good enough to send us a fine coloured drawing of it in flower.

[2378] Work [quoted in the Appendix]—tome v. 294.

[2379] Géographie, i. (1836) 51.

[2380] De Rerum gradibus, Argentorati, 1531. 162.

[2381] Macer Floridus (see p. 627), cap. 70, was already acquainted with it.

[2382] Hanbury, Historical Notes on the Radix Galangæ of pharmacy—Journ. of Linnean Society, Bot. xiii. (1871) 20; Pharm. Journ. Sept. 23, 1871. 248; Science Papers, 370.

[2383] Archiv der Pharm. xix. (1839) 52.

[2384] From Elettari, the Mallyalim name of the plant.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 24 (1877).

[2385] The small “Cardamom“ island in the Laccadive group, west of Malabar, is inhabited by Moplahs, known (as we are informed by Dr. King, Calcutta) in the south of India as dealers in cardamoms.

[2386] Thwaites, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniæ, 1864. 318.

[2387] S. Hieronymi Opera Omnia, ed. Migne, ii. (1845) 297, in Patrologiæ cursus completus, vol. xxii.

[2388] In the work [quoted in the Appendix], i. (1836) 73, 51.—It is questionable whether Elettaria is intended at p. 51.

[2389] A long and curious article on cardamoms, by a pharmacist of Cairo, 13th century, named Abul Mena, is quoted by Leclerc, Histoire de la Médecine arabe, ii. (Paris, 1876) 215.

[2390] Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar, Hakluyt Society, 1866. 59. 64, 147. 154. etc.

[2391] In the work quoted at p. 547, note 8.

[2392] Hortus Malabaricus, xi. (1692) tab. 4-5.

[2393] Report on the Administration of Coorg for the year 1872-73, Bangalore, 1873. 44.

[2394] Elliot, Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore, Lond. ii. (1871) 201, 209.

[2395] Col. Beddome, Conservator of Forests, Madras. We have likewise to acknowledge information on this head from Dr. Brandia, Inspector-General of Forests in India, and Dr. King, Director of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

[2396] Report quoted at p. 645. note 1.

[2397] Elliot, op. cit., chap. 12.

[2398] Thus 202 lb. shelled at various times during 10 years, afforded 154½ lb. of seeds. (Information from the laboratory accounts of Messrs. Allen and Hanburys, Plough Court, Lombard Str.).

[2399] Pharm. Journ. iii. (1872) 208.

[2400] Statement of the Trade, etc. of Bombay for 1872-73. ii. 58. 90.

[2401] Ceylon Blue Book for 1872, Colombo, 1873. 543.

[2402] For additional information on the various sorts of Cardamom, consult Guibourt, Hist. des Drog. ii. (1869) 215-227; Pereira, Elements of Mat. Med. ii., part i. (1855) 243-263; Hanbury in Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 352. 416; Science Papers, 93-15.

[2403] Exoticorum Libri, 377. Yet it already occurs in the Dispensatorium of Valerius Cordus.

[2404] Hill, Hist. of the Mat. Med., Lond. (1751) 472.

[2405] Thus 43 bags, imported direct from Bangkok, were offered for sale in London, 26 March, 1857, and bought in at 1s. 6d. per lb.

[2406] Fig. in Guibourt, l. c. 215.

[2407] Commercial Report of H.M. Consul-General in Siam for 1871.

[2408] Science Papers, 102-103.

[2409] Moodeen Sheriff, Supplement to Pharmacopœia of India, Madras, 1869. 44. 270.

[2410] See figures in Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 418; also Science Papers, 1876, p. 101-103.

[2411] As by Pereira, Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. (1850) 1135.

[2412] According to Dr. King, in Sir Joseph Hooker’s Report on the Royal Gardens at Kew, 1877. 27.

[2413] Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, Edin. 1819. 74-75.

[2414] As the Tesaurus Aromatariorum, printed at Milan in 1496, in which it is called Heil or Gardamomum majus.

[2415] Figured in Pereira, Materia Medica ii. part i. (1855) 250, and already in Mattioli’s Commentar. in Dioscorid. lib. i. (1558) 27.

[2416] So named by Forskal in 1775 (Materia Medica Kahirina, 151. n. 41) who says “frequens in re culinariâ et medicâ, loco piperis.”

[2417] Letters on the commerce of Abyssinia, etc., addressed to the Foreign Office, 1852; 4. 16. 20.

[2418] Reise nach Abessinien, Jena, 1868. 223.

[2419] Journal of the discovery of the source of the Nile, 1863. 648.

[2420] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Medical Plants, part 30 (1878).

[2421] Rolandini Patavini Chronica—Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ historica; scriptores, xix. (1866) 45-46.—Yet qâfala, occurring in Edrisi, probably means grains of paradise.

[2422] De Compositione Medicamentorum; de antidotis, cap. xxii.

[2423] Clavis Sanationis, Venet. 1510. 19. 42.

[2424] Bibliothek d. lit. Vereins, Stuttgart, xvi. p. xxiii.

[2425] Meddygon Myddfai ([see Appendix]) 283. 286.

[2426] Sartorius and Lappenberg, Geschichte der Deutschen Hansa, ii. 448.

[2427] Doüet d’Arcq, 219, 266—see p. 533, note 2.

[2428] G. di Barros, Asia, Venet. 1561. 33 (65).

[2429] De componendorum miscendorumque medicamentorum ratione, libr. iv. Lugduni, 1556. 50.

[2430] Quoted at p. 589, note 4.

[2431] Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, ii. pt. 2.—First Voiage of the Primerose and Lion to Guinea and Benin, a.d. 1553.

[2432] Remedia Guineensia, Upsaliæ, p. 71.

[2433] I have repeatedly raised Amomum Melegueta from commercial Grains of Paradise, and have cultivated the plant for some years, obtaining not only flowers, but large well-ripened fruits containing fertile seeds.—D. H.

[2434] This oil was obtained and tried in medicine in the beginning of the 17th century.—Porta, De Distillatione, Romæ, 1608, lib. iv. c. 4.

[2435] Blue Book for the Colony of the Gold Coast in 1871.

[2436] Tchihatcheff enumerates 36 species of Orchis as occurring in Asia Minor.—Asie Mineure, Bot. ii. 1860.

[2437] The Indian species of Eulophia have been reviewed by Lindley in Journ. of Linn. Soc. Bot. iii. (1859) 23.

[2438] [See Appendix], Porta.

[2439] Salep is the Arabic for fox, and the drug is called in that language Khus yatu’s salab, i.e. fox’s testicle; or Khus yatu’l kalb, i.e. dog’s testicle. The word Orchis, and the old English names Dogstones, Foxstones, Harestones and Goatstones have all been given in allusion to the form of the tubers.

[2440] Mém. de l’Acad. des Sciences for 1740. 99.

[2441] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862. 9.

[2442] Powell, Economic Products of the Punjab, Roorkee, i. (1868) 261; Stewart, Punjab Plants, Lahore, 1869. 236.

[2443] As powdered salep is difficult to mix with water, many persons fail in preparing this decoction; but it may be easily managed by first stirring the salep with a little spirit of wine, then adding the water suddenly and boiling the mixture. The proportions are powdered salep 1 drachm, spirit 1½ fluid drachms, water ½ a pint.

[2444] Diminutive of the Spanish vaina, a pod or capsule.

[2445] Beautifully figured in Berg and Schmidt’s Offizinelle Gewächse, xxxiii. tab. a and b (1862).

[2446] Exotica (1605) lib. iii. c. 18. 72.

[2447] Rerum Medicarum Novæ Hispaniæ Thesaurus, Romæ, 1651. p. 38.—The original drawing was one of a series of 1200, executed at great cost in Mexico by order of the King of Spain during the previous century.

[2448] Ann. of Nat. Hist. iii. (1839) 1.

[2449] In Réunion it was introduced in 1839 by Perrottet, the well-known botanist. See Delteil, Etude sur la Vanille, Paris, 1874. 54 pages, 2 plates.

[2450] De Vanielje, Leyden, 1856. 22, with figures.

[2451] This juice like that of the squill has an irritating effect on the skin, a fact of which the cultivators in Mauritius are well aware.

[2452] Vanilla grown in Europe is devoid of such cells. We can fully corroborate this statement (first made by Berg) from the examination of very aromatic pods produced in 1871 at Hillfield House, Reigate. We have even failed in finding those cells in any vanilla of recent importation (1878).

[2453] Culture du vanillier au Mexique, in the Revue Coloniale, ii. (1849) 383-390; also J. W. von Müller, Reisen in ... Mexico, ii. (Leipzig, 1864) 284-290.

[2454] Documents Statistiques réunis par l’Administration des Douanes sur le Commerce de la France, année 1872, p. 64.

[2455] From observations made at Florence in the spring of 1872, I am led to regard the three species here named as quite distinct. The following comparative characters are perhaps worth recording:—

I. germanica—flower-stem scarcely 1½ times as tall as leaves; flowers more crowded than in I. pallida, varying in depth of colour but never pale blue.

I. pallida—bracts brown and scariose; flower-stem twice as high as leaves.

I. florentina—bracts green and fleshy; flower-stem short as in I. germanica; is a more tender plant than the other two, and blossoms a little later.—D. H.

[2456] For further information, consult Blümner, Die gewerbliche Thätigkeit der Völker des klassischen Alterthums, 1869. 57. 76. 83.

[2457] Flora Dalmatica, i. (1842) 116.

[2458] Dante, Divina commedia, cant. xvi.

[2459] De omnibus agriculturæ partibus, Basil. 1548. 219.

[2460] Dispensatorium, Norimb. 1529. 288.

[2461] Groves, Pharm. Journ. iii. (1872) 229.—We have also to thank him for information communicated personally.

[2462] The produce of some previous operations, in which 23 cwt. of orris was distilled, afforded but little over one-tenth per cent.

[2463] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 130.

[2464] Consular Reports, 1876. 1416.

[2465] The word Saffron is derived from the Arabic Asfar, yellow.

[2466] Chappellier has pointed out that Crocus sativus L. is unknown in a wild state, and that it hardly ever produces seed even though artificially fertilized; and has argued from these facts that it is probably a hybrid.—Bulletin de la Soc. bot. de France, xx. (1853) 191.

[2467] Canticles, ch. iv. 14.

[2468] Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde, iii. (1857) 52.

[2469] Istachri, Buch der Länder, übersetzt von Mordtmann, 87. 93. 124. 126; Edrisi, Géographie, trad. par Jaubert, 168. 192.

[2470] Bretschneider, Chinese Botanical Works, Foochow, 1870. 15.

[2471] Le Calendrier de Cordoue de l’année 961, Leyde, 1873. 33. 109.

[2472] Conrad et Waldmann, Traité du Safran du Gâtinais, Paris, 1846. (23 pages;—no authority quoted).

[2473] De Mas Latrie, Hist. de l’ile de Chypre, iii. 498.

[2474] Bourquelot, Foires de la Champagne, Mém. de l’Acad. des inscript. et belles-lettres de l’Institut, v. (1865) 286.

[2475] Groves, Pharm. Journ. vi. (1875) 215.

[2476] Inzenga, in Annali d’ Agricoltura Siciliana, i. (1851) 51.

[2477] Tragus, De Stirpium, etc. 1552, p. 763; Ochs, Geschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Basel, iii. (1819) 189.

[2478] Morant, Hist. and Antiq. of Essex, ii. (1768) 545.

[2479] The other sorts are “Safren Calulome” and “Safren Noort.”—Archives générales du Pas de Calais, quoted by Dorvault, Revue pharmaceutique de 1858. p. 58.

[2480] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 1023.

[2481] Douglass, Phil. Trans. Nov. 1728. 566.

[2482] Description of Essex, Camden Society, 1840. 8.

[2483] Morant, op. cit.; Lysons, Magna Britannia, vol. ii. pt. i. (1808) 36. Lysons records that at Fulbourn, a village near Cambridge, there had been no tithe of saffron since 1774.

[2484] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pisa dal xii. al xiv. secolo, iii. (1857) 101.

[2485] Riley, Memorials of London and London Life in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, 1868. 120.

[2486] De la Mare, Traité de la Police, Paris, iii. (1719) 428.

[2487] J. F. Roth, Geschichte des Nürnbergischen Handels, 1800-1802, iv. 221.

[2488] Eight lots of saffron weighing in toto 61 lb., dried at various times during the course of nine years, lost 7 lb. 2¼ oz., i.e. 11·7 per cent.—(Laboratory records of Messrs. Allen & Hanburys, Plough Court, Lombard Street.)

[2489] Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht for 1868. 35.

[2490] Bulletin de la Société impériale d’acclimatation, Avril, 1869.

[2491] Mém. de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1728. p. 100.

[2492] Etude micrographique de la maladie du Safran, connue sous le nom de tacon.

[2493] Statistical Tables relating to Foreign Countries (Blue Book) 1870. 286. 289.

[2494] Dumesnil, l. c.

[2495] Bellew, From the Indus to the Tigris, Lond. 1874. 304.

[2496] Hügel, Kaschmir, ii. (1840) 274.—Powell, Punjab Products, i. (1868) 449.—Pharm. Journ. vi. (1875) 279.

[2497] Proc. of the American Pharm. Assoc. 1866. 254.

[2498] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73. pt. ii. 30.

[2499] Science Papers, 368.

[2500] Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 21 (1877).

[2501] On the study of Chinese botanical works, Foochow, 1870. 27.

[2502] J. J. Berlu, The Treasury of Drugs Unlocked, London, 1724, no doubt had before him the areca nuts in speaking of “Nuces indicæ (see also p. 503, note 2), like a nutmeg in shape, in chewing turns red; it is said they will make one drunk ... but I could never find it.”

[2503] Ceylon Blue Books.

[2504] From the returns quoted at p. 571, note 5.

[2505] Beautifully figured by Blume, Rumphia, ii. (1836) tab. 131-132.

[2506] Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar (Hakluyt Society), 1866. 30. 191-197.

[2507] Knowledge possessed by the Chinese of the Arabs, etc., 1871.

[2508] Pars. v. (1747) 114-115. tab. 58.

[2509] Rumphia, iii. (1847) 9. tab. 131. 132.

[2510] Phil. Trans. 1839. 134; 1840. 384.

[2511] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. (1866) 387.

[2512] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. 388; also Annalen der Chemie, cxx. (1861) 68.

[2513] Low, Sarawak, its inhabitants and productions, 1848. 43.

[2514] The present price, £3 to £11 per cwt., sufficiently indicates this.

[2515] Voyage of Nearchus and Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, translated by Vincent, Oxford, 1809. 90.

[2516] Sontheimer’s ed. i. 104. 426. ii. 117.

[2517] L’Asia, sec. deca. Venet. 1561. p. 10. a.

[2518] Travels in Arabia, Lond. 1838. ii. 449.

[2519] Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 385.

[2520] Aegypten, Leipzig, 1863.

[2521] On Hildebrandt’s East African Plants, Journ. of Bot. xv. (1877) 71.

[2522] Histological observations on the structure of the stem, accompanied by excellent figures, will be found in a memoir by Rauwenhoff (Bijdrage tot de kennis van Dracæna Draco, pp. 55. tabb. 5) in the Verhand. d. Kon. Acad. v. Wetensch., afd. Natuurk. x. 1863.

[2523] It was destroyed in 1867 by a hurricane.

[2524] Ramusio, Raccolta delle Navigationi et Viaggi, Venet. i. 97.

[2525] Kunstmann, Abhandlungen der Baierischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vii. (1855) 342. et seq.

[2526] Teutsche Speiskammer, Strassburg, 1550. ciiii.

[2527] Rariorum Stirpium Historia, Antv. 1576. 520.

[2528] Hortus medicus et philosophicus, Francof. 1588. 5.

[2529] Treasury of Drugs, ed. ii. 1724. 115.

[2530] See also Trimen in Journ. of Botany, ix. (1871) 163.

[2531] Mat. Med. of Hindoostan, Madras, 1813. 54.

[2532] Exod. xxx. 23; Cant. iv. 14; Ezek. xxvii. 19.—See also page 715, footnote 2.

[2533] In Diosc. de Mat. Med. Enarrationes, Argent. 1554. 33.

[2534] Hortus Malabar, xi (1692) tab. 48. 49.

[2535] Flückiger, Documente (quoted page 562), 78.

[2536] Apparatus Medicaminum, v. 40.

[2537] This was possibly alluded to by Albertus Magnus (a.d. 1193-1280), who says:—(Calamus aromaticus)—nascitur in India et Ethiopia sub cancro, et habet interius ex parte concava “pellem subtilem, sicut telæ sunt aranearum.”—De Vegetabilibus, Jessen’s ed. 1867. 376. We suppose the drug under notice was intended.

[2538] Hence the practice of peeling the rhizome which prevails in some parts of the Continent ought to be abandoned.

[2539] From the Syriac Alwai.

[2540] Aloë arborescens, A. purpurascens, and A. vulgaris may be seen luxuriantly growing in Valencia, Granada, Gibraltar.

[2541] Dyer in Gardeners’ Chronicle, May 2, 1874, with figures.

[2542] Good figures of Aloë africana, A. arborescens, A. ferox, A. purpurascens, A. socotrina, and A. vulgaris will be found in the work Monographia generis Aloës et Mesembryanthemi, auctore Jos. Principe de Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck, Bonnae, 1836-1863. fol.

[2543] Floræ Capensis Medicæ Prodromus, ed. 2, 1857. 41.

[2544] In the above revision of the medicinal species of Aloë we have made free use of the observations on the same subject mentioned in the Dictionnaire de Botanique. We have also had the advantage of consulting W. Wilson Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., whose long familiarity with these plants in cultivation impart great weight to his opinion.

[2545] Géographie d’Edrisi, i. (1836) 47.

[2546] Marco Polo, ii. 343.

[2547] Anciennes Relations des Indes et de la Chine de deux Voyageurs Mahométans, qui y allèrent dans le neuvième siècle, traduites de l’Arabe, Paris, 1718. 113.

[2548] Tome iii. 36.—[See Appendix].

[2549] Alexander Trallianus, in Puschmann’s edition ([quoted in the Appendix]), i. 578, speaks of Αλόης ὴπατίτιὸυς—Aloë hepatica.

[2550] See p. 439. note 1.

[2551] [See Appendix].

[2552] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Japan, 1513-1616, Lond. 1862.

[2553] Journ. of the Roy. Geograph. Soc. v. (1835) 129-229.

[2554] History of Barbadoes, Lond. 1673. 98.

[2555] Dale’s Pharmacologia (1693) 361.

[2556] Thunberg, Travels in Asia, Europe and Africa, ii. 49. 50.

[2557] Fig. in Royle, Illustr. of the Himalayan Bot. etc. (1839) tab. 36. See also Dictionnaire de Botanique.

[2558] Hanbury, Science Papers, 1876. 263; also Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873. 37. (Archiv der Pharm. cci. 511).—For full historical information see Heyd, Levantehandel, ii. (1879), 559.

[2559] The cells lettered e in Berg’s figure C, plate iv. f. of his “Offizinelle Gewächse.”

[2560] The cells d, in Berg’s figure.

[2561] This central pulpy tissue is quite tasteless, and is actually used as food in times of scarcity in some parts of India.—Stewart, Punjab Plants, 1869. 232.

[2562] For the particulars we here give respecting Barbados aloes, we have cordially to thank Sir R. Bowcher Clarke, Chief Justice of Barbados, and also Major-General Munro, stationed (1874) at Barbados in command of troops.

[2563] Some extremely fine Barbados aloes in the London market in 1842 was said to have been manufactured in a vacuum-pan.

[2564] Oudemans, Handleiding tot de Pharmacognosie, 1865. 316.

[2565] Under date May 7, 1871, addressed to myself.—D. H.

[2566] Visit to Mauritius and South Africa, 1844. 157, also 121.

[2567] As Macer Floridus in the 10th century, who writes:—

“Sunt Aloës species geminæ, quæ subrubet estque

Intus sicut hepar cum frangitur, hæc epatite

Dicitur et magnas habet in medicamine vires,

Utilior piceo quæ fructa colore videtur.”

[2568] Thus the pale, liver-coloured aloes of Natal is invariably associated with the transparent Cape Aloes, simply from the fact that the two drugs have a similar smell. Again, the aloes of Curaçao is at once recognized by its odour, which an experienced druggist pronounces to be quite different from that of the aloes produced in Barbados.

[2569] The average loss as estimated in the drying of 560 lb., upon several occasions, was about 14 per cent.—Laboratory statistics, communicated by Messrs. Allen and Hanburys, London.

[2570] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1871-72, pt. ii. 19.

[2571] We have to thank J. W. Akerman, Esq., of Pietermaritzburg, for the foregoing information as to the manufacture of this drug.

[2572] Blue Books for the Colony of Natal for 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872.

[2573] The average yield of aqueous extract made by the pharmacopœia process from commercial Socotrine aloes containing about 14 per cent. of water, was found from the record of five experiments, in which 179 lb. were used, to be 62·7 per cent. Barbados aloes, which is always much drier, afforded on an average 80 per cent.

[2574] Most beautiful specimens have been presented to each of us by these gentlemen.

[2575] Pharm. Journ. April 28, 1872. 845.—See also Nov. 5, 1870. 375.

[2576] The best crystals can be got by this solvent.

[2577] Flückiger, Crystalline Principles in Aloes,—Pharm. Journ. September 2, 1871. 195.

[2578] Rapidly fading in the case of barbaloïn, but permanent with nataloïn unless heat be applied.

[2579] These reactions may be sometimes got even with the crude drugs.

[2580] Pharm. Journ. Sept. 21, 1872. 235.

[2581] By R. V. Tuson, London, 1869.

[2582] Journ. of Linn. Soc., Bot., xiii. (1872) 221.—The genus Urginea has flat, discoid seeds, while in Scilla proper they are triquetrous. The name Urginea was given in allusion to the Algerian tribe Ben Urgin, near Bona, where Steinheil (1834) examined this plant.

[2583] Haller, Bibliotheca botanica, i. 12.

[2584] We have found that the slimy juice of the leaves of Agapanthus umbellatus Hérit., which is very rich in spicular crystals, also occasions when rubbed on the skin both itching and redness, lasting for several hours.

[2585] This is the name applied to the lævogyrate uncrystallizable glucose produced, together with crystallizable dextro-glucose, by decomposing cane-sugar by means of dilute acids.

[2586] In 1834 first proposed, by Marquart, for inulin.

[2587] In Greece they have even attempted to manufacture alcohol by fermenting and distilling squill bulbs.—Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, 1862. 7.

[2588] Reprinted from the Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft der Aerzte zu Wien, No. 42 (1864). Abstracted also in Canstatt’s Jahresbericht 1864. 19, and 1865. 238.

[2589] Pappe, Floræ Medicæ Capensis Prodromus, ed. 2, 1857. 41.

[2590] Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India, Madras, 1869. 250.

[2591] Saunders, Refugium Botanicum, iii. (1870) appendix, p. 12.

[2592] Suppl. to the Pharm. of India, 250.

[2593] Pappe, op. cit. 42.

[2594] Those who wish to study the question, can consult Murray’s Apparatus Medicaminum. vol. v. (1790) 142-146.

[2595] Beitr. zur gerichtl. Chemie, St Petersb., 1872. 95.

[2596] For good specimens of which I am indebted to Dr. Weppen.—F. A. F.

[2597] The name Green Hellebore is sometimes applied to this drug, but it properly belongs to Helleborus viridis L., which is medicinal in some parts of Europe.

[2598] Sims in contrasting Veratrum viride with V. album observes that the flowers of the former are “more inclined to a yellow green,” the petals broader and more erect, with the margins, especially about the claw, thickened and covered with a white mealiness. Bot. Mag. xxvii. (1808) tab. 1096.—Regel has described four varieties of Veratrum album L., as occurring in the region of the Lower Ussuri and Amurland, one of which, var. γ., he has identified with the American V. viride.—Tentamen Floræ Ussuriensis, St. Petersb. 1761. 153.

[2599] New England’s Rarities discovered, Lond. 1672. 43; also Account of two Voyages to New England, Lond., 1674, 60. 76.

[2600] Travels in North America, vol. ii. (1771) 91.

[2601] Am. Journ. of Pharm. iv. (1839) 89.

[2602] Proc. of Am. Pharm. Assoc. 1862. 226.

[2603] Ibid., 1877. 439. 523.

[2604] Cutter, Lancet, Jan. 4, Aug. 16, 1862; Pharm. Journ. iv. (1863) 134.

[2605] American Medical Botany, ii. (1819) 121-136.

[2606] Cours d’Hist. Nat. Pharm. i. (1828) 319.

[2607] Medizinische Jahrbücher, xix. (Vienna, 1863) 129-148.

[2608] Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharmacie, xviii. (1868) 50; also Wiggers and Husemann’s Jahresbericht, xviii. 1868. 505.

[2609] Berg u. Schmidt, Offiz. Gewächse, i. (1858) tab. ix. e. “Sabadilla officinarum.”

[2610] Ernst, communication to the Linnean Society of London, 15 Dec., 1870.

[2611] Veratrum Sabadilla Retzius is stated by Lindley (Flora Medica, p. 586) to be a native of Mexico and the West Indian Islands, and to furnish a portion of the cebadilla seeds of commerce. The plant is unknown to us: we have searched for it in vain in the herbaria of Kew and the British Museum. It is not mentioned as West Indian by Grisebach (Flor. of Brit. W. I. Islands, 1864; Cat. Plant. Cubensium, 1866). The figure by Descourtilz (Flor. méd. des Antilles, iii. 1827. t. 1859) who had the plant growing at St. Domingo, shows it to resemble Veratrum album L., and therefore to be very different from Asagræa.

[2612] Murray, Apparatus Medicaminum, v. (1790) 171; Mérat and De Lens, Dict. Mat. Méd. vi. (1834) 862.

[2613] Peyrilhe, Cours. d’Hist. Nat. Méd. ii. (1804) 490.

[2614] So called from Schlechtendal’s name for the plant, Veratrum officinale.

[2615] His description is exact, except that he declares the corm to have a sweet taste, which seems not true for Colchicum autumnale, but may be so for some other species.

[2616] The term corm is applied by English writers to the short, fleshy, bulb-shaped base of an annual stem, either lateral as in Colchicum, or terminal as in Crocus. By many continental botanists, the corm of Colchicum is regarded either as a form of tuber, or of bulb.

[2617] Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für praktische Heilkunde, 1856, Nos. 22-24; also Wiggers, Jahresbericht der Pharm. 1856. 15.

[2618] This is the average obtained during ten years in drying 16 cwt., in the laboratory of Messrs. Allen and Hanburys, London.

[2619] The Bitter Hermodactyl of Royle is not in our opinion the produce of a Colchicum at all; see also Cooke in Pharm. Journ. April 1, 1871.

[2620] Ann. des Sciences Nat., Bot., iv. (1855) 132; abstract in Pharm. Journ. xv. (1856) 465.

[2621] London Medical Repository, Aug. 1, 1820.

[2622] Pharm. Journ. ix. (1867) 249.

[2623] Proc. Americ. Pharm. Assoc. 1867. 363.

[2624] The common Smilax aspera L., of Southern Europe, is a plant which presents such diversity of foliage, that if like its congeners of Tropical America, it were known only by a few leafy scraps preserved in herbaria, it would assuredly have been referred to several species.

[2625] Kunth, Synopsis Plant. i. (1822) 278.—Smilax officinalis is a large, strong climber, attaining a height of 40 to 50 feet, with a perfectly square stem armed with prickles at the angles. The leaves are often a foot in length, of variable form, being triangular, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, either gradually narrowing towards the apex or rounded and apiculate, and at the base either attenuated into the petiole, or truncate, or cordate. They are usually 5-nerved, the 3 inner nerves being prominent and enclosing an elliptic area. The flowers are in stalked umbels. A fine specimen of the plant is most luxuriantly growing since many years in the Royal Gardens, Kew, but has not flowered.

[2626] We owe them to the kindness of H. J. Kemble, Esq., who procured them, with specimens of the root, from the Government garden at Castleton.

[2627] Figured in Nees von Esenbeck’s Plantæ Medicinales, suppl. tab. 7.

[2628] Lamarck, Encyclopédie méthodique, Bot., vi. 1804. 468.

[2629] Flor. Bras. i. (1842-71) tab. 1.

[2630] It must not be supposed that all species of Smilax are capable of furnishing the drug. There are many, even South American, which like the S. aspera of Europe, have thin, wiry roots, which would never pass for medicinal sarsaparilla.

[2631] Monographiæ phanerogamarum, i. (1878) 6-199.

[2632] Pages 18 and 88 of the work [quoted in the Appendix].

[2633] Parte primera de la Chronica del Peru, Sevilla, 1553, folio lxix.—a translation for the Hakluyt Society in 1864, by Markham, who observes that Cieza de Leon never himself visited Guayaquil.

[2634] Curationum medicinalium centuriæ quatuor, Basileæ, 1556. 365.

[2635] De Pudendagra lue Hispanica, libri duo, first published at Toulouse in 1553, and many times reprinted. We have consulted the Antwerp edition of 1564, with which Cardano’s work is printed. The latter is said to have first appeared in 1559.

[2636] Basileæ, 1559, fol.

[2637] Flückiger, Documente (quoted at p. 404, note 7) 24.

[2638] [See Appendix].

[2639] Herball, enlarged by Johnson, 1636. 859.

[2640] We have been kindly permitted to examine the fresh root of the large plant of Smilax officinalis in the Royal Gardens, Kew; and have found that it agrees in appearance and in structure with Jamaica sarsaparilla.

[2641] For more particulars consult Vandercolme, Histoire bot. et thérapeut. des Salsepareilles, Paris, 1870, 127 pp., 3 plates; and Otten, in Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1876. 74.

[2642] Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 470, with figure.

[2643] We noticed 66 rolls of it from Pará, offered for sale 15 Dec. 1853.—D. H.

[2644] The connexion between Jamaica and Central America dates back from the time of Charles II., during whose reign (1661-85), the king of the Mosquito Territory, a district never conquered by the Spaniards, applied to the governor of Jamaica for protection, which was accorded. The protectorate lasted until 1860, when Mosquitia was ceded to the government of Nicaragua.

[2645] Nat. Hist. of Jamaica, i. (1707), introduction, p. lxxxvi.

[2646] Blue Books—Island of Jamaica for 1870 and 1871.

[2647] Journ. of Linn. Soc., Bot., iv. (1860) 185.

[2648] Vice-Consul Smith on the commerce of Ecuador—Consular Reports, presented to Parliament, July, 1872.

[2649] Yearbook of Pharm. 1878. 136.

[2650] See Christophson, in Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1874. 155.

[2651] Elements of Mat. Med. ii. (1850) 1168.

[2652] “Sankira,” p. 783 in the first work [quoted in the Appendix]; another fig. will be found in Nees von Esenbeck’s Plantæ medicinales, Düsseldorf, 1828.

[2653] Trimen’s Journ. of Bot. i. (1872) 102.—S. glabra and S. lanceæfolia have been figured by Seemann in his Botany of the Herald, 1852-57, tabb. 99-100. S. China is well represented in the Kew Herbarium, where we have examined specimens from Nagasaki, Hakodadi, and Yokohama; from Loochoo, Corea, Formosa, Ningpo; and Indian ones from Khasia, Assam, and Nepal.

[2654] Edit. by Conrad Gesner, fol. 212 of the work [quoted in the Appendix].

[2655] ... Bericht der Natur ... der Wurtzel China, Würzburg, 1548. 4°.

[2656] The earliest of which is by Andreas Vesalius, Epistola rationem, modumque pro pinandi radicis Chymae (sic!) decocti, quo nuper invictissimus Carolus V. imperator usus est, Venet., 1546.

[2657] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, pp. 34, 154, and the same for 1874.

[2658] See p. 324, note 2.—We quote this statement with reserve, knowing that both Chinese and Europeans sometimes confound China root with the singular fungoid production termed Pachyma Cocos. The first is called in Chinese Tu-fuh-ling,—the second Fuh-ling or Pe-fuh-ling.—See Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. iii. (1862) 421; and Science Papers, 202. 267.—F. Porter Smith, Mat. Med. and Nat. Hist. of China, 1871. 198; Dragendorff, Volksmedicin Turkestans in Buchner’s Repertorium, xxii. (1873) 135.

[2659] De Candolle’s monograph, quoted at p. 705, note 4, may be consulted on the above species.

[2660] Erdkunde von Asien, ix. West-Asien, Berlin, 1840. pp. 230-291.

[2661] The learned investigations of Heyd, Levantehandel, ii. (1879) 665-667, afford exhaustive information about the medicinal history of sugar.

[2662] The production which the English translators of the Bible have rendered Sweet Cane, and which is alluded to by the prophets Isaiah (ch. xliii. 24) and Jeremiah (ch. vi. 20) as a commodity imported from a distant country, has been the subject of much discussion. Some have supposed it to be the sugar cane; others, an aromatic grass (Andropogon). In our opinion, there is more reason to conclude that it was Cassia Bark.

[2663] Lib. ii. c. 104.

[2664] Bretschneider, Chinese Botanical Works, 1870. 46.

[2665] Ritter, l.c. 286.

[2666] P. 57 of the book [quoted in the Appendix].

[2667] Le Calendrier de Cordoue de l’année 961, par R. Dozy, Leyde, 1873. 25. 41. 91.

[2668] There are several in the neighbourhood of Malaga.

[2669] Riedesel, Travels through Sicily, Lond. 1773. 67.

[2670] Marin, Commercio de’ Veneziani, v. 306.

[2671] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 633. 641.

[2672] Ordonnances des rois de France, ii. (1729) 535.

[2673] Several other varieties of sugar occurring in the mediæval literature are explained in the Documente (quoted at page 404, footnote 7) p. 32.

[2674] Yule, Book of Ser Marco Polo, ii. (1871) 79. 171. 180. &c.

[2675] Letters of Christ. Columbus (Hakluyt Society) 1870. 81-84.

[2676] De Candolle, Géogr. botanique, 836.

[2677] The value of the sugar exported from Natal in 1871 reached the astonishing amount of £180,496 and £135,201 in 1876.

[2678] Yet owing to the gold discoveries, the propagation of the cane in Australia was little thought of until about 1866 or 1867, when small lots of sugar were made.

[2679] Consul Rogers, Report on the Trade of Cairo for 1872, presented to Parliament.

[2680] Expériences chymiques faites dans le dessein de tirer un véritable sucre de diverses plantes qui croissent dans nos contrées, par Mr. Marggraf, traduit du latin—Hist. de l’Académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres, année 1747 (Berlin 1749) 79-90.

[2681] And also that of milk sugar, which was then much used on the Continent to adulterate cane-sugar.

[2682] Produce Markets Review, March 28, 1868.

[2683] 2,255,249 quintals (one quintal = 108 lb. avdp.) in 1876.

[2684] 120,030 hhds (one hogshead = 1,792 lb.) in 1876.

[2685] 114,968,384 lb. in 1876.

[2686] 38,013 hhds. in 1876.

[2687] 29,074 hhds. in 1876.

[2688] Stems of American sugar cane, dried at 100° C., yielded 4 per cent of ash, nearly half of which was silica.—Popp, in Wiggers’ Jahresbericht, 1870. 35.

[2689] The plan of obtaining a syrup by macerating the sliced fresh cane, has been tried in Guadaloupe, but abandoned owing to some practical difficulties in exhausting the cane and in carrying on the evaporation of the liquors with sufficient rapidity. Experiments for extracting a pure syrup by means of cold water from the sliced and dried cane, seem to promise good results.—See a paper by Dr. H. S. Mitchell in Journ. of Soc. of Arts, Oct. 23, 1868.

[2690] Annales de Chimie et de Physique, v. (1865) 350-410.—See also, for Cuba, Alvaro Reynoso Ensayo sobre el cultivo de la caña de Azúcar, Madrid, 1865. 359.—For British Guiana, Catal. of Contributions from Brit. Guiana to Paris Exhib. 1867. pp. xxxviii.-xli.

[2691] Aconitic Acid (p. 11) has been met with by Behr (1877) in West Indian molasses.

[2692] It is commonly stated that three parts can be dissolved in one of cold water; but this is not the fact.

[2693] A word of Sanskrit origin, corrupted from the Canarese sharkari.

[2694] Journ. de Pharm. i. (1865) 270.

[2695] Consul Kortright, in Consular Reports presented to Parliament, July 1872, p. 988.

[2696] Introduced into Europe in 1850, by M. de Montigny, French Consul at Shanghai.—Sicard, Monographie de la Canne à sucre de la Chine, dite Sorgho à sucre, Marseille, 1856; Joulie, Journ. de Pharm. i. (1865) 188.

[2697] How the word Treacle came to be transferred from its application to an opiate medicine to become a name for molasses, we know not. In the description of sugar-making given by Salmon in his English Physician or Druggist’s Shop opened, Lond. 1663, treacle is never mentioned, but only “melussas.”

[2698] Landolt, Zeitschr. für analyt. Chem. vii. (1868) 1-29.

[2699] On Chinese Botanical Works, etc., Foochow, 1870. 7. 8.

[2700] Metapontum lay in the plain between the rivers Bradano and Basento in the gulf of Taranto.

[2701] He actually examined wheat, not barley; we assume the chemical constitution of the two grains to be similar.

[2702] Wittstein, Vierteljahresschr. für prakt. Pharm. xii. (1863) 4-23.

[2703] Major-General Munro has at our request investigated the botanical characters of the fragrant species of Andropogon, and examined a numerous suite of specimens in our possession. The synonyms in foot-notes are given upon his authority.

[2704] A. Martini Thwaites, Enum. Plantarum Zeylaniæ nec aliorum.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 28 (1878).

[2705] A. citratum A.P. De Candolle, Catalogus Plantarum Horti Botanici Monspeliensis, 1813; A. Schœnanthus Wallich, Plant. Asiat. rariores, iii. (1832) tab. 280; Roxburgh, Flora Indica, i. (1820) 278, quoad observationes, sed non quoad diagnosis.

[2706] Ventenat, Jardin de Cels, 1803. tab. 89; A. Martini Roxb. Flor. Ind. i. (1820) 280; A. pachnodes Trinius, Species Graminum, iii. (1836) tab. 327; A. Calamus aromaticus Royle, Illustrations of Bot. of Himalayan Mountains, 1839. tab. 97.

[2707] Ephemerides Naturæ Curiosorum, cent. v.-vi. (1717), appendix 157.

[2708] Pharmacopœia of India, 1868. 465.

[2709] Straits Settlements Blue Book for 1872, Singapore, 1873. 465.

[2710] Mem. of Chem. Soc. ii. (1845) 122.

[2711] In addition to which, there were “842 dozens and 33 packages” of the same oil shipped to the United States. One ounce equal to 31·1 grammes.

[2712] The foliage of the large odoriferous species of Andropogon is used in India for thatching. It is eaten voraciously by cattle, whose flesh and milk become flavoured with its strong aroma.

[2713] 50 cases, containing about 2250 lb., imported from Bombay, were offered as “Rose Oil” at public sale, by a London drug-broker, 31 July, 1873.

[2714] See p. 267.

[2715] Cuscus, otherwise written Khus-khus, a name adopted by the English in India, is probably from the Persian Khas. Vetti-ver is the Malyalim name of the plant.

[2716] Proc. of Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, Aug. 1873. 161.

[2717] De virtute simplicium, cap. i. (Agrostis).

[2718] De medicamentis, cap. xxvi.

[2719] Tetrabibli primæ, sermo i.

[2720] As in the Herbarius Pataviæ printed in 1485, in which it is said of Gramen—“aqua decoctionis ejus ... valet contra dissuriam ... et frangit lapidem et curat vulnera vesicæ et provocat urinam....”

[2721] Herball, part 2, 1568. 13.

[2722] Archiv der Pharm. 203. (1873) 17.

[2723] Della Cinodina, nuovo prodotto organico, trovato nella gramigna officinale, Cynodon Dactylon.—Opere minori di Giovanni Semmola, Napoli, 1841.—Abstracted in the Jahresbericht of Berzelius, Tübingen, 1845. 535.

[2724] The few particulars may be found in the excellent description of Lycopodium in Luerssen’s “Medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik,” i. (Leipzig, 1878) 635, with figures.

[2725] Schröder, Pharmacopœia Medico-chymica, ed. 4, Lugd. 1656. 538.—Flückiger, “Documente” (quoted p. 404) 63. 68.

[2726] Pharmacologia, Lond. 1693.

[2727] Especially L. annotinum, L. complanatum and L. inundatum.

[2728] Murray, Apparatus medicaminum, v. (1790) 453-471.

[2729] Lib. 4, cap. 156 of the work [quoted in the Appendix].

[2730] Medicin-chymische Apotheke, Nürnberg, 1656. 20.

[2731] P. 547 of the work [quoted in the Appendix].

[2732] Cornaz, Les familles médicales de la ville de Neuchâtel, 1864. 20.

[2733] Traitement contre le Ténia ou ver solitaire, pratiqué à Morat en Suisse, examiné et éprouvé à Paris. Publié par ordre du Roi, 1775. 4°, pp. 30. 3 plates, one representing the plant, its rhizome and leaves.—Also English translation by Dr. Simmons, London, 1778. 8°.

[2734] Bibliothèque Universelle, xxx. (1825) 205; xxx. (1826) 326.

[2735] For a full account of the growth and structure of that rhizome see Luerssen, Medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik, i. (1878) 504. 561.

[2736] The chemical nature of this body remains to be ascertained. The crystals are probably Filicic Acid, accompanied by chlorophyl and essential oil.

[2737] Journal de Médecine de Bruxelles, 1867 and 1868—also in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1869. 21.

[2738] Cetraria from cetra, an ancient shield of hide, in allusion to the circular apothecia.

[2739] These names are generally applied in Scandinavia and Iceland to the smaller cryptogams, as lichens, true mosses, lycopodium, etc.

[2740] Hist. stirpium, [quoted in the Appendix].

[2741] Bergius, Materia Medica, Stockholm, ii. (1778) 856.

[2742] Flückiger, Documente, quoted at page 404.

[2743] Murray, Apparatus Medicaminum, v. (1790) 510.

[2744] For an exhaustive account and figures see Luerssen (quoted at p. 734) p. 176.

[2745] Recherches sur les gonidies des Lichens.—Ann. des Sciences nat. Bot. xvii. (1873) 45-110; 11 plates; also xix. (1874) 314-320.—For a complete abstract of these and all the more recent investigations on this subject, see Luerssen (l.c.) 186 et seq.

[2746] The various mucilages and gums yield from 4 to 20 per cent. of ash, but lichenin yields none.

[2747] Cat. of Spanish Productions,—London Exhibition, 1851.

[2748] Dingler’s Polytechnisches Journal, 197 (1870) 177; also Chemisches Centralblatt, 1870. 607.

[2749] From the French ergot, anciently argot, a cock’s spur.

[2750] Consult Pliny’s Nat. Hist. book 18. ch. 44.

[2751] Kreuterbuch, ed. 1582. 285 (not in the edition of 1560).

[2752] Sylva Hercynia, Francof. 1588. 47.

[2753] Pinax Theatri Botanici, Basil. 1623. 23.

[2754] Hist. Plant. ii. (1693) 1241.

[2755] Stillé, Therapeutics and Mat. Med. ii. (1868) 609.

[2756] From 1825 to 1828 the wholesale price of ergot of rye in London was from 36s. to 50s. per lb., that is to say, from twelve to fifteen times its present value.

[2757] Pereira, Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. (1850) 1007.

[2758] Consult Häser, Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin und der Volkskrankheiten, 1845. i. 256. 830, ii. 94; C. F. Heusinger, Recherches de Pathologie comparée, Cassel, i. (1853) 543-554; Mérat et De Lens, Dict. Mat. Med. iii. 131, vii. 268.

[2759] Tissot of Lausanne, Phil. Trans. lv. (1766) 106.—See also Dodart, Mém. de l’ Acad. R. des Sciences, x., années 1666-1699 (Paris, 1730) 561; Hist. de la Soc. Roy. de Méd., année 1776. 345; and Mém. de Méd. et de Phys. méd. année 1776. 260-311. 417.

[2760] Th. von Heuglin, Reise nach Abessinien etc. Jena, 1868. 180.

[2761] Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht for 1870. 582.

[2762] Ann. des Sciences nat., Bot., xx. (1853) 1-56 and 4 plates.—More recent observations will be found in St. Wilson’s paper, Trans. of the Bot. Society of Edinburgh, xli. (1876) 418-434 with figures; and especially in Luerssen (quoted at p. 735) 156, et seqq.

[2763] Ergot of rye collected by myself in August, placed upon earth in a garden-pot and left in the open air unprotected through the winter, began to develop the Claviceps on the 20th March, and on another occasion on the 20th April, at which date some sowed in February also began to start, Sharp frost appears to retard the vegetation; thus, after the cold winter of 1869-70, Claviceps, even in the greenhouse, did not make its appearance before the 11th May. The earliest instance of fully developed ergots which I ever observed, occurred on the 11th of June; more frequently they are seen only in the beginning of July.—F. A. F.

[2764] Archiv der Pharm. cxliv. (1870) 200.

[2765] The name Ergotine has also been given to a medicinal extract of ergot, prepared after a method devised by Bonjean, a pharmacien of Chambéry, vide Journ. de Pharm. iv. (1843) 107; Pereira, Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. (1850) 1012.

[2766] See Müntz in Comptes Rendus, lxxvi. (1873) 649.

[2767] The red colour of an alcoholic solution may serve for the detection of small quantities of ergot in flour. The reaction with potash, and evolution of the characteristic odour of herring brine may assist in the same object. Extraction of the fatty oil with carbon bisulphide may also be recommended as a test, inasmuch as good cereal grains contain but a very small percentage of fat.

[2768] De l’Ergot de Froment et de ses propriétés méd. (thèse) Montpellier, 1862.

[2769] Etude sur l’Ergot du Diss, Alger et Paris, 1863; Journ. de Pharm. i. (1865) 444.

[2770] Carrageen in Irish signifies moss of the rock. We learn from an Irish scholar that it would be more correctly written carraigeen.

[2771] Plantar. hist. universal. Oxon. iii. tab. 11.

[2772] See Luerssen (quoted at p. 734) i. 124 et seq.

[2773] Alcohol, glycerin or a fatty oil are the liquids most suited for the microscopic examination of this drug.

[2774] Journ. de Pharm. ii. (1865) 159.

[2775] Bates in Amer. Journ. of Pharm. 1868. 417; also Pharm. Journ. xi. (1869) and viii. (1877) 304.

[2776] A person must eat a pound of stiff jelly made of the powdered seaweed before he would have swallowed half an ounce of dry solid matter.

[2777] Fig. in Luerssen (quoted at p. 734) 126.

[2778] For convenience we accept the popular name of moss, though it is no longer in accordance with the signification of the word in modern science (see p. 737, note 2).

[2779] The Pharmacopœia of India (1868) names Sphærococcus confervoides Ag. (Gracillaria Grev.), a plant of the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean, not uncommon on the shores of Britain, as furnishing a portion of the drug under notice. Specimens which we have examined are widely different in structure from S. lichenoides, and are apparently devoid of starch.

[2780] Herb. Amboin. vi. lib. xi c. 56.

[2781] Indian Journ. of Med. Science, Calcutta, March, 1834; Bengal Dispensatory, 1841. 668.

[2782] Comptes Rendus, xlix. (1859) 521; Pharm. Journ. i. (1860) 470. 508.

[2783] Gelose even in the moist state is but little prone to change, and the jelly made by the Chinese as a sweetmeat which consists mainly of it, will keep good for years.

[2784] Consult Martius, Neues Jahrb. f. Pharm. Bd. ix. März 1858; Cooke, Pharm. Journ. i. (1860) 504; Holmes, Pharm. Journ. ix. (1878) 45.

[2785] Library of the Pharm. Soc. of Great Britain, London, among the “Pamphlets. No. 30” (Sept. 1878).

Transcriber’s Notes:

Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.

The corrections listed in the CORRIGENDA have been applied to thje text.