CHAPTER 5 - Notes
[83]. When railway stations were needed in Brazil after the mid century they were actually imported, in prefabricated iron, from England.
[84]. See Haviland, J. A Description of Haviland’s Design for the New Penitentiary ..., Philadelphia, 1824; Anon., A Description of the Eastern Penitentiary ..., Philadelphia, 1830; Crawford, W., Report on the Penitentiaries of the United States, London, 1834; Demetz, F.-A., and Blouet, A.-G., Rapport sur les penitenciers des États Unis, Paris, 1837; and Markus, T. A., ‘Pattern of the Law; Bentham’s Panopticon Scheme’, Architectural Review, CXVI (1954), 251-6.
[85]. See Haviland, J., The Builder’s Assistant, 3 vols, Philadelphia, 1818-21—the first to include plates of the Greek orders; 2nd ed., Philadelphia, 1830; Benjamin, A., The American Builder’s Companion, Boston, 1827 (the first edition is of 1806, but Greek orders were not included until this latest edition); The Practical House Carpenter, Boston, 1830, with later editions to 1857; Practice of Architecture, New York, 1833, with later editions to 1851; Elements of Architecture, Boston, 1843, 2nd ed., 1849; The Builder’s Guide, Boston, 1839, with later editions to the Civil War; Lafever, M., The Young Builder’s General Instructor, Newark, 1829; The Modern Builder’s Guide, New York, 1833, with later editions to 1855; The Beauties of Modern Architecture, New York, 1835, with later editions to 1855; The Architectural Instructor, New York, 1856; Shaw, E., Civil Architecture, Boston, 1830, with later editions to 1855; and Hills, C., The Builder’s Guide, Hartford, 1834, with later editions to 1847.
[86]. See Willard, S., Plans and Sections of the Obelisk on Bunker’s Hill, Boston, 1843.
[87]. See Mills, R., The American Pharos; or, Lighthouse Guide, Washington, 1832; and Waterworks for the Metropolitan City of Washington, Washington, 1853.
[88]. See Thayer, R., History, Organization and Functions of the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, Washington, 1886; and Strobridge, T. R., ‘Archives of the Supervising Architect—Treasury Department’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, XX (1961), 198-9. See also Overby, O., ‘Ammi B. Young in the Connecticut Valley’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, XIX (1960), 119-23.
[89]. See O’Neal, W. B., Jefferson’s Buildings at the University of Virginia, I, Charlottesville, 1960. Like the hill-top siting of Monticello, Jefferson’s own nearby house—begun before the American Revolution and finally completed only in 1808—this provision of an open end towards the view illustrates his active response to the ideals of the Picturesque. For Monticello, moreover, drawings of Gothick garden fabricks exist. The fact that McKim, Mead & White blocked the view at the bottom of Jefferson’s layout with a new building in the twentieth century is curious evidence of the lack of understanding of the essential qualities of the architecture and planning of this period on the part of even the most sophisticated ‘traditional’ architects—men who professed the greatest admiration for the work of such predecessors as Jefferson and yet proceeded to destroy its essence whenever the opportunity arose!
[90]. From the time of Latrobe’s Bank of 1798 the Greek temple paradigm for public buildings characteristically and quite inconsistently included vaulted interiors for protection against fire.
[91]. In Nicholson, Peter, The Carpenter’s Guide, London, 1849. See also Walter, T. U., Report(s) of the Architect of the Girard College ... [Philadelphia, 1834-50].
[92]. Once more, as with Latrobe and Mills, the importance of Strickland’s work as an engineer should at least be noted. The principal publications of the period in this domain are his Reports on the Canals, Railways, Roads and other Subjects, Philadelphia, 1826, and his Reports, Specifications and Estimates of Public Works in the United States, London, 1841.
[93]. The history of the building is so complex that it is difficult to know to whom the credit should be assigned for its distinguished design. The competition held in 1838 was won by Walter, who actually laid the foundations in 1839-40; but the executed design certainly owes more to the competition project of the painter Thomas Cole (1801-48). See Cummings, A. L., ‘The Ohio State Capitol Competition’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, XII (1953), 15-18. Modifications of the scheme initiated in 1839-40 were made with Walter’s assistance in 1844, and building was resumed in 1848 under the direction of William Russell West of Cincinnati. On his resignation in 1854 Nathan B. Kelly (1808-71) of Columbus succeeded, and the work was finally brought to a finish by Isaiah Rogers in 1858-61.
[94]. See Wheildon, W. W., Memoir of Solomon Willard, Boston, 1865.
[95]. Greenough is better known today as the ‘herald of functionalism’ than as a sculptor. See Wynne, N., and Newhall B., ‘Horatio Greenough: Herald of Functionalism’, Magazine of Art, XXII (1939), 12-15. For his theories, see Greenough, H., Aesthetics at Washington, Washington, 1851; Travels, Observations, and Experience of a Yankee Stone-cutter, New York, 1852; and Form and Function: Remarks on Art (H. A. Small, ed.), Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1947.
[96]. There are measured drawings of these commercial buildings in Hitchcock, H.-R., Guide to Boston Architecture, New York, 1954.
[97]. The most thorough study of American industrial building of this period, including the housing of operatives, is Coolidge, J. P., Mill and Mansion, New York, 1942, which deals with Lowell, Mass. Considerable Rhode Island work is illustrated in Hitchcock, H.-R., Rhode Island Architecture, Providence, R.I., 1939.
[98]. See Eliot, W. H., A Description of the Tremont House, Boston, 1830.
[99]. Davis intended to include a central domed space on the model of Latrobe’s Bank of 1798. This was omitted when the design of the interior was revised by Samuel Thomson or William Ross and executed by John Frazee. See Torres, L., ‘Samuel Thomson and the Old Custom House’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, XX (1961), 185-90.
[100]. See Schuyler, M., ‘A Great American Architect; Leopold Eidlitz’, Architectural Record, XXIV, 163-79, 277-92, 364-78, and, for a more general treatment, Meeks, C. L. V., ‘Romanesque before Richardson in the United States’, Art Bulletin, XXXV (1953), 17-33.
[101]. See Stone, E. M., The Architect and Monetarian: a Brief Memoir of Thomas Alexander Tefft, Providence, R.I., 1869, and Wriston, B., ‘Architecture of Thomas Tefft’, Rhode Island School of Design Bulletin, XVIII (1940), 37-45.
[102]. See Meeks, C. L. V., ‘Henry Austin and the Italian Villa’, Art Bulletin, XXX (1948), 145 ff.
[103]. See Smith, R. C., John Notman and the Atheneum Building, Philadelphia, 1951.
[104]. See Young, A. B., New Custom House, Boston, Boston, 1840. The tower that now replaces the dome was built by Peabody & Stearns in 1913-15; it was the first real skyscraper in Boston.
[105]. See Young, A. B., Plans of Public Buildings in Course of Construction under the Direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, [Washington] 1855-6.