ENGLAND.—THE TUDORS AND STUARTS.
HENRY VII, 1485-1509, m. Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. | +—Margaret, m. James IV of Scotland. | | | +—James V. | | | +—Mary, Queen of Scots. | | | +—JAMES I, 1603-1625, m. | Anne, daughter of Frederick II of Denmark. | | | +—3, CHARLES I, 1625-1649, m. | | Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France. | | | | | +—CHARLES II, 1660-1685, m. | | | Catharine, daughter of John IV of Portugal. | | | | | +—Mary, m. William II, Prince of Orange. | | | | | | | +—WILLIAM III, 1688-1702. | | | m. | | | +—MARY, d. 1694 | | | | | | +—JAMES II, 1685-1688 (deposed, d. 1701), | | m. Anne Hyde, daughter of Earl of Clarendon. | | | | | +—ANNE, 1702-1714, m. | | George, son of Frederick III of Denmark. | | | +—2, Elizabeth, m. Frederick V, Elector Palatine. | | | +—Sophia, m. Ernest Augustus, | Elector of Hanover. | | | +—GEORGE I, succeeded 1714. | +—HENRY VIII, 1509-1547, m., | 1. Catharine, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella; | 2, Anne Boleyn; | 3. Jane Seymour; | 4. Anne, sister of William, Duke of Cleves; | 5. Catharine Howard; | 6. Catharine Parr. | | | +—3, EDWARD VI, 1547-1553. | | | +—1, MARY, 1553-1558, m. Philip II of Spain. | | | +—2, ELIZABETH, 1558-1603. | +—Mary, m. 1, Louis XII of France; 2, Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. | +—Frances, m. Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk. | +—Jane (m. Guilford Dudley), executed 1554.
A fine army of Louis, composed of French, Lombards, and Swiss, crossed the Adda, and routed the Venetians, who abandoned all their towns outside of Venice. Each of the other confederate powers now seized the places which it desired. France, mistress of Milan, was at the height of her power. The Venetians, however, retook Padua from the emperor. The Pope made peace with them, and, fired with the spirit of Italian patriotism, organized a new league for the expulsion of the French—"the barbarians," as he called them—from the country. Old man as he was, he took the field himself in the dead of winter. He was defeated, and went to Rome. Louis convoked a council at Pisa, which was to depose Julius. A Holy League was formed between the Pope, Venice, Ferdinand of Aragon, and Henry VIII. of England. The arms of the French under Gaston of Foix, the young duke of Nemours, were for a while successful. Ravenna was in their hands. But Gaston fell at the moment of victory. The Swiss came down, and established Maximilian Sforza at Milan. Leo X., of the house of Medici, and hostile to France, was chosen Pope (1513). The French troops were defeated by the Swiss near Novara, and driven beyond the Alps. France was attacked on the north by the English, with Maximilian, who had joined the League in 1513: and Bayard was taken captive. James IV. of Scotland, who had made a diversion in favor of France, was beaten and slain at Flodden Field (1513). The eastern borders of France were attacked by the Swiss Leagues, who, aided by Austrians, penetrated as far as Dijon. They were bought off by La Trémoille the French commander, by a large payment of money, and by still more lavish promises. France concluded peace with the Pope, the emperor, and the king of Aragon (1514), and in the next year with Henry VIII., whose sister, Mary, Louis XII. married, a few months after the death of Anne of Brittany. He abandoned his pretensions to the Milanese, in favor of his younger daughter Renée, the wife of Hercules II., the duke of Ferrara. Louis died (1515), shortly after his marriage. The policy of the belligerent pontiff, Julius II., had triumphed. The French were expelled from Italy, but the Spaniards were left all the stronger.
The events just narrated bring us into the midst of the struggles and ambitions of ruling houses, diplomatic intercourse among states, and international wars. These are distinguishing features of modern times.