FOOTNOTES:
[1] Appetite alone can judge accurately of the former, and the true Swallowing Impulse is the limitation of the latter. If we study the natural instincts, the rest will take care of itself.
[2] This is very strong evidence that appetite knows what to do and when to do it, if you study and consult it and give it a chance to prescribe.
[3] The Yale test reported herein by Professor Chittenden showed the possibility of full alimentation according to the requirements of Economic Nutrition in from 24 to 26 minutes daily, which is less than 1/48 of a day. Beginners of the practice of careful mouth-treatment of their food may require more time, but, whatever it may be, it is worth it. A little care for a short period will establish a right habit, and then no further tedious attention nor unusual time will be necessary to accomplish a perfectly healthy nutrition.
[4] Physiological Economy in Nutrition: The Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York.
[5] William Heinemann: London.
[6] The author is not yet permitted to publish the particulars of these reforms in process, but he has official information regarding them and is in full sympathy with them.
[7] Dental surgeons now speak of the upper jaw as the maxilla, and of the lower jaw as the mandible.
[8] This subject I am obliged to deal with very briefly, and am compelled to omit the reasons for my conclusions.
[9] Recent observations go to show that man possesses no power of digesting cellulose, though this substance is to a limited extent capable of solution by the agency of bacteria in the lower portions of his alimentary canal.
[10] I am under great obligation to Miss Eva Dunn, who has collected valuable information for me on this and kindred subjects.
[11] Social History of the Races of Mankind, 1881.
[12] S. Powers: Tribes of California, 1877.
[13] E. M. Curr: The Australian Races, 1886-7. Taplin: The Narrinyeri; an account of Tribes of South Australian Aborigines, 1879.
[14] J. F. Nansen: Eskimo Life, 1893.
[15] Dr. Kane: Arctic Exploration, 1854.
[16] E. Astrup: With Peary near the Pole, 1898.
[17] Sir George Grey: Journal of Two Expeditions in North-West and Western Australia, 1841.
[18] Muster: With the Patagonians, 1869.
[19] Bailey: Transactions of the Ethnological Society, 1862.
[20] E. M. Curr: The Australian Race, 1886-87.
[21] The Causes and Prevention of Decay in Teeth, pp. 88, 89. London, 1902.
[22] Gilbert Barling also traces the relationship between appendicitis and diet. “In a considerable number of cases,” he writes, “the attack of appendicitis can be directly attributed to unsuitable food—pork, mackerel, over-ripe or under-ripe fruit, uncooked vegetables” (Brit. Med. Jour., vol. i., 1903, p. 61).
[23] My friend, Dr. Thompson, undertook, at my suggestion, some experiments to test the digestibility of raw starch within the mouth; he found that raw potato yields abundant sugar when subjected to long-continued mastication.
[24] The Lancet, March 21st, 1903, p. 806.
[25] Brit. Med. Jour., Epitome, vol. i., 1903, p. 45.
[26] A further aid to the circulation in the naso-pharynx is afforded by the lusty use of the voice. It a natural for the young human to cry and to shout, and unless this instinct is allowed full play the child is apt to suffer in health. I cannot but think that the modern child is too much repressed in this respect, and that he is not afforded, especially in towns, proper opportunity of venting his vocal energy in out-door play. May we not have here a contributory factor in the causation of adenoids?
[27] Among the Australian skulls I have examined in museums caries of the wisdom teeth—i.e., in those very teeth which, as shown by their atrophy, are least used—is by no means uncommon (though it is possible that some of the skulls belong to natives who have embraced the dietetic customs of the white man). I submit that this fact may fairly be used as an argument in favour of the view that inefficient use of the teeth predisposes them to caries by interfering with their resisting power, though it must be acknowledged that the position of the wisdom teeth places them at a disadvantage, owing to the tendency of food to accumulate about them, especially in undeveloped jaws in which they have not adequate room.
[28] This film can be felt by the tongue as a somewhat rough covering, which gives place to a smooth surface after the use of the tooth-brush.
[29] By the term “external stimulus” I mean here without distinction every outward agency of nature, as well as every agency which has its seat within the organism. The word “external” applies here to everything with the single exception of the nervous system itself.
[30] One may be permitted to use this expression for the sake of brevity.
[31] Kwas is a favourite Russian drink, prepared from water, bread or meal, with malt and yeast. It contains a considerable quantity of lactic acid, some acetic acid, and other products of fermentation.
[32] An investigation by Cannon and Day (American Journal of Physiology, 1903) has confirmed this conclusion. An hour after starchy food mixed with saliva was ingested a unit volume of the food in the cardiac end of the stomach contained almost twice the amount of sugar found in a unit volume of the food in the pyloric end.
[33] The results of this investigation were reported to the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, November 19, 1901.
[34] Without the possibility of seeing the relations of a movement to the ends of the intestine, it cannot be stated absolutely whether the movement is peristaltic or antiperistaltic. Such relations can be seen on the fluorescent screen only near the stomach and near the ileocæcal valve. The evidence that advancing peristalsis is the normal movement is so overwhelming that I have assumed that when food is moving in loops not visibly related to fixed points it is moving forward.
[35] In this case the fæces were soft.
[36] While Napoleon was building his power and fame he was very careful and abstemious, but in later life succumbed to luxury and gluttony; Bismarck’s rise and decline were similarly related to dietary influences.—H. F.