FOOTNOTES
[1] Webster, Readings in Medieval and Modern History, chapter x, "Monastic Life in the Twelfth Century"; chapter xi, "St. Francis and the Franciscans."
[2] In case of necessity baptism might be performed by any lay person of adult years and sound mind.
[3] This doctrine is known as transubstantiation. In the Roman Church, as has been noted (page 363), wine is not administered to the laity.
[4] Hence the term "Apostolical Succession."
[5] Latin sanctus, "holy."
[6] See page 234.
[7] See page 431.
[8] See pages 407, 418.
[9] The belief in Purgatory is not held by Protestants or by members of the Greek Church.
[10] The so-called "canon law." See page 568.
[11] See page 420.
[12] For two instances of the use of excommunication see pages 459 and 461.
[13] For two instances of this sort see page 461.
[14] Latin saeculum, used in the sense of "the world."
[15] Latin regula, a "rule", referring to the rule or constitution of a monastic order.
[16] See page 343.
[17] The tithe was a tenth part of the yearly income from land, stock, and personal industry.
[18] See illustration, page 447.
[19] Latin cathedra.
[20] For the architecture of a medieval cathedral see pages 562-565.
[21] See page 474.
[22] See page 352.
[23] Latin frater, "brother."
[24] Latin mendicare, "to beg."
[25] In England the Franciscans, from the color of their robes, were called Gray Friars, the Dominicans, Black Friars.
[26] Latin papa, "father."
[27] See the illustration, page 348.
[28] So called from the lead seal (Latin bulla) attached to papal documents.
[29] Latin legatus, "deputy."
[30] Latin cardinalus, "principal."
[31] See page 311.
[32] See the plate facing page 591.
[33] See page 317.
[34] See page 418.
[35] A name derived from Simon Magus, who offered money to the Apostle Peter for the power to confer the Holy Spirit. See Acts, viii, 18-20.
[36] The so-called Dictatus papae.
[37] The name of this German family comes from that of their castle in southwestern Swabia.
[38] It survived in name until 1806 A.D., when the Austrian ruler, Francis II, laid down the imperial crown and the venerable title of "Holy Roman Emperor."
[39] Hapsburg as the name of a castle in northern Switzerland.
[40] See page 522.
[41] The modern German Empire dates from 1871 A.D.
[42] See pages 436-437.
[43] See page 444.