17. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
(1) Is it possible to think independent of language?
(2) May words be spoken or written without thought? Illustrate.
(3) Are categorematic words always logical terms?
(4) Must all the words of a logical term be categorematic?
(5) Are pronouns and auxiliary verbs categorematic?
(6) Indicate the logical connection between the terms of a proposition and the termini of a railroad.
(7) Show that attribute is a broader term than quality.
(8) Is the word Washington general or singular? Give reasons.
(9) Make the word dog a singular term.
(10) Give an illustration where the word class would not be collective.
(11) “All the members of the baseball team are star players.” How has the term star players been used, collectively or distributively?
(12) Why may the term New York City be connotative to a New Yorker and non-connotative to a Patagonian?
(13) So far as your present knowledge of the martyred president Abraham Lincoln is concerned, is the term Abraham Lincoln connotative or non-connotative?
(14) Are non-connotative terms always singular? Illustrate.
(15) Are singular terms always non-connotative?
(16) What is the difference in meaning between immoral and unmoral, disagreeable and not-agreeable?
(17) Why is immoral a nego-positive term while unmoral is negative?
(18) What is the contradictory of the opposite of wise?
(19) Show that there is some ground for believing all terms to be relative.
(20) Is army a relative term? If “army” were used so as to be distributive in nature would it then be general or collective?
(21) Why should the pronoun be ignored by the logician?
(22) Show the difference between thing and subject.
(23) Argue to the effect that no term can be non-connotative.
CHAPTER 5.
THE EXTENSION AND INTENSION OF TERMS.
1. TWO-FOLD FUNCTION OF CONNOTATIVE TERMS.
(See [page 52].)
It has been indicated that a connotative term is one which possesses the double function of signifying a subject as well as an attribute. It may be observed here that an attribute of a notion is any mark, property or characteristic of that notion. Attribute, then, represents quality, relation or quantity. By a subject is meant anything which possesses attributes. Most subjects stand for objects and most attributes are qualities; consequently, for the sake of simplicity, we may use subject and object interchangeably; likewise, attribute and quality.
A connotative term, therefore, denotes an object at the same time it implies a quality. To illustrate: The symbol man stands for the various individual men of the world, such as Lincoln, Washington, Alfred the Great, etc., or for certain qualities like rationality, power of speech and power of locomotion. The connotative term teacher may be used to denote Socrates, Pestalozzi, Thomas Arnold, or connote such qualities as ability to instruct, sympathy, and scholarship. The term planet stands for such objects as Venus, Earth, and Mars, and for such qualities as rotation upon axis, revolution about sun, and opaque or semi-opaque bodies. In each of thethree illustrations the term is employed in the two-fold sense of denoting objects and of implying qualities.