Women compositors

by H. G. B.

APPENDIX I.

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NUMERALS.

Numbers expressed by letters; either Roman or italic caps or lower case are used, thus—Vol. I. chap. xvii. The numerals are—

I	i	1
V	v	5
X	x	10
L	l	50
C	c	100
D	d	500
M	m	1000

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The manner of expressing numbers by numerals, is by either taking from a higher or adding to a lower numeral thus—

IV	iv	4
VI	vi	6
IX	ix	9
XI	xi	11
XIV	xiv	14
XVI	xvi	16
XX	xx	20
XL	xl	40
LX	lx	60
XC	xc	90
CX	cx	110
CD	cd	400
DC	dc	600
CM	cm	900
MC	mc	1100
MD	md	1500

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LEADS REQUIRED TO EQUAL A LINE OF ANY GIVEN BODY OF TYPE.

Pearl	One four and one eight-to-pica.
Ruby	One four and one six-to-pica.
Nonpareil	Two fours; three sixes; or four eights.
Emerald	One four, one six, and one eight.
Minion	One four and two sixes.
Brevier	Two fours and one six.
Bourgeois	Three eights and two sixes.
Long Primer	Three fours; or six eights.
Small Pica	Two fours and two sixes.
Pica	Four fours; or six sixes.
English	Three fours and two sixes.

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ACCENTS.

The accented letters are—

Acute	á é í ó ú
Grave	à è ì ò ù
Circumflex	â ê î ô û
Diæresis	ä ë ï ö ü
Long	ā ē ī ō ū
Short	ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ

French ç, Spanish ñ.

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SIGNS.

The following are a few of the most common signs—

℔,	Pound weight.
⅌,	Per.
@,	at.
£,	pound sterling, pound l.
/,	Solidus, shilling mark.
%,	Per cent.
+	Plus, or more.
-	Minus, or less.
=	Equal.
×	Multiple.
÷	Sign of division.
°	Degree.
′	Minute.
″	Seconds.

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POINTS, ETC.

,	Comma
;	Semicolon
:	Colon
.	Full point
’	Apostrophe
-	Hyphen
!	Admiration
?	Interrogation
&	Short “and”
()	Parentheses
[]	Brackets
☞	Fist.

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METAL RULES.

En - em — 2-em —— 3-em ——— 4-em ————

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BRACES.

2-em ⏞⏞ 3-em ⏞⏞⏞ 4-em ⏞⏞⏞⏞ Superior ⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞

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RELATIVE SIZES OF TYPE.

Dble Pica	=	2-line	Small Pica.
Paragon	=	”	L. Primer.
Gt. Primer	=	”	Bourgeois.
English	=	”	Minion.
Pica	=	”	Nonpareil.
Small Pica	=	2-line	Ruby.
L. Primer	=	”	Pearl.
Bourgeois	=	”	Diamond.
Brevier	=	”	Minikin.

4⅓	ems of	Gt. Primer	=	1 inch.
5½	”	English	=	”
6	”	Pica	=	”
7	”	Small Pica	=	”
8⅔	ems of	L. Primer	=	1 inch.
9½	”	Brevier	=	”
12	”	Nonpareil	=	”
17⅓	”	Diamond	=	”

TABLE showing what number of ems of any other fount will correspond in depth of body with any given number of Pica ems, from 10 ems Pica to 30.

Pica.	Small Pica.	Long Primr.	Bourg.	Brev.	Min.	Nonp.	Ruby.	Pearl.	Pica.
10	11½	12½	14	15½	17	20	23	25	10
11	12½	14	15½	17	18½	22	25½	28	11
12	14	15	17	18½	20½	24	27½	30	12
13	15	16½	18½	20	22	26	30	33	13
14	16	17½	20	21½	23½	28	32½	35	14
15	17½	19	21½	23	25½	30	34½	38	15
16	18½	20	23	25	27	32	37	40	16
17	19½	21½	24	26½	28½	34	39½	43	17
18	21	22½	25½	28	30½	36	41½	45	18
19	22	24	27	29½	32	38	44	48	19
20	23	25	28½	31	34	40	46	50	20
21	24	26½	30	32½	35½	42	48½	53	21
22	25½	27½	31½	34	37	44	51	55	22
23	26½	29	32½	35½	39	46	53	58	23
24	27½	30	34	37	40½	48	55½	60	24
25	29	31½	35½	38½	42	50	58	63	25
26	30	32½	37	40	44	52	60	65	26
27	31	34	38½	42	45½	54	62½	68	27
28	32½	35	40	43½	47½	56	65	70	28
29	33½	36½	41	45	49	58	67	73	29
30	34½	38	42½	46½	50½	60	69½	75	30

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THE NUMBER OF LINES CONTAINING A THOUSAND ENS

In any body of type from Pica to Nonpareil, and from 10 to 40 Pica ems in width.

Pica. ems in width.	NUMBER OF LINES CONTAINING A THOUSAND LETTERS.
	Pica.	Small Pica.	Long Primer.	Bourg.	Brevier.	Minion.	Nonp.
10	50	43	40	36	32	29	25
11	45	40	36	32	29	27	23
12	42	36	32	29	27	24	21
13	38	33	30	27	25	23	19
14	36	31	29	25	23	21	18
15	33	29	29	23	23	20	17
16	31	27	25	22	20	19	16
17	29	26	23	21	19	17	15
18	28	24	22	20	18	16	14
19	26	23	21	19	17	15	13
20	25	22	20	18	16	15	13
21	24	21	19	17	15	14	12
22	23	20	18	16	15	13	12
23	22	19	17	15	14	13	11
24	21	18	17	15	13	12	10
25	20	17	16	14	13	12	10
26	19	17	15	14	12	11	10
27	19	16	15	13	12	11	9
28	18	15	14	12	12	11	9
29	17	15	14	12	11	10	9
30	17	14	13	12	11	10	8
31	16	14	13	11	10	10	8
32	16	14	12	11	10	9	8
33	15	13	12	11	10	9	8
34	15	13	12	10	9	9	7
35	14	12	11	10	9	8	7
36	14	12	11	10	9	8	7
37	14	12	11	10	9	8	7
38	13	11	10	9	9	8	7
39	13	11	10	9	8	8	6
40	12	11	10	9	8	7	6