The International Auxiliary Language Esperanto: Grammar & Commentary

by George Cox

LIST OF PRIMARY WORDS.

A

• Adiaŭ = adieu, farewell, good-bye (adv. and int.).
• Ajn = ever (adv.).
• Al = to, towards (prep.).
• Almenaŭ = at least (conj. and adv.).
• Ambaŭ = both (pron.).
• Ankaŭ = also, too (conj. and adv.).
• Ankoraŭ = yet, still (adv.).
• Anstataŭ = instead of (prep.).
• Antaŭ = before, in front of, ago (prep.).
• Apenaŭ = hardly, scarcely (adv.).
• Apud = near to, close by, beside, at the side of (prep.).
• Aŭ = or, either (conj.).

B

• Baldaŭ = soon (adv.).
• Bis = once more, encore, again (adv. and int.).

C

• Ĉar = because, for, since (conj.).
• Ĉe = at (prep.).
• Cent = hundred (num.).
• Ci = thou (per. pron.).
• Ĉi = (here) near (adv.).
• Ĉia = each, every kind of (pron. adj.).
• Ĉial = for every cause, for every reason (adv.).
• Ĉiam = always, ever (adv.).
• Ĉie = everywhere (adv.).
• Ĉiel = in every way (adv.).
• Ĉies = everyone’s (indef. pron.).
• Ĉio = everything (indef. pron.).
• Ĉiom = all, every quantity (adv.).
• Ĉirkaŭ = round, about (prep.).
• Ĉiu = each, each one (pron. and pron. adj.).
• Ĉu = whether (conj. and adv.).

D

• Da = of (for quantity) (prep.).
• De = of, from, since (time), by (agent) (prep.).
• Dek = ten (num.).
• Des pli = so much the ... (conj. and adv.). As:—Des pli bone = so much the better (see ju pli).
• Do = then, indeed, therefore (conj.).
• Du = two (num.).
• Dum = while, whilst (conj.), during (prep.).

E

• Eĉ = even (adv.).
• Ekster = outside (prep.).
• El = out of (prep.).
• En = in, into (prep.).

F

• Fi! = fie! (int.).
• For = away, forth (adv. and int.).

Ĝ

• Ĝi = it (per. pron.).
• Ĝis = till, until, up to, down to, as far as (prep. and conj.).

H

• Ha! = ah! ha! (int.).
• He! = hey! halloa! (int.).
• Hieraŭ = yesterday (adv.).
• Ho! = ho! oh! (int.).
• Hodiaŭ = to-day (adv.).
• Hura! = hurrah! huzza! (int.).

I

• Ia = some, some kind of (any) (pron. adj.).
• Ial = for some (any) cause (adv.).
• Iam = ever, at some (any) time (adv.).
• Ie = somewhere (anywhere) (adv.).
• Iel = somehow, in some (any) way (adv.).
• Ies = someone’s (anyone’s) (indef. pron.).
• Ili = they (per. pron.).
• Inter = among, between (prep.).
• Io = something (anything) (indef. pron.).
• Iom = some quantity, somewhat, some (any) (adv.).
• Iu = some one (indef. pron. and pron. adj.).

J

• Ja = in fact, indeed (adv.), indeed! (int.).
• Jam = already, now, yet (adv.).
• Je = an indefinite preposition (see par. [251]).
• Jen = here, there (adv. and conj.), lo! behold! (int.). Jen ... jen = now ... now.
• Jes = yes (adv.).
• Ju pli ... des pli = the more (conj. and adv.).
• Ĵus = just (adv.).

K

• Kaj = and, both (conj.).
• Ke = that (conj.).
• Kia = what kind of (interrogative and pron. adj.), what! (int.).
• Kial = wherefore, why (conj., adv., and interrogative).
• Kiam = when (conj., adv., and interrogative).
• Kie = where (conj., adv., and interrogative).
• Kiel = how, as, in what way (conj., adv., and interrogative).
• Kies = whose (interrogative and relative pron.).
• Kio = what (thing) (interrogative and relative pron.).
• Kiom = how many, how much (adv. and interrogative).
• Kiu = who, which (interrogative, pron., and pron. adj.).
• Kontraŭ = against, facing, opposite to (prep.).
• Krom = not including, apart from; hence it can be used for "except, besides, save, without, but," etc. (prep.).
• Kun = with (prep.), (not used in an instrumental sense).
• Kvankam = although, though (conj.).
• Kvar = four (num.).
• Kvazaŭ = as if, as it were (conj. and adv.).
• Kvin = five (num.).

L

• La = the (art.).
• Laŭ = according to (prep.).
• Li = he (per. pron.).

M

• Malgraŭ = notwithstanding (prep.).
• Mem = self, selves, very (pron.).
• Mi = I (per. pron.).
• Mil = thousand (num.).
• Morgaŭ = to-morrow (adv.).

N

• Naŭ = nine (num.).
• Ne = no, not, nay (adv.).
• Nek = neither, nor (conj. and adv.).
• Nenia = none, no kind of (pron. adj.).
• Nenial = for no cause (or, reason) (adv.).
• Neniam = never, at no time (adv.).
• Nenie = nowhere (adv.).
• Neniel = nohow, in no way, not at all (adv.).
• Nenies = no one’s (pron.).
• Nenio = nothing (noun).
• Neniom = none, no quantity (adv.).
• Neniu = nobody, no one (noun and pron. adj.).
• Ni = we (per. pron.).
• Nu = well! (int.).
• Nun = now (adv.).
• Nur = only (adv.).

O

• Ok = eight (num.).
• Ol = than (comparison) (conj.).
• Oni = they, one, people (per. pron.).

P

• Per = by, by means of, through, with (prep.).
• Plej = most (adv.).
• Pli = more (comparison) (conj. and adv.).
• Plu = further, farther, more (adv.).
• Po = at the rate of, apiece (prep.).
• Por = for, in order to (prep.).
• Post = after (prep.).
• Preskaŭ = almost (adv.).
• Preter = beyond, by, past (prep.).
• Pri = concerning, of, about (prep.).
• Pro = for, because of, by reason of, for the sake of, owing to (prep.).

S

• Se = if (conj.).
• Sed = but (conj.).
• Sen = without (prep.).
• Sep = seven (num.).
• Ses = six (num.).
• Si = self (reflexive pron.).
• Ŝi = she (per. pron.).
• Sub = under (prep.).
• Super = above, over (prep.).
• Sur = on, upon (prep.).

T

• Tamen = however, yet, nevertheless, still (conj.).
• Tia = that kind of, such a (dem. pron. and pron. adj.).
• Tial = therefore, for that (or, such) cause (or, reason) (adv. and conj.).
• Tiam = then, at that time (adv.).
• Tie = there, in that place (adv.).
• Tie ĉi = here, in this place (adv.).
• Tiel = thus, so, as, in that (or, such) way (or, manner) (adv.).
• Ties = that one’s, of that, of those (dem. pron.).
• Tio = that (thing) (dem. pron.).
• Tio ĉi = this (thing) (dem. pron.).
• Tiom = so much, so many, as much (adv.).
• Tiu = that one, the former (dem. pron. and pron. adj.).
• Tiu ĉi = this one, the latter (dem. pron. and pron. adj.).
• Tra = through (prep.).
• Trans = across, beyond, on the other side of (prep.).
• Tre = very (adv.).
• Tri = three (num.).
• Tro = too, too much (adv.).
• Tuj = at once, immediately (adv.).

U

• Unu = one (num.).

V

• Ve! = woe! alas! (int.).
• Vi = you, ye (per. pron.).