NOTES
Bateson, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxv. Suppl. 1885, p. 111.
Gegenbaur, Grundzüge vergl. Anat. 2 ed. 1870, p. 158.
Lankester, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xvii. 1877, p. 448 (= Aspidophora, Allman, J. Linn. Soc. xiv. 1879, pp. 490 n., 586).
Spengel, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. xv. 1902, p. 209.
Fauna u. Flora G.v. Neapel, 18 Monogr. 1893 (reviewed by MacBride in Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxvi. 1894, p. 385); Zool. Jahrb. Anat. xviii. Pt. ii. 1903, p. 271.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxiv. 1884, p. 208; xxv. Suppl. 1885, p. 81; xxvi 1886, pp. 511, 535.
Zool. Results, Part iii. Cambridge, 1899, p. 223.
= 1 inch.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxiv. 1884, p. 209.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxv. Suppl. 1885, p. 91.
Pouchet, C. R. Ac. Sci. cii. 1886, p. 272.
Kowalevsky, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb. (7) x. No. 3, 1866, p. 7.
Spengel, Monogr. p. 474.
Zool. Res. Pt. iii. 1899, p. 256.
See also Ritter, Biol. Bull. iii. 1902, p. 255.
Zool. Res. iii. 1899, pp. 273, 280.
Morgan, J. Morphol. v. 1891, p. 422; ix. 1894, pp. 44, 48, 72.
Willey, Zool. Res. Pt. iii. 1899, p. 245.
Zool Res. Pt. iii. p. 228.
Spengel, Monogr. pp. 179, 187; Willey, Zool. Res. iii. p. 236.
Willey.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xl. 1898, p. 601; xliii. 1900, p. 351.
Monogr. p. 684, Pl. xxvi. Figs. 14-18; see also Willey, Zool. Res. iii. p. 245, and Dawydoff, Zoolog. Anz. xxv. 1902, p. 551.
Zool. Jahrb. Syst. xv. 1902, p. 209. The Harrimaniidae = Balanoglossus of the Monograph (1893): Glossobalanus = Ptychodera, s.str., 1893: Balanoglossus = Tauroglossus, 1893: Ptychodera = Chlamydothorax, 1893.
Punnett ("Enteropneusta," in Gardiner's Fauna and Geogr. Maldive and Laccadive Arch. ii. Pt. ii. 1903) finds small liver-sacs in Spengelia, and describes Willeyia, a new genus of Glandicipitidae.
Exc. G. ruficollis, Willey.
Spengel, Monogr. p. 370 f.
Cf. Spengel, Monogr. p. 363 f.
Bourne, J. Mar. Biol. Ass. (N.S.), i. 1889-90, p. 63.
This closely resembles T. grenacheri, but see Willey, op. cit. p. 285.
Haldeman, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. vi. No. 54, 1886, p. 45.
For Vertebrates see Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvii. 1887, p. 340.
The largest known eggs are those of Harrimania kupfferi (1.3 mm.). The eggs of Dolichoglossus kowalevskii measure .37 mm., while the youngest Tornaria found by Morgan, already transparent and with their tissues distended by water, were only about two-thirds that size.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxiv. 1884, p. 208; xxv. Suppl. 1885, p. 81; xxvi. 1886, pp. 511, 535.
Agassiz, Bourne, Spengel, Morgan (in T. agassizii).
Morgan (in Balanoglossus biminiensis).
A similar shrinkage takes place in the metamorphosis of the larva (Leptocephalus) of Eels, as has been shown by Grassi, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxix. 1897, p. 374.
Schimkewitsch, Zool. Anz. xi. 1888, p. 283; Morgan, J. Morphol. ix. 1894, p. 60; Punnett (op. cit. p. 661) believes that they are ectodermal.
Allman's name (Quart. J. Micr. Sci. ix. 1869, p. 57 f.) replaces that given by Sars, because the latter gave no description by which the organism could be recognised.
"Remarkable forms of Animal Life," i. Christiania Univ.-Program for the first half-year, 1869; and Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xiv. 1874, p. 23.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxiv. 1884, p. 622.
Proc. Roy. Soc. lii. 1893, p. 132; Festschr. 70 ten. Geburtstage R. Leuckarts, 4to, Leipzig, 1892, p. 293.
Hincks, Hist. Brit. Marine Polyzoa, vol. i. 1880, p. 581.
Rés. Camp. Sci. Prince de Monaco, Bryozoaires, 1903, p. 23.
Challenger Reports, Part lxii. 1887. See also Masterman in Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xl. 1898, p. 340; xlvi. 1903, p. 715; Rep. Brit. Ass. (1898), 1899, p. 914; Tr. R. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. 1900, p. 507; and the notes in the Zool. Anz. xx. 1897, pp. 342, 443, 505; xxii. 1899, pp. 359, 361; and xxvi. 1903, pp. 368, 593.
Cf. Cole, J. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 1899-1900, p. 256.
Two dorsal portions of this region, which are regarded by Masterman as lateral notochords, appear to me to represent the dorsal part of the pharynx of Ptychodera.
The diameter of a single individual removed from its tube is given by Fowler as .123 mm.
See, however, Conte and Vaney, C. R. Ac. Sci. 135, 1902, pp. 63, 748.
Pp. 450-462.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xl. 1898, p. 281; xliii. 1900, p. 375; xlv. 1902, p. 485.
Cf. p. [19].
J. Coll. Japan, xiii. Pt. iv. 1901, p. 507.
Arch. Biol. xviii. 1902, p. 495; Wiss. Meeresuntersuch. vi. Abt. Helgoland, Heft 1, 1903.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xlvii. Pt. i, 1903, p. 103.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lxxv. 1903, pp. 391, 473.
Vol. II. p. 459.
Huxley, in 1877 (Man. Anat. Invert. Animals, p. 674), proposed to unite the Enteropneusta with the Tunicata as Pharyngopneusta, in allusion to the gill-slits connected with the pharynx; but the view was first defended in detail by Bateson.
See, for example, Minot, Amer. Nat. xxxi. 1897, p. 927.
See MacBride, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xl. 1898, p. 589; xliii. 1900, p. 351.
Bury, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxix. 1889, p. 409; xxxviii. 1896, p. 125; MacBride, ibid. xxxviii. p. 395; Masterman, Tr. R. Soc. Edinb. xl. Pt. ii. No. 19, 1902, p. 403.
This view was definitely formulated by Metschnikoff in 1881 (Zool. Anz. iv. 1881, pp. 139, 153).
Cf. Morgan, J. Morphol. v. 1891, p. 445; ix. 1894, pp. 64-66.
Cf. Lang, Jena. Zeitschr. xxv. 1891, p. 1.
J. Morphol. ix. p. 72.
Mém. Mus. Paris, ii. 1815.
Mém. s. l. Anim. s. Vert. Pt. ii. Paris, 1816.
Zoologia Danica, iv. 1806.
Hist. Nat. d. Anim. sans Vert. Paris, 1815-1822, t. iii.
Mém. Instit. Paris, xviii. 1842.
Zur vergl. Physiol. Wirbellos. Thiere, Brunswick.
Comptes Rendus, Paris, xxii; and Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3 (Zool.) v.
Phil. Trans. 1851; Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 1860.
Mém. Acad. St. Pétersbourg (7), x. 1866.
Mém. Instit. Paris, xviii. 1842.
Arch. mikr. Anat. vi. 1872.
Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève, xxi. 1872.
Arch. Zool. Expér. i. 1872.
Synascidien der Bucht von Rovigno, Wien, 1883.
Challenger Reports, Tunicata, Part i. vol. vi. 1882; Part ii. vol. xiv. 1886; Part iii. vol. xxvii. 1888.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xi. 1863, p. 153; Journ. Linn. Soc. 1868, etc.
Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1875 and 1877.
Arch. Zool. Expér. iii. 1874, and vi. 1877; Mém. Instit. Paris, xlv. 1892.
Vid. Medd. Nat. For. Copenhagen, 1880, 1882, 1884, etc.
Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie, 1885, etc.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xv. xxiii. and xxiv.; Cat. of Tunicata in Australian Museum, 1899; also Challenger Reports (see note 80).
Arch. de Biol. ii.
"The Genus Salpa," Mem. J. Hopkins Univ. 1893.
Zeits. wiss. Zool. 1876, 1878; Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, 1883, etc.
Jen. Zeitschr. 1886, 1888, etc.; also Bronn's Thier-Reich.
Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, 1893 and 1897; and Zeits. wiss. Zool. 1895 and 1896.
Journ. Anat. Phys. Paris, xxi. 1885.
Fauna and Flora G. v. Neapel, Monogr. x. 1884.
These sphincters close the only openings through the tough test so effectually that when collectors are preserving Ascidians in alcohol it is advisable to make one or more slits in the test to allow the sea-water to escape and the spirit to enter.
Except in Cynthiidae and Botryllidae where it is dorsal.
The early stages of Ciona, of which Castle has given a very complete account (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxvii. No. 7, 1896), differ in some points from those of Ascidia described here.
Possibly the diverticulum may be wholly derived from the neural tube (see Willey, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 1893).
See Lohmann, Schrift. Naturw. Ver. Schlesw.-Holst. xi. 1899, 347.
Arch. de Biologie, vi. 1887.
See Journ. of Morphology, xii.-xiv. 1896-1898.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxxv. No. 4, 1899, p. 59.
Journ. Morph. xii. 1896, p. 149.
See Pizon, Ann. des Sci. Nat. 7e sér. Zool. xiv. 1892.
"Oozooid" and "blastozooid" have not always been used in the same sense. It is best to regard as oozooid the first member of a new colony derived from an embryo formed by the fertilisation of an ovum, and to call the remaining ascidiozooids produced by gemmation the blastozooids.
According to Kowalevsky. Salensky, however, considers that the atrial aperture closes, and that a new surface depression appears later.
See Barrois, Journ. d'Anat. et Physiol. 1885.
Mitth. Z. Stat. Neapel, x. 1891.
The most useful works on the Salpidae are Traustedt, Vid. Selsk. Skr. ii. 8, 1885, Copenhagen; and Brooks's "The genus Salpa," Johns Hopkins Biolog. Memoirs, ii. 1893.
According to Metcalf, Salpa cylindrica is protandrous.
For a more detailed account of these subdivisions of the Salpidae, and other groups, see Herdman's "Revised Classification of Tunicata," Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xxiii. 1891, p. 558.
See Herdman, Challenger Report on Tunicata, part iii. 1888, p. 88; and Metcalf, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. No. 106, 1893, and Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Anat. xiii. 1900, p. 572.
Although the correct systematic name of the commonest species is Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas), it is convenient in non-systematic usage to employ the term "Amphioxus," which is in general use in zoological laboratories.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlv. March 1902, p. 493.
The cerebral eye and the pigment spots of the spinal cord are especially prominent in the oceanic species Branchiostoma pelagicum, Günther.
The mesoblastic somites in Figs. 84 and 85 are all derivatives of the larger posterior pair of coelomic pouches, the smaller more anterior ones not being shown. For further details in regard to the coelomic pouches see MacBride, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xliii. p. 351, 1900.
I have to thank Mr. Walter Tattersall, B.Sc., working in my laboratory, for a detailed summary and discussion of the various published schemes from which this table has been drawn up. He has also filled up for me the map (Fig. 90) showing the geographical distribution of the species. (See also Trans. Biol. Soc. Liverpool, vol. xvii. 1903, p. 269.)
A coelom formed by the union of one or more pairs of primitively distinct coelomic cavities.
Cf. p. [129].
Cf. p. [391].
Gadow, A Classification of Vertebrata, 1898, p. 4.
Sucker-like modifications of the ventral surface of the body, in which the paired fins take no part, are present on the throat in many Fishes which frequent hill-streams, as in some small African and Asiatic Cyprinidae (e.g. Discognathus) and a few Siluridae (e.g. Euglyptosternum).
Saville Kent, The Naturalist in Australia, London, 1897, p. 150.
Ibid. p. 167
Ibid. p. 168.
Ibid. p. 173.
Ibid. p. 188.
Cunningham and MacMunn, Phil. Trans. 184, 1893, p. 765, where references to many other papers are given.
Ablette is the French name for the Bleak.
Either singly or in combination with lime (Guaninkalk), guanin is often present in the tissues of Fishes (air-bladder, gall-bladder, subcutaneous connective tissue, muscle-fasciae, peritoneum, and the retinal epithelium and tapetum of the eye). For references see Cunningham and MacMunn, op. cit. p. 781 et seq.
Cunningham and MacMunn, op. cit. pp. 768 and 771.
A. Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Camb. U.S.A., xxiii. 1892, p. 189.
Cunningham and MacMunn, op. cit. p. 791, et seq.
Ibid. p. 800.
Saville Kent, Nat. Austr. p. 163.
Poulton, The Colours of Animals, Internat. Scientific Series, London, 1890, p. 82.
Percy St. John, quoted by Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, London, 1880-84, ii. p. 58.
Poulton, op. cit. p. 82.
Ibid. p. 86.
Cunningham and MacMunn, op. cit. p. 773.
C. Stewart, quoted by Poulton, op. cit. p. 67.
Saville Kent, op. cit. p. 186, describes the colours of the living Fish as "various shades of light crimson and lilac."
Günther, Study of Fishes, London, 1880, p. 524.
Poulton, op. cit. p. 72.
For another view of the use of the "lure," see Cunningham, Marketable British Marine Fishes, London, 1896, p. 338.
Günther, Chall. Reports, Zool. vol. xxii. 1887, p. 50.
Suggested by Lütken; Günther, l. c.
Garstang, quoted by Poulton, op. cit. p. 165.
See p. [364].
E. Ray Lankester, Proc. Roy. Soc. 1873, p. 70.
Cunningham and MacMunn, op. cit. p. 781.
W. Newton Parker, P.Z.S. 1888, p. 359.
Günther, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1869, p. 437.
Ibid., Study of Fishes, Edinburgh, 1880, p. 191.
Ibid. p. 192.
Ibid. p. 190.
Lendenfeld, Chall. Reports, Zool. xxii. 1887, p. 277. For references to papers by Leydig, Ussow, Emery, and others, see Lendenfeld, op. cit.
Moseley, Challenger Reports, Zool. xxii. 1887, p. 267.
C. W. Wilson, Journ. Morph. xv. 1899, p. 667.
Burckhardt, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vi. 1900, p. 568.
Ibid. op. cit. p. 558.
Wiliamson, Phil. Trans. cxxxix. 1849, p. 435; Hertwig, Morph. Jahrb. ii. 1876, p. 328; v. 1879, p. 1; vii. 1882, p. 1; Klaatsch, ib. xvi. 1890, p. 97 et seq., p. 209 et seq.
Klaatsch has since affirmed the epidermic origin of the scleroblasts, ibid. xxi. 1894, p. 153.
Klaatsch, Morph. Jahrb. xvi. 1890, p. 125; Nickerson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xxiv. 1893, p. 115.
Ryder, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1892, p. 219; Smith Woodward, Nat. Sci. iii. 1893, p. 448.
Smith Woodward, op. cit. p. 449.
O. Hertwig, Morph. Jahrb. ii. 1876, p. 374; Klaatsch, xvi. 1890, p. 146.
Klaatsch, op. cit. p. 178.
O. Hertwig, Morph. Jahrb. vii. p. 15.
O. Hertwig, Morph. Jahrb. vii. p. 7.
Ibid. vii. p. 29.
Ibid. ii. p. 334.
Hoffbauer, "Die Altersbestimmung des Karpfen an seiner Schuppe." Jahresb. des Schlesischen Fischerei-Vereins, 1899; J. Stewart Thomson, Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. vi. No. 3, 1902, p. 373.
Günther, Phil. Trans. clxi. 1871, p. 516; Klaatsch, op. cit. p. 209.
This portion of the chapter is mainly based on the important researches of Dr. Gadow and Miss Abbott. See Phil. Trans. 186, 1895, p. 163 et seq. where copious references to the work of other writers are given.
Neuromeres are body-segments defined and limited by the exits of the successive pairs of spinal nerves from the neural canal.
Gadow, op. cit. p. 190.
Schneider, Beitr. z. vergl. Anat. u. Entwickl. Wirbelth., Berlin, 1879, p. 51; also Gadow, op. cit. p. 196.
Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Fossil Fishes, Pt. i. 1889, p. xvii.
Hasse, Das natürliche Syst. d. Elasmobranchier; etc., Jena, 1879, p. 30, et seq.
Gadow, op. cit. p. 194; Ridewood, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxvii. 1899, p. 46.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1872, p. 526; Wiedersheim, Morph. Studien, Jena, 1880, Pt. i. p. 65; Gadow, op. cit. p. 198.
Bridge, P.Z.S. 1897, p. 722.
Gadow, op. cit. p. 201, et seq.
See Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. vii. 1902, p. 315.
Zittel, Handb. d. Palaeontologie, iii. 1887-1890, p. 137 et seq.; Gadow, op. cit. p. 208.
F. M. Balfour and W. N. Parker, Phil. Trans. 173, 1882, p. 388.
As additional primary cranial elements mention may be made of a pair of independently developed "alisphenoid" cartilages, which lie in front of the parachordals between the brain and the eyes, and above the trabeculae, and form a considerable part of the inter-orbital region of the cranium. See Sewertzoff, Anat. Anz. xiii. 1897, p. 413; ibid., Kupffer Festschrift, Jena, 1899, p. 281.
W. K. Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. x. 1878, p. 189.
Huxley, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 40.
W. K. Parker, Phil. Trans. 163, 1873, p. 95.
M‘Murrich, Proc. Canadian Inst. (N.S.) ii. Toronto, 1884, p. 278; Cole, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. Pt. v. 1898, p. 131.
W. K. Parker, Phil. Trans. 174, Pt. ii. 1883, p. 411; Huxley, Journ. Anat. and Phys. x. 1876, p. 412; Howes, Trans. Biol. Soc. Liverpool, vi. 1891, p. 122.
Huxley, op. cit. p. 421.
W. K. Parker, Phil. Trans. 174, 1883, pp. 376-405; Ayers and Jackson, Journ. Morph. xvii. 1901, p. 193.
Huxley, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 40, et seq.
Dollo, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol. etc. ix. 1895, p. 110.
Hubrecht, Niederländ. Archiv f. Zool. iii. 1877, p. 255.
W. K. Parker, Phil. Trans. 173, 1882, p. 139; Bridge, Phil. Trans. 169, 1878, p. 683.
Traquair, Journ. Anat. and Phys. v. 1871, p. 166; Bridge, Proc. Birm. Phil. Soc. vi. 1888, p. 118; Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. vii. 1902, p. 315.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xv. 1900, p. 334.
Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. ix. 1884, p. 177.
W. K. Parker, Phil. Trans. 173, 1882, p. 443.
Bridge, P.Z.S. 1895, p. 302.
Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 1; xxvii. 1891, p. 489. Swinnerton, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 503.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1871, p. 521; Huxley, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 31; Wiedersheim, Morph. Stud. i. Jena, 1880, p. 46; Bridge, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. 1898, p. 350.
Ridewood, P.Z.S. 1894, p. 632.
Ibid. p. 638.
Traquair, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), ii. 1878, p. 1.
Thacker, Trans. Connecticut Acad. iii. 1877, p. 281; Mivart, Trans. Zool. Soc. x. 1879, p. 439; Bridge, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xxv. 1896, p. 530.
Goodrich, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. 47, 1903-1904, p. 465.
Smith Woodward, Nat. Sc. i. 1892, p. 29.
Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 335.
W. K. Parker, Shoulder-girdle and Sternum of Vertebrata, Ray Soc. 1868; Gegenbaur, Untersuch. Vergl. Anat. Wirbelth. Pt. ii. Leipzig, 1865; Wiedersheim, Das Gliedmassenskelet d. Wirbelth. Jena, 1892.
Traquair, Nature, 62, 1900, p. 502.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxxix. 1899, p. 843.
It is more probable that in most existing Teleostomi the pelvic girdle has undergone complete suppression, in which case these cartilages are vestiges and not rudiments.
See, however, Goodrich, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1901, p. 311.
Bashford Dean, Anat. Anz. xi. 1896, p. 673.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Part vii. 1902, p. 328.
Thacker, Trans. Connecticut Acad. iv. 1877, p. 233.
Traquair, Geol. Mag. vii. 1890, p. 15; Goodrich, l.c.
Haswell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. ix. 1884, p. 71; Howes, P.Z.S. 1887, p. 3.
Warren, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 631.
See Ridewood, Nat. Sci. viii. 1896, p. 391, for references.
Ridewood, op. cit. p. 390.
For references see Howes, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xxiii. 1890, p. 381.
Howes, op. cit.
Macallum. Reprinted from Proc. Canadian Instit. N.S. ii. 1884, p. 387.
Howes, op. cit.
Howes, P.Z.S. 1890, p. 669.
Balfour and Newton Parker, Phil. Trans. 173, 1882, p. 425.
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 140.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1871, pp. 542-543.
Owen, Anat. Phys. Vertebrates, London, 1866, i. p. 424.
For the histology of the alimentary canal and its glands in Fishes, see Leydig, Lehrb. d. Histol. d. Menschen u. d. Tiere, 1857; Id. Beitr. zu mikrosk. Anat. u. Entwickl. d. Rochen u. Haie, Leipzig, 1852; Id. Anat.-histol. Untersuch. üb. Fische u. Reptilien, Berlin, 1853; Molin, Sitz. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Wien, v. 1850, p. 416; Macallum, Proc. Canadian Inst. N.S. ii. 1884, p. 387; Id. Journ. Anat. and Phys. xx. 1886, p. 604; N. Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1893, p. 109; Ayers, Jen. Zeitsch. xviii. 1885, p. 479; Edinger, Archiv f. mikr. Anat. xiii. 1876, p. 651; Trinkler, Archiv f. mikr. Anat. xxiv. 1884, p. 174. Also Oppel, Lehrb. d. vergl. mikrosk. Anat. d. Wirbeltiere, i.-ii. Jena, 1896-97, where numerous other references are given.
Owen, op. cit. p. 418.
Owen, l.c.
Hyrtl, Lepidosiren paradoxa. Abhand. d. böhm. Gesell. d. Wiss. 1845, p. 629.
Newton Parker, op. cit.
Paul Mayer, Mitt. zool. Stat. zu Neapel, viii. 1888, p. 307.
Wiedersheim, Lehrb. d. vergl. Anat. d. Wirbelthiere, ed. ii. Jena, 1886, p. 576.
Owen, op. cit. p. 415.
T. Jeffery Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. xi. 1879, p. 49.
Jeffery Parker, op. cit. pl. xi. Fig. 5.
Ibid. p. 58.
Ibid. p. 58.
Ibid. p. 59.
Ibid. p. 58, pl. xi. Fig. 6.
Günther, op. cit. p. 544.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 141.
Macallum, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xx. 1886, pp. 618, 619.
Owen, op. cit. p. 424.
Macallum, l.c.
Balfour and Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 425.
Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. d. Poiss. xix. 1846, p. 151.
Rathke, Üb. d. Darmkanal u. d. Zeugungsorgane d. Fische, Halle, 1824, pp. 62 f.
Edinger, op. cit. p. 678.
T. Jeffery Parker, op. cit. p. 55.
Archiv f. mikr. Anat. xiii. 1876.
Krukenberg, quoted by Miss Alcock, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiii. (N.S.), 1899, p. 613.
Stannius, Handb. d. Zool., Berlin, 1854, ii. p. 201; Owen, op. cit. p. 425.
Macallum, reprinted from Proc. Canadian Institute, N.S. ii. 1884, p. 407.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 138.
Macallum, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xx. 1886, p. 632.
Legouis, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), xvii. 1873, Art. 8; and xviii. 1873, Art. 3. Also Macallum, op. cit. p. 629.
Newton Parker, op. cit. pp. 138-139.
Turner, Journ. Anat. and Phys. vii. 1873, p. 233.
Stannius, op. cit. pp. 197, 198; Owen, op. cit. p. 428, et seq.
For references, see Macallum, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xx. p. 624 et seq.
Wiedersheim, op. cit. p. 556.
Howes, op. cit. p. 393.
Günther, Challenger Reports, "Zool." xxii. 1887, p. 3; Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Camb. Mass. xii. 1885, p. 20.
Günther, op. cit. p. 545; Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 137.
Howes, op. cit. p. 393 et seq.
Graham Kerr, P.Z.S., 1901, ii. p. 484.
In those Elasmobranchs which have more than five branchial clefts there is a corresponding increase in the number of branchial arches and hemibranchs.
Ridewood, Anat. Anz. xi. 1895, p. 425.
Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xii. 1885, p. 1; Günther, Challenger Reports, "Zool." xxii. 1887, p. 2.
In the Ammocoetes stage the gill-sacs open directly into the larval pharynx, which is retained as the branchial canal, the oesophagus of the adult being an independent and later formation.
Dohrn, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vi. 1886, p. 49.
Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvii. 1887, p. 350.
Cf. p. [343].
See p. [423].
Howes (P.Z.S. 1893, p. 730) has described certain remarkable variations in the respiratory organs of Petromyzon and Myxine.
In certain Teleosts more or fewer of the branchial arches may lose their gills. This reduction attains its maximum in the singular Indian amphibious Fish, Amphipnous cuchia, where only the second arch has a biserial gill, the remaining arches being wholly devoid of gills (cf. p. 598).
Balfour, Comp. Embryol. ii. 1881, p. 62.
Ramsay Wright, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xix. 1885, p. 476.
Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. ix. 1884, p. 213.
Ramsay Wright, op. cit. p. 482.
See p. [335].
F. W. Müller, Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. xlix. 1897, p. 463.
Ramsay Wright, op. cit. p. 492.
F. Maurer, Morph. Jahrb. ix. 1884, p. 229; xiv. 1888, p. 175.
Günther, Phil. Trans. clxi. 1871, p. 511; Baldwin Spencer, Macleay Memorial Volume, 1892, p. 1.
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 161; Bridge, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. 1898, p. 361.
Boas, Morph. Jahrb. vi. 1880, p. 345. See Fig. 201, p. [340].
Bischoff, Lepidosiren paradoxa, Leipzig, 1840; Hyrtl, Abhand. d. böhm. Gesellsch. 1845, p. 637; also Bridge, op. cit. pp. 344, 345.
Turner, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiv. 1879, p. 273. For references to other writers see Turner, op. cit.
For this information, which was based on an examination of a specimen, parts of which are now in the Cambridge University Museum, I am indebted to Dr. Harmer.
Van Beneden, quoted by Turner, op. cit. p. 282.
Andrew Smith, also quoted by Turner, op. cit. p. 281.
Dahlgren, Zool. Bull. ii. 3, Boston, 1898; Allis, Anat. Anz. xviii. 1900, p. 257.
M‘Kendrick, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiv. 1879, p. 461.
Naturalist in Celebes, London, 1889, p. 30.
Nature, xxxix. 1889, p. 285.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 126.
Götte, quoted by Balfour, Comp. Embryol. ii. 1881, p. 62.
Steindachner, Sitz. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. i. 1869, p. 103; Hyrtl, ibid. p. 109; Budgett, op. cit. p. 118.
Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 554.
Semon, Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien, Pt. i. p. 44, and Atlas.
Burt G. Wilder, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1875, p. 151; ibid. 1877, p. 306.
Ann. d. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, vii. 1878, Art. 5.
Baldwin Spencer, op. cit. p. 3.
Sörensen, Journ. Anat. and Phys. 1894, p. 127-138.
Moreau, Ann. d. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, Zool. iv. 1876, Art. 8, p. 62.
Erman, Gilbert Ann. d. Physik. xxx. 1808, p. 113.
Jobert, op. cit.; ibid. v. 1877, Art. 8.
Zograff, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxviii. 1888, p. 501.
Hyrtl, Sitz. d. k. Akad. Wiss. x. 1853, p. 148.
Hyrtl, Denksch. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xxiii. 1863, p. i.; ibid. x. 1855, p. 48.
Hyrtl, ibid. viii. 1854, p. 185.
Hyrtl, ibid. xxi. 1863, p. 7; Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. xii. 1887, p. 307.
Taylor, Edin. Journ. Sci. v. 1831, p. 33; Hyrtl, Denksch. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xiv. 1858, p. 39.
Hyrtl, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien. xi. 1853, p. 302; Day, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xiii. p. 198.
Burne, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxv. 1894, p. 48.
For much interesting information on aerial respiration in Fishes, see Day, op. cit.; also P.Z.S. 1868, p. 274; and Dobson, ibid. 1874, p. 312.
Semper, Animal Life, Intern. Sci. Series, London, 1881, p. 172.
Miklucho-Maclay, Jen. Zeitsch. iii. 1867, p. 448.
Wiedersheim, Lehrb. d. vergl. Anat. d. Wirbelth. ed. 2, Jena 1886, p. 616.
The glottis is furnished with a structure analogous to the epiglottis-like plate of Protopterus (Wiedersheim, op. cit. p. 616).
Balfour and Newton Parker, Phil. Trans. 173, Part ii. 1883, p. 425.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1871, p. 511; Baldwin Spencer, Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien (Semon), i. Jena 1898, p. 53.
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 109; Baldwin Spencer, op. cit. p. 54.
Henle, quoted by Howes, P.Z.S. 1887, p. 501; also Wiedersheim, op. cit. p. 622 and Fig. 483.
Bischoff, Ann. d. Set. Nat. (2) Zool. xiv. 1840, p. 136.
Stannius, Handb. d. Zool. Berlin ii. 1854, p. 220.
Günther, Study of Fishes, Edinburgh, 1880, p. 457.
Bridge and Haddon, Phil. Trans. B, 184, 1893, p. 209.
Reinhardt, quoted by Stannius, op. cit. p. 225.
Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. d. Poissons, xxi. 1848, p. 139; Bridge, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxvii. 1900, p. 503.
Day, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 703.
Sörensen, "Lydorganer hos Fiske," Copenhagen, 1884, p. 85; Kner, SB. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xi. 1853, p. 138.
Cuvier and Valenciennes, op. cit. v.
Günther, Brit. Mus. Cat. Fishes, ii. 1860, p. 313.
Moreau, Compt. Rend. lix. 1864, p. 436.
J. Müller, Ber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1842, p. 177.
Bridge and Haddon, op. cit. p. 234, Pl. II. Fig. 18.
Ibid. p. 216.
Weber, De aure et auditu Hominis et Animalium, Leipzig, 1820, p. 73.
Moreau, Compt. Rend. lxxx. 1875, p. 1247.
Coggi, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887, p. 381; Swale Vincent and Stanley Barnes, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xxx. 1896, p. 545.
For the blood-supply of the air-bladder see Chap. XII.
See Chaps. XIV. XIII. and X.
Moreau, Ann. d. Sci. Nat. (6) iv. 1876, Art.
Moreau, op. cit.
Bridge and Haddon, op. cit. p. 286.
Semper, Animal Life, Internat. Sci. Series, London, 1881, p. 321.
Moreau, op. cit. pp. 3, 4.
J. Müller, Vergl. Anat. d. Myxinoiden, Pt. iii. (1839), Berlin, 1841, p. 186. For an account of the vascular system of Bdellostoma see Jackson, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. xx. 1901, p. 13.
T. Jeffery Parker, Phil. Trans. 177, Pt. ii. 1886, p. 702. For references to Elasmobranchs in general, see Parker, op. cit. p. 725.
In the common Dog-Fish (Scyllium canicula) each lateral vein joins the posterior cardinal near the junction of the latter with the Cuvierian duct, the subclavian vein from the pectoral fin opening directly into the corresponding Cuvierian duct.
Jourdain, Ann. Sci. Nat. (4), xii. 1859, p. 321; M‘Kenzie, Reprint from the Proc. Canadian Institute (N.S.) ii. 1884, p. 428. For references to Hyrtl and other writers, see Jourdain, op. cit.
Balfour, Comparative Embryology, London, ii. 1881, pp. 66, 91, and 96.
A subintestinal vein is also present in adult Holocephali (e.g. Callorhynchus antarcticus), T. Jeffery Parker, op. cit. p. 706. The persistence of this vein in adult Fishes is associated with the presence of a well-developed spiral valve.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. Pt. vii. 1901, p. 332.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1872, p. 535; Baldwin Spencer, Macleay Memorial Volume, 1894, p. 17.
Baldwin Spencer, op. cit. pp. 24, 30-31. Not represented in Fig. 191.
Hochstetter, Morphol. Jahrb. xiii. 1888, p. 153.
The vertebral vein, which is present only on the right side, may represent the reduced anterior portion of the right posterior cardinal, as Baldwin Spencer (op. cit.) has suggested.
As an abnormality the adult Frog may retain the embryonic connexion of the right anterior abdominal vein with the heart (Buller, Journ. Anat. and Phys. iii. 1896, p. 211).
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 179.
Hyrtl, Abhand. d. Böhm. Gesellsch. 1845, p. 643.
There is an incomplete auricular septum in the Holocephali (e.g. Chimaera monstrosa), see Ray Lankester, Trans. Zool. Soc. x. 1879, p. 502.
Stannius, Handb. d. Anat. d. Wirbelth. Berlin, ii. 1854, p. 235; Boas, Morphol. Jahrb. vi. 1880, p. 527.
Boas, Morphol. Jahrb. vi. 1880, p. 321.
Ibid. op. cit.
J. Müller, Vergl. Anat. d. Myxinoiden, Pt. iii. (1839) Berlin 1841 p. 179.
T. Jeffery Parker, Phil. Trans. 177, Pt. ii. 1886, p. 686; cf. H. Ayers, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xvii. No. 5, 1889, p. 191.
Chlamydoselachus is more primitive in this respect, and has but a single efferent vessel for the two hemibranchs of each arch, which corresponds with the more anterior of the two in Mustelus (Ayers, op. cit.).
Cf. footnote to p. [332].
Note, however, that in the young Lepidosteus there are two efferent vessels in each arch, which, nevertheless, differ from those of Mustelus in uniting to form an epibranchial artery before joining the dorsal aorta (F. W. Müller, Arch. Mikr. Anat. xlix. 1897, p. 463).
T. Jeffery Parker, op. cit. p. 691.
Cf. Figs. 195 and 196.
Ramsay Wright, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xix. 1885, p. 482; F. W. Müller, op. cit.
These vessels are not to be regarded as homologous with the primitive paired aortae of Amphioxus and the embryos of higher Vertebrates. The true dorsal aorta sometimes persists as a median vestigial vessel which traverses the circulus cephalicus.
For the relations of the efferent branchial vessels to the cephalic circle and the median dorsal aorta in different Teleosts, see Ridewood, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 939.
Only one of the two internal carotid arteries is shown in Fig. 199.
J. Müller, U. d. Bau u. d. Grenzen d. Ganoiden, Berlin, 1846, p. 43; Ramsay Wright, Standard Nat. Hist. iii. pp. 48, 49.
Baldwin Spencer, Macleay Memorial Volume, 1892, p. 1.
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 173.
According to Boas; for reference, see p. [329].
This structure may prove to be a hemibranch of the first branchial arch.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 167.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 138.
De Meuron, Recherches sur le développement du Thymus et de la glande thyreoïde, Inaug. Dissert. Genève, 1886; Maurer, Morph. Jahrb. xi. 1886, p. 129; W. Müller, Jen. Zeitsch. vi. 1871, p. 428; vii. 1873, p. 327; Dohrn, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vi. 1886, p. 49; vii. 1887, p. 301.
Cf. p. [280].
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 135.
Quoted by N. Parker, l.c.
Van Bemmelen, Anat. Anz. iv. 1889, p. 400.
W. Müller, op. cit.
Dohrn, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel. v. 1884, pp. 141-151; see also the previously cited works of De Meuron and Maurer.
Dohrn, op. cit.
See pp. [120] and [135]. Willey, Amphioxus and the Ancestry of the Vertebrates, New York, 1894, pp. 30, 31.
Beard, Anat. Anz. ix. 1894, p. 485.
Newton Parker, op. cit. p. 135.
Giacomini, quoted by Swale Vincent, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xxxviii. 1903, p. 41.
Vincent, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. Part iii. 1897, p. 41. For bibliography see Vincent, Internat. Monatsschr. f. Anat. u. Phys. xv. 1898, p. 319.
Giacomini, quoted by Swale Vincent, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xxxviii. 1903, p. 41.
Vincent, op. cit. pp. 32, 33.
Balfour, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxii. 1882, p. 12.
Swale Vincent, op. cit. p. 78.
Ibid. pp. 77, 78.
Balfour, op. cit. p. 16.
See Chapter XI.
Pettigrew, Animal Locomotion, Internat. Sci. Series, London, 1874, p. 64; Gadow, Science for All (Cassell), v. p. 302.
Bridge, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), xxv. 1896, p. 530.
Sörensen, Om Lydorganer hos Fiske, Copenhagen, 1884; Dufossé, Ann. d. Sci. Nat. Ser. 5, xix. Art. 5, 1874, and xx. Art. 3, 1874. For references to earlier papers see Sörensen, op. cit.
Haddon, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xv. 1881, p. 322; Bridge and Haddon, Phil. Trans. 184, 1893, p. 168.
Möbius, Sitz. d. Berlin. Akad. d. Wiss. 1889, p. 999.
Notes by a Naturalist on H.M.S. "Challenger," London, 1879, p. 51.
The elastic-spring-mechanism has been described by several writers, who had assigned to it various functions, but Sörensen (op. cit. pp. 85-91) was the first to discover its vocal function by observations and experiments on Doras maculatus.
The mechanism is apparently absent in one species of Pangasius (P. micronema). Bridge and Haddon, op. cit. p. 220.
Moreau, Compt. Rendus, lix. 1864, p. 436; Ann. d. Sci. Nat. (6) iv. 1876, p. 65.
Sörensen, Lydorganer, p. 82, et. seq.
Cf. Mettenheimer, Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1858, p. 302.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1871, p. 542.
Pappe, Synopsis of the Edible Fishes at the Cape of Good Hope, Capetown, 1853, p. 8.
Günther, Study of Fishes, Edinburgh, 1880, p. 427.
Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, London, i. 1880-1884, p. 151.
Sörensen, op. cit.
Moreau, op. cit.
Ewart, Phil. Trans. 179 (B), 1888, pp. 399, 410, and 539; 183 (B), 1893, p. 389.
Ballowitz, Arch. Mikr. Anat. l. 1897, p. 686; Carl Sachs, Untersuchungen am Zitteraal, Leipzig, 1881.
Ballowitz, Das Electrische Organ des Africanischen Zitterwelses, Jena, 1899.
Gotch, Phil. Trans. 178, 1888, p. 487.
Id. op. cit. p. 535.
Cf. p. 580.
Graham Kerr, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlvi. 1902, p. 417.
For the nomenclature of the brain and its cavities see T. J. Parker, Nature, xxxv. 1886, p 208; and Parker and Haswell, Text-Book of Zoology, London, 1897, ii. p. 94.
It is possible that the prosencephalon is merely the bulging anterior part of the thalamencephalon; if this be so the hemispheres are really paired outgrowths from the thalamencephalon.
In Lizards either of the two vesicles may become a parietal eye (Dendy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 111).
Holm, Morph. Jahrb. xxix. 1901, p. 365.
The sacci probably secrete the fluid contents of the ventricles.
Haller, Morph. Jahrb. xxvi. 1898, p. 345.
Goronowitsch, Morph. Jahrb. xiii. 1888, p. 427.
Burckhardt, Das Central-Nervensystem v. Protopterus annectens. Berlin, 1892.
Sanders, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) iii. 1889, p. 157.
See Gaskell's important paper, Journ. Physiol. vii. 1886, p. 1.
Herrick, Journ. Neur. ix. p. 153; Cole, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxviii. 1896, p. 631; Id. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 1898, p. 115, to which an excellent bibliography is appended.
For a discussion of the relations of "end-buds" to the sense of taste in Fishes, see Bateson, Journ. Marine Biol. Ass. i. (N.S.) 1890, p. 225; and Herrick, U.S. Fish Commiss. Bull. 1902, p. 237. In the latter paper a bibliography of the subject is given.
These fibres are included in the visceral sensory or "communis" system by Herrick.
See previously cited papers by Herrick and Cole; also Ewart, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxvi. 1892, p. 59; Collinge, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxvi. 1894, p. 499; and Herrick, Journ. Comp. Neurology, xi. 1901, p. 177.
Allis, Journ. Morph. ii. 1889, p. 463.
Johnston, Journ. Comp. Neurology, xii. 1902, p. 2.
Fuchs (Archiv f. d. ges. Physiol. lix. 1895, p. 454) has suggested that these organs may be concerned with the perception of pressure variations. It has also been argued that they are concerned with equilibration and the co-ordination of the movements of the fins. (See American Journ. Physiol. i. p. 128.)
Burckhardt, Das Central-Nervensystem v. Protopterus, Berlin, 1892, p. 32.
Bridge, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 1900, p. 503.
Ridewood, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xxvi. 1892, p. 26.
E. H. Weber, De aure et auditu Hominis et Animalium. Pars i. De aure Animalium Aquatilium, Leipzig, 1820; Bridge and Haddon, Phil. Trans. 184, 1893, p. 65.
Sagemehl, Morph. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 22.
The Weberian ossicles are modified components of certain of the anterior vertebrae. The scaphium represents the neural arch of the first vertebra; the intercalarium is the arch of the second vertebra; while the tripus is probably the rib of the third vertebra. In the Characinidae and the Cyprinidae an additional ossicle, the "claustrum" is present.
See also Sörensen, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xxix. 1895, p. 399; and Bridge, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 1900, p. 531.
Bridge and Haddon, op. cit. p. 261.
Id. Proc. Roy. Soc. lii. 1892, p. 139.
Kupffer, Stud. vergl. Entwickl. d. Kopfes d. Kraniaten, iii. 1895, p. 6.
In Bdellostoma the olfactory organ arises as a pair of outgrowths from the pituitary involution (Bashford Dean, Kupffer's Festschrift, Jena, 1899, p. 269).
Kyle, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), xxvii. 1900, p. 541.
Beer, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., No. xlii. 1898, p. 11.
Chun, Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres, Jena, 1900, p. 534.
Ritter, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxiv. 1893, p. 51.
Eigenmann, Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech. viii. 1899, p. 545.
Studnička, Sitzber. k. böhm. Ges. Wiss., 1899, No. xxxvii.
Chun, loc. cit. p. 536.
It is probable that the archinephric duct is derived from the embryonic epiblast; hence the suggestion that in the primitive Vertebrates the duct was a longitudinal groove in the superficial skin into which the pronephric tubules opened externally.
W. Müller, Jen. Zeitsch. ix. 1875, p. 107; Semon, Carl Gegenbaur's Festschrift, Leipzig, 1896, iii. p. 169.
Jungersen, Zool. Anz. xxiii. 1900, p. 328.
Bridge, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiv. 1879, p. 81; Bles, ib. xxxii. 1898, p. 484; Proc. Roy. Soc. lxii. 1898, p. 232.
Max Weber, Morph. Jahrb. xii. 1886, p. 336.
Ewart, Journ. Anat. and Phys. x. 1876, p. 488.
Burne, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xxvi. 1898, p. 487.
Semper, Centralblatt f. Med. Wiss. 1875, No. 29; F. M. Balfour, Journ. Anat. and Phys. x. 1875, p. 17; Id. Comparative Embryology, London, 1881, ii. p. 568.
Huxley, P.Z.S. 1883, p. 132.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xv. 1901, p. 323; xvi. 1902, p. 315.
Graham Kerr, P.Z.S. 1901, p. 484; Proc. Phil. Soc. Cambridge, xi. Pt. v. 1902, p. 329.
Graham Kerr, op. cit.
Hirota, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan, vii. 1895, p. 367.
For the eggs of Cyclostomes see Chapter XVI.
For a description of the eggs and breeding habits, and the larval development and migrations of British Marine Fishes, see M‘Intosh and Prince, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1890; M‘Intosh, Ann. Report Fishery Board for Scotland, 1892; Cunningham, Marketable Marine Fishes of the British Islands, London, 1896; M‘Intosh and Masterman, Life-Histories of the British Marine Food-Fishes, London, 1897; also numerous papers by Cunningham, Holt, Garstang, and Allen, in the Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. Plymouth, vols. i.-vi.
See Chapter XVII.
Cunningham, op. cit. p. 69.
Guitel, Arch. Zool. Expér. et Gén. (3), i. 1893, p. 611.
Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, No. 1, p. 11.
Cunningham, op. cit. p. 358.
H. v. Jhering, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxviii. 1883, p. 468.
See p. [592].
Olt, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lv. 1893, p. 643.
Cf. p. [584].
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 130.
See Chap. XVII. p. [434].
Eigenmann, Bull. Fish Comm. (U.S.), 1892, p. 381; Arch. Entwickelungsmech. iv. 1896, p. 125; Cunningham, op. cit. p. 356, et seq.
For a general account of Sexual Dimorphism in Fishes, see Cunningham's Sexual Dimorphism in the Animal Kingdom, London, 1900, pp. 178-227. Some of the more striking examples of Sexual Dimorphism are mentioned in the chapters dealing with the different families of Fishes.
Holt, "On the Breeding of the Dragonet (Callionymus lyra)," P.Z.S. 1898, p. 281.
Howes, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xxiii. 1891, p. 539, where references are given to the literature of the subject.
The American Hags probably belong to a distinct species, M. limosa Girard; Bashford Dean, Science (N.S.), xvii. 1903, p. 433.
Bashford Dean, Kupffer's "Festschrift," Jena, 1809, p. 227 et seq.
Journ. Morph. xvii. 1898, p. 213.
Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 47; The Fishes of North and Middle America, Pt. i. 1896, p. 6.
B. Dean, op. cit. p. 230 et seq.
Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 9 et seq.
Plate, Sitzungsb. d. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, No. 8, 1897, p. 137.
Bashford Dean and F. B. Sumner, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xvi. 1897, p. 321.
Dohrn, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vi. 1886, p. 59; Shipley, Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci. xxvii. 1887, p. 325.
R. Alcock, Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiii. (N.S.), 1899, p. 623.
Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Lond. ii. 1880-84, p. 360.
Den Danske Ingolf-Expedition, ii. No. 2, Copenhagen, 1898.
Cunningham, Marketable Marine Fishes, London, 1896, p. 64.
Wood-Mason and Alcock, Proc. Roy. Soc. 49, 1891, p. 359.
Leydig, Mikrosk. Anat. u. Entwick. d. Rochen u. Haie, Leipzig, 1852, p. 90 et seq.
T. J. Parker, Trans. New Zealand Instit. xxii. 1889 (1890), p. 331.
Smith Woodward, Vertebrate Palaeontology, Cambridge, 1898, p. 32.
B. Dean, Journ. Morph. ix. 1894, p. 87. Trans. New York Acad. Sci. xiii. 1894, p. 115.
Traquair, Geol. Mag. (3), v. 1888, p. 81; Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, xi. 1897, p. 41.
For references see Zittel's Text-Book of Palaeontology (Eng. trans. ed. by C. R. Eastman), London and New York, ii. 1902, pp. 22-23.
See also restoration of Pleuracanthus gaudryi from the Coal-Measures of Commentry, Allier, France, by C. Brongniart; Zittel, op. cit. p. 23.
A. Fritsch, Fauna der Gaskohle in Böhmen, ii. Prague, 1889; Kner, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Naturw. Cl. lvii. Pt. i. 1868, p. 290; Traquair, Geol. Mag. (3), v. 1888, p. 511, and (4) i. 1894, p. 254.
Günther, Study of Fishes, Edin. 1880; British Mus. Cat. Fishes, viii. 1870; Müller and Henle, Syst. Beschr. d. Plagiost. Berlin, 1841. Hasse, Natürl. Syst. d. Elasmobr. Jena, 1879. Goode and Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, Washington, 1895. Jordan and Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America, Washington, 1896, Pt. i. Smith Woodward, Vertebrate Palaeontology, Cambridge, 1898; id. Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, i. 1889, ii. 1891; Zittel, op. cit.
Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xii. No. 1, 1885, p. 1; Günther, Chall. Rep. Zool. xxii. 1887, p. 2.
Smith Woodward, Nat. Science, i. 1892, p. 671.
Günther, Study of Fishes, p. 328.
Goode and Bean, op. cit. p. 23.
Müller and Henle, op. cit.
Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), x. 1902, p. 51.
Day, British Fishes, London, 1880-84, ii. p. 294.
Cantor, quoted by Günther, op. cit. p. 318.
T. J. Parker, P.Z.S. 1887, p. 27.
D. S. Jordan, California Acad. Sci. (3), Zool. i. 1898; Bashford Dean, Science (N.S.), xvii. 1903, p. 630.
Smith Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), iii. 1899, p. 487.
Kershaw, Victorian Natural. xix. 1901, p. 62; Waite, Rec. Austral. Mus. iv. 1901, p. 263.
Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 379.
Day, op. cit. p. 324. See also Stead, Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. iv. 1895-97, p. 264.
Vertebrate Palaeontology, Cambridge, 1898, p. 32.
I am indebted to Mr. Boulenger for these observations.
Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 380.
Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 76.
Day, op. cit. p. 336.
Zittel, op. cit. p. 41.
Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 85.
Günther, op. cit. p. 348.
Duméril, quoted by Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 92.
Rohon, Verhandl. k. Min. Ges. Petersburg, xxxiii. 1895, p. 1.
Smith Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 527; and 1887, p. 481.
Id., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. (6), 1889, p. 275.
Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iv. 1889, p. 415.
See also an account of the egg-case of a Chimaeroid dredged from a depth of 516 fathoms in the Bay of Bengal (Wood-Mason and Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii. 1891, p. 21).
Goode and Bean, op. cit. p. 32.
Mitsukuri, Zool. Mag. Tokyo, 1895, quoted in Nat. Sci. viii. 1896, p. 10.
Günther, Chall. Reports, Zool. xxii. 1887, p. 12.
Bashford Dean, Mem. New York Acad. Sci. ii. Pt. i. 1899, p. 28; Biol. Bull. iv. 1903, p. 270.
E. T. Newton, Mem. Geol. Surv. Monogr. iv. 1878; Riess, Palaeontogr. xxxiv. 1887, p. 1; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 52; Zittel, Text-Book of Palaeontology, English ed., London and New York, ii. 1902, p. 46.
Hence the name "Teleostomi" or "perfect-mouthed" Fishes.
Boulenger, Poissons du Bassin du Congo, Bruxelles, 1901, p. 2. Smith Woodward (Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 317; and Vert. Palaeont. Cambridge, 1898, p. 78), following Cope, recognises four sub-orders, the Haplistia, Rhipidistia, Actinistia, and Cladistia. The first sub-order is reserved for the Tarrasiidae, a family which includes only the little known Tarrasius problematicus from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxvii. 1875, p. 383.
Whiteaves, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vi. 1888, p. 77.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxx. 1881, p. 169.
Traquair, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xvii. p. 388.
Reiss, Die Coelacanthinen, Palaeontogr. xxxi. 1888, p. 1; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 394.
See also Kurtus indicus, p. [688].
Smith Woodward, op. cit. p. 412.
Boulenger, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 10. For a list of the more important papers, see pp. 18-19 of that work.
Mr. Boulenger informs me that he regards these spines as modified ridge scales or fulcra. The latter are median spine-like or Λ-shaped scales in relation with the anterior margins of the median fins in some Crossopterygii (e.g. Osteolepidae) and in many Chondrostei and Holostei.
Boulenger, op. cit. p. 20 et seq.; id. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. (1), i. Fasc. 4, Bruxelles, 1899, p. 61; ii. Fasc. 2, 1902, p. 23.
Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. x. 1900, p. 236; Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 115.
Amer. Nat. xxxiii. 1899, p. 721; Science (2), ix. 1899, p. 314.
Budgett, Trans. Zool. Soc. xv. Pt. vii. 1901, p. 330.
Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 118; also footnote on p. 317.
p. [290].
Traquair, Journ. Geol. Soc. Ireland (2), 1871, p. 249.
Boulenger, Les Poissons du Bassin du Congo, Bruxelles, 1901, p. 27.
Traquair, Monogr. Palaeont. Soc. 1877; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxiii. 1877; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxx. 1883, p. 22; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. 1875, p. 237; Smith Woodward, Mem. Geol. Surv. N. S. Wales, Palaeont. No. 4, 1890, and No. 9, 1895.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxix. 1879, p. 343.
Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, iii. 1875, p. 7.
Traquair, Geol. Mag. (3) iv. 1887, p. 248; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, iii. 1895, p. 23.
Jordan and Evermann, "Fishes of North and Middle America," Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 47, Pt. i. 1896, p. 101.
Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 102.
Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, ii. 1880-84, p. 282.
Id., op. cit. p. 279.
Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, iii. pp. 48, 415.
Bashford Dean, Q.J.M.S. xxxviii. p. 413.
This genus also occurs in the Cretaceous of Brazil (Smith Woodward, A.M.N.H. (7) ix. 1902, p. 87.)
It is possible that a similar articulation is present in Lepidotus (Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, iii. p. 79).
Jordan and Evermann, op. cit. p. 108, et seq.
Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sc. xiii. 1878, p. 65; Mark, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xix. 1890, p. 1.
Mark, op. cit. p. 3.
Pander, Ueber die Ctenodipterinen des Devonischen Systems, St. Petersb. 1858.
Traquair, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), ii. 1878, p. 1; Geol. Mag. (3), vi. 1889, p. 97; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 235 et seq.
Traquair, Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ireland (N.S.), iii. 1873, p. 41; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xvii. 1890, p. 393.
Kner, SB. k. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturw. Cl. lvii. Pt. ii. 1868, p. 279.
See Chaps. XI. XII. and XIV.
Miall, Palaeont. Soc. 1878; Teller, "Ueber Ceratodus sturi," Abh. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst. Wien. xv. 1891.
Günther, Phil. Trans. 161, 1871, p. 511.
Semon, Zool. Forsch. im Australien, i. Jena, 1893, p. 13 et seq.
Semon, op. cit. p. 115.
For a list of the more important papers on Protopterus, see Boulenger, Les Poissons du Bassin du Congo, Bruxelles, 1901, pp. 40-42.
Traquair, Rep. Brit. Ass. 1871 (2), p. 143; Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 147.
Newton Parker, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1892, p. 201.
Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 119.
Bohls, Gött. Nachrichten, 1894, p. 84; Lankester, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. Pt. i. 1896, p. 11; Goeldi, xiv. Pt. vii. 1898, p. 413; Graham Kerr, Phil. Trans. (B), 192, 1900, p. 299.
Hunt, P.Z.S. 1898, p. 41.
Lankester, Nature, 49, 1894, p. 555; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. Pt. i. 1896; Graham Kerr, op. cit. p. 306.
For further information about the development of Lepidosiren, see Graham Kerr's valuable paper, op. cit.
Dollo, Sur la Phylogénie des Dipneustes, Bruxelles, 1895.
For critical remarks, see Traquair, Brit. Ass. Reports, 1900, p. 776 et seq.
Compare Figs. 301 and 304.
It is worthy of note that Protopterus dolloi approaches Lepidosiren in the more Eel-like shape of its body, and in the large number of pairs of ribs (54) which it possesses (Boulenger, op. cit. p. 37).
Traquair, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) vi. 1890, p. 485; Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. xii. 1893, p. 87; ibid. p. 312; P.Z.S. 1897, p. 314; Bashford Dean, Trans. New York Acad. Sci. xv. 1896, p. 101; Mem. New York Acad. Sci. ii. 1900, p. 1.
In a recently published and important contribution to our knowledge of Palaeospondylus, by Professor and Miss Sollas (Phil. Trans. 196, 1903, p. 343), they describe structures on the ventral surface of the head, which they maintain to be branchial arches, as well as others which, in their view, may represent hyomandibular and mandibular elements.
Graham Kerr, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. x. 1900, p. 298.
Lankester, Nat. Sci. xi. 1897, p. 45.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. 1899, pp. 595 and 828.
Id. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. 1899, p. 844; Geol. Mag. vii. 1900, p. 153; ix. 1902, p. 289; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xl. Pt. iv. 1903, p. 723.
Lankester, Monogr. Palaeont. Soc. 1868, 1870; Geol. Mag. x. 1873, p. 241; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 159.
Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. 1899, p. 834.
Lankester, Monogr. Palaeont. Soc. 1868 and 1870; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 176.
Traquair, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. xii. 1894, p. 269.
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. p. 843 et seq.; Rep. Brit. Ass. 1900, p. 768.
See critical remarks by Smith Woodward, Geol. Mag. vii. 1900, p. 66.
Lankester, Nat. Sci. xi. 1897, p. 46.
Traquair, op. cit. p. 837.
Smith Woodward, Ann. Nat. Hist. (7), v. 1900, p. 416.
Traquair, Monogr. Palaeont. Soc. 1894.
Traquair, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), ii. 1888, p. 485.
Traquair, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. xi. 1891-92, p. 283.
Traquair, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), v. 1890, p. 125.
Traquair, Geol. Mag. (3), vii. 1890, p. 55; Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. x. p. 227.
Id. Geol. Mag. (3), vi. 1889, p. 1.
Newberry, The Palaeozoic Fishes of North America, Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, xvi. 1889; Bashford Dean, Fishes, Living and Fossil, New York, 1895, p. 129 et seq.; New York Acad. Sci. Mem. ii. 1901, p. 87; Eastman, Amer. Journ. Sci. (4), ii. 1896, p. 46; Amer. Geol. xviii. 1896, p. 222; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxxi. 1897, p. 19.
Rept. Brit. Assoc. 1900, p. 779.
The natural position of the Teleostei in the series of Fishes is indicated on p. [149].
This exists in Dapedius, as pointed out by A. S. Woodward. But this genus should certainly be removed from the vicinity of Lepidotus, and it seems to bear affinity with the Pholidophoridae.
A synopsis of the classification followed in this work has been published in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7), xiii. 1904, p. 161. Some corrections have been introduced, chiefly due to the investigations of Dr. W. G. Ridewood.
See p. [553], Fig. 333, B.
Cf. Boas, Morph. Jahrb. vi. 1880, p. 527, who has found the conus, but in a still more rudimentary condition, and with a single row of valvules, in Heterotis and Notopterus also.
For a general account of the Fishes of this family, cf. Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1898, p. 775, and Poissons du Bassin du Congo, p. 49 (1901), where a bibliographical index to the principal anatomical and physiological publications will be found.
Trans. Zool. Soc. xvi. 1901, p. 126.
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 1900, p. 503.
On the Anatomy, cf. Agassiz, in Spix, "Pisc. Brasil." p. 32; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, viii. 1855, p. 73; Hemprich and Ehrenberg, "Symb. Phys." Zootom. pls. viii. and ix.; Bridge, P.Z.S. 1895, p. 302.
I have not been able to convince myself of the existence of an intergular plate in this genus, but I am satisfied that the postclavicle rests on the outer side of the clavicular arch. The bone that has been regarded as a small intergular plate in Spaniodon is, in my opinion, the glossohyal.
On the life-histories of the British Clupeids, cf. Heincke, "Naturgeschichte des Herings" (Abh. Deutsch. Seefisch. Ver. ii. 1898); J. T. Cunningham, "Life-History of the Pilchard" (J. Mar. Biol. Ass. [2] iii. 1894, p. 148), and the manuals of the latter author (Marketable Fishes of Great Britain, 1896) and of M‘Intosh and Masterman (British Marine Food-Fishes, 1897).
On the accessory branchial organs of some genera, see p. [294].
For important contributions to our knowledge of European and American Salmonids since the publication of Günther's account in the British Museum Catalogue, cf. F. Day, British and Irish Salmonidae (1887), Smitt, Krit. Förteckn. Riksmus. Salmonider (1886), Fatio, Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse, v. (1890), and Jordan and Evermann, Fish. N. America, i. (1896).
In Anomalopterus, however, a sort of adipose fin exists, as a fold or cushion on the back, but in front of the rayed dorsal.
A detailed description of the skull of Alepocephalus rostratus has been given by Gegenbaur, Morphol. Jahrb. iv. Suppl. 1878, p. 1.
As pointed out by Gegenbaur. These forms are, however, placed by Gill in a division characterised by the atrophy or absence of the mesocoracoid.
See above, p. [178].
Zool. Jahrb. Anat. xviii. 1903, p. 58.
Morphol. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 22.
For the nomenclature of these ossicles, cf. Bridge and Haddon, Proc. Roy. Soc. xlvi. 1889, p. 310.
On the anatomy of the Characinidae, cf. Sagemehl, Morphol. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 102, and xii. 1887, p. 307, and Rowntree, Tr. Linn. Soc. ix. 1903, p. 247.
The end of the tail, when injured, is easily reproduced. As in Lizards, the axis of the regenerated part is an undivided calcified tube.
Cf. Reinhardt, Arch. f. Naturg. 1854, p. 159.
For the anatomy and physiology, cf. C. Sachs's posthumous work, Untersuchungen am Zitteraal, edited by E. du Bois-Reymond (Leipzig, 1881).
For an illustrated account of the principal types of pharyngeal teeth, cf. Heckel, Russegger's Reisen, i. p. 1001, pl. i. (1843). On their variations in certain European species, cf. Heincke, Leuckart Festschrift, p. 85 (1892).
Cf. Baudelot, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), vii. 1867, p. 339, and Leydig, "Unters. Anat. u. Histol. d. Thiere" (1885).
Cf. Noll, Zool. Gart. 1869, p. 257, and 1877, p. 351; Olt, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lv. 1893, p. 543; Cuénot, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1898, p. 53.
Boulenger, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), viii. 1901, p. 186.
Watase, Journ. Coll. Sci. Japan, i. 1887, p. 247.
On the anatomy of the Cyprinids, cf. Sagemehl, Morphol. Jahrb. xvii. 1891, p. 489.
Cf. Boulenger, "Poissons du Bassin du Congo," p. 238 (1901).
In Exostoma these bones are two in number and so elongate as to resemble the condition characteristic of the Pediculati.
Proc. Canad. Inst. (2) ii. 1884, p. 376.
Cf. Bridge and Haddon, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. clxxxiv. 1893, p. 65.
The absence of these fishes from the United States west of the Rocky Mountains is very remarkable. Amiurus nebulosus was introduced about 1877 into some parts of California, where it is said to be now excessively abundant.
Cf. Sörensen, C. R. Ac. Sci. lxxxviii. 1879, p. 1042, and "Lydorgane hos Fiske" (Copenhagen, 1884); Bridge and Haddon, P.R.S. lv. 1894, p. 439.
Cf. Hancock, Zool. Journ. iv. 1829, p. 242.
Cf. G. Fritsch, "Die Elektrischen Fische, I. Malopterurus" (Leipzig, 1887); E. Ballowitz, "Das elektrische Organ des Afrikanischen Zitterwelses" (Jena, 1899).
Cf. Eycleshymer, Amer. Nat. 1901, p. 911.
Zool. Journ. iv. 1829, p. 245.
P.Z.S. 1836, p. 330.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 288.
Zool. Forsch. Austral. v. ii. 1895, p. 273. See also Wyman, Amer. Journ. Sci. (2) xxvii. 1859, p. 12; Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1870, p. 70; Turner, J. Anat. and Physiol. i. 1867, p. 78.
Cf. H. v. Ihering, Biol. Centralbl. viii. 1888, p. 298.
Cf. Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 148.
Cf. Day, Fish. Ind. 1878, p. 456.
Cf. Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1897, pp. 901 and 920; Jobert, Arch. de Parasitol. i. 1898, p. 493.
Vidensk. Meddel. (Copenhagen), 1858, p. 79.
A monograph of these Fishes, by Mr. C. T. Regan, will shortly appear in the Transactions of the Zoological Society.
Cf. Moritz Wagner, Abh. Akad. Münch. x. 1866, p. 101, and Whymper, Trav. Andes Ecuador, 1892, p. 251.
Cf. Wyman, Amer. Journ. Sci. (2) xxvii. 1859, p. 9, and Vaillant, C. R. Ac. Sci. cxxvi. 1898, p. 544.
Cf. Taylor, Edinb. Journ. Sci. v. 1831, p. 33; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xiv. 1858, p. 39. On the osteology, cf. Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 1890, p. 299.
Cf. L. Jacoby, Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw. 1867, p. 257.
The biology of the Eel embraces an enormous literature. The following general recent accounts should be consulted:—L. Jacoby, Die Aalfrage (Berlin, 1880), translated in Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. 1882, p. 463; H. C. Williamson, Rep. Fish. Board Scotl. xiii. 3, 1895, p. 192; G. B. Grassi, Proc. R. Soc. lx. 1896, p. 260, and Mon. Zool. Ital. viii. 1897, p. 233; C. H. Eigenmann, Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc. xxiv. 1902, p. 5. For a summary of our knowledge of the larval forms of European species, cf. J. T. Cunningham, Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. (2) iii. 1895, p. 278.
Forming, with the bases of the neurapophyses, the cross-shaped arrangement which has been described in the Pike as well as in Amia.
Cf. Raffaele, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neap. ix. 1889, p. 179; Lütken, "Spolia Atlantica," ii. 1892; Goode and Bean, "Ocean. Ichthyol." p. 70 (1895).
K. spekii has been described as from Central Africa, but the only known specimens were obtained by Speke in Uzaramo, a district on the coast of German East Africa, just south of Zanzibar.
The most recent account of the Cyprinodonts, with much information on the habits, development, and anatomy, is by S. Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. No. 1, 1895.
On the history and habits of the Blind Fishes of the Mammoth Cave, cf. Putnam, Amer. Nat. 1872, p. 6, and Proc. Boston Soc. xvii. 1875, p. 222. For a recent account of the eyes of the Amblyopsidae, cf. C. H. Eigenmann's paper in Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech. viii. 1899, p. 545, to which is appended a complete bibliographical index to the subject.
Vaillant was inclined to take a different view, but with considerable diffidence, owing to his inability actually to trace an open duct. I believe Günther to be right on this point, as well as in his account of the suspension of the pectoral arch in Notacanthus, which I have been able to verify. Besides, Mr. W. S. Rowntree, who has great experience in these matters, has kindly examined at my request a well-preserved example of Halosauropsis macrochir, and informs me that "the air-bladder passes anteriorly into a tapering band of tissue which ends in a thread-like ligament attached to the stomach near its posterior end and in the mid-dorsal line—not to the oesophagus; no trace of an open communication could be found."
Fauna u. Flora d. Golf. v. Neap. ii. 1880.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 503.
Ann. Sci. Nat. (8), xiv. 1902, p. 197.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) x. 1902, p. 147.
E. C. Starks, in an important paper on "The Shoulder Girdle and Characteristic Osteology of the Hemibranchiate Fishes" (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. 1902, p. 619), has shown that the so-called infraclavicle of Sticklebacks and allies does not exist as a distinct element. The definition of the Catosteomi, as I had originally drawn it up, has accordingly had to be modified.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxvi. 1903, p. 915.
On the nesting habits, cf. Coste, Mém. Acad. Sci. Paris, x. 1848, p. 575, Pl.; Warington, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) x. 1852, p. 276; Prince, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvi. 1885, p. 487, Pl. xiv. On the spinning organ: Möbius, Arch. Mikr. Anat. xxv. 1886, p. 554, Pl. xxii.
Dr. Sauvage has described a Gastrosteus texanus, but the locality is probably incorrect, as recent American works do not mention the occurrence of Sticklebacks in Texas.
Protaulopsis, from Monte Bolca, appears to me to belong to the Scombresocidae. The anterior vertebrae are equal in size; long, slender ribs are present, the body is scaly, and the so-called infraclavicles are absent. The rostrum is so much crushed that no opinion can be formed as to its structure.
Swinnerton (Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 554) has pointed out that the skull of the Scombresoces belongs to what he terms the Acrartete type (i.e. in which the attachment of the palatine cartilage or its derivates is confined to the pre-ethmoid cornua), whilst the other Percesoces examined by him, as well as the Cyprinodonts are Disartete (the attachment being at the parethmoid and pre-ethmoid cornua); but the character is so indistinctly defined in some adult Cyprinodonts that I feel some diffidence in making use of this character for systematic purposes in the present state of our knowledge.
Kükenthal, Abh. Senck. Ges. xxii. 1896, p. 9; Möbius, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxx. Suppl. 1878, p. 343, and Arch. Physiol. (Leipzig), 1889, p. 348; Jordan and Evermann, Fish. N. Amer. p. 730.
A revision of these fishes has recently been published by C. T. Regan in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) x. 1902, p. 115.
Rec. Austral. Mus. iv. 1901, p. 40. Cf. also S. Garman, Bull. Labor. Univ. Iowa, iv. 1896, p. 81.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), x. 1902, p. 295.
Ibid. (7), xi. 1903, p. 460.
In the very aberrant Hake (Merluccius) ribs are absent on the vertebrae bearing the strongly expanded, plate-like parapophyses.
The increased number of pectoral pterygials has been regarded by Sagemehl (Morphol. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 17) as indicating generalisation, and has been a great stumbling-block in his discussion of the affinities of Gymnotus with the other Ostariophysi, and especially the Characinidae. The fact that the same feature is repeated in three such distinct families as the Gymnotidae, Anguillidae, and Muraenolepididae, and occurs in genera which are in all other respects more specialised than their neighbours, goes far to prove that Sagemehl was mistaken in his interpretation of this character.
Siboga Expedition, Introd. 1902, p. 108.
Poissons venimeux (Paris, 1889), p. 169.
For recent accounts of the anatomy, embryology, and ethology, cf. C. H. Eigenmann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. for 1892, p. 381, and Arch. Entwickelungsmech. iv. 1896, p. 125.
It has recently been ascertained, on a large number of specimens, that in the African species the female alone performs the buccal nursing duties.
Cf. Monograph by J. Pellegrin (Paris, 1904).
Gerbe, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. xvi. 1864, p. 255.
Zool. Garten, 1867, p. 148. See also Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci. (4) iii. 1897, p. 136.
Naucrates. In this genus most of the epipleurals of the praecaudal region are inserted on the ribs, but the hinder ones are on the centra.
Cf. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. ix. 1807, p. 473; F. J. F. Meyen, Reise um die Erde, i. p. 56 (1834).
For a detailed account of these fishes and of Xiphias, cf. Brown Goode, Proc. U.S. Mus. iv. 1881, p. 415, and Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. f. 1880, 1883, p. 289.
Monographs by Lunel, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève, xviii. 1865, p. 165, and by Lütken, Spolia Atlantica, i. 1880, p. 491.
Troschel, Sitzb. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl. xx. 1863, p. 51 (Brama raii and B. longipinnis).
Cf. Thilo, Zool. Anz. 1902, p. 305.
Cf. Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 1902, p. 295, and C. R. Ac. Sci. cxxxvii. 1903, p. 523.
Cf. Steenstrup, Vid. Selsk. Skr. 1863, p. 253, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. 1865, p. 361, and Overs. Selsk. Skr. 1876, p. 174; Malm, Svensk. Vet. Ak. Handl. vii. 1868, No. 4, p. 28; A. Agassiz, P. Amer. Ac. xiv. 1878, p. 1; Emery, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neap. iv. 1883, p. 413; Facciola, Natural. Sicil. iv. 1885, p. 261, and vi. 1887, p. 74; Ehrenbaum, Wiss. Meeresunters. (2), ii. 1897, p. 255; Nishikawa, Annot. Zool. Japan, i. 1897, p. 73.
On the morphology and classification, cf. Traquair, Tr. Linn. Soc. xxv. 1865, p. 263; Jordan and Goss, Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. f. 1886 (1889); Kyle, Rep. Fish. Board Scotland, 1900, p. 335. Also the Monographs of the Sole, by J. T. Cunningham (Plymouth, 1890, 4to), and of the Plaice by Cole and Johnstone, Liverpool M.B.C. Memoirs, viii. 1901.
On the breeding habits and eggs, cf. F. de Filippi, "Mem. s. sviluppo del Ghiozzo" (Ann. Univ. Med. Milano, 1841); Holt, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6); vi. 1890, p. 34; Petersen, Vid. Meddel. 1891, p. 243; Guitel, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii. 1891, p. 407, and Arch. Zool. Expér. (2), x. 1892, p. 499, and (3) iii. 1895, p. 263.
Cf. W. E. Ritter, Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxiv. 1893, p. 51.
For a good figure from life of Periophthalmus koelreuteri and an account of its habits, cf. S. J. Hickson, A Naturalist in North Celebes (London, 1889).
For the theories on the formation of the disk, cf. R. Storms, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), ii. 1888, p. 67.
Cf. Holmwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 411.
This character suffers one exception, to be found in Comephorus, a degraded form otherwise closely related to Cottocomephorus, in which the skeleton is typical of the present division.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), x. 1892, p. 212; and Zool. Gleanings Investigator, 1901, p. 41.
Cf. Bottard, Poissons Venimeux (Paris, 1889, 8vo), and Marie Sacchi, Atti Soc. Ligust. vi. 1895, p. 89.
Cf. Dybowsky, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxiii. 1873, p. 475, and Zool. Centralbl. viii. 1901, p. 475; Zograf, Tagebl. zool. Congr. Berlin, No. 8 (1901), p. 9.
The anatomy and external characters of these fishes have been fully monographed by S. Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xiv. No. 2, 1892.
Moseley, Notes Natur. Challenger, 2nd edition, p. 495.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) viii. 1901, p. 261.
Op. cit. xi. 1903, p. 460.
Cf. Allman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 1841, p. 161; Schmidt, Nord. Med. Ark. vi. No. 2, 1875; Gressin, Contribution à l'étude de l'appareil à venin chez les Poissons du genre Vive (Paris, 1884, 8vo); W. N. Parker, P.Z.S. 1888, p. 359; Phisalix, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1899, p. 256.
This is really the second, the first having entirely disappeared, as in some Gobiesocidae.
P.Z.S. 1898, p. 281.
The vertebral column in this family shows that the first segment has been lost in Callionymus, as could be deduced from the fact that, in that genus, the first rib is on the second vertebra instead of on the third as is usual in Teleosteans. In the Gobiesocidae, as in Callionymus, there are three occipital condyles on a straight transverse line, the outer, formed by the exoccipitals, invariably articulating with the second vertebra.
Which have been described as ribs by Günther and by Guitel.
On the habits and anatomy of the French species, cf. Guitel, Arch. Zool. Expér. (2) vi. 1888, p. 423.
Arch. Zool. Expér. (3) i. 1893, p. 325.
What has been described as the rib of the first vertebra is an ossified ligament, probably homologous with the first epipleural, which extends from the clavicle to the neural arch of the first vertebra (ligamentum scapulo-occipitale of Siebenrock).
On the breeding habits and development of this fish, cf. J. A. Ryder, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. vi. 1886, p. 4, and Proc. Acad. Philad. 1890, p. 407.
Cf. Günther, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1869, p. 437.
Cf. C. W. Greene, Journ. of Morphol. xv. 1899, p. 667.
It is in fact, in some cases, difficult to decide whether a genus should be referred to the Gadidae or to the Zoarcidae.
Cf. Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii. p. 96 (1860).
On the general structure, anatomy, and metamorphoses, cf. L. Powell, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. ii. 1878, p. 269; Emery, Atti Ace. Lincei, iii. 1879, p. 390; Lütken, Vid. Meddel. 1881, p. 190, and Overs. Vid. Selsk. Skr. 1882, Suppl. p. 21; Collett, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1883, No. 16; T. J. Parker, Tr. Z. S. xii. 1886, p. 5; Smitt, Bih. Fören. Förh. i. 1889, p. 17; A. Meek, Stud. Mus. Univ. Coll. Dundee, i. 1890, No. vi.; F. Mazza, Int. Monatschr. Anat. xviii. 1901, p. 129.
Cf. A. Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), iii. 1872, p. 154; J. M. Jones, Nature, xix. 1879, p. 363; Vaillant, C. R. Soc. Biol. (8), iv. 1887, p. 732.
Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (3), xiv. 1850, p. 105, and C. R. Ac. Sci. lxxiv. 1872, p. 1527.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, ii. p. 284.
Cf. Pellegrin, Poissons Vénéneux (Paris, 1900, 8vo), which contains a very full résumé of what is known of the toxic properties of the various Plectognaths.
Sitzb. Akad. Berl. 1889, p. 999.
Cf. Thilo, Anat. Anz. xvi. 1899, p. 73.