8. OUTLINE.
THE LOGICAL FALLACIES OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING.
(1) A negative aspect of definition of logic.
(2) Paralogism and sophism.
Distinguished. Mission of Socrates.
(3) A division of the deductive fallacies.
More or less faulty. Aristotle’s phraseology retained.
Division given.
(4) General divisions explained.
Formal and material. Material fallacies in language and in thought.
(5) Fallacies of immediate inference.
Opposition, obversion, conversion, contraversion.
(6) Fallacies in language (also fallacies of equivocation).
Ambiguous middle—distinguished from four terms.
Amphibology.
Accent.
Composition—“all” a pitfall.
Division.
Figure of speech.
(7) Fallacies in thought—(also fallacies of assumption).
Accident.
Converse accident. Made possible by exceptions.
Accident and converse accident distinguished from composition and division.
Comparative résumé.
Irrelevant conclusion (ignoratio elenchi).
Argumentum ad populum.
Argumentum ad hominem.
Argumentum ad ignorantiam.
Argumentum ad baculum.
Argumentum ad verecundiam.
Non sequitur (false consequent).
False cause.
Complex question.
Begging the question (petitio principii).
Assumption of premise.
Reasoning in a circle.
Question begging epithets and appellations.