INDIAN PORTRAITS.
CERTIFICATES.
I hereby certify that the persons whose signatures are affixed to the certificates used below, by Mr. Catlin, are officers in the service of the United States, as herein set forth: and that their opinions of the accuracy of the likenesses, and correctness of the views, &c., exhibited by him in his “Indian Gallery,” are entitled to full credit,
J. E. Poinsett, Secretary of War, Washington.
With regard to the gentlemen whose names are affixed to certificates below, I am fully warranted in saying, that no individuals have had better opportunities of acquiring a knowledge of the persons, habits, costumes, and sports of the Indian tribes, or possess stronger claims upon the public confidence in the statements they make respecting the correctness of delineations, &c., of Mr. Catlin’s “Indian Gallery;” and I may add my own testimony, with regard to many of those Indians whom I have seen, and whose likenesses are in the collection, and sketched with fidelity and correctness.
C. A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Washington.
I have seen Mr. Catlin’s collection of Portraits of Indians, many of which were familiar to me, and painted in my presence; and, as far as they have included Indians of my acquaintance, the likenesses are easily recognised, bearing the most striking resemblance to the originals, as well as faithful representations of their costumes.
W. Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, St. Louis.
I have examined Mr. Catlin’s collection of the Upper Missouri Indians to the Rocky Mountains, all of which I am acquainted with, and indeed most of them were painted when I was present, and I do not hesitate to pronounce them correct likenesses, and readily to be recognised. And I consider the costumes, as painted by him, to be the only correct representations I have ever seen.
John F. A. Sanford,
U. SS. Indian Agent for Mandans, Rickarees, Minatarees,
Crows, Knisteneaux, Assinneboins, Blackfeet, &c.
Having examined Mr. Catlin’s collection of Portraits of Indians of the Missouri and Rocky Mountains, I have no hesitation in pronouncing them, so far as I am acquainted with the individuals, to be the best I have ever seen, both as regards the expression of countenance and the exact and complete manner in which the costume has been painted by him.
J. L. BEAN, S. Agent for Indian Affairs.
I have been for many years past in familiar acquaintance with the Indian tribes of the Upper Missouri and the Rocky Mountains, and also with the landscape and other scenes represented in Mr. Catlin’s collection, and it gives me great pleasure to assure the world that, on looking them over, I found the likenesses of my old friends easily to be recognised, and his sketches of Manners and Customs to be portrayed with singular truth and correctness.
J. PILCHER, Agent for Upper Missouri Indians.
It gives me great pleasure in being enabled to add my name to the list of those who have spontaneously expressed their approbation of Mr. Catlin’s collection of Indian Paintings. His collection of materials places it in his power to throw much light on the Indian character; and his portraits, so far as I have seen them, are drawn with great fidelity as to character and likeness.
H. SCHOOLCRAFT, Indian Agent for Wisconsin Territory.
Having lived and dealt with the Black feet Indians for five years past, I was enabled to recognise every one of the portraits of those people, and of the Crows also, which Mr. Catlin has in his collection, from the faithful likenesses they bore to the originals.
St. Louis, 1835.
J. E. BRAZEAU.
Having spent sixteen years in the continual acquaintance with the Indians of the several tribes of the Missouri represented in Mr. Catlin’s Gallery of Indian Paintings, I was enabled to judge of the correctness of the likenesses, and I instantly recognised every one of them, when I looked them over, from the striking resemblance they bore to the originals; so also of the landscapes on the Missouri.
HONORE PICOTTE.
The portraits in the possession of Mr. Catlin of Pawnee Picts, Kioways, Camanches, Wecos, and Osages, were painted by him from life, when on a tour to their country with the United States Dragoons. The likenesses are good, very easily to be recognised, and the costumes faithfully represented.
Henry Dodge, Col. of Drag.
R. H. Mason, Major of ditto.
D. Hunter, Capt. of ditto.
D. Perkins, Capt. of Drag.
M. Duncan, ditto.
T. B. Wheelock, Lieut, ditto.
We have seen Mr. Catlin’s Portraits of Indians east of the Rocky Mountains, many of which are familiar to us: the likenesses are easily recognised, bearing a strong resemblance to the originals, as well as a faithful representation of their costumes.
J. Dougherty, Indian Agent.
J. Gantt.
November 27th, 1837.
We hereby certify that the portraits of the Grand Pawnees, Republican Pawnees, Pawnee Loups, Tappage Pawnees, Otoes, Omahaws, and Missouries, which are in Mr. Catlin’s Indian Gallery, were painted from life by Mr. George Catlin, and that the individuals sat to him in the costumes precisely in which they are painted.
J. Dougherty, I. A. for Pawnees, Omahaws, and Otoes.
J. Gantt.
New York, 1837.
I have seen Mr. Catlin’s collection of Indian Portraits, many of which were familiar to me, and painted in my presence at their own villages. I have spent the greater part of my life amongst the tribes and individuals he has represented, and I do not hesitate to pronounce them correct likenesses, and easily recognised; also his sketches of their manners and customs, I think, are excellent; and the landscape views on the Missouri and Mississippi are correct representations.
K. M‘Kenzie, of the Am. Fur Co., Mouth of Yellow Stone.
We hereby certify that the portraits of Seminoles and Euchees, named in this catalogue, were painted by George Catlin, from the life, at Fort Moultrie; that the Indians sat or stood in the costumes precisely in which they are painted, and that the likenesses are remarkably good.
P. Morrison, Capt. 4th Inft.
J. S. Hathaway, 2nd Lieut. 1st Art.
H. Wharton, 2nd Lieut. 6th Inft.
F. Weedon, Assistant-Surgeon.
Fort Moultrie, Jan. 26, 1838.
In addition to the above certificates, nearly every portrait has inseparably attached to its back an individual certificate, signed by Indian agents, officers of the army, or other persons, who were present when the picture was painted. The form of these certificates is as follows:—
No. 131, BLACKFOOT, PE-TOH-PE-KISS (THE EAGLE-RIBS).
I hereby certify that this portrait was painted from the life, at Fort Union, mouth of Yellow Stone, in the year 1832, by George Catlin, and that the Indian sat in the costume in which it is painted.
John F. A. Sanford, United States Indian Agent.
Légation des Etats Unis, Paris, Dec. 8, 1841.
Dear Sir,
No man can appreciate better than myself the admirable fidelity of your drawings and book which I have lately received. They are equally spirited and accurate—they are true to nature. Things that are are not sacrificed, as they too often are by the painter, to things as in his judgment they should be.
During eighteen years of my life I was Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the north-western territory of the United States; and during more than five I was Secretary of War, to which department belongs the general control of Indian concerns. I know the Indians thoroughly—I have spent many a month in their camps, council-houses, villages, and hunting-grounds—I have fought with them and against them—and I have negotiated seventeen treaties of peace or of cession with them. I mention these circumstances to show you that I have a good right to speak confidently upon the subject of your drawings. Among them I recognise many of my old acquaintances, and everywhere I am struck with the vivid representations of them and their customs, of their peculiar features, and of their costumes. Unfortunately they are receding before the advancing tide of our population, and are probably destined, at no distant day, wholly to disappear; but your collection will preserve them, as far as human art can do, and will form the most perfect monument of an extinguished race that the world has ever seen.
Lewis Cass.
To George Catlin.
Cottage, Haddington, 15th April, 1843.
Dear Sir,
I have enjoyed much pleasure in attending your lectures at the Waterloo Rooms in Edinburgh. Your delineations of the Indian character, the display of beautiful costumes, and the native Indian manners, true to the life, realised to my mind and view scenes I had so often witnessed in the parts of the Indian countries where I had been; and for twenty years’ peregrinations in those parts, from Montreal to the Great Slave River north, and from the shores of the Atlantic, crossing the Rocky Mountains, to the mouth of the Columbia River, on the Pacific Ocean, west, I had opportunities of seeing much. Your lectures and exhibition have afforded me great pleasure and satisfaction, and I shall wish you all that success which you so eminently deserve for the rich treat which you have afforded in our enlightened, literary, and scientific metropolis.
I remain, dear Sir, yours very truly,
John Haldane.
To George Catlin, Esq.
The following is an extract of a letter received some days since by a gentleman in Edinburgh, from Mr. James Hargrave, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, dated York Factory, Hudson’s Bay, 10th December, 1842:—
“Should you happen to fall in with Catlin’s Letters on the North American Indians, I would strongly recommend a perusal of them for the purpose of acquiring a knowledge of the habits and customs of those tribes among whom he was placed. Catlin’s sketches are true to life, and are powerfully descriptive of their appearance and character.”
INDIAN PORTRAITS.
SACS (SÁU-KIES).
A Tribe of Indians residing on the Upper Mississippi and Desmoines rivers. Present number (in 1840) about 5000. The smallpox carried off half their population a few years since; and a considerable number were destroyed in the “Black Hawk War” in 1832-3. This tribe shave the head, leaving only a small tuft of hair on the top, which is called the “scalplock.”
[The acute accent is used in the spelling of the Indian names merely to denote the emphasis.]
1. Kee-o-kúk, the Running Fox; present Chief of the Tribe. Shield on his arm and staff of office (sceptre) in his hand; necklace of grisly bear’s claws, over the skin of a white wolf, on his neck.
This man, during the Black Hawk War, kept two-thirds of the warriors of the tribe neutral, and was therefore appointed chief by General Scott, in treaty, with the consent of the nation.
2. Múk-a-tah-mish-o-káh-kaik, the Black Hawk; in his war dress and paint. Strings of wampum in his ears and on his neck, and his medicine-bag (the skin of the black hawk) on his arm.
This is the man famed as the conductor of the Black Hawk War. Painted at the close of the war, while he was a prisoner at Jefferson Barracks, in 1832.
3. Náh-se-ús-kuk, the Whirling Thunder; eldest son of Black Hawk.
A very handsome man. He distinguished himself in the Black Hawk War.
4. Wa-sáw-me-saw, the Roaring Thunder; youngest son of Black Hawk.
Painted while a prisoner of war.
5. ( ), wife of Kee-o-kúk (No. 1); in a dress of civilized manufacture, ornamented with silver brooches.
This woman is the eldest of seven wives whom I saw in his lodge, and, being the mother of his favourite son, the most valued one. To her alone would he allow the distinguished honour of being painted and hung up with the chiefs.
6. Me-sóu-wahk, the Deer’s Hair; the favourite son of Kee-o-kúk, and by him designated to be his successor.
7. Wah-pe-kée-suck, White Cloud, called the “Prophet;” one of Black Hawk’s principal warriors and advisers.
Was a prisoner of war with Black Hawk, and travelled with him through the Eastern States.
8. Náh-pope, the Soup; another of Black Hawk’s principal advisers; and travelled with him, when he was a prisoner of war, to the Eastern cities.
He desired to be painted with a white flag in his hand.
9. Ah-móu-a, the Whale, one of Kee-o-kúk’s principal braves; holding a handsome war-club in his hand.
10. Wa-quóth-e-qua, the Buck’s Wife, or Female Deer; the wife of Ah-móu-a.
11. Pash-ee-pa-hó, the Little Stabbing Chief; holding his staff of office in his hand, shield and pipe.
A very venerable old man, who has been for many years the first civil chief of the Sacs and Foxes.
12. I-o-wáy, the Ioway; one of Black Hawk’s principal warriors; his body curiously ornamented with his “war-paint.” 13. Pam-a-hó, the Swimmer; one of Black Hawk’s warriors.
Very distinguished.
14. No-kúk-qua, the Bear’s Fat.
15. Pash-ee-pa-hó, the Little Stabbing Chief (the younger); one of Black Hawk’s braves.
16. Wáh-pa-ko-lás-kuk, the Bear’s Track.
FOXES.
On the Desmoines River; present number (in 1840), 1500.
17. Aíh-no-wa, the Fire; a doctor or “medicine” man; one half of his body painted red, and the other yellow.
18. Wée-sheet, the Sturgeon’s Head; one of Black Hawk’s principal warriors; his body most singularly ornamented with his war-paint.
This man held a spear in his hand, with which, he assured me, he killed four white men during the war.
19, 20, 21. Three in a group; names not known.
A tribe of 1560 souls, residing on the Konza river, sixty or eighty miles west of the Missouri. Uncivilized remains of a powerful and warlike tribe. One-half died with the smallpox a few years since. This tribe shave the head like the Osages, Sacs, and Foxes.
22. Shó-me-kós-see, the Wolf; one of the Chiefs; his head curiously ornamented, and numerous strings of wampum on his neck.
23. Jee-hé-o-hó-shah, He who cannot be thrown down; a warrior.
24. Wá-hón-ga-shee, No Fool; a very great fop.
Used half the day in painting his face, preparing to sit for his picture.
25. Meach-o-shín-gaw, Little White Bear; a spirited and distinguished brave, with a scalping-knife grasped in his hand.
26. O-rón-gás-see, the Bear-catcher; a celebrated warrior.
27. Chésh-oo-hong-ha, the Man of Good Sense; a handsome young warrior; style of his head-dress like the Grecian helmet.
28. Hón-je-a-pút-o, a woman; wife of O-rón-gás-see.
O-SÁGE, OR WA-SÁW-SEE.
A tribe in their primitive state, inhabiting the head-waters of the Arkansas and Neosho or Grand Rivers, 700 miles west of the Mississippi. Present number of the tribe, 5200; residing in three villages; wigwams built of barks and flags, or reeds. The Osages are the tallest men on the continent, the most of them being over six feet in stature, and many of them seven. This tribe shave the head, leaving a small tuft on the top, called the “scalp-lock.”
29. Cler-mónt, ——; first Chief of the tribe; with his war-club in his hand, and his leggins fringed with scalp-locks taken from his enemies’ heads.
This man is the son of an old and celebrated chief of that name, who died a few years since.
30. Wáh-chee-te, ——; woman and child; wife of Cler-mónt.
31. Tchong-tas-sáb-bee, the Black Dog; second Chief of the Osages; with his pipe in one hand and tomahawk in the other; head shaved, and ornamented with a crest made of the deer’s tail, coloured red.
This is the largest man in the Osage nation, and blind in his left eye.
32. Tál-lee,——; an Osage warrior of distinction; with his shield, bow, and quiver.
33. Wa-ho-béck-ee,——; a brave; said to be the handsomest man in the nation; with a profusion of wampum on his neck, and a fan in his hand made of the eagle’s tail.
34. Mun-ne-pús-kee, He who is not afraid.
35. Ko-ha-túnk-a, the Big Crow.
36. Nah-cóm-ee-shee, Man of the Bed. } group.
Three distinguished young warriors, who desired to be painted on one canvas.
37. Moi-eén-e-shee, the Constant Walker.
38. Wa-másh-ee-sheek, He who takes away.
39. Wa-chésh-uk, War.
40. Mink-chésk,——. } group.
Three distinguished young men, full length.
41. Tcha-tó-ga, Mad Buffalo; bow and quiver on his back.
This man was tried and convicted for the murder of two white men, under Mr. Adams’s administration, and was afterwards pardoned, but is held in disgrace in his tribe since.
42. Wash-ím-pe-shee, the Madman; a distinguished warrior; full length.
43. Pa-hú-sha, White Hair; the younger; with lance and quiver. Chief of a band, and rival of Cler-mónt.
44. Shin-ga-wás-sa, the Handsome Bird; a splendid-looking fellow, six feet eight inches high; with war-club and quiver.
45. Cáh-he-ga-shín-ga, the Little Chief; full-length, with bow and quiver.
CA-MÁN-CHEES.
One of the most powerful and hostile tribes in North America, inhabiting the western parts of Texas and the Mexican provinces, and the south-western part of the territory of the United States near the Rocky Mountains; entirely wild and predatory in their habits; the most expert and effective lancers and horsemen on the continent. Numbering some 25,000 or 30,000; living in skin lodges or wigwams; well mounted on wild horses; continually at war with the Mexicans, Texians, and Indian tribes of the north-west.
46. Eé-shah-kó-nee, the Bow and Quiver; first Chief of the tribe. Boar’s tusk on his breast, and rich shells in his ears.
47. Ta-wáh-que-nah, the Mountain of Rocks; second Chief of the tribe, and largest man in the nation.
This man received the United States Regiment of Dragoons with great kindness at his village, which was beautifully situated at the base of a huge spur of the Rocky Mountains: he has decidedly African features, and a beard of two inches in length on his chin.
48. Ish-a-ró-yeh, He who carries a Wolf; a distinguished brave; so called from the circumstance of his carrying a medicine-bag made of the skin of a wolf: he holds a whip in his hand.
This man piloted the dragoons to the Camanchee village, and received a handsome rifle from Colonel Dodge for so doing.
49. Kots-o-kó-ro-kó, the Hair of the Bull’s Neck; third grade Chief; shield on his arm and gun in his hand.
50. Is-sa-wáh-tám-ah, the Wolf tied with Hair; a Chief, third rate: pipe in his hand.
51. His-oo-sán-chees, the Little Spaniard; a brave of the highest order in his tribe; armed as a warrior, with shield, bow and quiver, lance fourteen feet long, and war-knife.
This was the first of the Camanchees who daringly left his own war-party and came to the regiment of dragoons, and spoke with our interpreter, inviting us to go to their village. A man of low stature, but of the most remarkable strength and daring courage.—See him approaching the dragoons on horseback, No. 489.
52. Háh-nee, the Beaver; a warrior of terrible aspect.
53-54. Two Camanchee Girls (sisters), showing the wigwam of the Chief, his dogs, and his five children.
PAW-NEE PÍCTS (T́OW-EE-AHGE).
A wild and hostile tribe, numbering about 6000, adjoining the Camanchees on the north. This tribe and the Camanchees are in league with each other, joining in war and in the chase.
55. Wee-tá-ra-shá-ro,——; head Chief; an old and very venerable man.
This man embraced Colonel Dodge, and others of the dragoon officers in council, in his village, and otherwise treated them with great kindness, theirs being the first visit ever made to them by white people.
56. Sky-se-ró-ka,——; second Chief of the tribe.
A fine-looking and remarkably shrewd and intelligent man.
57. Kid-á-day, ——; a brave of distinction.
58. Káh-kée-tsee, the Thighs.
59. Shé-de-ah, Wild Sage. }
Both of these women were prisoners amongst the Osages; they were purchased by the Indian Commissioner, and sent home to the nation by the dragoons.
60. A[h´]-sho-cole, Rotten Foot; a noted warrior.
61. A[h´]-re-ka[h´]-na-có-chee, the Mad Elk; a great warrior.
KÍ-O-WA.
Also a wild and predatory tribe of 5000 or 6000, living on the west of the Pawnee Picts and Camanchees, and also in alliance with those warlike and powerful tribes. They inhabit the base of, and extend their wars and hunts through a great extent of the Rocky Mountains: and, like the Camanchees, are expert and wonderful horsemen.
62. Téh-tóot-sah, ——, first Chief.
This man treated the dragoons with great kindness in his country, and came in with us to Fort Gibson; his hair was very long, extending down as low as his knees, and put up in clubs, and ornamented with silver brooches.
63. Kotz-a-tó-ah, the Smoked Shield; a distinguished warrior; full-length.
64. Bón-són-gee, New Fire; Chief of a band; boar’s tusk and war-whistle on his breast.
65. Quáy-hám-kay, the Stone Shell; a brave, and a good specimen of the wild untutored savage.
66. Túnk-aht-óh-ye the Thunderer (boy).
67. Wun-pán-to-mee, the White Weasel (girl).
This boy and girl, who had been for several years prisoners amongst the Osages, were purchased by the Indian Commissioner; the girl was sent home to her nation by the dragoons, and the boy was killed by a ram the day before we started. They were brother and sister.
WÉE-CO.
A small tribe, living near to, and under the protection of, the Pawnee Picts, speaking an unknown language; probably the remnant of a tribe conquered and enslaved by the Pawnee Picts.
68. U’sh-ee-kitz, He who fights with a Feather. Chief of the tribe.
This man came into Fort Gibson with the dragoons; he was famous for a custom he observed after all his speeches, of embracing the officers and chiefs in council.
SIÓUX (DAH-CÓ-TA).
This is one of the most numerous and powerful tribes at present existing on the continent, numbering, undoubtedly, some 40,000, occupying a vast tract of country on the upper waters of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and extending quite to the base of the Rocky Mountains. They live in skin lodges, and move them about the prairies, without any permanent residence. This tribe lost about 8000 by smallpox a few years since.
69. Ha-wón-je-tah, the One Horn; first Chief of the tribe; Mee-ne-cow-e-gee band, Upper Missouri; hair tied on his head in form of a turban, and filled with glue and red earth, or vermilion.
The Sioux have forty-one bands; every band has a chief, and this man was head of all: he has been recently killed by a buffalo-bull.
70. Wá-nah-de-túnk-ah, the Big Eagle, or Black Dog; at the Falls of St. Anthony. Chief of the O-hah-has-ka-toh-y-an-te, or Long Avenue band.
71. Tchán-dee, Tobacco; second Chief of the nation, of the O-gla-la band, Upper Missouri.
72. Wán-ee-ton, ——; Chief of the Sus-se-ton band, Upper Missouri; full-length, in a splendid dress; head-dress of war-eagle’s quills and ermine, and painted robe.
One of the most noted and dignified, as well as graceful chiefs of the Sioux tribe.
73. Tóh-to-wah-kón-da-pee, the Blue Medicine; a noted “medicine-man,” or doctor, at the St. Peter’s, of the Ting-ta-to-ah band; with his medicine or mystery drum and rattle in his hands, his looking-glass on his breast, his rattle of antelope’s hoofs, and drum of deer-skins.
These “medicine-men” are conjurers as well as physicians, paying their dernier visits to the sick, with their mysteries, endeavouring and pretending to cure by a charm.
74. Ah-nó-je-nahge, He who stands on both Sides; and
75. We-chúsh-ta-dóo-ta, the Red Man; the two most distinguished ball-players of the Sioux tribe, in their ball-play dress, with their ball-sticks in their hands.
In this beautiful and favourite game, each player is adorned with an embroidered belt, and a tail of beautiful quills or horse-hair; the arms, legs, and feet are always naked, and curiously painted. (See two paintings of ball-plays, and further description of the game, under Amusements, Nos. 428, 429, 430, and the ball-sticks among the manufactures.)
76. Ka-pés-ka-da, the Shell; a brave of the O-gla-la band.
77. Táh-zee-keh-dá-cha, the Torn Belly; a very distinguished brave of the Yank-ton band, Upper Missouri.
78. Wúk-mi-ser, Corn; a warrior of distinction, of the Ne-caw-ee-gee band.
79. Chá-tee-wah-née-che, No Heart; a very noted Indian. Chief of the Wah-ne-watch-to-nee-nah band.
80. Ee-áh-sá-pa, the Black Rock; Chief of the Nee-caw-wee-gee band; a very dignified chief, in a beautiful dress, full length, head-dress of eagles’ quills and ermine, and horns of the buffalo; lance in his hand, and battles of his life emblazoned on his robe.
81. Wi-lóoh-tah-eeh-tcháh-ta-máh-nee, the Red Thing that touches in Marching; a young girl; and the daughter of Black Rock (No. 80), by her side—her dress of deer-skin, and ornamented with brass buttons and beads.
82. Toh-kí-e-to, the Stone with Horns. Chief of the Yank-ton band, and principal orator of the nation; his body curiously tattooed.
83. Mah-tó-rah-rísh-nee-eéh-ée-rah, the Grisly Bear that runs without Regard; a brave of the Onc-pah-pa band.
84. Mah-tó-che-ga, the Little Bear; a distinguished brave.
85. Shón-ka, the Dog; Chief of the Bad Arrow Points band.
86. Táh-téck-a-da-háir, the Steep Wind; a Brave of the Ca-za-zhee-ta (or Bad Arrow Points) band.
These three distinguished men were all killed in a private quarrel (while I was in the country), occasioned by my painting only one half of the face of the first (No. 84); ridicule followed, and resort to fire-arms, in which that side of the face which I had left out was blown off in a few moments after I had finished the portrait; and sudden and violent revenge for the offence soon laid the other two in the dust, and imminently endangered my own life. (For a full account of this strange transaction, see Catlin’s ‘Letters and Notes on North American Indians.’)
87. Heh-háh-ra-pah, the Elk’s Head; Chief of the Ee-ta-sip-shov band, Upper Missouri.
88. Máh-to-een-náh-pa, the White Bear that goes out; Chief of the Black Foot Sioux band.
89. Tchón-su-móns-ka, the Sand Bar; woman of the Te-ton band, with a beautiful head of hair; her dress almost literally covered with brass buttons, which are highly valued by the women, to adorn their dresses.
90. Wá-be-shaw, the Leaf; Upper Mississippi, Chief of a band, blind in one eye; a very distinguished man, since dead.
91. Shón-ga-tón-ga-chésh-en-day, the Horse-dung; Chief of a band; a great conjurer and magician.
92. Tah-tón-ga-mó-nee, the Walking Buffalo; Red Wing’s son.
93. Múz-za, the Iron; St. Peters; a brave of distinction, and a very handsome fellow.
94. Te-o-kún-ko, the Swift.
An ill-visaged and ill-natured fellow, though reputed a desperate warrior.
A small tribe residing on the west bank of the Missouri River, 900 in number, reduced one-half by the smallpox in 1824-5.
95. Shoo-de-gá-cha, the Smoke; Chief of the Tribe.
A very philosophical and dignified man.
96. Hee-láh-dee, the Pure Fountain; wife of Shoo-de-gá-cha (No. 95).
97. Hongs-káy-dee, the Great Chief; son of the Chief.
This young fellow, about 18 years of age, glowing red with vermilion, signalised himself by marrying four wives in one day, whilst I was in his village! He took them all at once to his wigwam, where I saw them, and painted one of them.
98. Mong-shóng-sha, the Bending Willow; one of the four wives of Hongs-káy-dee (No. 97), about 13 years old, and wrapped in a buffalo robe, prettily garnished.
PÁW-NEES,—of the Platte.
A wild and very warlike tribe of 12,000, occupying the country watered by the river Platte, from the Missouri to the Rocky Mountains. This once very powerful tribe lost one-half of their numbers by the small-pox in 1823: they are entirely distinct from the Pawnee Picts, both in language and customs, and live 1000 miles from them. This tribe shave the head like the Sacs and Foxes.
First Band.—Grand Páwnees.
99. Shón-ka-ki-he-ga, the Horse Chief; head Chief of the tribe.
This chief, and a number of his braves, visited Washington in 1837.
100. La-dóo-ke-a, the Buffalo Bull; his medicine or totem (the head of a buffalo bull) painted on his face and breast, his bow and arrow in his hands.
101. Ah-sháw-wah-róoks-te, the Medicine Horse; a brave, or soldier.
Second Band.—Tap-páhge Páwnees.
102. La-kée-too-wi-rá-sha, the Little Chief; a great warrior.
103. Loo-rá-wée-re-coo, the Bird that goes to War.
Third Band.—Republican Páwnees.
104. A´h-sha-la-cóots-ah, the Mole in the Forehead; Chief of his band; a very distinguished warrior.
105. Lá-shah-le-stáw-hix, the Man Chief.
106. La-wée-re-coo-re-shaw-wee, the War Chief.
107. Te-ah´-ke-ra-lée-re-coo, the Chayenne; a fine-looking fellow, with a pipe in one hand and his whip in the other.
Fourth Band.—Wolf Páwnees.
108. Le-sháw-loo-láh-le-hoo, the Big Elk; Chief of the band.
109. Lo-lóch-to-hóo-lah, the Big Chief; a very celebrated man.
110. La-wáh-he-coots-la-sháw-no, the Brave Chief; impressions of hands painted on his breast.
111. L'har-e-tar-rúshe, the Ill-natured Man; a great warrior.
O-MÁ-HAS.
The remains of a numerous tribe, nearly destroyed by the small-pox in 1823, now living under the protection of the Pawnees: their numbers, about 1500.
112. Man-sha-qúi-ta, the Little Soldier; a brave.
113. Ki-hó-ga-waw-shú-shee, the Brave Chief; Chief of the tribe.
114. Om-pah-tón-ga, the Big Elk; a famous warrior, his tomahawk in his hand, and face painted black, for war.
115. Sháw-da-mon-nee, There he goes; a brave.
116. Nóm-ba-mon-nee, the Double Walker; a brave.
OTE-TOES.
These are also the remains of a large tribe, two-thirds of which were destroyed by small-pox in 1823: they are neighbours and friends of the Pawnees, numbering about 600.
117. Wah-ro-née-sah, the Surrounder; Chief of the tribe, quite an old man; his shirt made of the skin of a grisly bear, with the claws on.
118. Nón-je-ning-a, No Heart; a distinguished brave.
119. No-wáy-ke-súg-gah, He who Strikes Two at Once. Sketch quite unfinished; beautiful dress, trimmed with a profusion of scalp-locks and eagles’ quills; pipe in his hand, and necklace of grisly bears’ claws.
120. Ráw-no-way-wóh-krah, the Loose Pipe-stem; a brave (full length); eagle head-dress, shirt of grisly bear’s skin.
121. Wée-ke-rú-law, He who Exchanges; beautiful pipe in his hand.
MIS-SÓU-RIES.
Once a very numerous and powerful nation, occupying the States of Illinois and Indiana. Reduced in wars with Sacs and Foxes, and lastly by the small-pox in 1823; now merged into the Pawnee tribe. Numbers at present, 400; twenty years ago, 18,000.
122. Háw-che-he-súg-ga, He who kills the Osages; Chief of the tribe; an old man, necklace of grisly bears’ claws, and a handsome carved pipe in his hand.
RÍC-CA-EEES.
A small but very hostile tribe of 2500, on the west bank of the Missouri, 1600 miles above its junction with the Mississippi; living in one village of earth-covered lodges.
123. Stán-au-pat, the Bloody Hand; Chief of the tribe. His face painted red with vermilion, scalping-knife in his hand; wearing a beautiful dress.
124. Kah-béck-a, the Twin; wife of the Chief (No. 123).
125. Pshán-shaw, the Sweet-scented Grass; a girl of twelve years old, daughter of the Chief (No. 123), full length, in a beautiful dress of the mountain-sheep skin, neatly garnished, and robe of the young buffalo.
126. Páh-too-cá-ra, He who Strikes; a distinguished brave.
MAN-DANS,
(See-póhs-ka-nu-máh-ká-kee,) People of the Pheasants.
A small tribe of 2000 souls, living in two permanent villages on the Missouri, 1800 miles above its junction with the Mississippi. Earth-covered lodges; villages fortified by strong piquets, eighteen feet high, and a ditch. [This friendly and interesting tribe all perished by the small-pox and suicide in 1837 (three years after I lived amongst them), excepting about forty, who have since been destroyed by their enemy, rendering the tribe entirely extinct, and their language lost, in the short space of a few months! The disease was carried amongst them by the traders, which destroyed in six months, of different tribes, 25,000!]
127. Ha-na-tá-nu-maúk, the Wolf Chief; head of the tribe, in a splendid dress, head-dress of raven-quills, and two calumets or pipes of peace in his hand.
128. Máh-to-toh-pa, the Four Bears; second Chief, but the favourite and popular man of the nation; costume splendid, head-dress of war-eagles’ quills and ermine, extending quite to the ground, surmounted by the horns of the buffalo and skin of the magpie.
129. Mah-tó-he-ha, the Old Bear; a very distinguished brave; but here represented in the character of a Medicine Man or Doctor, with his medicine or mystery pipes in his hands, and foxes’ tails tied to his heels, prepared to make his last visit to his patient, to cure him, if possible, by hocus pocus and magic.
130. Mah-táhp-ta-a, He who rushes through the Middle; a brave, son of the former Chief, called “the Four Men.” Necklace of bears’ claws.
131. Máh-to-tóh-pa, the Four Bears; in undress, being in mourning, with a few locks of his hair cut off. His hair put up in plaits or slabs, with glue and red paint, a custom of the tribe.
The scars on his breast, arms, and legs, show that he has several times in his life submitted to the propitiatory tortures represented in four paintings, Nos. 505, 506, 507, 508.
132. Seehk-hée-da, the Mouse-coloured Feather, or “White Eyebrows;” a very noted brave, with a beautiful pipe in his hand; his hair quite yellow.
This man was killed by the Sioux, and scalped, two years after I painted his portrait: his scalp lies on the table, No. 10.
133. Mi-néek-ee-súnk-te-ka, the Mink; a beautiful Mandan girl, in mountain-sheep skin dress, ornamented with porcupine-quills, beads, and elk’s teeth.
134. Sha-kó-ka, Mint.
A very pretty and modest girl, twelve years of age, with grey hair! peculiar to the Mandans. This unaccountable peculiarity belongs to the Mandans alone, and about one in twelve, of both sexes and of all ages, have the hair of a bright silvery grey, and exceedingly coarse and harsh, somewhat like a horse’s mane.
135. [U']n-ka-hah-hón-shee-kow, the Long Finger-nails; a brave.
136. Máh-ta[h']p-ta-hah, the One who rushes through the Middle.
137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142. San-ja-ka-kó-koh, the Deceiving Wolf; and five others, in a group; names not preserved.
SHI-ENNE.
A small but very valiant tribe of 3000, neighbours of the Sioux, on the west, between the Black Hills and the Rocky Mountains: a very tall race of men, second in stature to the Osages.
143. Né-hee-ó-ee-wóo-tis, the Wolf on the Hill; Chief of the tribe; a noble and fine-looking fellow: this man has been known to own 100 horses at one time.
144. Tis-se-wóo-na-tís, She who bathes her Knees; Wife of the Chief (No. 143); her hair in braid.
FLAT HEADS, or NEZ PERCÉS.
On the head-waters of the Columbia, west of the Rocky Mountains.
145. Hee-oh'ks-te-kin, the Rabbit’s Skin Leggins; a brave, in a very beautiful dress.
146. H'co-a-h'co-a-h'cotes-min, No Horns on his Head; a brave, a very handsome man, in a beautiful dress.
147. ( ) Woman and Child; showing the manner in which the heads of the children are flattened.
CHIN-OOK.
On the lower parts of the Columbia, near the Pacific Ocean.
148. Hee-doh'ge-ats, ——; a young man, eighteen years of age.
BLACK FEET.
A very warlike and hostile tribe of 50,000, including the Peagans Cotonnés and Gros-ventres de Prairies, occupying the head-waters of the Missouri, extending a great way into the British territory on the north, and into the Rocky Mountains on the west. Rather low in stature, broad chested, square shouldered, richly clad, and well armed, living in skin lodges. 12,000 of them destroyed by smallpox within the year 1838!
149. Stu-mick-o-súcks, the Buffalo’s Black Fat; Chief of the tribe, in a splendid costume, richly garnished with porcupine-quills, and fringed with scalp-locks.
150. Eeh-nís-kim, the Crystal Stone; wife of the Chief (No. 149).
151. In-ne-ó-cose, the Buffalo’s Child; a warrior, full-length, with medicine-bag of otter-skin.
152. Peh-tó-pe-kiss, the Eagle’s Ribs; Chief of the “Blood Band,” full-length, in splendid dress; head-dress of horns of the buffalo and ermines’ tails; lance in his hand and two medicine-bags.
153. Mix-ke-móte-skin-na, the Iron Horn; warrior, in a splendid dress.
154. Pek-no-máh-kan, He who runs down the Hill.
155. Ah'-kay-ee-píx-en, the Woman who Strikes Many; full-length; dress of mountain-sheep skin.
156. Méh-tóom, the Hill.
157. Tcha-dés-sa-ko-máh-pee, the Bear’s Child, with war-club.
158. Wún-nes-tou, the White Buffalo; a medicine-man or doctor, with his medicine or mystery shield.
159. Tcha-aés-ka-ding, ——; boy, four years old, wearing his robe made of the skin of a racoon: this boy is grandson of the Chief, and is expected to be his successor.
160. Peh-tó-pe-kiss, the Eagle’s Ribs; Chief of the Blood Band; splendid dress.
This man boasted to me that he had killed eight white men (trappers) in his country; he said that they had repeatedly told the traders that they should not catch the beaver in their country, and if they continued to do it they would kill them.
161. ( ) ——, a medicine-man, or doctor, performing his medicines or mysteries over a dying man, with the skin of a yellow bear and other curious articles of dress thrown over him; with his mystery rattle and mystery spear, which, he supposes, possess a supernatural power in the art of healing and curing the sick.
CROWS (BEL-ANT-SE-A.)
A tribe of 7000, on the head-waters of the Yellow Stone River, extending their hunts and their wars into the Rocky Mountains—inveterate enemies of the Black Feet; tall, fine-limbed men, graceful and gentlemanly in deportment, and the most richly and tastefully clad of any Indians on the continent. Skin lodges, many of which are tastefully ornamented and painted like the one standing in the room.
162. Cháh-ee-chópes, the Four Wolves; a Chief, a fine-looking fellow; his hair reaching the ground; his medicine (mystery) bag of the skin of the ermine.
This man was in mourning, having some of his locks cut off.
163. Eé-hée-a-duck-cée-a, He who ties his Hair before; a man of six feet stature, whose natural hair drags on the ground as he walks.
164. Pa-rís-ka-róo-pa, the Two Crows; Chief of a band; his hair sweeps the ground; his head-dress made of the eagle’s skin entire; he holds in his hand his lance and two medicine-bags, the one of his own instituting, the other taken from his enemy, whom he had killed in battle.
165. Hó-ra-tó-a, ——; a brave, wrapped in his robe, and his hair reaching to the ground; his spear in his hand, and bow and quiver slung.
166. Oó-je-en-á-he-a, the Woman who lives in the Bear’s Den; her hair cut off, she being in mourning.
167. Duhk-gits-o-ó-see, the Red Bear.
168. Pa-ris-ka-róo-pa, the Two Crows (the younger), called the “Philosopher.”
A young man distinguished as an orator and wise man, though the character of his face and head would almost appear like a deformity.
169. Bi-éets-ee-cure, the Very Sweet Man.
170. Ba-da-ah-chón-du, He who jumps over Every One; on a wild horse, with war-eagle head-dress on his horse’s and his own head; with shield, bow, quiver, and lance; his long hair floating in the wind.
GROS-VENTRES
(MIN-A-TAR-REES), People of the Willows.
A small tribe, near neighbours and friends of the Mandans, speaking the Crow language, and probably have, at a former period, strayed away from them; numbering about 1100.
171. Eh-toh'k-pah-she-pée-shah, the Black Mocassin; Chief; over a hundred years old; sits in his lodge, smoking a handsome pipe; his arms and ornaments hanging on a post by the side of his bed. (Since dead.) 172. E'e-a-chín-che-a, the Red Thunder; the son of the Black Mocassin (No. 171), represented in the costume of a warrior.
173. Pa-ris-ka-róo-pa, the Two Crows; with a handsome shirt, ornamented with ermine, and necklace of grisly bears’ claws.
This man is now the head Chief of the tribe.
174. ( ), ——; woman, the wife of the Two Crows (No. 173).
175. Seet-sé-be-a, the Mid-day Sun; a pretty girl, in mountain-sheep skin dress, and fan of the eagle’s tail in her hand.
CREES (KNIS-TE-NEUX).
A small tribe of 4000, in Her Majesty’s dominions, neighbours of the Black Feet, and always at war with them; desperate warriors; small and light in stature. Half of them have recently died of the smallpox since I was amongst them.
176. Eeh-tow-wées-ka-zeet, He who has Eyes behind him; one of the foremost braves of the tribe, in a handsome dress.
This man visited Washington with the Indian agent, Major Sanford, a few years since.
177. Tsee-moúnt, a Great Wonder; woman carrying her Infant in her robe.
178. Tow-ée-ka-wet, ——; woman.
AS-SIN-NE-BOINS (STONE BOILERS).
A tribe of 8000, occupying the country from the mouth of the Yellow Stone River to Lake Winnepeg, in her British Majesty’s dominions, speaking the Sioux or Dahcota language, ranging about, like them, in skin lodges, and no doubt a severed band of that great nation. 4000 of these people destroyed by the smallpox in 1838, since I was amongst them.
179. Wi-jún-jon, the Pigeon’s Egg Head; one of the most distinguished young warriors of the tribe.
He was taken to Washington in 1832 by Major Sanford, the Indian agent; after he went home he was condemned as a liar, and killed, in consequence of the incredible stories which he told of the whites.—(See him on his way to, and returning from, Washington, No. 475.)
180. Chin-cha-pee, the Fire Bug that creeps; wife of Wi-jún-jon (No. 179); her face painted red, and in her hand a stick, used by the women in those regions for digging the “pomme blanche,” or prairie turnip.
181. ( ); woman and child, in beautiful skin dresses.
CHIP-PE-WAYS (OJIBBEWAYS).
A very numerous tribe, of some 15,000 or 20,000, inhabiting a vast tract of country on the southern shores of Lake Superior, Lake of the Woods, and the Athabasca, extending a great way into the British territory; residing in skin and bark lodges.
182. Sha-có-pay, the Six; Chief of the Ojibbeways living north of the mouth of Yellow Stone River; in a rich dress, with his battles emblazoned on it.
183. Kay-a-gís-gis, ——; a beautiful young woman pulling her hair out of braid.
184. Háh-je-day-ah'-shee, the Meeting Birds; a brave, with his war-club in his hand.
185. Kay-ée-qua-da-kúm-ee-gísh-kum, He who tries the Ground with his Foot.
186. Jú-ah-kís-gaw, ——; woman, with her child in a cradle or “crib.” 187. Cáh-be-múb-bee, He who sits everywhere; a brave.
188. O-tá-wah, the Ottaway; a distinguished warrior.
189. Ka-bés-hunk, He who travels everywhere; a desperate warrior; his war-club in his left hand and a handsome pipe in his right; strikes with his left hand; eight quills in his head stand for eight scalps he had taken from the heads of the Sioux, his enemies.
190. Ohj-ká-tchee-kum, He who walks on the Sea.
191. Gitch-ee-gáw-ga-osh, the Point that remains for ever; a very old and respectable Chief. (Since dead.) 192. Gaw-záw que-dung, He who halloos. Civilized.
193. O'n-daig, the Crow; a beau or dandy in full array, called by the Ojibbeways, sha-wiz-zee-shah-go-tay-a, a harmless man.
194. I-an-be-w'ah-dick, the Male Carabou; a brave, with a war-club in his hand.
195. ( ), ——; woman.
I-RO-QUOIS.
A small remnant of a tribe who were once very numerous and warlike, inhabiting the northern part of New York; only a few scattered individuals now living, who are merged in the neighbouring tribes.
196. Nót-to-way, a Chief, a temperate and excellent man, with a beautiful head-dress on.
197. Chée-ah-ká-tchée, ——; woman, wife of Nót-to-way (No. 196).
ÓT-TA-WAS.
A subdued and half-civilized tribe of 5500, speaking the Ojibbeway language, on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Agricultural and dissipated.
198. Shin-gós-se-moon, the Big Sail; a Chief, blind in one eye.
The effects of whisky and civilization are plainly discernible in this instance.
WIN-NE-BÁ-GOES.
A very fierce and warlike tribe, on the western shores of Lake Michigan, greatly reduced of late years by repeated attacks of the smallpox and the dissipated vices of civilized neighbours; number at this time 4400.
199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206. Du-cór-re-a, ——; Chief of the tribe, and his family; a group of eight.
207. Wah-chee-háhs-ka, the Man who puts all out of Doors, called the “Boxer;” the largest man of the Winnebagoes; war-club in his hand, and rattle-snake skins on his arms.
208. Won-de-tów-a, the Wonder.
209. Náw-káw, Wood; formerly the head Chief, with his war-club on his arm. (Dead.)
210. Káw-kaw-ne-chóo-a, ——; a brave.
211. Wa-kon-chásh-kaw, He who comes on the Thunder.
212. Naw-naw-páy-ee, the Soldier.
213. Wah-kón-ze-kaw, the Snake.
214. Span-e-o-née-kaw, the Spaniard.
215. Hoo-w'a-ne-kaw, the Little Elk.
216. No-ak-chóo-she-kaw, He who breaks the Bushes.
217. Naugh-háigh-hee-kaw, He who moistens the Wood.
ME-NÓM-O-NIES.
Like the Winnebagoes, mostly destroyed by whisky and smallpox, and now numbering about 3500, and in a miserable state of dependence; on the western side of Lake Michigan.
218. Mah-kée-mee-teuv, the Grisly Bear; Chief of the nation, and chief of a delegation to Washington city in 1829 (since dead); handsome pipe in his hand, and wampum on his neck.
219. Mee-chéet-e-neuh, the Wounded Bear’s Shoulder; wife of the Chief (No. 218).
220. Chee-me-náh-na-quet, the Great Cloud; son of the Chief (No. 218), a great rascal.
221. Ko-mán-i-kin-o-haw, the Little Whale; a brave, with his medicine-wand, his looking-glass, and scissors.
222. Sha-wá-no, the South; a noted warrior.
223. Másh-kee-wet, ——; a great beau, or dandy.
224. Pah-shee-náu-shaw, ——; a warrior.
225. Tcha-káuks-o-ko-máugh, the Great Chief (boy).
226. Aú nah-kwet-to-hau-páy-o, the One sitting in the Clouds; a fine boy.
227. Aúh-ka-nah-paw-wáh, Earth Standing; an old and very valiant warrior.
228. Ko-mán-i-kin, the Big Wave, called the “Philosopher;” a very old and distinguished Chief.
229. O-ho-páh-sha, the Small Whoop; a hard-visaged warrior, of most remarkable distinction.
230. Ah-yaw-ne-tah-cár-ron, ——; a warrior.
231. Au-wáh-shew-kew, the Female Bear; wife of the above (No. 230).
232. Coo-coo-coo, the Owl; a very old and emaciated Chief; sits smoking a handsome pipe.
233. Wáh-chees, ——; a brave.
234. Chésh-ko-tong, He who sings the War-Song.
235, 236. Two in a group, names not known; one with his war-club, and the other with his lute at his mouth.
POT-O-WÁT-O-MIE.
Once a numerous tribe, now numbering about 2700, reduced by smallpox and whisky—recently removed from the state of Indiana to the western shores of the Missouri: semi-civilized.
237. On-sáw-kie, the Sac; in the act of praying; his prayer written in characters on a maple stick.
238. Na-pów-sa, the Bear Travelling in the Night; one of the most influential Chiefs of the tribe.
239. Kée-se, ——; a woman.
KÍCK-A-POO.
On the frontier settlements; semi-civilized; number about 600; greatly reduced by smallpox and whisky.
240. Kee-án-ne-kuk, the Foremost Man, called the “Prophet.” Chief of the tribe, in the attitude of prayer.
This very shrewd fellow engraved on a maple stick, in characters, a prayer which was taught him by a Methodist Missionary; and by introducing it into the hands of every one of his tribe, who are enjoined to read it over every morning and evening as service, has acquired great celebrity and respect in his tribe, as well as a good store of their worldly goods, as he manufactures them all, and gets well paid for them.
241. Ah-tón-we-tuck, the Cock Turkey; repeating his prayer from the stick in his hand, described above.
242. Ma-shée-na, the Elk’s Horns; a Sub-Chief, in the act of prayer, as above described.
243. Ke-chím-qua, the Big Bear; wampum on his neck, and red flag in his hand, the symbol of war or “blood.”
244. A'h-tee-wát-o-mee, ——; woman, with wampum and silver brooches in profusion on her neck.
245. Shee-náh-wee, ——.
KAS-KAS-KIA.
Once famed, numerous, and warlike, on the frontier, but now reduced to a few individuals by smallpox and whisky.
246. Kee-món-saw, the Little Chief; Chief; Semi-civilized.
247. Wah-pe-séh-see, ——; a very aged woman, mother of the above.
WÉE-AH.
Remnant of a tribe on the frontier; semi-civilized; reduced by whisky and disease; present number 200.
248. Go-to-ków-páh-ah, He who Stands by Himself; a brave of distinction, with his hatchet in his hand.
249. Wah-pón-jee-a, the Swan; a warrior; fine-looking fellow, with an European countenance.
250. Wáh-pe-say, the White.
PE-O-RI-A.
Also a small remnant of a tribe on the frontier, reduced by the same causes as above; present number about 200.
251. Pah-mee-ców-ee-tah, the Man who tracks; a Chief; remarkably fine head.
This man would never drink whisky.
252. Wap-sha-ka-náh, ——; a brave.
253. Kee-mo-rá-nia, No English; a beau; his face curiously painted, and looking-glass in his hand.
PI-AN-KE-SHAW.
A frontier tribe, reduced, as above; present number 170.
254. Ni-a-có-mo, to Fix with the Foot; a brave.
255. Men-són-se-ah, the Left Hand; a fierce-looking warrior, with a stone hatchet in his hand.
Í-O-WAY.
A small tribe on the frontier, reduced by smallpox and their enemies; living on the Missouri; number about 1400. Uncivilized fine-looking men.
256. Notch-ee-níng-a, No Heart, called “White Cloud;” Chief of the tribe; necklace of grisly bears’ claws, and shield, bow and arrows in his hand.
257. Pah-ta-cóo-chee, the Shooting Cedar; a brave, with war-club on his arm.
258. No-o-mún-nee, He who walks in the Rain; warrior, with his pipe and tobacco-pouch in his hand.
259. W'y-ee-yogh, the Man of Sense; a brave, with a handsome pipe in his hand, and bears’ claw necklace on his neck.
260. Wos-cóm-mun, the Busy Man; a brave.
262. Mún-ne-o-ye, ——; woman.
SEN-E-CAS.
Near Lake Erie, State of New York. 1200, semi-civilized and agricultural. One of the tribes composing the great compact called the “Six Nations.”
263. Red Jacket, Head Chief of the tribe; full-length, life size, standing on the “Table Rock,” Niagara Falls.
This man was chief for many years, and so remained until his death, in 1831. Perhaps no Indian Sachem has ever lived on our frontier whose name and history are better known, or whose talents have been more generally admitted, than those of Red Jacket: he was, as a savage, very great in council and in war.
264. ( ), Deep Lake; an old Chief.
265. ( ), Round Island; warrior, half-blood.
A very handsome fellow.
266. ( ), Hard Hickory; a very ferocious-looking, but a mild and amiable man.
267. ( ), Good Hunter; a warrior.
268. ( ), —— String; a warrior, renowned.
269. ( ), Seneca Steele; a great libertine. Hatchet in his hand.
O-NEI-DA.
Remnant of a tribe, State of New York, one of the “Six Nations;” present number, 600.
270. ( ), Bread; the Chief, half-blood, civilized.
A fine-looking and an excellent man.
TUS-KA-RÓ-RA.
New York, remnant of a numerous tribe, one of the confederacy of the “Six Nations;” present number, 500; semi-civilized.
271. Cú-sick, ——; son of the Chief. Civilized and Christianized.
This man is a Baptist preacher, and quite an eloquent man.
MO-HEE-CON-NEU, or “MO-HE-GAN,” the Good Canoemen.
Now living near Green Bay; numbers, 400 or 500; formerly of Massachusetts; a band of the famous tribe of Pequots; now semi-civilized.
272. Ee-tów-o-kaum, Both Sides of the River; Chief of the tribe, with a psalm-book in one hand, and a cane in the other. Christianized.
273. Waun-naw-con, the Dish (John W. Quinney); missionary preacher. Civilized.
DEL-A-WARES.
Remains of a bold, daring, and numerous tribe, formerly of the States of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and the terror of all the eastern tribes. Gradually wasted away by wars, removals, small-pox, and whisky; now living on the western borders of Missouri, and number only 824; lost by small-pox, at different times, 10,000.
274. Bód-a-sin, ——; the Chief; a distinguished man.
275. Ni-có-man, the Answer; the second Chief, with bow and arrows in his hand.
276. Non-on-dá-gon, ——; a Chief, with a ring in his nose.
Remains of a numerous tribe, formerly inhabiting part of Pennsylvania, afterwards Ohio, and recently removed west of the Mississippi River. Number at present about 1200; lost one-half by small-pox at different times. Semi-civilized; intemperate.
277. Lay-láw-she-kaw, He who goes up the River; a very aged man, Chief of the tribe; his ears slit and elongated by wearing weights in them, according to the custom of the tribe, and his hair whitened with age.
278. Ká-te-quaw, the Female Eagle; a fine-looking girl, daughter of the above Chief.
279. Tea-sqúat-a-way, the Open Door; called the “Shawnee Prophet,” brother of Tecumsch; blind in one eye, holding his medicine or mystery fire in one hand, and his “sacred string of beans” in the other; a great mystery-man.
280. Pah-te-cóo-saw, the Straight Man. Semi-civilized.
281. Lay-lóo-ah-pee-ái-shee-kaw, Grass, Bush, and Blossom. Half civil, and more than half drunk.
282. Cóo-ps-saw-qúay-te, ——; woman (the Indescribable).
CHER-O-KEES.
Formerly of the State of Georgia, recently removed west of the Mississippi to the head-waters of the Arkansas. This tribe are mostly civilized and agriculturists; number, 22,000.
283. John Ross, a civilized and well-educated man, head Chief of the nation.
284. Túch-ee, called “Dutch;” first War-chief of the Cherokees; a fine-looking fellow, with a turbaned head.
I travelled and hunted with this man some months, when he guided the regiment of dragoons to the Camanchee and Pawnee villages: he is a great warrior and a remarkable hunter.
285. Cól-lee, ——; Chief of a band of the Cherokees. (Since dead.) 286. Téh-ke-néh-kee, the Black Coat; a Chief, also of considerable standing.
287. Ah-hee-te-wáh-chee, ——; a very pretty woman, in civilized dress, her hair falling over her shoulders.
MUS-KÓ-GEE (CREEK).
Recently removed from Georgia and Alabama to the Arkansas, 700 miles west of the Mississippi. Present number, 21,000; semi-civilized and agricultural.
288. Steeh-tcha-kó-me-co, the Great King, called, “Ben Perryman;” one of the Chiefs of the tribe.
289. Hól-te-mál-te-téz-te-néek-ee, ——, “Sam Perryman;” brother of the Chief above, and a jolly companionable man.
290. Wat-ál-le-go, ——, a brave.
291. Hose-put-o-káw-gee, ——; a brave.
292. Tchow-ee-pút-o-kaw, ——; woman.
293. Tel-maz-há-za, ——; a warrior of great distinction.
CHOC-TAW.
Recently removed by Government from the States of Georgia and Alabama to the Arkansas, 700 miles west of the Mississippi. Present number, 15,000; semi-civilized.
294. Mó-sho-la-túb-bee, He who puts out and kills; first Chief of the tribe.
A gentlemanly-looking man (died recently of small-pox).
295. Kút-tee-o-túb-bee, How did he kill? A noted brave.
296. Há-tchoo-túc-knee, the Snapping Turtle; half-bred and well-educated man.
297. ——, woman; hair in braid; remarkable expression.
298. Tul-lock-chísh-ko, He who drinks the Juice of the Stone.
299. Tul-lock-chísh-ko, Full-length, in the dress and attitude of a ball-player, with ball-sticks in his hand, and tail, made of white horse-hair, attached to his belt.
SEM-I-NÓ-LEE (RUNAWAY); 3000.
Occupying the peninsula of Florida; semi-civilized, partly agricultural. The Government have succeeded in removing about one-half of them to the Arkansas, during the last four years, at the expense of 32,000,000 dollars, the lives of 28 or 30 officers, and 600 soldiers.
300. Mick-e-no-páh, ——; first Chief of the tribe; full-length, sitting cross-legged.
This man owned 100 negroes when the war broke out, and was raising large and valuable crops of corn and cotton.
301. Os-ce-o-lá, the Black Drink; a warrior of very great distinction.
Painted only five days before his death, while he was a prisoner of war at Fort Moultrie. This remarkable man, though not a chief, took the lead in the war, and was evidently (at the time he was captured) followed by the chiefs, and looked upon as the master-spirit of the war.
302. Ee-mat-lá, King Philip; an old man, second Chief.
Like Osceola, he died while a prisoner, soon after I painted him.
303. Ye-hów-lo-gee, the Cloud; a Chief who distinguished himself in the war.
304. Co-ee-há-jo, ——; a Chief, very conspicuous in the present war.
305. Láh-shee, the Licker; a half-breed warrior, called “Creek Billey.” 306. How-ee-dá-hee; ——. a Seminolee woman.
307. ( ) ——; a Seminolee woman.
308. Os-ce-o-lá, the Black Drink. Full-length, with his rifle in his hand, calico dress, and trinkets, exactly as he was dressed and stood to be painted five days before his death.
EU-CHEE.
Remnant of a powerful tribe who once occupied the southern part of the peninsula of Florida, were overrun by the Creeks and Seminolees, the remnant of them merging into the Seminolee tribe, and living with them now as a part of their nation. Present number, 150.
309. Etch-ée-fix-e-co, the Deer without a Heart, called “Euchee Jack;” a Chief of considerable renown.
310. Chee-a-ex-e-co, ——; quite a modest and pretty girl, daughter of the above Chief.
LANDSCAPES, SPORTING SCENES, MANNERS,
AND CUSTOMS.
CERTIFICATES.
The Landscapes, Buffalo-hunting Scenes, &c., above mentioned, I have seen, and, although it has been thirty years since I travelled over that country, yet a considerable number of them I recognised as faithful representations, and the remainder of them are so much in the peculiar character of that country as to seem entirely familiar to me.
Wm. Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs.
The Landscape Views on the Missouri, Buffalo Hunts, and other scenes, taken by my friend Mr. Catlin, are correct delineations of the scenes they profess to represent, as I am perfectly well acquainted with the country, having passed through it more than a dozen times. And further I know that they were taken on the spot, from nature, as I was present when Mr. Catlin visited that country.
John F. A. Sanford, U. SS. Indian Agent.
It gives me great pleasure to be able to pronounce the Landscape Views, Views of Hunting, and other scenes taken on the Upper Missouri, by Mr. Catlin, to be correct delineations of the scenery they profess to represent; and although I was not present when they were taken in the field, I was able to identify almost every one between St. Louis and the grand bend of the Missouri.
J. L. Bean, S. Agent of Indian Affairs.
I have seen Mr. Catlin’s collection of Indian Portraits, many of which were familiar to me, and painted in my presence in their villages. I have spent the greater part of my life amongst the tribes and individuals he has represented, and I do not hesitate to pronounce them correct likenesses and easily recognised; also the sketches of their Manners and Customs I think are excellent, and the Landscape Views on the Missouri and Mississippi are correct representations.
K. M‘kenzie, of the Am. Fur Company, Mouth of Yellow Stone.
I have examined a series of paintings by Mr. Catlin, representing Indian Buffalo Hunts, Landscapes, &c.; and from an acquaintance of twenty-seven years with such scenes as are represented, I feel qualified to judge them, and do unhesitatingly pronounce them good and unexaggerated representations.
Jno. Dougherty, Indian Agent for Pawnees, Omahas, and Otoes.