III. INDIA.
MOHAMMEDAN STATES.—During the Middle Ages, India was invaded by a succession of Mohammedan conquerors. The first invasions were in the seventh and the early part of the eighth centuries. A temporary lodgment was effected in the province of Sind, on the north-west, in 711; but the Moslems were driven out by the Hindus in 750. The next invader was the Afghan sultan, Mahmud of Ghazim, a Turk, who is said to have led his armies seventeen times into India. From his time the Punjab, except for a brief interval, has been a Mohammedan province. The last of his line of rulers, Bahram, was conquered by the Afghan Allah-ud-din of Ghor (1152). Bahram's son fled to Lahore, but the Ghoride dynasty soon absorbed his dominion. One of the Ghoride rulers, Mohammed Ghori, the Shahab-ud-din of the Mohammedan writers, spread his dominion so that it reached from the Indus to the Brahmaputra. After his death, Kutab-ud-din, who had been a Turkish slave, became the founder of the "slave" dynasty (1206-1290), whose capital was Delhi. Allah-ud-din, by whom he was assassinated (1294), had a brilliant reign of twenty years, and conquered Deccan and Guzerat. Of the Togluk dynasty, which gained the throne in 1321, Mohammed Togluk (1325-1351) is said to have had the "reputation of one of the most accomplished princes and most furious tyrants that ever adorned or disgraced human nature." Desiring to remove the seat of empire to the Deccan, he compelled the inhabitants of Delhi to leave their old home, and to make the journey of seven hundred miles.
TAMERLANE.—Revolts in India made the triumph of Timour (Tamerlane) easy (1398). The Mongol leader sacked Delhi, and made a full display of his unrivaled ferocity. A half century of anarchy followed this invasion.
LITERATURE.—On Mediaeval History: The General Subject. (See list of works on Universal History, p. 16.) GIBBON'S Decline and Fall, etc.; "THE STUDENTS' GIBBON" (Smith, 1 vol.); FREEMAN, General Sketch of European History, and Historical Geography of Europe; DURUY, Histoire du Moyen Age, etc. (11th edition, 1882); Hallam. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages; Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Generale (vols. i.-iii.); Cunningham, Western Civilization (vol. ii); Lavisse, Political History of Europe; Dunham, History of Europe during the Middle Ages (4 vols.); BRYCE, The Holy Roman Empire; Putz and Arnold, Mediaeval History; E. A. FREEMAN, Historical Essays (series 1 and 3).
Works on Church History. The Church Histories of GIESELER, NEANDER;
MILMAN, History of Latin Christianity; ALZOG Catholic], Manual, etc. (3 vols. 1874-78); Hardwick (vol. i.,
Middle Ages); Students' History of the Church;
STANLEY'S Eastern Church; Fisher, History of the Christian
Church.
On Portions of the Mediaeval Period. Froissart, Chronicles, etc.; CURTEIS, History of the Roman Empire [395-800]; R. W. CHURCH, The Beginning of the Middle Ages; A. Thierry, Histoire d'Attila, etc., St. Jerome, etc., St. Jean Chrysostome, etc.; Church, Life of Anselm; MORISON, Life and Times of St. Bernard; Gfrörer, Pabst Gregorius VII. u. sein Zeitalter (1859); Bury, The Later Roman Empire (2 vols.); Oman, The Dark Ages (476-918); TOUT, The Empire and the Papacy (918-1272); Emerton, Mediaeval Europe (800-1300); Pears, The Fall of Constantinople; Sergeant, The Franks; MULLINGER, The Schools of Charles the Great, and the Restoration of Education in the 9th Century (1877); MONTALEMBERT, The Monks of the West (7 vols.); Sartorius, Gesch. des hanseatischen Bundes (3 vols.); Mombert, Charlemagne; Sabatier, Life of Francis of Assisi; Hasse, Leben Anselm; West, Alcuin; Hodgkin, Theodoric the Goth.
General Character of the Period. ROBERTSON, A View of the Progress of Society in Europe from the Subversion of the Roman Empire, etc. (Introduction to the History of Charles V.); Kingsley, C., The Roman and the Teuton: a Series of Lectures, etc.; SULLIVAN, Historical Causes and Effects; from the Fall of the Roman Empire A.D. 476 to 1517; Ozanam, A. F., History of Civilization in the Fifth Century; LAURENT, Études, etc. (vol vii.); Sir James Stephen, Ecclesiastical Essays; Adams, Civilization during the Middle Ages. Scott's novels,—Ivanhoe, The Talisman, Anne of Geierstein: they are historically much less correct pictures than his romances which relate to Scotland.
Particular Aspects of the Period. SAVIGNY, Gesch. d. römischen
Rechts im Mittelalter (7 vols.); Sismondi, Literature in the
South of Europe; Hallam, Introduction to the Study of
Literature, etc.; Geffchen, Church and State (2 vols.);
GUIZOT, History of the Origin of Representative Government in
Europe; Hecker, Epidemics of the Middle Ages;
J. E. THOROLD ROGERS, A History of Agriculture and Prices in
England [1259-1793] (4 vols., 1866); Amos, Roman Civil
Law; Jenks, Law and Politics in the Middle Ages; Gross,
The Guild Merchant; Oman, Art of War; VIOLLET-LE-DUC,
Annals of a Fortress; H. C. Lea, History of Sacerdotal
Celibacy, History of the Inquisition (3 vols.), and
Superstition and Force; LACROIX, Works on the Middle
Ages, richly illustrated (5 vols., London, 1880); Gautier,
Chivalry; Cornish, Chivalry; BULFINCH, Age of
Chivalry, or Legends of King Arthur; Legends of Charlemagne, or
Romance of the Middle Ages (2 vols.); COX AND JONES, Popular
Romances of the Middle Ages; NASSE, On the Agricultural
Community of the Middle Ages (1871); Roth,
Gesch. d. Beneficialwesens, etc.; Secretan, Essai sur la
Feodalité; Smith, T., English Guilds (1870); WILDA, Das
Gildenwesen im Mittelalter (1831); Seignobos, The Feudal
Regime.
Works on the Crusades. G. W. COX, The Crusades (1878); also,
art. Crusades in the Encycl. Brit.; Michaud, History
of the Crusades (3 vols.); VON SYBEL, The History and
Literature of the Crusades; Mills, A History of the
Crusades, etc. (2 vols.); Heeren, in Vermischte historische
Schriften (3 vols.); Procter's History of the Crusades;
Gray's Children's Crusade; Archer and Kingsford, The
Crusades.
For works on Mohammedanism and the Arabic kingdom, see p. 232.
The works here mentioned respecting the several countries either relate to their entire history, or to their history prior to the close of the Middle Ages.
I. ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND.—GREEN'S History of the English
People (4 vols.), and Short History of England (1 vol.);
the "STUDENTS' HUME"; the histories of BRIGHT, Knight, LINGARD,
Hume, GUIZOT, Traill, Social England (6 vols., two editions);
GAIRDNER, Outline, etc.; Turner's History of the
Anglo-Saxons; Palgrave's Rise and Progress of the English
Commonwealth; Palgrave's History of Normandy and of
England; FREEMAN'S History of the Norman Conquest (6
vols.), and History of William Rufus; Green, The Making of
England, and The Conquest of England; Ramsay,
Foundations of England, Angevin Empire, Lancaster and York;
STUBBS, The Early Plantagenets; LONGMAN'S History of
Edward III.; Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and
Commerce; Cheyney, Industrial and Social History of
England; Seebohm, English Village Community; Life of
Wickliffe, by LECHLER, by LOSERTH, by WILSON, by Trevelyan.
Kemble's The Saxons in England; STUBBS'S Constitutional
History of England in its Origin and Development (3 vols.);
STUBBS'S Select Charters; CREASY'S Rise and Progress of
the English Constitution; THOMPSON'S Essay on Magna
Charta; Bisset, History of the Struggle for Parliamentary
Government in England (1877); TASWELL-LANGMEAD'S English
Constitutional History, etc.; FREEMAN'S Growth of the English
Constitution, etc.; Bagehot, The English Constitution;
Macy, The English Constitution.
SCOTLAND.—P. H. Brown, History of Scotland (2 vols.); Miss
Macarthur, History of Scotland (1 vol.); E. M. Robertson,
Scotland under her Early Kings (2 vols.).
IRELAND.—C. G. Walpole, The Kingdom of Ireland; Morris,
Ireland.
II. FRANCE.—General histories by Crowe (5 vols.); DURUY (2 vols.); GUIZOT (to 1789, 5 vols.; 1789-1848, 3 vols.); and Outlines of the History of France (1 vol.); Bonnechose (to 1848); JERVIS (Hassall edition); MARTIN (17 vols.); KITCHIN, LACOMBE, MICHELET (17 vols.); Lavisse, Histoire de France; Adams, Growth of the French Nation; Grant, The French Monarchy; Wallon's St. Louis et son Temps (2 vols.); Sismondi, The French under the Carlovingians (1 vol.), France under the Feudal System (1 vol.); BARANTE'S Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne de la Maison de Valois, 1364-1477; WALLON'S Jeanne d'Arc (2 vols.); Lowell's Joan of Arc; Jameson's Life and Times of Du Guesclin.
COULANGES' Histoire des Institutions politiques de l'Ancienne France (1877); Viollet, Institutions politiques de la France (3 vols.); Luchaire, Manuel des Institutions Françaises; Esmein, Histoire du Droit Français; GUIZOT'S History of Civilization in France (3 vols.), and Essai sur l'Histoire de France; THIERRY'S The Formation and Progress of the Third Estate in France; Sir James Stephens's Lectures on the History of France.
III. GERMANY.—Henderson, A Short History of Germany (2 vols.); Histories by C. T. LEWIS (founded on D. Müller), Kohlrausch; Kaufman, Deutsche Geschichte; Lamprecht, Deutsche Geschichte (6 vols.); Schröder, Lehrbuch der d. Rechtsgeschichte; Richter, Annalen.
GEISEBRECHT'S Geschichte d. deutschen Kaiserzeit (4 vols.);
VON RAUMER'S Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit (6
vols.).
Coxe's History of the House of Austria; KRONES'S Handbuch
d. Geschichte Osterreichs (3 vols.); Marlath's Geschichte
Osterreichs.
ARNOLD, Ansiedelungun und Wanderungen deutscher Stämme (1875); also, Deutsche Urzeit (1879); Ozanam, Les Germains avant le Christianisme (1872); SOHM, Die altdeutsche Reichs und Gerichtsverfassung; MAURER'S histories of German local institutions (the Marks, the Villages, the Cities); WAITZ, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte (8 vols.), Wirth, Die Geschichte der Deutschen (1853); SUGENHEIM, Geschichte d. deutschen Volkes und seiner Kultur, etc.
IV. ITALY.—Cantu, Histoire des Italiens (12 vols., 1859);
HUNT'S History of Italy (in Freeman's Series); Butt's
History of Italy (2 vols.); LEO'S Geschichte von
Italien (5 vols.); SISMONDI'S Histoire des Republiques
Italiennes du Moyen Age (10 vols.); SPALDING'S Italy and the
Italians; Boscoe and Morell, Compendium of Italian
History.
Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders (2 vols.); TESTA, History
of the War of Frederic I. against the Communes of Lombardy;
HEYD, Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter (2 vols.);
C. HEGEL, Gesckichte der Städteverfassung von Italien, etc.
Daru, Histoire de la Republique de Venise (9 vols.); BROWN, Venice: an Historical Sketch; Ranke, Zur Venitianer Geschichte; Machiavelli's History of Florence; Napier's Florentine History (6 vols.); PERRENS, Histoire de Florence (4 vols.); REUMONT'S Lorenzo the Magnificent (2 vols.); Roscoe's Life of Lorenzo de' Medici; TROLLOPE'S History of Florence; Campbell's Life of Petrarch; GREGOROVIUS' History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages (8 v., from fifth to sixteenth century); Gallenga, History of Piedmont (3 vols.); Amari, History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers (3 vols.); Malleson, Studies from Genoese History (1 vol.); Oliphant, Makers of Florence, etc.; SYMONDS, Sketches and Studies in Southern Europe; TAINE, Florence and Venice, and Rome and Naples; Freeman, Historical and Architectural Studies (chiefly Italian, 1 vol.).
V. RUSSIA.—Bell's History of Russia (3 vols.); Howorth's
History of the Mongols; KARAMSIN, Histoire de l'Empire de
Russie (11 vols.); Histories of Russia, by Kelly, Lamartine,
Levesque; RAMBAUD, History of Russia (2 vols., 1879);
RALSTON, Early Russian History.
VI. POLAND.—Histories of Poland, by DUNHAM (12mo), Fletcher,
JOACHIM (2 vols.), RÖPELL AND CARO.
VII. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.—Lembke und Schäfer, Geschichte von Spanien (3 vols.); MARIANA, The General History of Spain; DUNHAM, History of Spain and Portugal; CRAWFORD, Portugal, Old and New; Burke, History of Spain (2 vols.); Stevens's Portugal; TICKNOR'S History of Spanish Literature (3 vols.); Prescott's History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (introductory chapter).
VIII. SWITZERLAND.—History of Switzerland, in LARDNER'S CYCLOPEDIA (1832); Histories of Switzerland, by MORIN (5 vols.); J. Müller; Zschokke; Rochholz, Tell und Gessler in Sage und Geschichte (1877).
IX. SCANDINAVIA.—DUNHAM'S History of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway (3 vols.); Dahlmann's Geschichte von Danemark bis zur Reformation (with Norway and Iceland, 3 vols.); Histories of Sweden, by Fryxell, GEIJER AND CARLSON (5 vols.); Laing's History of Norway; MALLET'S Northern Antiquities; MAURER'S History of Iceland; RINK'S Danish Greenland; Sinding's Scandinavia; WHEATON'S History of the Northmen; Worsaac's Danes and Northmen in Great Britain.
X. OTTOMAN TURKS.—HAMMER-PURGSTALL'S Geschichte des osmanischen
Reiches (10 vols.); CREASY'S History of the Ottoman Turks;
FREEMAN, The Ottoman Power in Europe (1877); ZINKEISEN,
Geschichte d. osmanisch. Reiches in Europa (7 vols.).
XI. CHINA, JAPAN, AND INDIA.—(See lists on pp. 25, 32.) Dickson,
Japan, etc. (vol. i., 1869); Griffis, The Micado's
Empire (1876).
XII. BIBLIOGRAPHIES.—In addition to Adams, Manual; Sonnenschein, The Best Books and A Reader's Guide; Gross, Sources and Literature of English History (to 1485); Gardiner and Mullinger, English History for Students; Monod, Bibliographie de l'Histoire de France; Dahlmann-Waitz, Quellenkunde, der Deutschen Geschichte; lists in Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Générale.