INDEX
Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of genera or species; figures in italics indicate that the reference relates to systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an illustration; f. = and in following page or pages; n. = note.
Abbott, [193] n.
Abcona, [670]
Abdominal pores, [401] f.
Abramis, [582]
Abyssascidia, [73]
Acanthaphritis, [706]
vertebral column, [198];
uterine nutrition, [434];
pectoral fin, [243]
Acanthicus, [595]
Acanthistius, [659]
Acanthocepola, [662]
Acanthoclinus, [709]
Acanthocybium, [678]
Acanthoderma, [724]
Acanthodes, [442];
A. wardi, [441]
Acanthodidae, [441]
Acanthodopsis, [442]
Acanthonus, [712]
Acanthophthalmus, [582]
Acanthopleurus, [723]
Acanthopoma, [589]
Acanthopterygii, [650] f., [159], [306], [543];
diagram showing relationships of groups, [651]
Acanthuridae, [668], [357], [651], [652], [654]
Acanthurus, [668];
A. chirurgus, [357]
Acara, [672]
Accessory respiratory organs, [292]
Acentronura, [634]
Acentrophorus, [498]
Aceratias, [719]
Acerina, [659];
A. cernua, [659]
Acestra, [595];
A. gladius, [595]
Acestrorhamphus, [575]
Acestrorhynchus, [575]
Achilognathus, [582]
Achiropsis, [687]
Achirus, [687]
Acipenser, [492], [149], [262], [264], [273], [274], [276], [282], [348];
ribs, [201];
lymph follicles, [261];
spiral valve, [268];
vascular system, [319], [322], [328], [334];
spleen, [343];
gonoducts of female, [400], [405];
distribution, habits, and food, [493];
breeding, [494];
economic value, [494];
A. huso, [494];
A. rhynchaeus, pectoral fin, [243];
A. ruthenus, [493];
brain, [376];
micropyles, [411];
larva, [494];
vertebral column, [200];
supra-renals, [346];
micropyles, [411]
Acipenseridae, [486], [489], [495]
Acipenseroidei = Chondrostei, q.v.
Acrania, [113]
Acrartete, [636] n.
Acrochordonichthys, [588]
Acrodus, [445]
Acrogaster, [656]
Acrognathus, [611]
Acropoma, [659]
Acrotus, [644]
Actinistia, [477] n.
Actinopterygii, [476]
Acysis, [588]
Adipose fins, [163]
Aegaeonichthys, [719]
Aelurichthys, [588]
Aethalion, [546]
Aetheolepis, [498];
scales, [187]
Aetheospondyli, [497]
spines, [177]
Agassiz, [558] n., [685] n., [720] n.
Ageniosus, [589];
A. valenciennesi, [589]
Agnathostomata, [145];
characters of, [147]
Agoniates, [575]
Agonopsis, [700]
Agonus, [700];
A. cataphractus, [700]
Agrammus, [696]
Agriopus, [695]
Aida, [639]
Ailia, [588];
air-bladder, [302]
Ailiichthys, [588]
Aipichthys, [666]
Air-bladder, as an accessory respiratory organ, [291] f.;
Amia, [291];
Sudis gigas, [291];
Erythrinus taeniatus and E. braziliensis, [291];
Protopterus, [291], [301], [302];
Lepidosiren, [291];
structure, [297];
in different Fishes, [298];
"red bodies," [307];
"red glands," [307], [308], [309];
gases of the air-bladder, [309];
functions, [309];
in locomotion, [310];
as a vocal organ, [358];
connexion with the auditory organ, [388], [389], [390]
vestigial conus arteriosus, [329], [548];
A. conorhynchus, [548];
larva, [548]
Alburnus, [582];
Alcock, [695]
Alder and Hancock, [38]
Alepidosaurus, [614];
A. ferox, [614]
Alepocephalus, [570];
A. rostratus, [570] n.
Aleposomus, [570]
Alestes, [575]
Alimentary canal, of Hemichordata, [11], [25];
of Amphioxus, [120];
of Fishes, [252] f.;
regions, [252];
mesenteries, [258];
histology, [259] f.;
glands, [270]
Allabenchelys, [588]
Allis Shad, [564]
Alopecias vulpes, [451], [452];
spiral valve, [265]
Aluteres, [724]
Amaroucium, [88];
A. proliferum, stomach, [88]
Ambassinae, [660]
Ambassis, [660]
Ambloplites, [657]
Amblyapistus, [695]
Amblyopsidae, [618], [361], [395], [606]
Amblyopsis, [618];
A. spelaea, [166], [361], [618], [619]
Amblyopus, [689]
Amblypharyngodon, [582]
Amblypterus, [487]
Amia, [499], [149], [160], [262], [273], [274], [276], [283], [291], [393], [609] n.;
fossil, [501];
scales, [189];
vertebral column, [201], [202], [203];
skull, [228];
median fins, [235];
spiral valve, [268];
pseudobranch, [284];
air-bladder, [297], [299], [310];
heart, [328];
arteries to air-bladder, [337];
sensory canal, [385];
segmentation of ova, [409];
distribution and habits, [499];
spawning, [500];
larvae, [501]
Amiopsis, [501]
liver and pancreas, [273];
A. catus, rectal valve, [254];
renal portal system, [319];
A. nebulosus, [587] n., [592];
A. nigrilabris, blind, [394]
Ammocoetes, [428], [46], [262], [272], [280], [280] n., [327], [343], [428];
metamorphosis, [429];
protective value of the skin, [429]
Ammocrypta, [659]
A. lanceolatus, [639];
A. tobianus, [639]
Ammopleurops, [687]
Ammotretis, [687]
Amniota, [145]
Ampheristus, [695]
Amphioxus, [112] f., [4], [37], [46], [110];
general characters, [113];
external characters, [114];
musculature, [117];
skeleton, [119];
notochord, [119];
alimentary canal, [120];
branchial bars, [122];
endostyle, [123];
coelom, [123];
vascular system, [124], [125];
nervous system, [127];
sense-organs, [128];
gonads, [129];
embryology and life-history, [130], [130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135], [136];
compared with Hemichordata, [11] f., [16], [29] f.
—see also Branchiostoma
Amphipnoidae, [598]
Amphipnous, [598];
respiratory air-sacs of, [598];
Amphiprion, [672]
Amphisile, [633];
A. strigata, [633]
Amphistium, [684];
A. paradoxum, [684]
Anabantidae, [645], [292], [637];
distribution of, [645]
A. scandens, [645];
labyrinthiform organ, [293]
intromittent organ, [414];
development of embryos in ovisacs, [418];
A. tetrophthalmus, [617]
Anacanthini, [646] f., [543], [702], [703]
Anacyrtus, [575]
Anadromous, [413]
Anallantoidea, [145]
Anamniota, [145]
Anampses, [673]
Anapterus, [611]
Anarrhichas, [709];
teeth, [251];
A. lupus, [710];
eggs, [408]
A. rubra, [100];
polymorphism, [100]
Anchovy, [564]
Ancylodon, [663]
Ancylostylus, [549]
Andrews, [113]
Anema, [706]
Angel-Shark, [456]
Angler, [718]
Anguilla, [601];
A. vulgaris (Common Eel), [601];
larva, [602];
red glands, [307];
renal portal circulation, [319], [320]
Anguillidae, [600], [163], [405], [649] n.
Anodonta, Rhodeus in, [584]
Anogmius, [549]
Anomalopidae, [660];
photophores, [178]
Anomalops, [660]
Anomalopterus, [570]
Anoplarchus, [709]
Anoplopterus, [588]
Anostominae, [576]
Anostomus (Characinidae), [576];
(Mugilidae), [640]
Ansorge, [560]
Antennarius, [720];
nest, [414];
A. hispidus, scales, [191];
A. marmoratus, [720];
scales, [191]
Antigonia, [667]
Antimora, [648]
Anurella, [78];
development of, [78];
A. roscovita, larva, [78]
Apateodus, [611]
Apeltes, [630]
Aphanopus, [679]
Aphareus, [660]
Aphia, [689];
A. pellucida, [690]
Aphiocharax, [575]
Aphoristia, [687]
A. sayanus, [656]
Aplidium, [88];
A. zostericola, stomach, [88]
Apodichthys, [711]
Apogon, [660]
Apolectus, [677]
Apostasis, [668]
A. sicula, [66]
Appendicularians, [64]
Appendiculariidae, [68], [38];
nervous system, [53]
Appendix digitiformis, [276]
Aprion, [660]
Aprionodon, [448]
Apua, [582]
Aracana, [724]
Arapaima, [557];
Arch-centra, [196]
Archaeomenes, [545]
Archaeoteuthis, [669]
Archaeus, [677]
Archenteron, [20], [56], [130], [132]
Archeobatis, [446]
Archinephric duct, [397], [398]
Arctoscopus, [663]
Argenteum, [168]
Arges, [595]
Arginae, [595]
Argyriosus vomer, [363]
Argyropelecus, [571]
Ariscopus, [706]
Aristotle, [36]
A. australis, [593];
deposition of eggs, [415];
A. commersonii, [593]
Armed Bullhead, [700]
Arnoglossus, [687]
Arripis, [663]
Arterial system, [329] f.
Artificial pearls, [167]
Ascelichthys, [698]
structure, [39] f., [43], [45];
body-wall, [42];
mantle, [42];
atrial or peribranchial cavity, [43];
other cavities of body, [44];
tentacles, [44];
endostyle, [46];
branchial sac, [47];
heart and circulation, [49], [51];
blood, [49];
neural gland, [52];
dorsal tubercle, [52];
nervous system, [53];
sense-organs, [53];
alimentary canal, [54];
renal organ, [54];
reproductive organs, [55];
embryology and life-history, [55], [57], [60];
metamorphosis, [61];
A. challengeri, dorsal tubercle, [79];
A. mentula, structure, [39] f., [40];
test, [42];
endostyle, [46];
pharynx, [47];
nervous system, [52];
larva, [78];
A. meridionalis, dorsal tubercle, [79];
A. pyriformis, dorsal tubercle, [79];
A. translucida, dorsal tubercle, [79];
A. virginea, [39] f.
Ascidiae Compositae, [80] f., [64];
structure, [81]
Ascidiae Luciae, [90] f., [86]
Ascidiae Simplices, [71] f.
Ascidiella aspersa, [77]
Ascidiinae, [72]
Ascopera gigantea, branchial sac, [77];
dorsal tubercle, [79]
Asineops, [656]
Aspidophora, [5] n.
Aspidophoroides, [700]
Aspidorhynchidae, [502]
Aspidorhynchus, [502];
A. acutirostris, [502]
Aspius, [582]
Aspro, [659]
Asprotilapia, [672]
Asteracanthus, [445]
Asterolepidae, [534]
Asterolepis, [534]
Asterospondylic, [198]
Astroblepus, [595]
Astronesthes, [571], [570], [572];
A. niger, photophores, [178]
distribution, [138];
A. bassanum, [137];
A. cingalense, [137];
A. cultellum, [137];
A. hectori, [137];
A. maldivense, [137]
Ateleaspidae, [528]
A. tessellata, [528]
Ateleopus, [714]
Atherinella, [639]
Atherinichthys, [641]
Atherinops, [639]
Atherinopsis, [639]
Atopochilus, [588]
Atrial cavity, [43], [44], [59], [63], [67]
Atriopore, [113], [115], [117]
Atrium, of Amphioxus, [113], [118], [121], [135]
Atypichthys, [666]
Atyposoma, [666]
Auchenaspis, [529]
Auchenipterus, [589];
A. nodosus, elastic-spring-apparatus, [358]
Auchenoglanis, [588]
Auditory organs, [387] f., [388];
connexion with the air-bladder, [389], [390]
Audouin, [37]
Aulacocephalus, [659]
Auliscops, [632]
Auliscus, [631]
Aulolepis, [560]
Aulopus, [611]
Aulopyge, [582]
Aulorhamphus, [668]
Aulostoma, [632];
A. coloratum, [632]
Aulostomatomorpha, [570]
Autostylic, [223]
Auxis, [678]
Azurina, [672]
Badis, [658]
Bagarius, [588]
Bagrichthys, [588]
Bagrinae, [588]
Bagroides, [588]
Bagropsis, [588]
Bagrus, [588]
Balanoglossus, [3], [5] f., [24], [25], [28], [30] f., [123];
embryo, [8];
history of name, [17]
Balanoglossus, [17], [5], [6], [13], [16];
B. aurantiacus, [7], [11], [15];
B. biminiensis, [18], [21] n.;
B. gigas, [5]
Balistes, [724], [264], [354];
coloration, [174];
scales, [190];
sound production, [357];
B. aculeatus, [357];
B. capriscus, [724];
B. vetula, [361]
Balistidae, [723], [652], [721], [163]
Ballowitz, [591] n.
Bancroft, [85]
Band-Fish, [662]
Barbels, [154]
B. mosal, [584];
B. tropidolepis, [583];
lower pharyngeals, [583];
B. viviparus, [584]
Barilius, [582]
Barracudas, [642]
Barramunda, [558]
Barrois, [39]
Basking Shark, [453]
Bat-Fish, [720]
Bateson, [5], [6], [11], [14], [20], [30] n.
Bathyagonus, [700]
Bathydraco, [706]
Bathygadus, [647]
Bathylaco, [571]
Bathylagus, [566], [565], [569]
Bathylychnus, [571]
Bathymaster, [661]
Bathymyzon, [426]
Bathyoncus, [74]
Bathyonus, [712]
B. longipes, [613]
Bathysaurus, [611]
Bathythrissa, [548]
Bathytroctes, [570]
Batrachidae, [710], [651], [704], [361];
photophores, [179]
Batrachus, [711];
Baudelot, [584] n.
Bdellostoma, [423];
external characters, [151];
pancreas, [273];
vascular system, [315] n.;
distribution, [423];
habits, [423];
eggs, [424];
B. stouti, [423];
embryo, [425]
Bdellostomatidae, [423]
Belodontichthys, [588]
B. annulata, [638]
Belonesox, [616]
Belonorhynchidae, [485], [488]
Belonostomus, [502]
Bembras, [700]
Bembrops, [705]
Benham, [113]
Bentenia, [682]
Benthodesmus, [679]
Benthophilus, [689]
Benthosaurus, [611]
Berycidae, [655], [651], [652], [653], [703], [303], [361], [389]
Beryx, [656];
B. affinis and B. mülleri, coloration, [165];
B. splendens, [655]
Betta, [669];
B. pugnax, [669]
Bib, [649]
Bibronia, [685]
B. elegans, [532]
Birkeniidae, [531]
Black Bass, [657]
Blastocoele, [44], [49], [52], [130]
Blastogenetic acceleration, [84]
Blastula, [56]
Bleekeria, [705]
Blenniidae, [709], [651], [702], [703], [704], [163], [271], [302], [418]
Blepsias, [698]
of Mammoth Cave, [619]
Blochius, [680]
Blood, of Hemichordata, [15];
of Tunicata, [49];
of Amphioxus, [124];
of Fishes, [341]
Blood-glands, [342]
Blue Shark, [448]
Boar-Fish, [666]
Boas, [548] n.
Bola, [582]
Boleophthalmus, [689]
Boleosoma, [659]
Boltenia, [75];
B. pachydermatina, B. tuberculata, dorsal tubercle, [79]
Bolteninae, [75]
Bombay-duck, [613]
Bonnet Shark, [450]
Bonnier and Pérez, [95]
Borgert, [99]
Bothriolepis, [534];
B. canadensis, [534]
Botia, [582]
Botryllidae, [88], [81], [82], [84], [110];
vessels, [42];
neural gland, [52] n.;
reproductive organs, [56];
ascidiozooid, [82]
Botrylloides, [88]
stigmata, [59];
diagram of budding, [90];
B. schlosseri, [80];
B. violaceus, [89]
Boulenger, [459] n., [477] n., [481] n., [551] n., [584] n., [586] n., [593] n., [683] n.
Boulengerella, [575]
Bourne, [19]
Bovichthys, [706]
Bow-Fin, [499] = Amia, q.v.
Box, [664], [665], [264], [276];
B. vulgaris, rectal caecum, [254]
Brachionichthys, [720]
Brachiopoda, [35]
Brachychalcinus, [575]
Brachymystax, [565]
Brama, [682];
B. longipinnis, [682] n.;
B. raii, [682] n.
Branchial bars, of Amphioxus, [120], [122]
Branchial cavity, of Tunicata, [43], [101]
Branchial clefts, [155], [277] f.
Branchial sac, [43], [44], [45], [53];
of Appendicularians, [67];
of Thaliacea, [96], [104], [105]
Branchial septa, of Hemichordata, [12];
of Amphioxus, [120]
Branchiostoma, [137], [112], [138];
distribution, [138];
B. californiense, [137];
B. capense, [137];
B. caribbaeum, [137];
B. indicum, [137];
B. lanceolatum, [112], [114] n., [115], [137], [138];
transverse section, [118], [121];
nephridium, [126];
gonads, [129];
B. pelagicum, [129] n., [137], [138]
—see also Amphioxus
Branchiostomatidae, [137], [112]
Brauer, [571]
Breathing sounds, [357]
Breathing-valves, [288]
Bregmaceros, [648]
Breitensteinia, [588]
Brevoortia, [563]
Bridge and Haddon, [574] n., [587] n., [590] n.
Brill, [687]
Brosmius, [648]
Brosmophycis, [712]
Brychaetus, [557]
Brycon, [575];
B. fulcatus, mouth, [577]
Bryconaethiops, [575]
Bryconodon, [575]
Bryconops, [575]
Bucklandium, [589]
Budding, in Pterobranchia, [24], [27];
in Tunicata, [71], [80], [81] f., [90], [97], [103]
Budgett, [482], [483] n., [514], [552], [558]
Bull-heads, [698]
Bullhead Sharks, [444]
Bunocephalichthys, [596]
Bunocephalus, [596]
Burbot, [649]
Bursa Entiana, [254]
Bury, [31] n.
Butirinus, [548]
Bythitis, [712]
Cachius, [582]
Cadophore, [97]
Caecum cloacae, [276]
Caenotropis, [576]
Caesioperca, [659]
Calamichthys, [484], [158], [202];
distribution, [484];
C. calabaricus, [484]
Calamostoma, [634]
Callanthias, [659]
Callichrous, [588]
Callichthyinae, [588]
Callichthys, [588], [587], [153], [302];
intestinal respiration, [292];
C. littoralis, [592];
Calliodon, [674]
Callionymus, [707];
C. carebares, [707];
Callomystax gagata, stridulating mechanism, [356]
Callophysus, [588]
Callopristodus, [446]
Callopterus, [204]
Callorhynchus, [471];
vertebral column, [199];
frontal clasper, [223];
branchial blood-vessels, [334];
distribution, [471];
egg-case, [471];
C. antarcticus, [470]
Calotomus, [674]
Campanula Halleri, [393], [394]
Campostoma, [582]
Candiru, [593]
Canobius, [487]
Cantharus, [664]
Capelin, [568]
Capoëta, [582]
Caprodon, [659]
Capros, [666];
Carangidae, [677], [652], [676], [158], [303]
Carangodes, [677]
Carangopsis, [677]
with Medusae, [643];
C. hippos, [363];
C. rhonchus, [363];
Carapus, [579]
Carbonnier, [592]
Carcharias (Carcharinus), [448];
succession of teeth, [250];
C. glaucus, [448];
C. nicaraguensis, [448]
Carcharinus—see Carcharias
Carcharodon rondeletii, [451], [452]
Careproctus, [698]
Cariba, [578]
Leather-, [584]
Carpiodes, [581]
Castle, [56] n.
Cataetyx, [712]
Cathetostoma, [706]
Catla, [582];
C. buchanani, [584]
Catlocarpio, [582]
Catopra, [658]
Catoprion, [576]
Catostominae, [581]
Catostomus, [581]
Caturus, [499];
C. furcatus, [499];
vertebrae, [203]
Caudal fin, [156], [159], [237]
Caullery, [85]
Caulolatilus, [661]
Caulolepis, [656]
Caulophryne, [719]
Cave-Fishes, [394] f., [618] f., [713]
Centrarchus, [657]
Centrina, [455];
C. salviani, [455]
Centriscidae, [633], [628], [357]
C. scolopax, [633];
stridulation, [357]
Centrogenys, [659]
Centrolepis, [487]
Centrolophus, [643];
C. britannicus, [643];
C. niger, [643]
Centronotus, [711]
Centrophorus, [455]
Centropogon, [695]
Centropominae, [660]
Centropomus, [660]
Centropristes, [659]
Centroscyllium, [455]
Cephalacanthus, [702]
Cephalaspidae, [528]
C. lyelli, [529];
C. magnifica, [529];
C. murchisoni, [528]
Cephalochordata, [112] f., [4], [38]
Cephalodiscus, [21] f., [5], [28], [29], [31], [32];
distribution, [23];
budding, [24];
structure, [24] f.;
males, [26];
C. dodecalophus, [22], [23], [24], [25]
Cepola, [662];
C. rubescens, [662]
Ceratias, [719];
phosphorescent organ, [174], [178];
C. bispinosus, [174]
Ceratichthys, [582]
Ceratodontidae, [507]
Ceratoptera, [465];
C. vampyrus, [466]
Ceratotrichia, [234]
Cerdale, [709]
Cestracion = Heterodontus, q. v.
Cetengraulis, [563]
Cetomimus, [614]
Cetorhinidae, [453]
Cetorhinus, see Selache
Chaca, [588];
C. lophioides, [589]
Chaenichthys, [706]
Chaenobryttus, [657]
Chaenopsis, [709]
Chaerops, [673]
Chaetobranchus, [672]
Chaetodon, [668]
Chaetodontidae, [667], [654], [361];
coloration, [166]
Chaetostomus, [595];
C. cirrhosus, sexual differences, [594];
C. gigas, [595]
Chalceus, [575];
C. angulatus, mouth, [577]
Chalcinus, [575]
Chamisso, [36]
Champsocephalus, [706]
Champsodon, [641];
C. vorax, [642]
Chaninae, [563]
Channa, [645]
Channomuraena, [605];
C. vittata, [605]
Chanoides, [563]
C. salmoneus, gill-helix, [294]
Characidium, [576]
Characinidae, [575], [574], [294];
distribution, [576];
teeth, [250];
sound production, [361];
Weberian ossicles, [389], [573]
Characodon, [616]
Charax, [665]
Charitosomus, [572]
Charr, [567]
Charybdia, [685]
Chascanopsetta, [687]
Chasmodes, [709]
Chauliodontinae, [571]
Chauliodus, [571], [570], [572]
Chaunax, [720]
Cheiracanthus, [442]
Cheirodus, [488];
C. granulosus, [488]
Chela, [582]
Chelaethiops, [582]
Chelidoperca, [659]
Chelmo, [668]
Chelyosoma, [73];
C. macleayanum, [72]
Chiaje, Delle, [17]
Chilinus, [673]
Chilio, [673]
Chilobranchus, [598]
Chilodactylus, [664]
Chilodipterinae, [660]
Chilodipterus, [660]
Chiloglanis, [588]
Chilorhinus, [601]
pectoral girdle, [239];
pectoral fin, [239];
pelvic girdle, [240];
pelvic fin, [240];
brain, [374]
vertebral column, [199];
skull, [223];
frontal clasper, [223], [469];
lateral sensory organs, [386];
distribution, [469];
egg-case, [470];
segmentation of egg, [474];
fossil, [474];
C. affinis, [469];
C. monstrosa, [469];
vertebral column, [199];
skull, [223];
pectoral fin, [243];
spiral valve, [267]
Chimaeropsis, [468]
Chimarrhichthys, [705]
Chirocentrites, [561]
Chirocentrodon, [563]
Chirocentrus, [562];
vestigial spiral valve, [269];
C. dorab, skull and pectoral arch, [562]
Chirodon, [575]
Chirolophius, [718];
C. naresii, [718]
Chironemus, [664]
Chirostoma, [639]
Chirothrix, [615];
C. libanicus, [615]
Chlamydoselachidae, [443]
Chlamydoselachus, [443], [279];
rectal gland, [276];
branchial clefts, [277];
efferent branchial vessels, [332] n.;
C. lawleyi, [443]
Chlamydothorax, [17] n.
Chlorophthalmus, [611];
C. gracilis, [613]
Chloroscombrus, [677]
Chologaster, [618];
C. agassizii, [618];
C. cornutus, [618];
C. papilliferus, [618]
Chondrostachys, [85]
Chondrosteus, [489];
C. acipenseroides, [489], [490]
Chondrostoma, [582]
Chonerhinus, [726]
Chorda-centra, [196]
Chordata, characters of, [3] f., [35], [38]
Chorimycterus, [576]
Chorinemus, [677]
Chorisochismus, [709]
Chorizocormus, [89];
C. reticulatus, [90]
Chromatophores, [166]
Chromides, [671]
Chrysichthys, [588]
Chrysophrys auratus, [420]
distribution, [672];
eggs carried in the mouth, [416]
Cichlops, [661]
Ciliation, of the alimentary canal, [262]
Cimolichthys, [609]
Ciona, [72];
development, [56] n.;
Cirrhilabrus, [673]
Cirrhites, [660]
Cirrhitichthys, [660]
Cirrhitinae, [660];
coloration, [166]
Cirri, of Amphioxus, [128]
Citharichthys dinoceros, [685]
Citharidium, [576]
Citharininae, [576]
C. geoffroyi, [579]
Citharus, [687]
Cladocyclus, [561]
Cladodus, [438];
C. neilsoni, [438]
Cladoselache, [438], [148], [153], [160], [162], [197];
pectoral and pelvic girdles, [239];
pectoral and pelvic fins, [242], [245];
characters, [436] f.;
C. fyleri, [437]
Cladoselachidae, [438]
Clariallabes, [588]
accessory respiratory organs, [293], [294];
C. anguillaris, [590];
C. lazera, [590]
Clariinae, [588]
Clarke, [608]
Clarotes, [588]
Claspers, [162], [246], [414], [432], [469], [470], [471]
nervous system, [53];
stigmata, [59];
hibernation, [88];
Clavelinidae, [71], [81], [83], [109], [110]
Climatius, [441]
Cling-Fishes, [708]
Clinus, [709]
Cloaca, of Tunicata, [44], [45], [81], [82], [92];
Cloacal aperture, of Tunicata, [80]
Cloacal cavity, of Hemimyaria, [101]
Club-shaped gland, [134]
C. alosa, [564];
C. finta, [564];
C. harengus, [564], [307]; = Herring (q.v.);
C. pilchardus, [564];
C. sprattus, [564]
Clupeichthys, [563]
gill-helix, [294];
connexion of air-bladder with auditory organ, [303], [389];
eggs, [412]
Clupeinae, [563]
Cnidoglanis, [588]
Coal-Fish, [649]
C. taenia, [358]
Cobitopsis, [639];
C. acuta, [639]
Coccodus, [498]
Coccolepis, [487]
Coccosteus, [535], [149], [536];
Cochliodon, [595]
Cochliodontidae, [445];
teeth, [251]
Cochliodus, [445]
Cochlognathus, [582]
Cod, [648], [648]; = Gadus morrhua, q.v.
Coelocormidae, [86]
Coelocormus huxleyi, [86];
reproductive organs, [56]
Coelom (body-cavity), in Hemichordata, [8], [21], [24] f.;
in Tunicata, [44];
in Amphioxus, [123], [132] f.;
in Fishes, [397]
Coelophrys, [720]
Cole, [25] n.
Cole and Johnstone, [687] n.
C. pedunculata, [85];
C. quoyi, [80]
Collett, [714] n.
Coloconger, [601]
Colocopus, [668]
Colour, of Fishes, [164] f.;
brilliancy and variety, [164];
cause of, [166];
changes, [169];
protective value, [171];
aggressive and alluring, [173];
warning, [174]
Columbia, [621];
C. transmontana, [621]
Comephoridae, [696], [692], [694], [418]
Compound Ascidians, [35], [36] f., [70], [71], [80] f., [110];
eggs, [56]
Conchopoma, [507]
Conger, [601];
C. vulgaris, skull and pectoral arch, [600]
Congrogadus, [713]
Congromuraena, [601]
Conocara, [570]
Conorhynchus, [588]
Conte and Vaney, [27] n.
Cope, [477] n., [542], [543], [573], [619], [626]
Copidoglanis, [588]
Copodus, [446]
Coprolites, [268]
Coregonus, [565], [568], [311];
C. clupeoides, [568];
C. lavaretus, [568];
C. oxyrhynchus, [568];
C. pollan, [568];
C. vandesius, [568]
Corella, [73];
stigmata, [48];
C. japonica, branchial sac, [73];
C. parallelogramma, [73]
Corellinae, [73]
Coreoperca, [659]
Coridodax, [674]
Coris, [673]
Corvina, [663];
C. lobata, air-bladder, [304]
Corydoras, [588];
C. paleatus, [592]
Corynascidia, [73];
C. suhmi, [72];
branchial sac, [73]
Corynopoma, [575]
Coryphaena, [681]
Coryphaenoides, [647]
Cossyphus, [673]
Costa, [112]
Coste, [630] n.
Cottocomephorus, [697], [692] n.
Cottunculus, [698]
Cottus, [698];
C. bubalis, [698];
C. gobio, [698];
Cotylis, [709]
characters of, [141];
classification, [145]
Cranoglanis, [588]
Creagrutus, [575]
Crenicichla, [672]
Crenidens, [665]
Crenuchus, [575]
Crepidogaster, [709]
Crista acustica, [60]
Cromeria, [573]
Cromileptes, [659]
Crossognathidae, [565]
Crossognathus, [565]
Crossopholis, [492]
Crossopterygii, [476] f., [149];
distribution, [483]
Crossorhinus, [447]
Cryodraco, [706]
Cryphiolepis, [487]
Cryptopterus, [588]
Cryptotomus, [674]
Crystallaria, [659]
Crystallogobius, [689]
Ctenochaetus, [668]
Ctenodentex, [665]
Ctenodontidae, [505]
Ctenodus, [506]
Ctenolabrus, [673]
Ctenolates, [659]
Ctenothrissa, [560];
C. vexillifer, [559]
Cubiceps, [643]
Cuénot, [584] n.
Culeolus, [75];
spicules, [87];
C. murrayi, [42];
C. moseleyi, dorsal tubercle, [79];
C. wyville-thomsoni, [75]
Culter, [582]
Cunningham, [565] n., [602] n., [687] n.
Curimatus, [576]
Cutaneous sense-organs, of Fishes, [383] f., [385], [386]
Cuvier, [36]
Cyathaspis, [527]
Cybium, [678]
Cyclobatis, [462]
Cyclopterichthys, [698]
Cyclopteridae, [698], [692], [694], [302]
Cyclopterus, [698], [321], [408], [415];
sucker, [162];
C. lumpus, [699];
rectal valve, [254]
Cyclosalpa, [108];
Cyclospondylic, [198]
Cyclostomata, [421] f., [145] f.;
characters, [146];
external features, [150];
skeleton, [197] f.;
teeth, alimentary canal and digestive glands, [247] f.;
respiratory organs, [279] f.;
vascular system, [315] f.;
blood-glands, [343];
nervous system, [367] f.;
organs of special sense, [383] f.;
kidneys and reproductive organs, [399] f.
Cyclothone, [571]
Cymatogaster, [670]
Cynoglossus, [687];
C. lingua, [686];
C. semilaevis, [393]
Cynolebias, [616]
Cynthia, [75];
branchial sac, [74];
C. cerebriformis, dorsal tubercle, [79];
C. formosa, [76];
dorsal tubercle, [79];
C. papietensis, dorsal tubercle, [79]
Cynthiidae, [74], [64], [110];
branchial sac, [48];
neural gland, [52] n.;
reproductive organs, [55];
eggs, [56];
dorsal tubercle, [79]
Cynthiinae, [75];
tentacles, [75]
Cyphosus, [657]
Cyprinidae, [581], [575], [271];
ventral suckers, [162];
absence of jaw-teeth, [251];
air-bladder, [302];
breathing sounds, [358];
connexion of auditory organ with air-bladder, [389]
Cyprinion, [582]
Cyprinodon, [616]
Cyprinodontidae, [616], [606], [163], [275], [414], [418];
distribution, [617]
pharyngeal teeth, [252];
C. auratus, eyes, [155];
coloration, [171];
C. carassius, [585];
C. carpio, [583], [307], [358]
Cystoarian, [403]
Cystodytes, [85];
spicules, [87]
Cyttoides, [683]
Cyttopsis, [683]
Cyttus, [683]
Dab, [687];
Long Rough, [687];
Smear, [687]
Dactylopogon, [611]
Dactylopteridae, [701], [694], [361]
D. volitans, [161], [355], [357], [361], [399], [701];
pectoral arch, [693]
Dallia, [610];
Danio, [582]
D. politus, [498]
Dapedoglossus, [557];
D. testis, [556]
Dareste, [721]
Darters, [659]
Dascyllus, [672]
Dasyatis sabina, [464]
Dasyscopelus, [611]
Datnioides, [658]
Dawydoff, [16] n.
Deal-Fish, [715]
Delhez, [551]
Deltodus, [445]
Deltoptychius, [445]
Demersal, [408]
Dendrodoa, [76]
Dentex, [664]
Dentition, [247] f.;
dentinal tissues, [249];
fixation of teeth, [249];
succession and replacement, [250];
shape, [251];
sexual differences, [251];
pharyngeal teeth, [251];
Cyclostomata, [247];
Petromyzon, [248];
Fishes, [248] f.;
Scyllium, [249];
Carcharias, [250]
Dercetis, [623]
Derepodichthys, [712]
Derichthys, [601]
Dermal denticles, [183] f.;
structure and development, [183], [184], [185]
Diagramma, [664]
Dibranchus, [720]
Dicerobatis, [465]
Dicrotus, [679]
Didemnum, [87]
Didymaspis, [530]
Dinolestes, [659]
Dinoperca, [659]
Diodon, [726], [163], [354], [361];
scales, [191];
teeth, [251];
D. geometricus, [726];
D. hystrix, [364]
Diphycercal, [159]
Diplacanthidae, [441]
Diplacanthus, [441]
Diplesium, [659]
Diplocrepis, [709]
Diplomystus, [563]
Diplophos, [571]
Diplophysa, [582]
Diplopterus, [477]
Diplosoma, [87];
section, [87]
Diplosomoides lacazii, larva, [78]
Diplospondylic, [198]
Dipneusti—see Dipnoi
Dipnoi (Dipneusti), [505] f., [149];
distribution, [512]
Dipterodon, [665]
D. valenciennesi, [506]
Diptychus, [582]
Disartete, [636] n.
Discocephali, [691] f., [651], [652]
Discognathus, [582]
Discopyge, [464]
Distaplia, [85];
D. magnilarva, larva, [78]
Distichodontinae, [576]
Distichodus, [576];
D. niloticus, mouth, [577]
Distoma, [85]
Distomatidae, [85], [81], [82], [83], [86], [110];
reproductive organs, [56];
ascidiozooid, [82];
transverse section, [86]
Ditrema, [670];
D. temminckii, [670]
Dog-Fishes, [446]
D. mirabilis, [100]
Dolichoglossus, [17], [5], [13];
D. kowalevskii, [6], [7], [9], [20];
D. otagoensis, [11]
Dolichorhynchus, [137];
D. indicus, [137]
structure, [96];
occurrence, [99];
budding, [97];
polymorphism, [98];
D. nationalis, [99];
Dollo, [518]
Dolopichthys, [719]
Dolphins, [681]
Doradinae, [588]
Dorado, [578]
Doras, [588], [590], [592], [363];
intestinal respiration, [292];
stridulation, [357];
elastic-spring-apparatus, [359];
D. maculatus, air-bladder, [303];
nature of sounds, [362]
Dorsal lamina, [45], [47], [52], [101], [105]
Doumea, [588]
Doydixodon, [664]
Draconetta, [706]
Dragonet, [707]
Drasche, [38]
Drepanaspis gemündenensis, [526], [530], [525], [526]
Drepane, [668]
Ductor, [677]
Dufosse, [355]
Dybowski, [697] n.
Dysichthys, [596]
Dysomma, [603]
Dysommatopsis, [603]
Eagle Rays, [465]
Echeneididae, [691]
Echeneis, [691];
cephalic sucker, [161]
Echidna, [605]
Echidnocephalus, [624]
Echinorhinus, [455];
E. spinosus, [456]
Echiostoma, [571]
Ecteinascidia, [71]
Edaphodon, [474]
Edinger, [271]
Eels, [599] f., [601] f., [163], [405]
Eel-Fares, [602]
Egertonia, [674]
Eggs, of Hemichordata, [20], [26];
of Tunicata, [55], [73], [84], [97], [106];
of Amphioxus, [130];
of Fishes, [408] f., [423], [424], [428], [432], [433], [435], [456], [470], [471], [494], [504], [510];
alecithal and telolecithal, [410];
holoblastic and meroblastic segmentation, [409], [410];
deposition, [411];
attachment, [411], [424], [433], [434];
demersal and pelagic, [411], [412];
spawning, [412];
relative fecundity, [412];
fertilisation, [413];
sexual relations, [413];
sexual congress, [414], [427], [428], [432];
time of hatching, [417], [433], [494], [500], [504];
influence of temperature, [417];
of Aspredo, [596];
of Batrachus tau, [711]
Ehrenbaum, [685] n.
Eigenmann, [602] n., [619] n., [670] n.
Eigenmannia, [579]
Elacate, [678]
Elasmobranchii, [431] f., [148]
Elasmodus, [474]
Elassoma, [657]
Electric, Cat-Fish, [591];
Rays, [462];
Mormyridae, [550];
organs, [365] f.
Eleginops, [706]
Eleotris, [689];
E. marmorata, [689]
Ellipesurus, [465]
Elonichthys, [487]
Elopopsis, [547]
Elops, [547];
E. lacerta, [547];
E. saurus, [547]
Elvers, [602]
Embiotoca, [670]
Embiotocidae, [670], [654], [418], [419]
Embolichthys, [705]
Embryology (development), of Hemichordata, [18];
of Tunicata, [55];
of Amphioxus, [130];
of Fishes, [417]
Embryonic nutrition;
ovarian secretion, [419];
oviducal or uterine secretion, [434], [435];
placentas, [98], [101], [107], [434]
Emery, [622], [623], [685] n., [714] n.
Emmnion, [709]
Empetrichthys, [616]
Encheliophis, [625];
E. vermicularis, [625]
Enchelycore, [605]
Enchodus, [609]
End-buds, [383]
Endostyle, [46], [53], [58], [67];
of Amphioxus, [122]
Engraulinae, [563]
Engraulis, [563];
E. encrasicholus, [564]
Enneanectes, [709]
Entero-epicardiac budding, [82]
Enteropneusta, [5] f., [30] n.;
coloration, [7];
divisions of body, [7];
burrowing, [7];
body-cavities, [8];
body-wall, [9];
nervous system, [9];
alimentary canal, [11];
vascular system, [15];
excretion, [15];
reproductive organs, [16];
regeneration, [16];
development, [18] f.
Entersphenus, [426]
Eocottus, [698]
Eothynnus, [678]
Epapterus, [589]
Ephippion, [726]
Ephippus, [668];
E. faber, [668]
Epibulus, [673]
Epicardiac budding, [81]
Epicardium, [44], [60], [71], [83]
Epigonus, [659]
Epinnula, [679]
Epipharyngeal groove, [123]
Eques, [663]
Equula, [663]
Eremophilus, [589]
Eretmodus, [672]
Ereunias, [698]
Erythrininae, [575]
E. taeniatus, E. braziliensis, air-bladder as a respiratory organ, [291]
Esocidae, [609], [606], [275];
distribution, [610]
Esox, [609];
skeleton, [609];
E. nobilior, [609];
E. lepidotus, [610]
Essence orientale, [585]
Esunculus, [548]
Etelis, [660]
Etheostoma, [659]
Etroplus, [672]
Etrumeus, [563]
Euanemus, [359]
Eucalia, [630]
Eucirrhichthys, [582]
Eugnathichthys, [576]
Eugnathus, [499]
E. glutinans, [79];
E. kerguelenensis, branchial sac, [77]
Eukeraspis pustulifera, [529]
Eumeda, [588]
Euoxymetopon, [679]
Euphanerops, [532]
Eupleurogrammus, [679]
Eurycormus, [499];
E. speciosus, vertebrae, [203]
E. crenatus, [487]
Eurypharynx, [604]
Eurypholis, [609]
Eusthenopteron, [478], [202], [246];
E. foordi, [479]
Euthacanthus, [441]
Euthynotus, [204]
Eutropiichthys, [587]
Eutropius, [588]
Exocoetoides, [615]
Exocoetus, [638], [161], [173], [353], [411]
Exoglossum, [582]
External characters, Cyclostomata, [150] f.;
Fishes, [152] f.
Eycleshymer, [592] n.
Eye, [155], [393], [394], [395];
degeneration in deep-sea and cave Fishes, [394];
telescopic, [395]
Eyelids, [395]
Facciola, [685] n.
Fatio, [569] n.
Felchen, [568]
Fierasfer, [625], [622], [399];
File-Fishes, [724]
Filippi, [690] n.
Fins, of Fishes, [156];
median, [156];
paired, [157];
pectoral, [157];
lobate, [157];
pelvic, [158];
caudal, [159];
modified to form suckers, [161];
degeneration and atrophy, [162];
endoskeletal elements, [234], [235], [236], [237], [239], [240], [241], [242], [243], [244], [245], [246];
exoskeletal elements, [158], [234], [236]
Fin-rays, of Amphioxus, [120];
of Fishes, [158], [234], [236]
Fishes, [141] f.;
systematic position and classification, [141];
external features, [152];
coloration, [164];
poison glands, [176];
phosphorescent organs, [178];
skin and scales, [182];
skeleton, [193];
dentition, alimentary canal, and digestive glands, [247];
respiratory organs, [277];
air-bladder, [297];
vascular system, lymphatics, and blood-glands, [313];
muscular system, locomotion, sound-producing organs, and electric organs, [349];
nervous system and organs of special sense, [367];
kidneys and reproductive organs, breeding, [397];
systematic, [431] f.
Fishing-Frog, [718]
F. tabaccaria, [632]
Flat-Fishes, [685]
Flounder, [687];
Flute-mouths, [154]
Flying-Fish, [638], [161], [173], [353], [411];
fresh-water, [559]
Flying Gurnards, [701], [355], [361]
Fol, [38]
Forbesella, [75];
F. tessellata, [76];
dorsal tubercle, [79]
Forskål, [36]
Fowler, [23]
Frilled Sharks, [443]
F. furcata, [70];
F. megachile, [66]
Frost-Fish, [679]
Fundulus, [616]
Gadidae, [647], [702], [158], [303], [307], [361], [389], [412];
photophores, [179]
Gadomus, [647]
Gadopsis, [709]
Gadow, [193] n.
G. aeglefinus, [649], [308], [361];
G. luscus, [649];
G. merlangus, [649];
coloration, [168];
pyloric caeca, [275];
vertebrae, [205];
skull, [230];
pseudobranch, [284];
air-bladder, [303];
vascular system, [320], [323], [336], [337];
spleen, [343];
sounds, [361];
G. pollachius, [649];
G. virens, [649];
sensory canals, [386];
tail, [646]
Gagata, [588]
G. brevipinnis, [607]
Galaxiidae, [607], [606], [163], [405];
distribution, [607]
Galeichthys, [588], [587], [593]
Galeocerdo, [448];
G. arcticus, [448];
G. tigrinus, [448]
Galeoides, [641]
G. canis, [449]
Gambusia, [616];
development of embryos in ovisacs, [418]
Ganodus, [474]
Ganoidei, [149]
Gar-Fish, [411] (Belone)
Gar-Pike, [638] (Belone);
[503] (Lepidosteus)—see also Lepidosteus
Garman, [616] n., [619], [698] n.
Gastric glands, [270]
Gastrochisma, [678]
Gastromyzon, [582];
G. borneensis, [586];
sucker, [162]
Gastropelecus, [575]
distribution, [631]
Gastrosteus, [630], [163], [169], [271], [288];
pectoral arch of, [630];
G. pungitius, [630];
G. spinosus, [354];
G. texanus, [631] n.
Gastrostomus, [604]
Gastrula, [20], [56], [130], [131]
Gavialiceps, [603]
Gazza, [663]
Gegenbaur, [5] n., [37], [570] n.
Gempylus, [679]
Genidens, [588]
Genital pores, [403]
Genital wings, of Enteropneusta, [16], [10]
Genypterus, [713]
Geoffroy, [677] n.
Geophagus, [672]
Geotria, [426]
Gephyroberyx, [656]
Gephyrocercal, [161]
Gephyroglanis, [588]
Gerbe, [673] n.
Gerlachia, [706]
Gerres, [663]
Gigantactis vanhoeffeni, [720]
Gilbert, [548]
Gilbertia, [659]
Gilchrist, [571]
Gill, of Salpa, [105]
Gill, T., [542], [570] n., [599] n., [629]
Gill-helix, [294]
Gill-slits, [4];
of Enteropneusta, [11], [12], [20], [30];
of Tunicata, [47], [67], [105];
of Amphioxus, [120];
Gillaroo Trout, [260]
Gills—see Respiratory organs
Ginglymostoma, [447]
Girardinus, [616];
sexual congress, [414]
Girella, [664]
Glandiceps, [17], [5], [6], [13], [14], [15];
G. abyssicola, [6];
G. hacksi, [6];
G. talaboti, [5]
Glandicipitidae, [17]
Glandula pterygopodia, [182]
Glanidium, [588]
Glaniopsis, [582]
Glaucosoma, [660]
Globe-Fishes, [726], [152], [163]
Glomerulus, of Enteropneusta, [15];
Glomus, [398]
Glossobalanus, [17], [5], [13];
G. ruficollis, [17] n.;
Glossodus, [446]
Glyphidodon, [672]
Glyptocephalus, [687];
G. cynoglossus, [687];
G. microcephalus, [687]
Glyptolepis, [480]
Glyptopomus, [477]
Glyptosternum, [588]
Gnathacanthus, [695]
G. curvirostris, [550];
G. numenius, [550]
Gnathostomata, [145];
characters of, [147]
Gobiesox, [709]
Gobiidae, [689]
Gobiiformes, [688] f., [651], [652]
Gobio, [582]
Gobiodon, [689]
Gobiosoma, [689]
G. minutus, care of eggs, [415];
G. ruthensparri, [689]
Gold-Fish, [585], [155], [171]
Gomphosus, [673]
Gonads (reproductive organs), of Hemichordata, [16], [25];
of Tunicata, [55], [67], [76], [93], [97], [105];
of Amphioxus, [129];
of Fishes, [402] f., [400], [403]
Gonoducts, of Fishes, [404] f.;
Teleostei, [400], [404], [406];
Holocephali, [405];
Crossopterygii, [405];
Chondrostei, [405];
Holostei, [405]
Gonorhynchus greyi, [572], [572]
Gonostoma, [571]
Gonostomatinae, [571]
Goode, Brown, [680] n., [710], [725]
Goode and Bean, [614] n.
Goodsiria, [89];
G. placenta, [89]
Gourami, [669]
Grammicolepis, [683]
Grammistes, [660]
Grammistinae, [660]
Grassi, [21] n.
Grassi and Calandruccio, [602]
Grayling, [568]
Greene, [711] n.
Greenland Shark, [455]
Gressin, [705] n.
Grey Mullets, [640]
Grobben, [39]
Groove of Hatschek, [128]
Guanin, [167]
Guaninkalk, [167] n.
Guitel, [690] n., [709] n., [710]
Gunnel, [712]
Günther, [543], [557], [569] n., [621] n. [632], [674], [711] n., [719]
Gurnards, [701]—see also Trigla
Gwyniad, [568]
Gymnallabes, [588]
Gymnapistus, [695]
Gymnarchinae, [551]
Gymnarchus, [551];
larval gills, [290], [418], [419];
abdominal pores, [401];
size of eggs, [408];
G. niloticus, [552];
embryo, [419]
Gymnelis, [712]
Gymnoarian, [403]
Gymnocypris, [582]
Gymnodontes, [725] f., [721], [272], [361]
Gymnodraco, [706]
Gymnotidae, [579], [574], [163], [256], [302], [389]
Gymnotus, [579], [581], [649] n.;
electric organs, [365], [366];
G. electricus, [580]
Gyrinochilus, [582]
Gyrodus, [498]
Gyrolepis, [487]
Gyroptychius, [479]
Gyrosteus, [489]
Haddon, [289]
Haemulon, [664]
Hag-Fishes, [421]
Haldeman, [19] n.
Halec, [609]
Halibut, [687]
Halicmethes, [720]
Halieutaea, [720]
Halilophus mirabilis, [21]
Halimochirurgus, [723]
Haloporphyrus, [648]
Halosaurichthys, [624]
Halosauridae, [623];
photophores, [178]
Halosauropsis, [624];
Halosaurus, [624]
Hammer-head Sharks, [449]
Hancock, [53], [591] n., [592]
Haplistia, [477] n.
Haplochilus, [616]
Haplochiton, [608]
Haplodactylidae, [664], [650], [654]
Haplodactylus, [664]
Haplomi, [605] f., [651], [306]
Haplonotus, [663]
Harmout, [590]
Harpagifer, [706]
Harpodon, [611];
H. nehereus, [613];
H. squamosus, [613]
H. kupfferi, [20] n.
Harrimaniidae, [17]
Harriotta, [471], [154], [223];
distribution, [473];
H. raleighana, [472];
young, [473]
Hartmeyer, [38]
Hasselt, van, [36]
Hatching, of eggs, [417]
Hatschek, [113];
grove of, [128]
Haus, of Appendicularians, [66]
Head, shape and relative size, [153]
Heart, of Tunicata, [49], [67];
Heart-vesicle, of Hemichordata, [15]
Heincke, [565] n.
Helgia, [582]
Heliastes, [672]
Helicophagus, [588]
Heller, [38]
Helodus, [445]
Helogenes, [589]
Helostoma, [669]
Hemerocoetes, [706]
Hemibranch, [278]
Hemichordata, [4] f., [3], [38];
affinities, [30] f.
Hemichromis, [671]
Hemiexocoetus, [638]
Hemimyaria, [101] f., [95], [96]
Hemiodontinae, [576]
Hemiodus, [576]
Hemipimelodus, [588]
Hemirhamphus, [638];
beak, [154];
intromittent organ, [414]
Hemirhynchus, [680]
Hemisilurus, [588]
Hemithyrsites, [679]
Hemitripterus, [698]
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, [558] n.
Heniochus, [668]
Henoplosus, [666]
Hensel, [593] n.
Heptanchus, [443];
branchial clefts, [277];
H. cinereus, [443];
skull, [222]
Heptapterus, [588]
Herdman, [38], [108] n., [109] n.
Hermaphrodite Fishes, [420]
Hermaphroditism, [420]
Hermosilla, [657]
Heros, [672]
coloration, [173];
gonads, [403];
eggs, [412];
influence of temperature on time of hatching, [417]
accessory gill, [293]
Heterochaerops, [673]
Heteroconger, [601]
Heterodont, [251]
Heterodontidae, [444];
teeth, [251];
persistent nephrostomes, [401], [445]
Heterodontus, [444];
skull, [223];
teeth, [251];
spiral valve, [267];
H. philippi, [445]
H. bassanum, [137];
H. cingalense, [137];
H. cultellum, [137];
H. hectori, [137];
H. maldivense, [137]
Heterostichus, [709]
Heterothrissa, [563]
size of eggs, [408];
H. ehrenbergii, gill-helix, [294];
Hexagrammus, [696]
Hexanchus, [443];
branchial clefts, [277];
H. griseus, [443]
Hierichthys, [713]
Himantolophus, [719];
H. reinhardti, [719]
Hincks, [23] n.
Hippocampus, [634], [635], [154], [156], [283];
prehensile tail, [163];
H. brevirostris, [361], [362];
H. guttulatus, [635]
Hippoglossina, [687]
Hippoglossoides, [687];
H. limandoides, [687]
Hippoglossus, [687];
H. vulgaris, [687]
Histiocephalus, [695]
Histiophorus, [680]
Histiopterus, [660]
Histiothrissa, [563]
Holargyreus, [648]
Holaspis, [527]
Holmwood, [692] n.
Holoblastic, [97], [409], [410]
Holobranch, [278]
H. sogho, [361]
Holoptychius, [480];
H. leptopterus, [236];
H. flemingi, [479]
Holosomata, [88] f., [81], [82], [110]
Holostei, [495] f., [149], [497]
Holothurians, Fierasfer in, [626];
Syngnathus and Doryichthys in, [635]
Holoxenus, [695];
H. cutaneus, coloration, [165]
Homaloptera, [582]
Homosoma, [643]
Homosteus, [536]
Hoplichthys, [700]
Hoplognathus, [662]
Hoplopagrus, [660]
Hoplopteryx, [656];
H. lewesiensis, [656]
Houting, [568]
Hundsfisch, [610]
Huot, [627]
Hybodus, [445];
vertebral column, [197]
Hydrocyon, [575];
H. goliath, [578]
Hydrocyoninae, [575]
Hydrolagus colliei, [469]
Hygrogonus, [672]
Hymenocephalus, [647]
Hyodon, [553];
H. alosoides, skull and pectoral arch, [553]
Hyodontidae, [552], [544], [389], [405]
Hyostylic, [222]
Hyperlophus, [563]
Hyperopisus, [549];
H. bebe, [552]
Hyperpharyngeal groove, [123]
Hypnos, [464];
electric organs, [365];
H. subnigrum, [258]
Hypobranchial groove, [46]
Hypobythiinae, [72]
Hypobythius, [72];
H. moseleyi, [72]
Hypomesus, [566]
Hypopharyngeal groove, [122], [123]
Hypophthalmichthys, [582];
H. molitrix, [584]
Hypophthalminae, [589]
Hypophthalmus, [589]
Hypophysial canal, [58]
Hypoprion, [448]
Hypoptopoma, [595]
Hypoptychus, [639]
Hypostoma—see Plecostomus
Hypostomides, [628]
Hypsocormus, [501];
H. insignis, [502]
Hysterocarpus, [670]
Iasis, [108];
I. cordiformis-zonaria, [108]
Icelus, [698]
Ichthyoborinae, [576]
Ichthyoborus, [576]
Ichthyocampus, [634]
Ichthyococcus, [571]
Ichthyodectes, [561]
Ichthyodorulites, [159], [435], [446], [467]
Ichthyomyzon, [426]
Ichthyopsida, [145]
Icichthys, [644]
Icosteus, [644];
I. enigmaticus, [644]
Iguanodectes, [575]
Ihering, [593] n.
Ikeda, [29]
Ilyophis, [601]
Infundibular organ, [127]
Inter-renal bodies, [346], [346]
Intromittent organs, [414]
I. murrayi, [612];
photophore, [179]
Iridocytes, [166]
Ischnacanthus, [441]
Ischyodus, [474]
Isichthys, [551]
Iso, [639]
Istieus, [549]
Isurichthys, [678]
Janessa, [446]
Jenynsia, [616]
Jobert, [593] n.
John Dory, [683], [308], [361], [363]
Jones, [720] n.
Jordan, [542]
Jordan and Evermann, [569] n., [620]
Jordan and Goss, [687] n.
Jordania, [698]
Joturus, [640]
Joues cuirassées, [692]
Jugulares, [702] f., [651], [652], [306]
Jullien, [23]
Jumping-Fish, [690]
Kalymmocytes, [40], [56], [93], [107]
Kelb-el-Bahr, [578]
Kidneys, [397] f.;
development, [397];
in different Fishes, [399]
Kilch, [311]
King-Fish, [628]
King of the Herrings, [715]
Kner and Steindachner, [626]
Kneria, [616];
K. angolensis, [616];
K. spekii, [616] n.
Korotneff, [39]
Kowalevskia, [68]
Kowalevskiidae, [68]
Kowalevsky, [7] n., [37], [39], [94] n., [113]
Krohn, [37]
Krohnius, [647]
Krukenberg, [271] n.
Kuhl, [36]
Kuhlia, [657]
Kupffer, [38]
Kurtidae, [687]
Kurtiformes, [687] f., [651], [652]
Kurtus, [687];
K. indicus, skeleton of, [688]
Kyle, [687] n.
Labeo, [582];
L. falcifer, [583]
Labidesthes, [639]
Labrichthys, [673]
Labridae [673], [654], [271], [275];
Labrodon, [674]
pharyngeal teeth, [252], [288];
L. labrax, [275];
L. maculatus, pharyngeal bones, [673];
L. rupestris, [674]
Labyrinthiform organs, [292], [293]
Lacaze-Duthiers, [38]
Lactarius delicatulus, [663]
Lactophrys, [724]
Laemargus, [455];
intestinal caeca, [274];
eggs, [435]
Laïs, [588]
Lamarck, [36]
Lamna, [451];
L. cornubica, [451]
Lamnidae, [450]
Lampetra, [426];
L. wilderi, [427]
Lampreys, [425] f.
L. luna, [628];
coloration, [164]
Lamprogrammus, [712]
Lamprologus, [671]
L. spinosa, [524]
Lancelet, [112]
Lang, [31] n.
Langerhans, [112]
Lankester, [5] n., [23], [112], [113]
Larimus, [663]
Larvacea, [64] f., [64], [110];
structure, [65];
habits, [65];
tail, [66];
classification, [68];
occurrence, [69]
Larval Fishes—Teleosts, [417] f., [418], [419];
Cyclostomata, [428];
Crossopterygii, [290], [483], [484];
Chondrostei, [494];
Dipnoi, [514], [515], [517], [518]
Larval gills, [290] f.;
Polypterus, [290], [483], [484];
Heterotis, [290];
Gymnarchus, [290], [418], [419];
Misgurnus, [290];
Salmon, [290];
Protopterus, [291], [515], [515];
Lepidosiren, [291], [517], [518]
Larval organs, [418];
adhesive or cement organs, [418], [494], [501], [504], [514], [515], [517], [518];
external gills, [289], [290], [419];
cutaneous gills, [290], [483], [484], [517], [518];
defensive spines, [418]
Lasanius, [532];
L. problematicus, [532]
Lateolabrax, [659]
Lateral line sensory organs, [163], [384], [385], [386], [387]
Lates, [660]
Latilus, [661]
Latris, [663];
L. hecateia, nocturnal colour-changes, [170]
Launce, [639]
Lavaret, [568]
Leather Carp, [584]
Lefevre, [83]
Lefua, [582]
Lemon Sole, [687]
Lentipes, [689]
Lepidocephalichthys, [582]
Lepidocottus, [698]
Lepidomeda, [582]
Lepidopus caudatus, [679]
Lepidorhombus, [687];
L. megastoma, [687]
Lepidosiren, [511], [149], [153], [261], [401];
pectoral fins, [157];
gills, [286];
larval gills, [291], [517], [518];
vascular system, [527];
thyroid, [344];
growling sounds, [363];
relations with other Dipnoi, [518], [519];
L. paradoxa, [516];
distribution, habits, and food, [516];
nocturnal colour change, [517];
hibernation, [517];
nest, [517];
filaments on pelvic limb of male, [517];
Lepidosirenidae, [511]
Lepidosteidae, [502]
Lepidosteoidei, [495] f.
Lepidosteus, [503], [149], [153], [160], [258], [262], [273], [274], [283], [284], [291];
vertebral column, [201], [202], [204];
skull, [229];
alimentary canal, [257];
spiral valve, [268];
pyloric caeca, [274];
air-bladder, [297], [299], [310];
spiracular pseudobranch, [334], [335];
branchial circulation, [334] n., [336];
brain, [376];
gonads, [400], [402], [405], [407];
segmentation of the egg, [409];
distribution, [503];
habits, [503];
breeding, [503];
larvae, [504];
fossil, [504];
L. platyrhynchus, pectoral fin, [243];
L. platystomus, [503];
L. viridis, [503]
Lepidothynnus, [678]
Lepidotrichia, [234]
Lepidotrigla, [701]
Lepidotus, [498];
L. minor, [497]
Lepomis, [657]
Lepophidium, [713]
Leporinus, [576]
Leptagoniates, [575]
Leptecodon, [623]
Leptichthys, [563]
Leptobarbus, [582]
Leptocephalid, of Albula, [548]
Leptocephalus, [600], [21] n.;
L. brevirostris, [602]
Leptochilichthys, [570]
Leptoclinum, [87];
section, [86];
spicules, [87];
L. neglectum, [80]
Leptoderma, [570]
Leptodoras, [588]
Leptolepis, [546];
L. dubius, [546]
Leptopterygius, [709]
Leptoscopus, [705]
Leptosomus, [611]
Leptotrachelus, [623]
Lethrinus, [665]
Leucaspius, [582]
Leuckart, [37]
Leucosomus, [582]
Levinsen, [23]
Leydig, [584] n.
Lichia, [677]
Ling, [649]
Linophryne, [719]
Liocassis, [588]
Liocetus, [719]
Lionurus, [647]
Liopropoma, [659]
Liparops, [698]
Lipogenyidae, [624], [622], [623]
Lipogenys, [624];
L. gillii, [624]
Liposarcus, [595]
Lirus, [643];
L. medusophagus, [643];
L. perciformis, [643]
Liuranus, [601]
Liver, [271];
Loaches, [585], [261], [290], [292];
Pond Loach, [585].
Lobotes, [658]
Locomotion of Fishes, [349] f., [351]
Lohmann, [66]
Longchamps, de Selys, [29]
Lophiidae, [718]
Lophiomus, [718]
teeth, [250]
Lophobranchii, [628], [543], [629]
Lopholatilus, [661];
L. chamaeleonticeps, [661]
Lophotes, [716]
Lophotidae, [716]
Lorenzini's ampullae, [384]
Loricariidae, [594], [575], [256], [292]
Loricariinae, [595]
Lota, [648];
L. vulgaris, [649]
Lotella, [648]
Löwig and Kölliker, [37]
Lucifuga, [712], [713], [395];
L. subterranea, [361]
Luciobrama, [582]
Luciocephalus, [669]
Luciogobius, [689]
Lucioperca, [659]
Luciosoma, [582]
Lump-Sucker, [699], [162], [321], [408], [415]
Lumpenus, [709]
Lutjaninae, [660]
Lutjanus, [660]
Lütken, [614] n., [682] n., [714] n.
Lutodeira, [256]
Luvarus imperialis, [681]
Lycocara, [712]
Lycodontis, [605]
Lyconus, [647]
Lycoptera, [546]
Lymph-hearts, [342]
Lymphatic system, [342]
Lymphoid tissue, [348]
Lyomeri, [622]
Lyosphaera, [726]
MacBride, [16], [31] n., [113], [133] n.
M‘Intosh and Masterman, [565] n.
Mackerel, [678], [168], [275], [302]
Macquaria, [659]
Macrius, [705];
M. amissus, [705]
Macrodon, [575];
M. trahira, mouth, [577]
Macrones, [588]
Macropharynx, [604]
Macrophthalmia chilensis, [426]
Macropodus viridi-auratus, [669]
Macropoma, [481], [202], [268]
Macrosemius, [498]
Macrostomias, [571]
Macruronus, [647]
Macrurus, [647];
M. carminatus, [647]
Maena, [664]
Mahaseer, [584]
Maigre (= Meagre), [361], [362], [663]
Malacanthus, [661]
Malacichthys, [659]
Malacocephalus, [647]
Malacopterus, [673]
Malacopterygii, [543] f., [159], [306]
Malacosarcus, [619]
Malacosteus, [571];
M. indicus, [570];
photophoreo, [178]
Mallotus, [566];
Malm, [685] n.
Malopterurinae, [588]
Malopterurus, [588], [593], [359];
electric organs, [365], [366];
Malthe, [720];
M. vespertilio, [720]
Malthopsis, [720]
Mantle, [42]
Marcusenius, [551]
Marsupial pouches, [416]
Mastacembelidae, [716]
Mastacembelus, [717];
M. maculatus, [717]
Masterman, [23] n., [25], [27], [28], [29], [31] n.
Mazza, [714] n.
M‘Biriki, [583]
Meagre (= Maigre, q.v.)
Meda, [582]
Medialuna, [657]
Medusae, with Caranx, [643]
Meek, [714] n.
spiral valve, [268]
Megalocercus, [68];
Megalops, [547];
M. atlanticus, [547];
M. cyprinoides, [547]
Megalurus, [501]
Megrim, [687]
Melambaphes, [664]
Melamphaes, [656], [620], [655]
Melanocetus, [719]
Melanostigma, [712]
Melanostoma, [659]
Melanotaenia, [639]
Membrana nictitans, [395]
Membranellae, [19]
Menaspis, [445]
Mene, [677]
M. vulgaris, [649];
red gland, [308]
Meroblastic, [93], [409], [410]
Mertens, Von, [66]
Mesacanthus, [442]
Mesiteia, [447]
Mesoborus, [576]
Mesocoracoid arch, [543], [573]
Mesodon, [498]
Mesonephros, [397], [398], [400]
Mesoprion gembra, radialia of the dorsal fin, [235]
Mesorchium, [402]
Mesovarium, [402]
Mesturus, [498]
Metschnikoff, [19], [31] n., [39]
Metynnis, [576]
Meyen, [677] n.
Micracanthus, [669]
Micralestes, [575]
Microbrachius, [534]
Microcoelia, [611]
Microcosmus draschii, dorsal tubercle, [79]
Microdon, [498]
Micropogon undulatus, air-bladder and its muscles, [360], [361]
Micropterus, [657]
Microspathodon, [672]
Miller's Thumb, [698]
Milne-Edwards, [37]
Minnow, [288]
Minot, [30] n.
M. inermis, [695]
intestinal respiration, [261], [292];
oviducts, [405];
Mistichthys luzonensis, [689]
Möbius, [630] n., [673], [724]
Mochocus, [588]
Mola, [727]
Molgula, [77];
M. citrina, [79];
M. pyriformis, branchial sac, [77];
dorsal tubercle, [79]
Molgulidae, [77], [64], [110];
nervous system, [53];
reproductive organs, [55]
Mollienesia, [616]
Molluscoidea, [35]
Molva, [648];
M. vulgaris, [649]
Monacanthus, [724];
coloration, [165];
warning colours, [174];
scales, [190];
M. sp., [723];
M. pardalis, [361];
M. scopas, scale, [191]
Monascidiae, [35]
Monocentris, [656]
Monocirrus, [658]
Monogamy, [413]
Monopterus, [597];
M. javanensis, head, skull, pectoral arch, vertebrae, [598]
Moon-eyes, [553]
Moon-fish, [579]
Morchellium, [88];
M. argus, stomach, [88]
Mordacia, [426]
Morgan, [11] n., [20], [21] n., [31] n., [32]
Moringua, [601]
Mormyridae, [549], [544], [154];
larval gills, [290];
abdominal pores, [401]
Mormyrinae, [551]
Mormyrs, [551]
Mormyrus, [551];
M. caballus, [549];
electric organs, [365], [366], [401]
Moseley, [95], [613], [702] n.
Mouth, position, size, and shape;
of Cyclostomata, [150];
of Fishes, [153] f.
Moxostoma, [581]
Mud-Fish, [610]
M. capito, [640]
Mugilidae, [640], [637], [256];
gizzard, [260]
Müller, H., [37]
Müller, J., [19], [31], [112], [129]
Müller, O. F., [36]
Müllerian duct, [398], [400], [404]
Mullets, Grey, [640];
Red, [665]
Mulloides, [665]
Mullus, [665];
M. barbatus, [666];
M. surmuletus, [666];
pectoral arch, [666]
Muraena, [605];
Muraenesox, [601]
Muraenichthys, [601]
Muraenidae, [604], [163], [259]
Muraenolepididae, [649]
Muraenolepis, [649]
Murray, [613]
Muscular system, [350]
M. antarcticus, radialia of the dorsal fin, [234];
vascular system, [316], [317], [330], [331], [334];
placenta, [435];
M. laevis, [449];
M. vulgaris, [449]
Myletes, [576]
Myleus, [576]
Myliobatidae, [465];
teeth, [251]
Mylostoma, [537]
Myocomma, [117]
Myomyrus, [551]
Myriacanthidae, [468]
Myriacanthus, [468];
M. granulatus, [468]
Myripristis, [656]
Myroconger, [605]
Myrophis, [601]
Myrus, [601]
external characters, [151];
thread-cells, [182];
vertebral column, [197];
teeth, [248];
liver, [273];
pancreas, [273];
gill-sacs, [281];
blood corpuscles, [341];
brain, [372];
pituitary involution, [391];
degenerate eyes, [394], [395];
genital pore, [403];
distribution, [422];
habits, [422];
hermaphroditism, [423];
M. glutinosa, [151], [422], [423]
Myxinidae, [422]
Myxinoides, [421] f.
Myxus, [640]
Nandus, [658]
Nannaethiops, [576]
Nannobrachium, [611]
Nannocharax, [576]
Nanoglanis, [588]
Nanognathus, [576]
Nanostomus, [576]
Narcetes, [570]
Narcine, [464]
Naseus, [668]
Naucrates, [677];
N. ductor, [677]
Nealotus, [679]
Neatherina, [639]
Nebris, [663]
Nedystoma, [588]
Needle-Fish, [634]
Nemachilus, [582]
Nematabramis, [582]
Nematistius, [677]
Nematonotus, [611]
Nemichthyidae, [603]
Nemichthys, [603]
Nemopteryx, [648]
Neobola, [582]
Neoborus, [576]
Neobythitis, [712]
Neoceratodus, [508], [259], [291];
skull, [231];
pectoral fin, [244];
vascular system, [323], [324], [329], [338];
grunting sounds, [363];
brain, [377];
abdominal pores, [401];
Müllerian ducts in the male, [407];
distribution and habits, [508], [512];
spawning, [510];
eggs, [510];
relations with other Dipnoi, [518], [519];
Neochanna, [608]
Neolebias, [576]
Neopempheris, [657]
Neopercis, [705]
Neoscopelus, [611]
Neosilurus, [588]
Nephridia, of Amphioxus, [125]
Nephrostomes, [398];
persistent, [401]
Nerve eminences, [383]
Nervous system, of Chordata, [4];
of Hemichordata, [9], [25], [30];
of Tunicata, [53], [58], [66];
of Amphioxus, [127] f., [131];
of Fishes, [367] f.
Nesiarchus, [679]
Nesting habits of Sticklebacks, [630]
Nests of Fishes, [414] f., [427], [500], [501], [514], [515], [517];
of Arius, [593];
of Doras and Callichthys, [592];
of Gobius, [690];
of Gymnarchus, [552];
of Heterotis, [558];
of Spinachia, [631]
Nettastoma, [601]
Nettenchelys, [601]
Nettophichthys, [601]
Neural gland, [52]
Neurenteric canal, [57], [131], [133]
Neuromeres, [195] n.
Nilhechte, [550]
Nilsson, [715]
Niphon, [659]
Nishikawa, [685] n.
Noll, [584] n.
Nomeus, [643];
N. gronovii, [643]
Norman, [23]
Notacanthidae, [624]
Notacanthus, [625];
N. bonapartii, [625]
Notagogus, [498]
persistent nephrostomes, [401]
spiral valve, [267];
N. cinereus, branchial clefts, [277];
skull, [222];
N. griseus, branchial clefts, [277]
Notochord, [3];
of Enteropneusta, [14];
of Rhabdopleura, [27];
of Actinotrocha, [28];
of Tunicata, [57], [60], [61];
of Amphioxus, [119], [118], [119], [132];
of Fishes, [193] f.
Notoglanidium, [588]
Notoglanis, [588]
Notogoneus, [572]
Notopteridae, [554], [544], [303], [389], [405]
Notopterus, [555], [153], [305], [306];
N. afer, skeleton, [554];
N. chitala, [555]
Notothenia, [706]
Novacula, [673]
Nucleus, of Thaliacea, [101], [105]
Nuria, [582]
Nurse, [97]
Oblata, [664]
Ocelli, [53]
O. bythius, [109];
O. patagoniensis, [109]
Odax, [674]
Odaxothrissa, [563]
Odontaspis, [451]
Odonteus, [673]
Odontonectes, [660]
Oenoscopus, [545]
Oesophageo-cutaneous duct, [281]
Oikoplasts, [65]
transverse section, [67];
longitudinal section, [68];
O. cophocerca, [66];
O. dioica, [70];
O. flabellum, transverse section, [69]
Olfactory organs, [155], [390] f., [391], [392]
Olfactory pit, [129]
Oligopleurus, [545]
Oligorus, [659]
Oligosarcus, [575]
Olt, [584] n.
Olyra, [588]
Omble Chevalier, [567]
Omiodon, [611]
Omosudis, [611]
Oncorhynchus, [566]
Oneirodes, [719];
O. eschrichtii, [174]
Onus, [648];
coloration of larvae, [175]
Operculum, [25], [155], [278], [282], [283]
Ophichthys, [601]
Ophidiidae, [713], [651], [702], [704], [163], [361]
air-bladder, [302]
Ophioblennius, [709]
Ophiocephalidae, [644], [637], [163], [293], [361];
distribution, [645]
Ophiocephalus, [645];
labyrinthiform organ, [293];
O. marulius, [361];
O. gachua, [361]
Ophiodon, [696];
O. elongatus, skull, [692]
Opisthocentrus, [709]
Opisthognathus, [661]
Opisthomi, [716] f., [651], [306]
Opisthomyzon, [691]
Opisthonema, [563]
Opisthoproctus soleatus, telescopic eyes, [395]
Opisthopteryx, [611]
Opostomias, [571];
O. micripnus, photophores, [178], [179], [181]
Opsanus, [711]
Opsariichthys, [582]
Oral hood, [116], [119], [136]
Oreinus, [582]
Oreosoma, [683]
Orestias, [616]
Orodus, [445]
Orthagoriscus, [727], [153], [354];
spinal cord, [367];
O. mola, [602], [727], [348], [357]
Osmeroides, [547]
O. eperlanus, [568];
labyrinthiform organ, [293]
O. olfax, [669]
Osphyolax, [634]
Ostariophysi, [573] f., [306], [389]
Osteochilus, [582]
Osteoglossidae, [555], [544], [294], [405];
larval gills, [290];
distribution, [557]
Osteoglossum, [557];
O. bicirrhosum, [556]
Osteolepida, [477] f.
Osteolepidae, [477]
Osteolepis, [477];
O. macrolepidota, [477]
Ostracion, [724], [152], [361];
scales, [191];
O. ornatus, [165];
O. quadricornis, [725];
O. trigonus, [362]
Ostracodermi, [522] f., [149], [721]
Otocinclus, [595]
Otolithus, [663];
air-bladder, [304];
O. regalis, [361]
Oviducal gland (shell-gland), [400], [407]
Ovipositor, [408]
Oxuderces, [690]
Oxygnathus, [487]
Oxylebius, [696]
Oxymetopon, [689]
Pachycormidae, [501]
Pachycormus, [501]
Pachylebias, [616]
Pachymetopon, [665]
Pachyrhizodontidae, [569]
Pachyrhizodus, [569]
Pachystomias, [571];
P. microdon, photophores, [178], [179], [180]
Pachyula, [588]
Paddle-Fish, [491]; = Polyodon, q.v.
Pagellus, [665];
P. centrodontus, [346]
Pagrus, [665];
P. auratus, [665]
Palaeolycus, [609]
Palaeomylus, [468]
range in time, [487]
P. macropomus, [486]
Palaeorhynchidae, [680]
Palaeorhynchus, [680]
Palaeoscyllium, [447]
Palaeospinax, [445];
vertebral column, [197]
Palaeospondylidae, [521] f., [149]
Palaeospondylus gunni, [521], [522]
Palimphyes, [678]
Pallas, [112]
Pancreas, [273]
Pangasius, [588], [305], [359];
P. micronema, [359] n.
Pantodon buchholzi, [558], [559]
Papillae, adhering, [61]
Paracentroscyllium, [455]
Paradiplomystes, [588]
Paragoniates, [575]
Parailia, [588]
Paralepis, [611]
Paralichthys, [687]
Paraliparis, [698]
Paraluteres, [724]
Paranthias, [659]
Parapegasus, [636]
Parapelecus, [582]
Parapercis, [705]
Paraphago, [576]
Parapriacanthus, [657]
Parapsettus, [668]
Parascopelus, [611]
Parasitism, of Rhodeus, [584], [416];
of Stegophilus, [594]
Paratilapia, [671]
Paratrachichthys, [656], [655]
Paratrygon, [465]
Parental care, [415], [416], [500], [501]
Parexus, [441]
Parietal budding, [82]
Pariolius, [588]
Parker, T. J., [714] n.
Parker, W. N., [705] n.
Parodon, [576]
Paropsis, [677]
Parrot-Wrasses, [674]
Pataecus, [709]
Pearl Oysters, Fierasfer in, [625]
Pectoral fins, [157], [242], [243], [244]
Pediculati, [717] f., [651], [306]
Pegasidae, [635], [626], [628]
Pegasus, [636]
Pegea, [108];
P. scutigera-confoederata, [108]
Pelagic ova, [408]
Pelargorhynchus, [623]
Pelecus, [582]
Pellonula, [563]
Pelonaia, [74];
branchial sac, [74];
P. corrugata, [76]
Pelor, [695]
Peloria, [685]
Pelvic fins, [158], [245] f., [246]
Pelvic girdle, [239] f., [240], [241]
Pempheris, [657];
P. muelleri, [657]
Pentaceropsis, [660]
Pentaceros, [660]
Pentacerotinae, [660]
Pentanemus, [641];
P. quinquarius, [162]
Pentapus, [664]
Pentaroge, [695]
Peprilus, [643]
alimentary canal, [275];
veins, [323];
thyroid, [343];
auditory organ, [388];
P. fluviatilis, [659], [321], [323]
Percalates, [659]
Percarina, [659]
Percesoces, [636] f.
Perch, [659];
deposition of eggs, [411]; = Perca, q.v.
Percidae, [658], [654], [412];
coloration, [166]
Percilia, [659]
Percina, [659]
Percophis, [705];
P. brasilianus, pectoral arch of, [703]
Percopsis, [621]
Peribranchial budding, [82]
Peribranchial cavity, [43], [44], [59], [63];
Pericardium, of Hemichordata, [15];
of Fishes, [327]
Perihaemal spaces, [9]
Periophthalmus, [689], [690], [355];
eyes, [155];
pectoral fins, [161];
tail as a respiratory organ, [289];
P. koelreuteri, [690] n.
Peripharyngeal bands, [45], [46], [52], [53]
Peripharyngeal spaces, [9]
Peristedion, [701]
Péron, [36]
P. listeri, [72]
Petalodontidae, [446]
Petalodus, [446]
Petalopteryx, [498]
Petersen, [690] n.
Petersius, [575]
Petrocephalus, [551]
Petromyzon, [426], [147], [258], [367], [382];
external characters, [150];
skull, [217];
spiral valve, [264];
liver, [272];
pancreas, [273];
heart, [327];
blood corpuscles, [341];
supra-renal bodies, [346];
spinal nerves, [378];
auditory organ, [387];
olfactory organ, [391], [392];
naso-pituitary involution, [391];
pituitary caecum, [392];
kidneys, gonads, and genital pores, [399], [400], [403];
distribution, [426];
P. fluviatilis, [426];
P. marinus, [426];
P. planeri, ova, [428];
P. wilderi, spawning, [427];
larva, Ammocoetes stage, [428]
Petromyzontes, [425] f.
Petromyzontidae, [426]
Petroscirtes, [709]
Phago, [576]
Phallusia, [72]
P. andersoni, [506]
Phanerosteon, [487]
Pharyngeal teeth, [251]
Pharyngodictyon, [87];
P. mirabile, [80]
Pharyngognathi, [543]
Pharyngopneusta, [30] n.
Phisalix, [705] n.
Phlyctaenaspis, [536]
Pholedichthys, [709]
Pholidophoridae, [545], [541] n., [544]
Pholidophorus, [545]
P. buskii, [28]
Phosphorescent organs, [178]
Photoblepharon, [660]
Photonectes, [571]
Photophores, [178], [612], [613], [624], [711]
Photostomias, [571]
Phractolaemus ansorgii, [560], [560]
Phractura, [588]
Phthinobranchii, [629]
Phycis, [648]
Phyllodoce, nephridium, [127]
Phyllodus, [674]
Phyllopteryx, [634];
P. eques, [635]
Phylogephyra, [565]
Physailia, [588]
Physalia, with Nomeus, [643]
Physiculus, [648]
Physoclisti, [306], [307], [311]
Physopyxis, [588]
Physostomi, [543], [306], [311]
Piabucina, [575];
P. argentina, mouth, [577]
Pike-Perch, [659]
Pilot-Fish, [677]
Pimelepterus, [657]
Pimelodina, [588]
Pimelodus, [588], [589], [361]
Pimephales, [582]
Piramutana, [588]
Piranha, [578]
Pirate Perch, [656]
Piratinga, [361]
Pirinampus, [588]
Pit-organs, [383]
Pituitary body, [129]
Placenta, of Doliolum, [98];
of Fishes, [434]
Plagusia, [687]
Plagyodus, [614]
Plaice, [687]
Platax, [668]
Platycephalidae, [699], [694], [650]
Platychaerops, [673]
Platycormus, [643]
Platyglossus, [673]
Platylaemus, [674]
Platypoecilus, [616]
Platyrhinoidis, [460]
Platysomatichthys, [687], [685]
Platysomus, [488]
Platystoma, [594];
air-bladder and its extrinsic muscles, [360], [361], [362];
P. coruscans, [594]
Platytroctes, [570]
Plecodus, [672]
Plecostomus, [595], [256], [292];
(Hypostoma) scales, [190];
P. commersonii, [192]
Plectognathi, [721] f., [543], [651], [205], [231], [275], [306], [354], [418]
Plectromus, [656]
Plectropoma, [659];
P. richardsoni, coloration, [165]
Plesiops, [659]
Plethodus, [549]
Pleuracanthidae, [440]
Pleuracanthus, [440], [159], [235], [236], [438];
vertebral column, [197];
pectoral and pelvic girdles, [239];
pectoral fin, [242];
pelvic fins, [245];
P. ducheni, [439]
Pleuragramma, [705];
P. antarcticum, [705]
Pleurogrammus, [696]
Pleuronectes, [687];
P. flesus, [687];
coloration elements, [167], [170];
P. limanda, [687];
Pleuronectidae, [684], [683], [152], [264], [275], [284], [302], [412];
protective coloration, [172]
Pleuropholis, [545]
Pleuroplax, [445]
Plication, of branchial sac, [48]
Podateles, [714];
P. indicus, pectoral arch of, [714]
Poecilia, [616]
Poecilodus, [445]
Poecilopsetta, [687]
Poey, [713] n.
Pogge, [700]
Pogonias, [663];
drumming sounds, [362]
Poison, of Trachinus, [705]
Poison glands, [176]
Pollack, [649]
Pollan, [568]
Polyacanthonotus, [625]
P. opercularis, [669]
Polyandry, [413]
reproductive organs, [55];
P. aurata, [76];
dorsal tubercle, [79];
P. comata, [76];
P. glomerata, larva, [78];
P. pedata, [76];
P. tinctor, [76];
dorsal tubercle, [79]
Polycarps, [76]
Polycaulus, [695]
Polycentropsis, [658]
Polycentrus, [658]
Polyclinidae, [87], [81], [83], [110];
ascidiozooid, [82]
Polyclinum, [88];
P. molle, stomach, [88]
Polycyclus renieri, larva, [78]
Polygamy, [413]
Polyipnus, [571]
Polymixia, [656]
Polynemus, [641];
P. quadrifilis, [641];
shoulder-girdle and pelvis of, [640];
P. vereker, coloration, [165]
Polyodon, [491], [154], [284], [405];
vestigial dermal denticles, [188];
ribs, [201];
skull, [225];
pelvic fin, [245];
teeth, [249];
gills, [282];
spiracle, [283];
gill-rakers, [288];
P. folium, [491];
habits and distribution, [491];
breeding, [492]
Polyodontidae, [491], [486], [489]
Polyphyodont, [250]
Polyprion, [659]
Polypteridae, [481];
distribution, [483]
Polypterus, [482], [149], [323];
vertebral column, [202];
ribs, [206];
median fins, [235];
pelvic girdle, [241];
pectoral fin, [243];
tongue, [252];
spiral valve, [268];
pyloric caecum, [274];
spiracle, [283];
pseudobranch, [284];
larval gills, [290];
air-bladder, [298];
arteries to air-bladder, [337];
sounds, [362];
habits and food, [482];
breeding, [483];
P. bichir, [482];
P. congicus, [290];
P. lapradei, [483];
Polyrhizodus, [446]
Polystyelidae, [89], [81], [110]
Polyzoa, [35]
Pomacanthus, [668]
coloration, [166]
Pomacentrus, [672]
Pomatominae, [660]
Pomatomus, [660]
Pomoxys, [657]
Pope, [659]
Porbeagle Sharks, [450]
Porcupine Fishes, [726], [163]
Porichthys, [711];
photophores, [179];
P. porosissimus, [711]
Porogadus, [712]
Portheus, [561]
Post-abdomen, [83]
Pouchet, [7] n.
Pout, [649]
Powell, [714] n.
Prebranchial zone, [45]
Premnas, [672]
Prenadillas, [595]
Priacanthinae, [660]
Priacanthus, [660]
Prince, [630] n.
Prionodon, [448]
Prionolepis, [609]
Prionurus, [668]
Priscacara, [672]
Pristigaster, [563]
Pristiophorus, [457]
rostral denticles, [184];
P. antiquorum, [459]
Proantigonia, [667]
Proboscis-gland, [15]
Proboscis-pore, [9], [24], [27]
Proboscis-skeleton, [14]
Procatopus, [616]
Prochanos, [563]
Prochilodus, [576]
Prolates, [660]
Prolebias, [616]
Proles gregaria, [102]
Proles solitaria, [102]
Promethichthys, [679]
Promyliobatis, [466]
Pronotacanthus, [622]
Propagation, of Eel, [601]
Propoma, [659]
Propristis, [460]
Prothymallus, [565]
Protocampus, [634]
Protocercal, [159]
Protopterus, [511], [149], [153], [259], [261], [262], [272], [273];
nostrils, [155];
pectoral fins, [157];
cutaneous glands, [182];
pelvic girdle, [241];
alimentary canal, [257];
spiral valve, [268];
pancreas, [274];
gills, [286];
lung, [291], [300], [301], [302];
vascular system, [326], [327], [329], [339], [340];
thyroid, [343];
thymus, [345];
sounds, [362];
auditory organ, [387];
abdominal pores, [401];
testis, [406];
Müllerian ducts in male, [407];
habits, [512];
summer sleep, [513];
cocoon, [513];
larva, [515];
relations with other Dipnoi, [518], [519];
P. aethiopicus, [512];
P. dolloi, [512]
Protosphyraena, [502]
Protospondyli, [497]
Protostigmata, [59]
Protosyngnathidae, [631], [628]
Protosyngnathus sumatrensis, [632]
Prototroctes, [608]
Prototunicata, [110]
Psammodontidae, [446]
Psammodus, [446]
Psammoperca, [660]
Psammosteus, [527]
Psenes, [643]
Psenopsis, [643]
Psephodus, [445]
Psephurus, [492];
P. gladius, [492]
Psetta (= Rhombus), [687], [685];
P. laevis, [687];
Psettodes, [687], [684], [685];
P. erumei, [686]
Psettus, [666];
Pseudaluteres, [724]
Pseudetroplus, [672]
Pseudeutropius, [588]
Pseudobagrus, [588]
Pseudoberyx, [563]
Pseudoblennius, [698]
Pseudobrachium, [717]
Pseudochromididae, [661], [653]
Pseudochromis, [661]
Pseudocorynopoma, [575]
Pseudogobio, [582]
Pseudomonacanthus, [724]
Pseudomugil, [639]
Pseudoplesiops, [659]
Pseudopriacanthus, [660]
Pseudoscarus, [674]
Pseudosphaerodon, [674]
Pseudosyngnathus, [634]
Pseudotriakis microdon, [447]
Pseudoxiphophorus, [616]
Psilocephalus, [724]
Psilorhynchus, [582]
Psychrolutes, [698]
Pteraclis, [682]
Pteraspis, [527], [530], [149];
P. rostrata, [527]
P. milleri, [533]
Pterobranchia, [21] f., [5], [31]
Pterois, [695]
Pterophryne, [720]
Pterophyllum, [672]
Pteroplatea, [464];
P. micrura, intra-uterine nutrition, [435]
Pteropsarion, [582]
Pteropsaron, [705]
Pterothrissus, [548]
Pterycombus, [682]
Pterygocephalus, [709]
Pterygoplichthys, [595]
Ptilichthys, [709]
Ptychobarbus, [582]
Ptychodera, [17], [5], [13], [16], [25] n.;
Ptychoderidae, [17]
Ptyctodontidae, [468]
Ptyctodus, [468]
Puffers, [726]
Pycnodus, [498]
Pycnosterinx, [656]
Pygochord, [15]
Pyrosoma, [91], [91], [36], [37], [70], [86], [108];
development and life-history, [93], [94];
occurrence, [94];
P. aherniosum, [94];
P. atlanticum, [94];
P. elegans, [94];
P. excelsior, [95];
P. giganteum, [94];
P. minatum, [94];
P. spinosum, [94]
Pyrosomatidae, [91], [81], [110]
Pyrrhulina, [575]
Pythonichthys, [605]
Raad, [591]
Raconda, [563]
Racovitzaia, [706]
Räderorgan, [129]
Raffaele, [614] n.
Rag-Fishes, [644]
Raia, [461];
dermal spines, [184];
pectoral fin, [243];
teeth, [251];
inter-renal bodies, [347];
electric organs, [365];
distribution, [461];
coloration, [461];
sexual dimorphism, [462];
R. abyssicola, [462];
R. alba, [462];
R. batis, [462];
R. circularis, [462];
R. clavata, [462];
R. fullonica, [462];
R. macrorhynchus, [462];
R. mamillidens, [462];
R. microcellata, [462];
R. murrayi, [461];
R. oxyrhynchus, [462];
R. radiata, [462]
Raiidae, [461]
Ramsay, [635]
Raniceps, [648]
Ranzania, [727]
Rasbora, [582]
Rathbunella, [661]
Rays = Raia, q.v.
Rectal gland, [276]
Red-currant Squirter, [74]
Red Mullets, [665]
Regalecus, [715];
R. banksii, prehensile tail, [163];
R. glesne, [715]
Regan, [542], [595] n., [643] n., [646], [702], [721]
Remora, [691];
cephalic sucker, [161];
R. brachyptera, [691]
Renal organ, of Ascidians, [54];
of Fishes—see Kidneys
Reproductive organs, of Hemichordata, [16], [25];
of Tunicata, [55], [67], [76], [93], [97], [105];
of Amphioxus, [129];
of Fishes, [402] f., [400], [403]
Respiration, mechanism of, [288]
Respiratory organs—Elasmobranchii, [276], [278];
Cyclostomata, [279], [280], [281];
mechanism of respiration, [288];
air-bladder as a respiratory organ, [291];
accessory organs of respiration, [292], [293], [294], [295]
Retzius, [113]
Rhabdocynthia, [75];
spicules, [87]
Rhabdopleura, [21] f., [5], [26] f.;
R. compacta, [23];
R. grimaldii, [23];
R. manubialis, [23];
Rhachicentrum, [678]
Rhamphichthys, [579]
Rhamphocottus richardsonii, [697]
Rhamphognathus, [640]
Rhamphosternarchus, [579];
R. curvirostris, [580];
R. tamandua, [580]
Rhamphosus, [633]
Rhina, [457];
Rhineaster, [589]
Rhinelepis, [595]
Rhinellus, [611]
Rhinichthys, [582]
persistent nephrostomes, [401]
Rhinobatus, [460];
R. granulatus, [460]
Rhinodon, [454];
R. typicus, gill-rakers, [287]
Rhinodontidae, [454]
Rhinodoras, [359]
Rhinogobio, [582]
Rhipidistia, [477] n.
R. sauroides, skull, [478]
Rhodeus, [582];
R. amarus, [584];
oviducal tubes, [408];
embryos in gill-cavities of Unio, [416]
Rhodichthys, [712]
Rhodosoma, [73];
R. callense, [72]
Rhombatractus, [639]
Rhomboidichthys, [687]
Rhombosolea, [687]
R. aculeatus, [262];
—see also Psetta
Rhyacichthys, [689]
Rhynchobatus, [460]
Rhynchobdella, [717]
Rhynchodus, [468]
Rhypticus, [660]
Ribbon-Fish, [715], [152], [160]
Ribs, [205]
Ridewood, [542] n.
Rita, [588];
R. crucigera, [303]
Ritter, [8] n., [39], [83], [690] n.
Rivulus, [616]
Rohde, [113]
Rohteichthys, [582]
Rolph, [113]
Rondeletia, [614]
Rosette-organ, [97]
Roule, [38]
Rudder-Fish, [643]
Ruvettus, [679]
Ryder, [711] n.
Saccarius, [720]
Sacchi, [696] n.
air-sacs, [295];
S. fossilis, [295];
S. singio, [295]
Saccodon, [576]
Saccopharyngidae, [603]
Saccopharynx, [604];
S. ampullaceus, [604]
Sachs, [581] n.
Sagemehl, [542], [573], [575], [579] n., [586] n., [649] n.
Sagenodus, [507]
Sail-Fishes, [679]
Salanx, [566]
Salminus, [575];
S. orbignianus, [578]
Salmo, [565], [566] f., [567], [290];
pyloric caeca, [275];
spiracles in the embryo, [283];
pseudobranch, [284];
S. alpinus, [567];
S. fario, [567];
caudal portion of the vertebral column, [237];
pectoral girdle, [240];
dissection to show the internal organs, [255];
brain, [375];
section of the eye, [394];
S. fontinalis, [567];
S. irideus, [567];
S. salar (Salmon), [567], [323];
skull, [211] f., [212], [213], [214];
kidneys, gonoducts, and abdominal pores in the female, [405], [406];
deposition of eggs, [415];
length of hatching, [417];
S. salvelinus, pectoral fin, [243];
S. stomachicus, gizzard, [260];
S. trutta, [567]
Salmon, [566] f.—see also Salmo salar.
Salmonidae, [565], [544], [269];
distribution, [566];
liver, [272];
abdominal pores, [402];
oviducts, [405];
eggs, [411]
Salmopercae, [620]
arrangement of zooids, [102], [103];
alternation of generations, [105];
development and life-history, [106];
classification, [108];
S. democratica-mucronata, young, [107];
S. hexagona, [106];
S. pinnata, endostyle and stolon, [103];
S. runcinata-fusiformis, [102], [108]
—see also Cyclosalpa, Iasis, Pegea, and Thalia
Salpians, [64]
Salvelinus, [567]
Sander, [659]
Sarcodaces, [575]
Sarda, [678];
S. orientalis, caudal fin of, [675]
Sardine, [564]
Sardinioides, [611]
Sardinius, [611]
Sargus, [665]
Sars, M., [21]
Saurenchelys, [601]
Saurida, [611]
Saurie, [638]
Saurocephalus, [561]
Saurodon, [561]
Saurogobio, [582]
Sauropsida, [145]
Saurus, [611]
Saury Pike, [411]
Savi's vesicles, [384]
Savigny, [36]
Scabbard-Fish, [679]
Scales, [185] f.;
Acipenser ruthenus, [187];
Antennarius hispidus, [191];
Balistes capriscus, [191];
Centriscus scolopax, [190];
Hypostoma commersonii, [192];
Lepidosteus, [188];
L. osseus, [186];
Monacanthus scopas, [191];
Salmo fario, [190];
as an index of age, [191]
Scapanorhynchus, [453]
Scaphirhynchus, [495];
S. platyrhynchus, [495]
Scarus, [674];
teeth, [251];
S. strongylocephalus, pharyngeal bones, [674]
Scatophagus, [668]
Schilbe, [588]
Schilbichthys, [588]
Schimkewitsch, [21] n.
Schizocardium, [17], [5], [6], [13], [14];
S. brasiliense, [6], [13], [14]
Schizothorax, [582]
Schlosser and Ellis, [36]
Schmidt, [705] n.
Schmidt, C., [37]
Schnapper, [665]
Sciades, [588]
Sciaena, [663];
S. aquila, [663], [362], [361]
Sciaenidae, [663], [653], [361], [363];
branching of the air-bladder, [303]
Scissor, [575]
Sclerocottus, [698]
Sclerodermi, [722] f., [721], [357]
Sclerognathus, [581]
Scleropages, [555];
Scleroparei, [692] f., [651], [652]
Sclerorhynchus, [460]
Scoliodon, [448]
Scolopsis, [664]
S. brachyurus, [357];
S. colias, [302];
S. pneumatophorus, [302];
S. scombrus, [678], [275], [302];
coloration, [168]
Scombramphodon, [678]
Scombresoces, [636] n.
Scombridae, [678], [676], [158], [303], [412]
Scombriformes, [675] f., [651], [652]
Scombrinus, [678]
Scombroclupea, [563]
Scombrocottus, [697]
Scombrocypris, [582]
Scombrops, [660]
Scopelarchus, [611]
Scopelengys, [611]
Scopelidae, [611], [606], [302], [396];
photophores, [178]
Scopelogadus, [656]
Scopeloides, [611]
Scopelosaurus, [611]
Scopelus, [611], [613], [620];
S. benoitii, photophores, [178], [179], [181];
S. crocodilus, [612]
S. grandicornis, [695]
Scorpaenichthys, [698];
S. marmoratus, pectoral arch of, [693]
Scorpaenidae, [694], [692], [153], [418]
Scorpaenoides, [695]
Scorpididae, [666], [651], [652], [653]
Scorpis, [666]
Scyllaemus, [565]
Scylliidae, [446], [401], [402];
fossil, [447]
Scylliogaleus, [449]
Scylliorhinus—see Scyllium profundorum
Scyllium, [446], [198], [271], [446];
dermal denticles, [184];
teeth in embryo, [249];
internal organs, [253];
spleen, [343];
fossil, [447];
S. canescens, [447];
S. canicula, [446];
vertebral column, [193], [194], [195];
spiral valve, [267];
liver, [273];
pancreas, [273];
lateral veins, [318] n.;
brain, [373];
abdominal pores, [401];
oviparous, [433];
attachment of eggs, [434];
supra- and inter-renal bodies, [346], [433];
S. catulus, [446];
S. (Scylliorhinus) profundorum, [447]
vertebral column, [198]
Scyphophori, [543]
Scytalina, [712]
Sea-Breams, [664]
Sea-Horse, [634], [154], [163], [361], [362]
Sebastes, [695], [692], [693];
S. norvegicus, [419];
S. percoides, pectoral arch, [693]
Sectator, [657]
Seeliger, [39]
Selache (Cetorhinus), [453], [264];
fossil, [454];
S. aurata, gill-rakers, [287];
S. maxima, [453];
gill-rakers as a plankton-filter, [287];
distribution and food, [453], [454]
Selachophidium, [712]
Selene, [677]
Semionotidae, [497]
Semionotus, [498]
Semiophorus, [677]
Semiplotus, [582]
Semper, [625]
Sense-organs, of Ascidians, [53];
of Amphioxus, [128];
of Fishes, [383]
Seriola, [677]
Seriolella, [643]
Seriolichthys, [677]
Serranidae, [659], [651], [652], [653], [361], [389]
Serraninae, [659]
hermaphroditism, [420];
Serrasalmo, [576];
S. niger, [578];
S. rhombeus, mouth, [577]
Serrasalmoninae, [576]
Serrivomer, [603]
Setarches, [695]
Sexual dimorphism, [419] f., [432], [462], [469], [471], [483], [500]
Shad, [564]
Shape of the body, in Fishes, [152]
Sheep's-Head, [665]
Shipley, [20] n.
Sicyases, [709];
S. sanguineus, [708];
sucker, [162]
Sicydium, [689]
Siel-Smelt, [569]
Sik, [568]
Sillago, [662]
Silondia, [588]
Siluranodon, [588]
Silurichthys, [588]
Siluridae, [586], [575], [163], [251], [275], [283];
barbels, [154];
intestinal respiration, [292];
accessory respiratory organs, [293], [294];
air-bladder, [302], [303], [305];
sound-production, [356]-[361], [363];
connexion of the air-bladder and auditory organ, [389], [390];
nests, [416];
protection of young, [593]
Silurinae, [588]
Silurodon, [588]
S. glanis, [592], [593], [358]
Silvestri, [594]
Simenchelys, [601];
S. parasiticus, [603]
Simple Ascidians, [35], [36] f., [39] f., [70], [71], [110]
Siniperca, [659]
Siphonognathus, [674]
Siphonostoma, [634];
S. typhle, protective coloration, [172]
Sirenoidei, [149]
Skates = Raia, q.v.
Skeleton, of Enteropneusta, [14];
of Amphioxus, [119];
of Fishes, [193] f.
Skin, of Cyclostomata, [182];
of Fishes, [182]
Skull, composition of, [206];
development, [206];
Scyllium canicula, [207], [208];
Salmo salar, [211], [212], [213], [214];
Cyclostomata, [216] f.;
Petromyzon marinus, [216] f., [217];
Bdellostoma, [220] f., [220], [221];
Elasmobranchii, [222] f.;
Notidanus cinereus, [222];
Chimaera monstrosa, [223];
Chondrostei, [224] f.;
Sturgeon, [224];
Polyodon, [225];
Crossopterygii, [226] f.;
Polypterus, [227];
Holostei, [228] f.;
Teleostei, [229] f.;
Dipnoi, [231] f.;
Sluiter, [38]
Social Ascidians, [71]
Sole, [687]
Solenocytes, [29], [126], [127]
Solenognathus, [634]
Solenorhynchus, [634]
Solenostomidae, [633], [626], [627], [628];
marsupial pouches, [416]
Solenostomus, [633]
Soleotalpa, [687]
Sollas, I., [522]
Sollas, W. J., [522]
Sosia, [588]
Sound-producing organs, [355] f.
Spalt-papillen, [384]
Sparidae, [664], [654], [303], [389];
teeth, [251]
Sparisoma, [674]
Sparnodus, [665]
Sparus, [665];
S. unicolor, [665]
Spathiurus, [545]
Spathodactylus, [561]
Spengel, [5], [7], [8], [13] n., [16], [17], [18] n., [19]
Spermatozoa, [413]
Sphaerodon, [665]
Sphenacanthus, [445]
Sphenocephalus, [656]
Sphyraena, [642]
Sphyraenodus, [678]
liver, [272];
fossil, [450];
distribution, [449];
S. malleus, [266];
S. tiburo, [450];
S. tudes, [449];
S. zygaena, [450]
Sphyrnidae, [449]
Spinacanthus, [723]
Spinachia, [630];
S. vulgaris, [631]
Spinacidae, [454];
photophores, [179];
fossil, [456]
Spinal cord, [367]
Spinal nerves, [378]
Spinax, [455]
Spinivomer, [603]
Spiny Dog-Fishes, [455]
Spiracular pseudobranch, [279], [284];
in Teleostomi, [284];
blood supply, [335]
Spiral valve, [264] f.
Spix, [558] n.
Spleen, [342]
Spoon-Bill, [491]; = Polyodon, q.v.
Sprat, [564]
Squaliobarbus, [582]
Squaloraia, [468]
Squaloraiidae, [468]
Star-gazers, [155]
Starks, [627] n.
Steatogenys, [579]
Stegophilus, [589];
S. insidiosus, [594]
Stegostoma, [446];
S. tigrinum, [446]
Steindachneria, [647]
Steinegeria, [682]
Stenodus, [565]
Stephanoberycidae, [619], [606]
Stephanoberyx, [619];
S. gillii, [620];
S. monae, [620]
Sterlet, [493]
Sternarchus, [579];
S. albifrons, [580];
S. macrostoma, [580]
Sternoptychinae, [571]
Sternoptyx, [571];
Sternopygus, [579]
Stichonodon, [575]
Sticklebacks, [630], [163], [169], [288], [354], [357]
Stigmata, [47];
of Appendicularians, [67];
of Cyclomyaria, [95]
Stolon, [71], [93], [95], [97], [103]
Stolonial budding, [81]
Stomatorhinus microps, [551]
photophores, [178]
Stomiatinae, [571]
Stomodaeum, [59], [120], [136]
Storms, [691] n.
Stratodus, [623]
Strepsodus, [479]
Stridulation, [356]
Stromateoides, [643]
Stromateus, [643]
Sturgeon, [154], [334], [493]; = Acipenser, q.v.
branchial sac, [74];
S. bythia, [76];
S. clava, [76];
S. etheridgii, dorsal tubercle, [79];
S. squamosa, [76];
S. whiteleggii, dorsal tubercle, [79]
Styelinae, [74];
tentacles, [75]
Styelopsis, [74];
branchial sac, [74];
Stygicola, [713]
Stygogenes, [595]
Stylophorus, [716]
Sucker-Fish (Sucking-Fish), [691], [161]
Sudis, [611];
S. gigas, air-bladder as a respiratory organ, [291]
Sun-Fish, [657] (Lepomis);
[727] (Orthagoriscus)—see also Orthagoriscus
Supra-pericardial organs, [344]
Supra-renal bodies, [346], [346]
Surf-Fishes, [670]
Swinnerton, [573], [627], [636] n.
Symbranchidae, [597], [283], [294]
Symbranchii, [597] f.
Symbranchus, [597], [598], [156]
Symphurus, [687]
Symphysodon, [672]
Synagris, [664]
Synagrops, [659]
Synancia, [695];
S. verrucosa, poison-glands, [177]
Synaphobranchidae, [603]
Synaphobranchus, [603]
Synapticula, [13], [12], [122]
Synaptura, [687]
Synchirus, [698]
Synechodus, [445]
Syngnathidae, [634], [627], [628], [163], [205], [251], [354], [361], [416];
colours, [166];
protective coloration, [172]
Syngnathus, [634], [627], [635];
mouth, [154];
S. intestinalis, [635];
S. pelagicus, [634]
Synodontis, [588], [590], [359];
S. batensoda, [591];
S. decorus, [591];
S. membranaceus, [591]
Syntegmodus, [549]
Taeniolabrus, [706]
Taeniosomi, [714] f., [651], [652]
Tamiobatidae, [462]
Tamiobatis vetustus, [462]
Taractes, [682]
Tarpon, [547]
Tarrasiidae, [477] n.
Tarrasius problematicus, [477] n.
Tattersall, [137] n.
Tauroglossus, [17] n.
Tautoga, [673]
Taylor, [599] n.
Tectospondylic, [198]
classification, [542], [543], [149]
Telepholis, [615]
Telescope Fish, [585]
Telescops, [659]
Tellia, [616]
Telmatherina, [639]
Tench, [583], [171], [260], [320], [321]
Tentacles, of Ascidians, [44];
of Amphioxus, [116]
of Appendicularians, [65]
Testa-cells, [56]
Tethyum, [36]
Tetragonopterus, [575]
Tetragonurus cuvieri, [642]
Tetranematichthys, [589]
Tetrapturus, [680];
T. belone, [680]
Tetraroge, [695]
Tetrodon, [726], [152], [354], [361];
warning colours, [163];
scales, [191];
teeth, [251];
T. honckenii, [362];
T. mbu, pectoral arch of, [722]
Tetronarce, [464]
Teuthis, [669]
Thalassophryne, [711];
T. reticulata, poison glands, [177]
Thalassothia, [711]
Thaleichthys, [566]
Thalia, [108];
T. democratica-mucronata, [108]
Thaliacea, [95] f., [38], [64], [81], [110]
Thaumatostomias, [571]
Thaumaturus, [565]
Thelodus, [524];
T. pagei, [524];
T. tulensis, [525]
Thilo, [682] n.
Thoracopterus, [545]
Thread-cells, in Myxinoids, [182]
Threpterius, [664]
Thrissopater, [562]
Thrissopatrinae, [562]
Thrissops, [546]
Thryptodus, [549]
T. thynnus, [678]
Thursius, [477]
Thylacium, [89]
Thymallus, [565];
T. vexillifer = vulgaris, [568]
Thyrina, [639]
Thyroid gland, [46], [343], [344]
Thyrsites, [679]
Thyrsitocephalus, [679]
Thyrsoidea, [605];
T. macrura, [605];
T. meleagris, skull, [604]
Tilapia, [671];
T. dardennii, [671];
T. dolloi, [152]
Tile-Fish, [661]
Tinca, [582];
T. vulgaris, [583], [171], [260], [320];
renal portal system, [320], [321]
Titanichthys, [537]
Todaro, [39]
Tongue, [252]
Tongue-bars, [12], [12], [13], [120], [135]
Tope, [449]
Tornaria, [18], [18] f., [28], [31];
T. agassizii, [21];
T. grenacheri, [19];
T. krohni, [19]
Torpedinidae, [462]
Torpedo, [463];
electric organs, [365], [366];
T. hebetans, [463];
T. marmorata, [463];
T. narce, [463];
T. ocellata, [463]
Toxotes, [658];
T. jaculator, [658]
Trachelochismus, [709]
Trachinops, [659]
Trachinus, [704];
warning colours, [174];
poison-glands and spines, [176];
pectoral arch of, [703];
Trachyglanis, [588]
Trachynotus, [677]
Trachypoma, [659]
Trachypterus, [715];
T. arcticus, [715];
T. iris, [715];
T. taenia, [160]
Trachyrhynchus, [647]
Traquair, [436], [523], [530], [537], [687] n.
Tremataspidae, [530]
Tremataspis, [530]
Trematomus, [706]
Tremblador, [580]
Triacanthodes, [722]
Triacanthus, [722];
scales, [190];
sound-production, [357];
T. biaculeatus, [361];
T. brevirostris, [361];
pectoral arch of, [722]
Trichiurichthys, [679]
Trichiurus, [679]
Trichodon, [663]
Trichodontidae, [663], [654], [704]
Trichomycterinae, [589]
Trichomycterus, [589]
Trichonotidae, [706]
Trichonotus, [706]
Trigger-Fishes, [724], [174], [357]
Trigla (Gurnards), [701], [693];
liver, [272];
air-bladder, [305];
sound-production, [361], [363];
rectal valve, [254];
T. lineata, [701];
T. obscura, [701]
coloration, [164];
Triglops, [698]
Triglopsis, [697]
Trigonodon, [665]
T. bursarius, [723]
Triplophos, [571]
Tripterophycis, [648]
Trissolepis, [487]
Tristichopterus, [478];
T. alatus, [479]
Tristychius, [445]
Troglichthys rosae, [619]
Tropheus, [671]
Tropidichthys, [726]
Troschel, [682] n.
Brook-, [567];
Brown, [567];
Gillaroo, [260];
Sea-, [567]
Trumpet-Fish, [154]
Trunk-Fishes, [724]
Trygon, [464];
spines, [177];
uterine nutrition, [434];
T. pastinaca, [464];
T. sabina, [464]
Trypauchen, [689]
Trypauchenichthys, [689]
Tunic, [63]
Tunicata, [63], [35], [36] f., [39], [4], [30] n.;
affinities, [62];
external form, [64]
Tunicine, [37]
Turbot, [687]
Turner, [593] n.
Twait Shad, [564]
Typhlichthys, [618];
T. rosae, [619];
T. subterraneus, [619]
T. californiensis, [690]
T. nasus, [712]
Typhlosole, [54]
Uljanin, [39]
Ulocentra, [659]
Umbra, [609];
U. crameri, [610];
U. limi, [610]
Umbrina, [663];
U. cirrhosa, [361]
U. gulo, [480]
Unio, Rhodeus in, [584]
Upeneichthys, [665]
Upeneoides, [665]
Upeneus, [665]
Uranoscopus, [706];
eyes, [155]
Urenchelys, [601]
Urocampus, [634]
Urochord, [66]
Uroconger, [601]
Urogymnus, [464]
Urolepis, [487]
Urolophus, [464]
Uronemidae, [507]
Urosphen, [632]
Ussoff, [38]
Vaillant, [596] n., [621] n., [720] n.
Vallentin, R., [608]
Vandellia, [589];
V. cirrhosa, entering urethra, [593]
Vascular system, [313] f.;
general, [313];
Cyclostomata, [315], [327], [329], [330];
Elasmobranchii, [316], [318], [327], [328], [330], [331], [333], [334];
Teleostomi, [319], [320], [321], [322], [328], [333], [335], [336], [337];
Dipnoi, [323], [324], [326], [329], [338], [340];
blood, [341];
blood-glands, [342]
Velum, [120]
Vendace, [568]
Venous system, [315] f.
Vermiform process, of Enteropneusta, [14], [17]
Vertebral column, [193] f.;
Scyllium canicula, [193], [194], [195];
Cyclostomata, [197];
Chimaera monstrosa, [199];
Dipnoi, [199];
Chondrostei, [200];
Acipenser sturio, [200];
Crossopterygii, Holostei, and Teleostei, [201] f.;
Caturus furcatus, [203];
Eurycormus speciosus, [203];
Gadus morrhua, [205]
Vertebrates, characters of, [3] f.
Vessels, of Ascidians, [41]—see also Vascular system
Vidalia, [546]
Vipan, [592]
Vireosa, [689]
Visceral arches, [207]
Viviparous Fishes, [418] f., [433], [435]
Vogt, [37]
Vomeropsis, [677]
Vulsus, [707]
Wagner, [595] n.
Waite, [643]
Walking-Fish, [690]
Wallago, [588]
Warington, [630] n.
Watase, [585] n.
Weber, E. H., [573]
Weber, Max, [661]
Weberian ossicles, [389], [573] f.
Weiss, [568] (= Coregonus)
Weiss, F. E., [126]
Wels, [593]
Wertheimeria, [588]
Wetterfisch, [585]
Whiff, [687]
Whip-tailed Rays, [464]
Whymper, [595] n.
Willey, [5], [7], [9], [11], [13] n., [15] n., [16], [19] n., [58] n., [113], [633]
Willeyia, [17] n.
Williamson, [602] n.
Wilson, [113]
Witch, [687]
Wodnika, [445]
Wolf-Fishes, [710], [251], [408]
Woodward, A. Smith, [458], [477] n., [480] n., [497], [541] n., [542], [543], [622], [624], [626], [680]
Wright, Ramsay, [587]
Xanthochroism, [171]
Xenichthys, [659]
Xenocypris, [582]
Xenocys, [659]
Xenodermichthys, [570]
Xenomystus, [555]
Xenopholis, [498]
Xenopteri, [708]
Xenopterus, [726]
Xenotilapia, [671]
Xiphasia, [709]
Xiphias, [681];
beak, [154];
X. gladius, [681]
Xiphiorhynchus, [680]
Xiphistes, [709]
Xiphostoma, [576]
Xiphostominae, [576]
Yarrell, [112]
Zalocys, [677]
Zanclus, [668]
Zaniolepis, [696]
Zapteryx, [460]
Zenion, [683]
Zeorhombi, [682] f., [651], [652]
Zeugopterus, [687]
Zeus, [683];
Z. faber, [683], [361], [363];
red gland, [308]
Z. viviparus, [419]
Zoarcidae, [712], [704], [361], [395]
Zograf, [697] n.
Zygaena, [449]
END OF VOL. VII
Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.
THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY
Edited by S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, Superintendent of the University Museum of Zoology; and A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, University Lecturer on the Morphology of Invertebrates.
To be completed in Ten Volumes. 8vo. 17s. net each.
Intended in all respects to be a Standard Natural History accurate enough to be of use to the Student, and at the same time popular enough for the general reader who desires trustworthy information as to the structure and habits of all members of the Animal Kingdom, from the Protozoa to the Mammals. The Volumes are fully illustrated by original figures drawn where possible from nature. When complete the Series is one which should be indispensable in all Libraries, whether public or private.
WORMS, LEECHES, etc.
VOLUME II.
Flat Worms. By F. W. Gamble, M.Sc. Vict., Owens College.—Nemertines. By Miss L. Sheldon, Newnham College, Cambridge.—Thread-worms, etc. By A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge.—Rotifers. By Marcus Hartog, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge, D.Sc. Lond., Professor of Natural History in the Queen's College, Cork.—Polychaet Worms. By W. Blaxland Benham, D.Sc., Hon. M.A. Oxon., Professor of Biology in the University of Otago.—Earth-worms and Leeches. By F. E. Beddard, M.A. Oxon., F.R.S., Prosector to the Zoological Society, London.—Gephyrea, etc. By A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge.—Polyzoa. By S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge.
CAMBRIDGE REVIEW.—"Several of the groups treated of in this volume are unknown by sight even, to the general reader, and possess no popular name whatsoever; and as only a few insignificant details are known of the habits of the animals composing them, their treatment in the volume before us has necessarily been to a large extent anatomical. This circumstance renders the book of especial value to students, more particularly as in some cases the articles on the groups in question are the first comprehensive ones dealing with their respective subjects.... Most of the articles are of a very high order of merit—taken as a whole, it may be said that they are by far the best which have as yet been published.... We may say with confidence that the same amount of information, within the same compass, is to be had in no other zoological work."
NATURAL SCIENCE.—"This second volume of the Cambridge Natural History is certain to prove a most welcome addition to English Zoological literature. It deals with a series of animal groups, all deeply interesting to the specialist in morphology; some important from their economic relations to other living things, others in their life-histories rivalling the marvels of fairy-tales. And the style in which they are here treated is also interesting; history and the early observations of the older writers lend their charm; accounts of habits and mode of occurrence, of life, in a word, from the cradle to the grave, are given in ample detail, accompanied by full references to modern and current literature. The whole is admirably illustrated."
SHELLS
VOLUME III.
Molluscs and Brachiopods. By the Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A., A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S., and F. R. C. Reed, M.A.
TIMES.—"There are very many, not only among educated people who take an interest in science, but even among specialists, who will welcome a work of reasonable compass and handy form containing a trustworthy treatment of the various departments of Natural History by men who are familiar with, and competent to deal with, the latest results of scientific research. Altogether, to judge from this first volume, the Cambridge Natural History promises to fulfil all the expectations that its prospectus holds out."
FIELD.—"We know of no book available to the general reader which affords such a vast fund of information on the structure and habits of molluscs."
KNOWLEDGE.—"If succeeding volumes are like this one, the Cambridge Natural History will rank as one of the finest works on natural history ever published."
ATHENÆUM.—"The series certainly ought not to be restricted in its circulation to lecturers and students only; and, if the forthcoming volumes reach the standard of the one here under notice, the success of the enterprise should be assured."
INSECTS AND CENTIPEDES
VOLUME V.
Peripatus. By Adam Sedgwick, M.A., F.R.S.—Myriapods. By F. G. Sinclair, M.A.—Insects. Part I. By David Sharp, M.A. Cantab., M.B. Edin., F.R.S.
FIELD.—"Although written for the student and the specialist, the book is not the less adapted to all intelligent readers who wish to make themselves thoroughly acquainted with the habits, structure, and the modern classification of the animals of which it treats. To such it cannot be recommended too strongly."
SCIENCE GOSSIP.—"Every library, school, and college in the country should possess this work, which is of the highest educational value."
Prof. RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.C.S., in his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London, said:—"The authors of this volume are certainly to be congratulated upon having furnished such a valuable contribution to our literature. When its successor appears, and I will venture to express the hope that this will be at no very distant period, we shall be in possession of a treatise on the natural history of insects which, from the point of view of the general reader, will compare most favourably with any similar work that has been published in the English language."
ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE.—"We venture to think the work will be found indispensable to all who seek to extend their general knowledge beyond the narrowing influence of exclusive attention to certain orders or groups, and that it will take a high position in 'The Cambridge Natural History' series."
INSECTS—Part II.
VOLUME VI.
Hymenoptera continued (Tubulifera and Aculeata), Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Aphaniptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Anoplura. By David Sharp, M.A., F.R.S.
SATURDAY REVIEW.—"Dr. Sharp's treatment is altogether worthy of the series and of his own high scientific reputation. But in a work of this sort it is not only necessary that information should be accurate, but also that it shall be presented to the eye, so far as illustrations and printing are concerned, in such a way as to render its matter as easily intelligible as possible, and readily usable for purposes of reference. Under both these heads we have nothing but commendation for Mr. Sharp's treatise. The illustrations are indeed beautiful, and the use of the heavy type for the headings of the various sections and leading paragraphs materially helps the reader in the progress of his study. Certainly this is a book that should be in every entomologist's library."
DAILY NEWS.—"It would be hard to say too much in praise of this most admirable volume. It is too often the case that scientific books are written in a dull and uninteresting style. The reader will find nothing of that kind to complain of here. The descriptions are clear, the illustrations are excellent; while, as in the previous volumes of the series, printing and paper are all that could be desired."
FISHES
VOLUME VII.
Hemichordata. By S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S. Ascidians and Amphioxus. By W. A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.R.S. Fishes. By T. W. Bridge, Sc.D., F.R.S., and G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S.
AMPHIBIA AND REPTILES
VOLUME VIII.
By Hans Gadow, M.A., F.R.S.
FIELD.—"The work is worthy of the series in which it appears, and we cannot give it higher praise."
SCIENCE GOSSIP.—"More than maintains the high scientific reputation of this series. The herpetologists, or students of the Amphibia and Reptiles, have now a standard work of the highest class."
LANCET.—"An account of both Amphibia and Reptiles which should satisfy the expert, and at the same time entertain the reader who is merely interested in the tit-bits of natural history.... A book full of accurate information and pleasant reading."
MORNING POST.—"A delightful as well as a serviceable book.... Herein perhaps lies the great charm and merit of Dr. Gadow's book, that, while satisfying all the inquiries of the student, it is also in great part written for the ordinary intelligence, and the naturalist in the crowd may, while necessarily gliding over distressing technicalities, find in its pages many hours of profitable and entertaining study of the habits of the classes under notice."
NATURE.—"In concluding the review we would express the opinion that by this handsome volume a very important addition to science has been made; that the beautiful illustrations, together with the clear and charming accounts of the life-histories which it contains, will do much to popularise the study of a rather neglected section of zoology; and that lovers of Reptiles, of which there are more than one generally thinks, will feel that the new knowledge imparted to them emanates from one who is thoroughly in sympathy with their enthusiasm."
BIRDS
VOLUME IX.
By A. H. Evans, M.A., Clare College, Cambridge. With numerous Illustrations by G. E. Lodge.
IBIS.—"Mr. Evans has produced a book full of concentrated essence of information on birds, especially as regards their outer structure and habits, and one that we can cordially recommend as a work of reference to all students of ornithology."
NATURE NOTES.—"We venture to predict that, of the ten volumes of which this excellent series is planned to consist, none will secure a wider popularity than Mr. Evans's treatise on birds. Strange as it may appear, among the many books on birds that have appeared of late years, we do not recall any that covers the same ground.... We are grateful to the author for the mine of valuable information which he has crowded between his two covers."
SCIENCE GOSSIP.—"General readers will find this work most useful in obtaining a proper understanding of birds, and will be assisted by the effective diagram of a hawk in the introduction, showing the recognised names of every part of the exterior appearance. The expressions used in naming the various portions are fully explained on the adjoining page. As we have already said, the illustrations are admirable. The book is a useful addition to any library, as it treats of nearly every known kind of bird throughout the world."
SATURDAY REVIEW.—"The expert and the novice alike must be at once delighted by the accuracy and the beauty of the illustrations.... It is astonishing to note the mass of information the author has been able to bring together.... With a little practice any observant person would soon learn by the help of this volume to track down any bird very nearly to its ultimate place in classification."
MAMMALS
VOLUME X.
Mammalia. By Frank Evers Beddard, M.A. Oxon., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and Prosector of the Zoological Society of London.
NATURE.—"Cannot fail to be of very high value to all students of the Mammalia, especially from the standpoints of morphology and palæontology."
ATHENÆUM.—"Mr. Beddard has produced a volume equal in interest and value to the others in the Cambridge series."
LAND AND WATER.—"A notable book, the result of long study, patient labour, sound reasoning, and careful selection, for which we are deeply indebted to the author."
DAILY NEWS.—"A volume which, for the interest of its contents and for its style and method of treatment, is not only worthy of its predecessors, but may be regarded as one of the most successful of a brilliant series."
KNOWLEDGE.—"In this volume Mr. Beddard has undoubtedly made an important contribution to the history of mammals, his text-book being the only one which can be said to be up to date and to contain notices of the many important types—both recent and fossil—discovered during the last few years."
FIELD.—"Its utility to the working zoological student can hardly be overrated. It is exceedingly well illustrated."
CONCLUDING VOLUMES IN PREPARATION.
VOLUME I.
Protozoa, Marcus Hartog, M.A., Sc.D., Trinity College (Professor of Natural History in the Queen's College, Cork); Sponges, W. J. Sollas, Sc.D., F.R.S., St. John's College (Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford); Jellyfish, Sea-Anemones, etc., S. J. Hickson, M.A., F.R.S., Downing College (Beyer Professor of Zoology in the Owens College, Manchester); Star-fish, Sea-Urchins, etc., E. W. MacBride, M.A., St. John's College (Professor of Zoology, McGill University, Montreal).
VOLUME IV.
Spiders, Mites, etc., C. Warburton, M.A., Christ's College (Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society); Scorpions, Trilobites, etc., M. Laurie, B.A., King's College, D.Sc. (Edinb.), (Professor of Zoology in St. Mungo's College, Glasgow); Pycnogonids, etc., D'Arcy W. Thompson, C.B., M.A., Trinity College (Professor of Zoology in University College, Dundee); Linguatulida and Tardigrada, A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S.; Crustacea, W. F. R. Weldon, M.A., F.R.S., St. John's College (Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the University of Oxford).
[In the Press.
MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd., LONDON.