5. INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION CONTIGUOUS PROCESSES.
If there is one thing above another which modern logic is emphasizing it is the unity of the mind and the contiguity of thinking. Induction and deduction are dove-tailed processes which characterize all thinking worthy of the name. Where induction ceases, deduction commences, and vice versa. It becomes the function of inductive thinking to establish a connection between what has been experienced and what has not been experienced. Therefore, the conclusion of an induction must always contain more than is implied in the premises. The premises denote facts which have been observed; whereas the conclusion denotes the observed facts of the premises plus analogous facts which have not been observed. Inductive thought ventures into the unknown, and attempts to establish a bond of connection between it and something already known. Induction seeks new knowledge, and does so by taking that “leap into the dark” already referred to as the “inductive hazard.”
As soon as the mind reaches a universal truth, it sets to work to clarify this truth. Such is accomplished by reference to other facts which the universal is supposed to include; and this application of the general to the particular is deduction. Induction discovers the new knowledge while deduction clarifies it.