Blood Transfusion

by Geoffrey Keynes

INDEX

Abdominal operations, shock in relation to, [27]
value of transfusion following, [32]
Abdominal veins, “bleeding into,” [27]
Accidents, loss of blood following, [20]
Acholuric jaundice, blood condition in, [93]
blood groups of patients with, [93]
transfusion in, [94]
Acidosis, in pregnancy, [63]
Agglutination, [84], [85]
abnormal, [56]
among animals, [79]
in infants and children, [84]
method of the test, [101]
phenomenon of, [71-73]
potential, of fœtal corpuscles, [85]
preceding hæmolysis, [70], [76]
Agglutinins, [71]
in the blood, discovery of, [15]
in maternal blood serum and milk, [86]
“major” and “minor,” [73]
“minor” in citrated blood, [123]
“Agglutinophilic” properties of blood corpuscles, [72], [85]
Agote, Prof., first transfusion of citrated blood by, [16]
Air hunger, [21]
Air-lock in transfusion apparatus, [125], [131], [133]
Alkaline solution in treatment of shock, [34]
Alkalinized blood, [63]
Amaurosis, [21]
Amputations, value of transfusion following, [32]
Anæmia, [19], [50]
acute, [19], [20]
amount of blood necessary in transfusion treatment, [25]
effect of transfusion on, [22]
following hæmorrhage, [20], [24]
signs and symptoms of, [20]
transfusion treatment of, [31]
aplastic, [50]
hæmophilia with, [48]
splenic, [50]
see also [Pernicious anæmia]
Anæsthesia, transfusion in conjunction with, [33]
Anæsthetics, shock accentuated by administration of, [31]
Anaphylactic shock, following transfusion, [77]
in pernicious anæmia, [57]
influence on coagulation time of blood, [45]
Anastomosis, Crile’s method, [109]
for direct transfusion, [108], [109]
Antecubital veins, injection of blood into, [134], [135]
Anti-agglutinins, [74]
Antibodies, in the blood, [58]
Anticoagulants, [16]
action of, [120], [122]
in hæmophilia, [47]
sodium citrate, [121]
transfusion with, [118]
Aplastic anæmia, [50]
Arm tourniquet, [126], [128]
Army, blood transfusion in, [17]
Arteries, in direct transfusion, [108], [109]
occlusion of, prevention of, [109]
selection of, for transfusion, [108]
Asthma, transmission of, [68]
Auto-hæmolysins, development of, [94]
Auto-hæmolysis of blood outside the body, [94]
phenomenon of, [94], [95]
Bacteria, blood inhibiting growth of, [58]
Bacterial infections, [58-63]
transfusion in relation to, [58], [60]
Benzol poisoning, transfusion treatment of, [65], [66]
Blood, administration of, apparatus for, [115], [126], [127], [130-133]
methods, [108], [112], [130-135]
time occupied in, [131], [132]
agglutinins and iso-agglutinins in, [15], [71], [72], [74]
amount in the body, how measured, [22], [23]
animals’, use of, [5], [6], [8], [9], [15]
anti-agglutinins in, [74]
antibodies in, [58]
auto-hæmolysis of, [94]
bactericidal power of, [58]
calcium content of, [120]
citrated, see [Citrated blood]
clotting of, see [Coagulation]
coagulation of, see [Coagulation]
defibrinated, early use of, [11], [12]
examination of, for transfusion, [56], [57], [95]
hydrogen-ion concentration of, [28]
immunized, in pyogenic infections, [58]
inhibiting growth of bacteria, [58]
loss of, see [Hæmorrhage]
maternal, agglutinins in, [86]
of donors, see [Blood donors]
of patients, reinfusion with, [42], [43]
testing of, [56]
rapid administration, danger of, [78]
substitutes for, [35], [36]
testing of, for transfusion, [68], [83], [92], [95]
total quantity in the body, [22]
transfused, corpuscles in, [37]
relative value of corpuscles and plasma in, [36], [37]
withdrawal of, methods and technique, [108], [112], [116], [126-128]
Blood clot, mechanism of formation of, [119]
rapid hæmorrhage causing, [24]
see also [Coagulation]
Blood corpuscles, “agglutinophilic” properties of, [72], [85]
and plasma, relative value of, [36], [37]
clumping together of, [70]
condition during shock, [39]
conditions due to alterations in, [50]
destruction of, in the toxæmias, [64]
effect of transfusion on, [52]
fœtal, potential agglutination of, [85]
in transfused blood, [36], [37]
function of, [37]
quantity and concentration during shock, [28]
transfusion of, [64]
Blood count, during shock, [39]
following hæmorrhage, [39]
following transfusion, [40]
in pernicious anæmia, [51], [53-56]
Blood diseases, [50-58]
Blood donor, [69]
blood of, [56], [57]
agglutinating power of serum of, [72-74]
testing of, [68]
transmission of disease by, [67], [68]
characteristics of, [100]
choice of, [68], [96-107]
effect of blood loss on, [99]
for new-born infants, [49]
for pernicious anæmia, [56], [57]
injury to, during transfusion, [111], [124]
members of patient’s family as, [85], [90], [92], [95]
“professional,” [69], [98]
testing of, [83], [92], [95-97]
for blood groups, [101]
treatment of, [60], [99], [100]
“universal,” [72], [73]
vaccine treatment of, prior to withdrawal of blood, [60]
withdrawal of blood from, [108], [109], [124]
by anastomosis, [108], [109]
by Kimpton-Brown tube, [116], [117]
by needle, [126-128]
by syringe, [112], [113]
Blood groups, [67], [69], [70], [101]
among animals, [79]
and disease, relation between, [81], [93]
classification of, [70], [71]
compatibility of, [72], [75], [80]
in families, [84], [90], [92]
testing of, [102]
earliest classification of, [15]
family incidence of, [84], [90], [92]
incidence among our own population, [83]
incompatibility of, [80], [92]
earliest reference to, [6]
in animals, [80]
in families, [84], [90], [92]
symptoms of, [75-77]
testing for, [101], [102]
inheritance of, [86], [87], [90], [91]
medico-legal considerations, [92]
maternal, compared with those of infants, [86], [92]
over-lapping of, [72], [96]
pathology of, [79]
phenomena of, [69-75]
physiology of, [79]
popular beliefs concerning, [84]
racial incidence of, [81], [82]
reactions between the serum and corpuscles of, [70], [71], [72], [73]
testing for, in blood donors, [97], [101]
transfusion in relation to, [95]
“unit characters” in, [86], [87], [88]
Blood measurements, [22], [23]
Blood plasma, in transfused blood, [36], [37]
Blood pressure, [21]
as an indication for transfusion, [40]
danger points in, [21]
following loss of blood, [21]
low, essential feature of shock, [27]
transfusion treatment of, [32]
Blood reactions, [70], [71], [72], [80], [101]
clinical picture of, [75]
disease in relation to, [93]
family incidence of, [84], [90], [92], [95]
following transfusion, [95], [96], [122], [123]
in infants, [84], [90], [92]
incompatibility of, transfusion in relation to, [96]
intensity of, variations in, [73]
recognition of symptoms of, [75-77]
variation in degree of, [76]
Blood recipients, “universal,” [72], [95]
“Blood relations,” transfusion in relation to, [84], [92], [95]
Blood serum, agglutination test of, [101]
preservation of, [101], [102]
stock, [101]
collection of, [102]
Blood volume, changes in, in hæmorrhage and shock, [24], [25], [27]
diminution in shock, [27], [32]
estimation of, [22]
imperfect oxygenation due to, [36]
life dependent on, [24], [25]
Blundell, James, his “impellor,” [10], [11]
transfusion by (in 1818), [10], [11]
Body, total quantity of blood in the, [22]
Breathing, difficult, during transfusion, [78]
Burns, transfusion for shock due to, [136]
Calcium, action of, [120]
in the blood, forms in which present, [120]
precipitation of, [119]
Cancer, transfusion for, [9], [18]
Cannula, for direct transfusion, [110]
for indirect transfusion, [130]
Capillary circulation, condition during shock, [39]
stagnation of, following hæmorrhage and shock, [27], [29]
Carbon monoxide poisoning, [64]
condition of the blood in, [64]
transfusion treatment of, [64], [65]
Children, transfusion of, technique, [134]
see also [Infants]
Chloroform, shock accentuated by administration of, [31]
Chlorosis, [50]
Circulation, blood volume necessary to maintain balance of, [24], [25]
capillary and venous, comparison during shock, [39]
condition during shock and hæmorrhage, [27], [28], [29], [39]
stagnation of, [28]
see also [Blood]
Citrate reactions, [122], [123]
Citrated blood, [16], [121], [124]
administration of, methods, [129-134]
keeping and care of, [128], [129]
reaction following use of, [122], [123]
transfusion of, [121], [124]
first recorded case of, [16]
in pernicious anæmia, [51], [56]
see also [Sodium citrate]
Clotting, see [Coagulation]
Coagulation, deficient, following hæmorrhage, [41]
difficulties connected with, in early experiments, [11], [12]
effect of transfusion on, [42]
Coagulation, mechanism of production of, [119]
outside the body, [118], [119]
prevention of, [114], [120]
Clotting, prevention of, by sodium citrate, [119], [120]
prevention of, during transfusion, [109], [110], [112]
transfusion simplified by prevention of, [119]
Coagulation time, anaphylactic shock influencing, [45]
effect of transfusion on, [46], [47]
hæmorrhage in relation to, [44], [45]
in jaundice, [44]
prolongation of, [44]
Coal-gas poisoning, transfusion treatment of, [64]
Coga, Arthur, [8]
Cold, predisposing to shock, [29], [30]
Cox, Thomas, transfusion experiments by, [3]
Crile, improvement in technique of transfusion by, [15]
method of direct transfusion, [109]
Curtis and David, improvements in technique of transfusion by, [16]
Daniel, of Leipsic, [3]
Darwin, Erasmus, [9]
Death, loss of blood causing, [24]
Denys, John, first human transfusion performed by, [3], [5], [6]
Diabetes mellitus, transfusion in, [66]
Diphtheria, [60]
acute toxæmia in, [60]
experimental transfusion in, [60], [61]
Direct transfusion, apparatus for, [109], [110]
methods, [108], [109], [110]
objections to, [110], [111]
technique of, [108-111]
Disease, relation between blood groups and, [81], [93]
transmission by blood transfusion, [68]
Drysdale, Dr. J. H., [52]
Duodenal ulcer, severe hæmorrhage from, transfusion treatment, [41]
Eclampsia, “fœtal threat” in relation to, [85]
transfusion treatment, [62]
Ectopic gestation, rupture of, transfusion following, [42]
Elsberg and Bernheim’s method of direct transfusion, [109]
Emboli, multiple, [77]
Endocarditis, transfusion for, [60]
Ether, shock accentuated by administration of, [31]
Fever, transfusion for, [9]
Fluids, administration of, during shock, [34]
“Fœtal threat,” [85]
Folli, Francesco, supposed blood transfusion by (1654), [2]
Fontanelle, use of, [135], [136]
Forced fluids, [34]
Fullerton’s method of direct transfusion, [110]
Gametes, segregation of, [88]
Gastric ulcer, severe hæmorrhage from, transfusion treatment, [41]
Grafts, tissue, [80]
Gum transfusion, [35], [36], [37]
and blood transfusion, relative value of, [35], [37]
objections to, [36]
Gurye, Gaspar de, [6]
Hæmatemesis, treatment of, [41]
Hæmoglobin percentage, during shock and hæmorrhage, [39]
Hæmoglobinuria, [6], [7], [70]
as symptom of blood reaction, [76]
following blood transfusion, [76]
paroxysmal, blood condition in, [94]
Hæmolysed blood, toxicity of, [77]
Hæmolysins, [71]
Hæmolysis, [94], [95]
agglutination preceding, [70], [76]
early reference to, [6]
Hæmophilia, anæmia with, [48]
anticoagulants in, [47]
blood condition in, [45]
sodium citrate administration in, [47], [48]
transfusion treatment of, [45-48]
Hæmophilics, coagulation time of blood of, [46], [47]
transfusion beneficial to, [46]
Hæmorrhage, [20]
acute anæmia following, [20], [24]
blood counts following, [39]
blood-volume changes in, [24], [25], [27]
Hæmorrhage, coagulation time in relation to, [44], [45]
condition of blood following, [24], [27], [28], [39]
danger of, [20], [23]
effects of, how combated, [33]

following gastric or duodenal ulcer, transfusion treatment, [41]
general treatment of, [31], [33]
gum treatment of, [35], [36]
in new-born infants, transfusion treatment, [49]
intraperitoneal, [42]
limits of, [24]
post-partum, transfusion treatment, [42]
rapid, [23], [24]
reflex compensation for, [99]
reinfusion treatment of, [42]
saline treatment of, [33]
secondary, [40], [41]
indications for transfusion in, [41]
shock always associated with, [20], [26]
shock and, clinical difference between, [38]
signs and symptoms of, [38]
transfusion treatment of, [20], [25], [31]
effects of, how judged, [40]
indications for, [40]
traumatic, [40]
Hæmorrhagic diseases, [44-50]
Hæmostasis, blood transfusion producing, [42], [44], [45], [48]
Harvey, William, his theory of the circulation, [2]
Heart, dilatation of, [78]
effect of loss of blood on, [23]
Helmholtz, method of transfusion of infants, [135]
Heredity, blood groups in relation to, [86], [87], [90], [91]
Mendelian theory of, [86], [90]
Higginson’s transfusion instrument, [13], [14]
Hirudin, use of, [16]
Histamine, [30]
production of, [30]
production of shock by, [30]
Horse asthma, transmission of, [68]
Howard’s method of transfusion of infants, [135]
Hydrogen-ion concentration in the blood, [28], [31]
shock in relation to, [28], [32]
Hydrophobia, transfusion for, [9]
Immunized blood, transfusion by, in pyogenic infections, [58]
Incompatibility, symptoms of, [6], [75]
Indirect transfusion, [111]
Infants, blood groups in, [84], [92]
compared with those of mothers, [86], [92]
blood reactions in, [84], [90], [92]
transfusion of, [48]
conditions necessitating, [49], [134]
dosage, [136]
technique, [134-136]
with maternal blood, [85], [92]
withdrawal of blood from, [136]
Influenzal pneumonia, transfusion for, [61]
Innocent VIII, [2]
Internal saphenous vein, injection of blood into, in infants, [135]
Iso-agglutinins, [72], [79]
distribution among animals, [79], [80]
Iso-hæmolysins, [72], [79]
in animals, artificial reproduction of, [96]
Isotonic saline solution in treatment of shock, [34]
Jaundice, [44]
acholuric, transfusion in, [94]
blood groups in patients with, [93]
hæmorrhage following operation in cases of, [44]
transfusion in cases of, [44]
Joekes, Dr., [52], [57]
Jugular vein, injection of blood into, [135]
Keith, on blood volume changes, [24], [27]
on shock and hæmorrhage, [32]
Kimpton and Brown, improvements in technique of transfusion by, [16]
Kimpton-Brown tube, whole blood transfusion with, technique, [114]
King, Edmund, transfusion experiments by, [3], [4], [8]
Lamb’s blood, early transfusions with, [5], [9], [15]
Legitimacy, inheritance of blood groups in relation to, [92]
Leukæmia, [50]
blood groups in patients suffering from, [81]
Lewisohn’s sodium citrate experiments, [16], [120], [122], [123]
Longitudinal sinus, use of, [135]
Lower, Richard, transfusion experiments by, [3], [8]
Malaria, transmission by transfusion, [67], [68]
Malignant disease, blood groups in patients suffering from, [81], [93]
“Maternal threat,” [85], [92]
Measles, blood injections in, [62]
Median basilic vein, accessible for direct transfusion, [108]
incision of, [130]
puncture of, [126-128]
Melæna neonatorum, transfusion for, technique, [134], [135]
value of transfusion in, [48]
Mendelian theory, [86], [90]
of blood groups, [86], [87], [88], [90]
Milk, injection of, [15]
maternal, agglutinins in, [86]
Muscle, damaged, production of histamine from, [30]
Needle, for transfusion, [126]
case of, [126]
improved form of, [113]
Nephritis, transfusion treatment of, [63]
New-born infants, blood donors for, [49]
blood reactions of, [84], [90], [92]
hæmorrhagic disease of, [48], [49]
transfusion of, [48]
technique, [134-136]
with maternal blood, [84], [85], [92]
Nitrobenzol poisoning, transfusion treatment of, [65]
Obstetrics, transfusion in, [42]
Operations, shock following, [31]
value of transfusion following, [32]
Osmotic pressure, [36]
significance of, [36]
Oxygenation, imperfect, blood loss causing, [36]
solutions increasing, [37]
Oxyhæmoglobin, conversion into carboxyhæmoglobin in carbon monoxide poisoning, [64]
Pain, predisposing to shock, [29]
Paraffin wax, coating of glass tube with, [114], [116]
in prevention of clotting, [110], [114]
Paroxysmal hæmoglobinuria, blood conditions in, [94]
Pedigree of blood groups, [90]
Pellagra, transfusion in cases of, [66]
Pepys, Samuel, [7], [8], [9]
Pernicious anæmia, [50]
blood condition in, [93]
blood count in, [51], [53-56]
blood groups in patients with, [93]
subcutaneous blood injections in, [58]
transfusion treatment of, [50-58], [95]
complications of, [57]
cases illustrating, [53-55]
choice of blood donor, [56], [57]
dosage, [52]
reactions following, [57]
Perspiration, blood loss due to, [28]
Placenta prævia, transfusion following, [42]
Pneumonia, transfusion in cases of, [61]
Poisoning, transfusion treatment of, [64], [65]
Post-operative shock, [31]
Post-partum hæmorrhage, [42]
Pregnancy, toxæmias, of “fœtal threat” in relation to, [85]
transfusion treatment of, [62]
“Professional” blood donor, [69], [98]
Purpura, transfusion in cases of, [49], [50]
Pyæmia, transfusion in cases of, [59]
transfusion in, [58]
Radial artery, accessible for direct transfusion, [109]
exposure of, [111]
objections to use of, [111]
Reactions, [75], [76]
following transfusions, [57], [122], [123]
see also [Blood reactions]
Reinfusion with patient’s own blood, [42], [43]
Rejuvenation, [136]
Replacement of blood, complete, [136]
Respiratory system, effect of loss of blood on, [23]
exhaustion of, [21]
Robertson, Bruce, transfusion of infants and children by, [135], [136]
Robertson, Oswald, transfusion with citrated blood by, [121], [124]
“Robertson’s bottle,” [124], [125]
Saline infusion, treatment of shock by, [33]
Saphenous vein, internal use of, [130], [135]
Sauerbruch’s method of direct transfusion, [108]
Segregation of the gametes, [88]
Septicæmia, transfusion for, [59], [136]
Serum, see [Blood serum]
Shock, [20]
abdominal operations in relation to, [27]
alkaline administration during, [34]
anaphylactic, see [Anaphylactic shock]
avoidance of, following hæmorrhage, [29]
blood count during, [39]
blood volume changes in, [24], [25], [27], [32]
capillary system during, [27], [28], [29]
causal theories of, [26], [27]
conditions of the blood during, [24], [27], [28], [39]
effects of, how combated, [33]
experimental production of, [30]
fluid administration during, [34]
gum treatment of, [35], [36]
hæmorrhage always associated with, [26]
hæmorrhage and, differential diagnosis, [38], [39]
hydrogen-ion concentration in relation to, [28], [32]
low blood pressure the essential feature of, [27]
mechanism of production of, [30]
post-operative, [31]
primary, [29]
reinfusion treatment, [42]
saline treatment of, [33]
secondary, [29]
conditions predisposing to, [29]
signs and symptoms of, [26], [29], [38]
theories regarding, [26]
toxic theory of, [30]
transfusion treatment of, [20], [26], [31]
indications for, [40]
Skin eruption, as symptoms of blood reaction, [76], [77]
Sodium bicarbonate, in treatment of shock, [34]
Sodium citrate, absorption and elimination of, [120]
action of, [122]
as an anticoagulant, [16], [121]
coagulation time of the blood reduced by, [47]
dosage, [121], [122]
elimination of, [120]
form in which used, [123]
in hæmophilia, [47]
in prevention of clotting, [119], [120]
reactions following use of, [122], [123]
tolerance to, [122]
toxicity of, [77]
Sodium phosphate, use of, [16]
Solutions, for transfusion, essential constituents of, [36], [37]
viscosity and osmotic pressure of, [36]
Spinal anæsthesia, transfusion in conjunction with, [33]
Splenic anæmia, [50]
Stansfeld’s apparatus, [134]
Staphylococcal septicæmia, blood transfusion in, [59], [60]
Sterility and blood groups, [80]
Streptococcal septicæmia, blood transfusion in, [136]
Syphilis, transmission by blood transfusion, [68]
Syringe, cleansing of, [114]
Higginson’s, [13], [14]
whole blood transfusion with, technique, [112-114]
Tissue transplantation, success of, dependent upon compatibility of blood groups, [80]
Tissues, damage to, producing toxic substances, [30]
Tourniquet, Canti’s, [126], [128]
Toxæmia, [58-66]
acute, in bacterial diseases, [60]
blood transfusion in, [31], [58], [60], [61]
of pregnancy, transfusion treatment of, [62]
traumatic, [30-32]
production of, [30]
Toxic theory of shock, [30]
Transfusion, apparatus for, [115], [126], [127], [130-133]
in early experiments, [10], [13]
recent improvements in, [15]
continuous, [60]
direct method, technique, [108-111]
early objections to, [9]
history of, [1]
ideal method of, [124], [132]
indirect method, technique, [111-112]
of infants, [134]
technique, [134]
recent advances in knowledge and technique of, [15-17]
repeated, [57]
Robertson’s citrate method, [121], [124]
apparatus for, [124], [134]
whole blood, with syringes, technique, [112]
with anticoagulants, technique, [118-134]
with Kimpton-Brown tube, [114]
Traumatic toxæmia, [30-32]
Tuberculosis, transfusion in, [62]
Twins, blood groups in, [92]
Typhoid, transfusion in, [62]
“Universal donors,” [72], [73]
“Universal recipients,” [72]
Urine, hæmoglobin in, [39], [70], [76]
suppression of, [76], [77]
Urticaria, following transfusion, [77]
Uterus, rupture of, [42]
Vaccine, injection of, into blood donors, [59], [60]
Vaso-motor failure, in shock, [26]
Vein, for direct transfusion, [108], [109]
injection of blood into, [134], [135]
insertion of cannula in, [131]
occlusion of, prevention of, [109]
puncture of, [113]
technique, [126-128]
prevention of injury to, [113], [124]
Venesection, preceding transfusion, [60]
in carbon monoxide poisoning, [65]
Venospasm, [27]
Venous circulation, condition during shock, [39]
Viscosity, [36]
significance of, [36]
Vital red, use of, [23]
War, transfusion in, [17]
Water, during severe shock, [34]
Whole blood transfusion, apparatus for, [114]
objections to, [118]
prevention of clotting, [114], [118]
with Kimpton-Brown tube, technique, [114-118]
with syringes, [112-114]
Willis, Thomas, [3]
“Wound shock,” [29]
Wren, Sir Christopher, vein injections by, [2], [3]